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______ still young, Mr. George has had amazing achievement in cosmology.
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Mr.Georgeandhiswife________toattendtheirson’sSchoo
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Themason______Ididn'tdothisexerciseisIdidn'tknowhowtodoit.
PassageThree NocountryintheworldhasmoredailynewspaperthantheUSA.Therearealmost2000ofthemascomparedwith180inJapan164inArgentinaand111inBritain.ThequalityofsomeAmericanpapersisextremelyhighandtheirviewsarequotedallovertheworld.DistinguisheddailiesliketheWashingtonPostortheNewYorkTimesexertapowerfulinfluencealloverthecountry.HoweverthePostandtheTimesarenotnationalnewspapersinthesensethattheTimesisinBritainofleMondeinFrancesinceeachAmericancityhasitsowndailynewspaper.Thebestofthesepresentdetailedaccountsofnationalandinternationalnewsbutmanytendtolimitthemselvestostateorcitynews. LikethepressinmostothercountriesAmericannewspapersrangefromthe"sensational"whichfeaturecrimesexandgossiptotheseriouswhichfocusonfactualnewsandtheanalysisofworldevents.ButwithfewexceptionsAmericannewspaperstrytoentertainaswellasgiveinformationfortheyhavetocompetewiththelureoftelevision. JustasAmericannewspaperscaterforalltastessodotheyalsotryandappealtoreadersofailpoliticalpersuasions.Afewnewspaperssupportextremistgroupsonthefarrightandonthefarleftbutmostdailynewspapersattempttoattractmiddle-of-the-roadAmericanswhoareessentiallymoderate.Manyofthesepapersprintcolumnsbywell-knownjournalistsofdifferingpoliticalandsocialviewsinordertopresentabalancedpicture. AsinotherdemocraticcountriesAmericannewspaperscanbeeitherresponsibleorirresponsiblebutitisgenerallyacceptedthattheAmericanpressservesitscountrywellandthatithasmorethanoncecourageouslyexposedpoliticalscandalsorcrimesforinstancetheWatergateAffair.ThenewspapersdrewtheattentionofthepublictothehorrorsoftheVietnamWar. TheNewYorkTimesis
Theworldisknowntousthroughmanysensesnotjusthearingsmellvisionandatcloserangetouchandtaste.
Televisionitisoftensaidkeepsone36aboutcurrenteventsallowsonetofollowthe37developmentinscienceandpoliticsand38anendlessseriesofprogramswhichareboth39andstimulating.Themostdistant40andthestrangestcustomsarebroughtright41one’ssitting-room.Itcouldbearguedthattheradioperformsthis42justaswellbutontelevisioneverythingismuchmorelivingmuchmore43.Yethereisadanger.Thetelevisionscreenitselfhasaterriblealmostphysicalfascinationforus.Weget44usedtolookingatitsmovementsso45onitsflickeringpicturesthatitbeginsto46ourlives.Afriendof47toldmetheotherdaythathistelevisionsethadbroken48andthatheandhisfamilyhadsuddenlyfoundthattheyhadfarmoretimetodothingsandthattheyhad49beguntotalktoeachotheragain.Itmakesonethink50it! Therearemanyotherargumentsforandagainsttelevision.Thepoor51ofitsprogramsisoftencriticized.Butitisundoubtedlyagreatcomforttomany52elderlypeople.AnddoesitcorruptorinstructourchildrenIthinkwemustrealizethattelevision53isneithergoodnorbad.Itistheuses54whichitisputthatdetermineits55tosociety. 48
Televisionitisoftensaidkeepsone36aboutcurrenteventsallowsonetofollowthe37developmentinscienceandpoliticsand38anendlessseriesofprogramswhichareboth39andstimulating.Themostdistant40andthestrangestcustomsarebroughtright41one’ssitting-room.Itcouldbearguedthattheradioperformsthis42justaswellbutontelevisioneverythingismuchmorelivingmuchmore43.Yethereisadanger.Thetelevisionscreenitselfhasaterriblealmostphysicalfascinationforus.Weget44usedtolookingatitsmovementsso45onitsflickeringpicturesthatitbeginsto46ourlives.Afriendof47toldmetheotherdaythathistelevisionsethadbroken48andthatheandhisfamilyhadsuddenlyfoundthattheyhadfarmoretimetodothingsandthattheyhad49beguntotalktoeachotheragain.Itmakesonethink50it! Therearemanyotherargumentsforandagainsttelevision.Thepoor51ofitsprogramsisoftencriticized.Butitisundoubtedlyagreatcomforttomany52elderlypeople.AnddoesitcorruptorinstructourchildrenIthinkwemustrealizethattelevision53isneithergoodnorbad.Itistheuses54whichitisputthatdetermineits55tosociety. 46
PassageOne FormillionsofpeopletheAmericandreamofowningahomeseemstobeslippingoutofreach: "Maybeyoungcouplescannolongeraffordtobuyaready-madehouseastheirparentsdid"says40-year-oldbuildinginstructorPatHennin."Buttheycanstillhaveahome.Liketheirpioneerancestorstheycanbuilditthemselvesandatlessthanhalfthecostofaready-madehouse." Theowner-builderscamefromeveryoccupationalgroupalthoughsurprisinglyfewareprofessionalbuildingworkers.Manytaketheplungewithlittleornoexperience."Ilearnedhowtobuildmyhousefromreadingbooks."saysJohnBrownwhobuiltasix-roomhomefor$25000in HighFallsNewJersey."Ifyouhavepatienceandthecarpentryskilltomakeabookcaseyoucanbuildahouse." Anastonishing50percentoftheseowner-buildershammereverynaillayeverypipeandwireeveryswitchwiththeirownhands.Therestcontractforsomepartsofthetask.Buteventhosewhojustactascontractorsandfinishtheinsidesoftheirhomescansavefrom30percentto45percentofwhataready-madehomewouldcost. Onesurveyrevealedthat60percentofowner-buildersalsodesigntheirhomes.Manyothersbuycommercialhouseplansforlessthan$100oruseplansavailablefromtheU.S.DepartmentofAgriculture. Whatisthemainsubjectofthepassage
PassageOne FormillionsofpeopletheAmericandreamofowningahomeseemstobeslippingoutofreach: "Maybeyoungcouplescannolongeraffordtobuyaready-madehouseastheirparentsdid"says40-year-oldbuildinginstructorPatHennin."Buttheycanstillhaveahome.Liketheirpioneerancestorstheycanbuilditthemselvesandatlessthanhalfthecostofaready-madehouse." Theowner-builderscamefromeveryoccupationalgroupalthoughsurprisinglyfewareprofessionalbuildingworkers.Manytaketheplungewithlittleornoexperience."Ilearnedhowtobuildmyhousefromreadingbooks."saysJohnBrownwhobuiltasix-roomhomefor$25000in HighFallsNewJersey."Ifyouhavepatienceandthecarpentryskilltomakeabookcaseyoucanbuildahouse." Anastonishing50percentoftheseowner-buildershammereverynaillayeverypipeandwireeveryswitchwiththeirownhands.Therestcontractforsomepartsofthetask.Buteventhosewhojustactascontractorsandfinishtheinsidesoftheirhomescansavefrom30percentto45percentofwhataready-madehomewouldcost. Onesurveyrevealedthat60percentofowner-buildersalsodesigntheirhomes.Manyothersbuycommercialhouseplansforlessthan$100oruseplansavailablefromtheU.S.DepartmentofAgriculture. Accordingtothepassageowner-buildersarethosewho
Televisionitisoftensaidkeepsone36aboutcurrenteventsallowsonetofollowthe37developmentinscienceandpoliticsand38anendlessseriesofprogramswhichareboth39andstimulating.Themostdistant40andthestrangestcustomsarebroughtright41one’ssitting-room.Itcouldbearguedthattheradioperformsthis42justaswellbutontelevisioneverythingismuchmorelivingmuchmore43.Yethereisadanger.Thetelevisionscreenitselfhasaterriblealmostphysicalfascinationforus.Weget44usedtolookingatitsmovementsso45onitsflickeringpicturesthatitbeginsto46ourlives.Afriendof47toldmetheotherdaythathistelevisionsethadbroken48andthatheandhisfamilyhadsuddenlyfoundthattheyhadfarmoretimetodothingsandthattheyhad49beguntotalktoeachotheragain.Itmakesonethink50it! Therearemanyotherargumentsforandagainsttelevision.Thepoor51ofitsprogramsisoftencriticized.Butitisundoubtedlyagreatcomforttomany52elderlypeople.AnddoesitcorruptorinstructourchildrenIthinkwemustrealizethattelevision53isneithergoodnorbad.Itistheuses54whichitisputthatdetermineits55tosociety. 54
据报道那条铁路曾因洪水而停止修建
那位外国专家希望在三年内达到所有的目标
Televisionitisoftensaidkeepsone36aboutcurrenteventsallowsonetofollowthe37developmentinscienceandpoliticsand38anendlessseriesofprogramswhichareboth39andstimulating.Themostdistant40andthestrangestcustomsarebroughtright41one’ssitting-room.Itcouldbearguedthattheradioperformsthis42justaswellbutontelevisioneverythingismuchmorelivingmuchmore43.Yethereisadanger.Thetelevisionscreenitselfhasaterriblealmostphysicalfascinationforus.Weget44usedtolookingatitsmovementsso45onitsflickeringpicturesthatitbeginsto46ourlives.Afriendof47toldmetheotherdaythathistelevisionsethadbroken48andthatheandhisfamilyhadsuddenlyfoundthattheyhadfarmoretimetodothingsandthattheyhad49beguntotalktoeachotheragain.Itmakesonethink50it! Therearemanyotherargumentsforandagainsttelevision.Thepoor51ofitsprogramsisoftencriticized.Butitisundoubtedlyagreatcomforttomany52elderlypeople.AnddoesitcorruptorinstructourchildrenIthinkwemustrealizethattelevision53isneithergoodnorbad.Itistheuses54whichitisputthatdetermineits55tosociety. 38
Televisionitisoftensaidkeepsone36aboutcurrenteventsallowsonetofollowthe37developmentinscienceandpoliticsand38anendlessseriesofprogramswhichareboth39andstimulating.Themostdistant40andthestrangestcustomsarebroughtright41one’ssitting-room.Itcouldbearguedthattheradioperformsthis42justaswellbutontelevisioneverythingismuchmorelivingmuchmore43.Yethereisadanger.Thetelevisionscreenitselfhasaterriblealmostphysicalfascinationforus.Weget44usedtolookingatitsmovementsso45onitsflickeringpicturesthatitbeginsto46ourlives.Afriendof47toldmetheotherdaythathistelevisionsethadbroken48andthatheandhisfamilyhadsuddenlyfoundthattheyhadfarmoretimetodothingsandthattheyhad49beguntotalktoeachotheragain.Itmakesonethink50it! Therearemanyotherargumentsforandagainsttelevision.Thepoor51ofitsprogramsisoftencriticized.Butitisundoubtedlyagreatcomforttomany52elderlypeople.AnddoesitcorruptorinstructourchildrenIthinkwemustrealizethattelevision53isneithergoodnorbad.Itistheuses54whichitisputthatdetermineits55tosociety. 40
PassageThree NocountryintheworldhasmoredailynewspaperthantheUSA.Therearealmost2000ofthemascomparedwith180inJapan164inArgentinaand111inBritain.ThequalityofsomeAmericanpapersisextremelyhighandtheirviewsarequotedallovertheworld.DistinguisheddailiesliketheWashingtonPostortheNewYorkTimesexertapowerfulinfluencealloverthecountry.HoweverthePostandtheTimesarenotnationalnewspapersinthesensethattheTimesisinBritainofleMondeinFrancesinceeachAmericancityhasitsowndailynewspaper.Thebestofthesepresentdetailedaccountsofnationalandinternationalnewsbutmanytendtolimitthemselvestostateorcitynews. LikethepressinmostothercountriesAmericannewspapersrangefromthe"sensational"whichfeaturecrimesexandgossiptotheseriouswhichfocusonfactualnewsandtheanalysisofworldevents.ButwithfewexceptionsAmericannewspaperstrytoentertainaswellasgiveinformationfortheyhavetocompetewiththelureoftelevision. JustasAmericannewspaperscaterforalltastessodotheyalsotryandappealtoreadersofailpoliticalpersuasions.Afewnewspaperssupportextremistgroupsonthefarrightandonthefarleftbutmostdailynewspapersattempttoattractmiddle-of-the-roadAmericanswhoareessentiallymoderate.Manyofthesepapersprintcolumnsbywell-knownjournalistsofdifferingpoliticalandsocialviewsinordertopresentabalancedpicture. AsinotherdemocraticcountriesAmericannewspaperscanbeeitherresponsibleorirresponsiblebutitisgenerallyacceptedthattheAmericanpressservesitscountrywellandthatithasmorethanoncecourageouslyexposedpoliticalscandalsorcrimesforinstancetheWatergateAffair.ThenewspapersdrewtheattentionofthepublictothehorrorsoftheVietnamWar. Fromthelastparagraphwemanyconcludethat
Ifthemanagerhadtakenthesuggestionearlierhiscompanywouldnothavelostinthecompetition.
PassageFour Aroundtheworldmoreandmorepeoplearetakingpartindangeroussportsandactivities.Ofcoursetherehavealwaysbeenpeoplewhohavelookedforadventure--thosewhohaveclimbedthehighestmountainsexploredunknownpartsoftheworldorsailedinsmallboatsacrossthegreatestoceans.Nowhowevertherearepeoplewhoseekanimmediateexcitementfromariskyactivitywhichmayonlylastafewminutesorevenseconds. Iwouldconsiderbungeejumpingtobeagoodexampleofsuchanactivity.Youjumpfromahighplaceperhapsabridgeorahot-airballoon200metersabovethegroundwithanelasticropetiedtoyourankles.Youfallatupto150kilometersanhouruntiltheropestopsyoufromhittingtheground.Itisestimatedthattwomillionpeoplearoundtheworldhavenowtriedbungeejumping.Otheractivitieswhichmostpeoplewouldsayareasriskyasbungeejumpinginvolvejumpingfromtallbuildingsanddivingintotheseafromthetopofhighcliffs. WhydopeopletakepartinsuchactivitiesastheseSomepsychologistssuggestthatitisbecauselifeinmodemsocietieshasbecomesafeandboring.Notverylongagopeople’sliveswereconstantlyunderthreat.Theyhadtogooutandhuntforfooddiseasescouldnoteasilybecuredandlifewasacontinuousbattleforsurvival. Nowadaysaccordingtomanypeoplelifeofferslittleexcitement.Theyliveandworkincomparativelysafeenvironment;theybuyfoodinshops;andtherearedoctorsandhospitalstolookafterthemiftheybecomeill.Theanswerforsomeofthesepeopleistoseekdangerinactivitiessuchasbungeejumping. What'sthemeaningofthewordelasticLine2Para2
Televisionitisoftensaidkeepsone36aboutcurrenteventsallowsonetofollowthe37developmentinscienceandpoliticsand38anendlessseriesofprogramswhichareboth39andstimulating.Themostdistant40andthestrangestcustomsarebroughtright41one’ssitting-room.Itcouldbearguedthattheradioperformsthis42justaswellbutontelevisioneverythingismuchmorelivingmuchmore43.Yethereisadanger.Thetelevisionscreenitselfhasaterriblealmostphysicalfascinationforus.Weget44usedtolookingatitsmovementsso45onitsflickeringpicturesthatitbeginsto46ourlives.Afriendof47toldmetheotherdaythathistelevisionsethadbroken48andthatheandhisfamilyhadsuddenlyfoundthattheyhadfarmoretimetodothingsandthattheyhad49beguntotalktoeachotheragain.Itmakesonethink50it! Therearemanyotherargumentsforandagainsttelevision.Thepoor51ofitsprogramsisoftencriticized.Butitisundoubtedlyagreatcomforttomany52elderlypeople.AnddoesitcorruptorinstructourchildrenIthinkwemustrealizethattelevision53isneithergoodnorbad.Itistheuses54whichitisputthatdetermineits55tosociety. 36
Televisionitisoftensaidkeepsone36aboutcurrenteventsallowsonetofollowthe37developmentinscienceandpoliticsand38anendlessseriesofprogramswhichareboth39andstimulating.Themostdistant40andthestrangestcustomsarebroughtright41one’ssitting-room.Itcouldbearguedthattheradioperformsthis42justaswellbutontelevisioneverythingismuchmorelivingmuchmore43.Yethereisadanger.Thetelevisionscreenitselfhasaterriblealmostphysicalfascinationforus.Weget44usedtolookingatitsmovementsso45onitsflickeringpicturesthatitbeginsto46ourlives.Afriendof47toldmetheotherdaythathistelevisionsethadbroken48andthatheandhisfamilyhadsuddenlyfoundthattheyhadfarmoretimetodothingsandthattheyhad49beguntotalktoeachotheragain.Itmakesonethink50it! Therearemanyotherargumentsforandagainsttelevision.Thepoor51ofitsprogramsisoftencriticized.Butitisundoubtedlyagreatcomforttomany52elderlypeople.AnddoesitcorruptorinstructourchildrenIthinkwemustrealizethattelevision53isneithergoodnorbad.Itistheuses54whichitisputthatdetermineits55tosociety. 44
Themanagewouldratherhisdaughter______inthesameoffice.
Televisionitisoftensaidkeepsone36aboutcurrenteventsallowsonetofollowthe37developmentinscienceandpoliticsand38anendlessseriesofprogramswhichareboth39andstimulating.Themostdistant40andthestrangestcustomsarebroughtright41one’ssitting-room.Itcouldbearguedthattheradioperformsthis42justaswellbutontelevisioneverythingismuchmorelivingmuchmore43.Yethereisadanger.Thetelevisionscreenitselfhasaterriblealmostphysicalfascinationforus.Weget44usedtolookingatitsmovementsso45onitsflickeringpicturesthatitbeginsto46ourlives.Afriendof47toldmetheotherdaythathistelevisionsethadbroken48andthatheandhisfamilyhadsuddenlyfoundthattheyhadfarmoretimetodothingsandthattheyhad49beguntotalktoeachotheragain.Itmakesonethink50it! Therearemanyotherargumentsforandagainsttelevision.Thepoor51ofitsprogramsisoftencriticized.Butitisundoubtedlyagreatcomforttomany52elderlypeople.AnddoesitcorruptorinstructourchildrenIthinkwemustrealizethattelevision53isneithergoodnorbad.Itistheuses54whichitisputthatdetermineits55tosociety. 50
PassageFour Aroundtheworldmoreandmorepeoplearetakingpartindangeroussportsandactivities.Ofcoursetherehavealwaysbeenpeoplewhohavelookedforadventure--thosewhohaveclimbedthehighestmountainsexploredunknownpartsoftheworldorsailedinsmallboatsacrossthegreatestoceans.Nowhowevertherearepeoplewhoseekanimmediateexcitementfromariskyactivitywhichmayonlylastafewminutesorevenseconds. Iwouldconsiderbungeejumpingtobeagoodexampleofsuchanactivity.Youjumpfromahighplaceperhapsabridgeorahot-airballoon200metersabovethegroundwithanelasticropetiedtoyourankles.Youfallatupto150kilometersanhouruntiltheropestopsyoufromhittingtheground.Itisestimatedthattwomillionpeoplearoundtheworldhavenowtriedbungeejumping.Otheractivitieswhichmostpeoplewouldsayareasriskyasbungeejumpinginvolvejumpingfromtallbuildingsanddivingintotheseafromthetopofhighcliffs. WhydopeopletakepartinsuchactivitiesastheseSomepsychologistssuggestthatitisbecauselifeinmodemsocietieshasbecomesafeandboring.Notverylongagopeople’sliveswereconstantlyunderthreat.Theyhadtogooutandhuntforfooddiseasescouldnoteasilybecuredandlifewasacontinuousbattleforsurvival. Nowadaysaccordingtomanypeoplelifeofferslittleexcitement.Theyliveandworkincomparativelysafeenvironment;theybuyfoodinshops;andtherearedoctorsandhospitalstolookafterthemiftheybecomeill.Theanswerforsomeofthesepeopleistoseekdangerinactivitiessuchasbungeejumping. Peopleprobablytakepartindangeroussportsnowadaysbecause
Televisionitisoftensaidkeepsone36aboutcurrenteventsallowsonetofollowthe37developmentinscienceandpoliticsand38anendlessseriesofprogramswhichareboth39andstimulating.Themostdistant40andthestrangestcustomsarebroughtright41one’ssitting-room.Itcouldbearguedthattheradioperformsthis42justaswellbutontelevisioneverythingismuchmorelivingmuchmore43.Yethereisadanger.Thetelevisionscreenitselfhasaterriblealmostphysicalfascinationforus.Weget44usedtolookingatitsmovementsso45onitsflickeringpicturesthatitbeginsto46ourlives.Afriendof47toldmetheotherdaythathistelevisionsethadbroken48andthatheandhisfamilyhadsuddenlyfoundthattheyhadfarmoretimetodothingsandthattheyhad49beguntotalktoeachotheragain.Itmakesonethink50it! Therearemanyotherargumentsforandagainsttelevision.Thepoor51ofitsprogramsisoftencriticized.Butitisundoubtedlyagreatcomforttomany52elderlypeople.AnddoesitcorruptorinstructourchildrenIthinkwemustrealizethattelevision53isneithergoodnorbad.Itistheuses54whichitisputthatdetermineits55tosociety. 42
Afterayearofagreementpreparationsforthefestivalarenowproceedingsmoothly.
PassageOne FormillionsofpeopletheAmericandreamofowningahomeseemstobeslippingoutofreach: "Maybeyoungcouplescannolongeraffordtobuyaready-madehouseastheirparentsdid"says40-year-oldbuildinginstructorPatHennin."Buttheycanstillhaveahome.Liketheirpioneerancestorstheycanbuilditthemselvesandatlessthanhalfthecostofaready-madehouse." Theowner-builderscamefromeveryoccupationalgroupalthoughsurprisinglyfewareprofessionalbuildingworkers.Manytaketheplungewithlittleornoexperience."Ilearnedhowtobuildmyhousefromreadingbooks."saysJohnBrownwhobuiltasix-roomhomefor$25000in HighFallsNewJersey."Ifyouhavepatienceandthecarpentryskilltomakeabookcaseyoucanbuildahouse." Anastonishing50percentoftheseowner-buildershammereverynaillayeverypipeandwireeveryswitchwiththeirownhands.Therestcontractforsomepartsofthetask.Buteventhosewhojustactascontractorsandfinishtheinsidesoftheirhomescansavefrom30percentto45percentofwhataready-madehomewouldcost. Onesurveyrevealedthat60percentofowner-buildersalsodesigntheirhomes.Manyothersbuycommercialhouseplansforlessthan$100oruseplansavailablefromtheU.S.DepartmentofAgriculture. ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatmanyAmericansfinditdifficultto
PassageTwo Therearevariouswaysinwhichindividualeconomicunitscaninteractwithoneanother.Threebasicwaysmaybedescribedasthemarketsystemtheadministratedsystemandthetraditionalsystem. Inamarketsystemindividualeconomicunitsarefreetointeracteachotherinthemarketplace.Itispossibletobuycommoditiesfromothereconomicunitsorsellcommoditiestothem.Inamarkettransactionsmaytakeplaceviabarterormoneyexchange.Inabartereconomyrealgoodssuchasautomobilesshoesandpizzasaretradedagainsteachother.Obviouslyfindingsomebodywhowantstotrademyoldcarinexchangeforasailboatmaynotalwaysbeaneasytask.Hencetheintroductionofmoneyasamediumofexchangeeasestransactionsconsiderably.Inthemodernmarketeconomygoodsandservicesareboughtorsoldformoney. Analternativetothemarketsystemisadministrativecontrolbysomeagencyoveralltransactions.Thisagencywillissueedictsorcommandsastohowmuchofeachkindofgoodsandservicesshouldbeproducedexchangedandconsumedbyeacheconomicunit.Centralplanningmaybeonewayofadministeringsuchaneconomy.Thecentralplandrawnupbygovernmentshowsamountsofeachcommodityproducedbythevariousfirmsandallocatedtodifferenthouseholdsforconsumption.Thisisanexampleorcompleteplanningofproductionconsumptionandexchangeforthewholeeconomy. Inatraditionalsocietyproductionandconsumptionpatternsaregovernedbytradition:everyperson’splacewithintheeconomicsystemisfixedbyparentagereligionandcustom.Transactionstakeplaceonthebasisoftraditiontoo.PeoplebelongingtoacertaingroupOfcastemayhaveanobligationtocareforotherpersonsprovidethemwithfoodandsheltercarefortheirhealthandprovidefortheireducation.Clearlyinasystemwhereeverydecisionismadeonthebasisoftraditionaloneprogressmaybedifficulttoachieveastagnantsocietymayresult. Accordingtothepassageabartereconomycanleadto
______whenshestartedcomplaining.
PassageTwo Therearevariouswaysinwhichindividualeconomicunitscaninteractwithoneanother.Threebasicwaysmaybedescribedasthemarketsystemtheadministratedsystemandthetraditionalsystem. Inamarketsystemindividualeconomicunitsarefreetointeracteachotherinthemarketplace.Itispossibletobuycommoditiesfromothereconomicunitsorsellcommoditiestothem.Inamarkettransactionsmaytakeplaceviabarterormoneyexchange.Inabartereconomyrealgoodssuchasautomobilesshoesandpizzasaretradedagainsteachother.Obviouslyfindingsomebodywhowantstotrademyoldcarinexchangeforasailboatmaynotalwaysbeaneasytask.Hencetheintroductionofmoneyasamediumofexchangeeasestransactionsconsiderably.Inthemodernmarketeconomygoodsandservicesareboughtorsoldformoney. Analternativetothemarketsystemisadministrativecontrolbysomeagencyoveralltransactions.Thisagencywillissueedictsorcommandsastohowmuchofeachkindofgoodsandservicesshouldbeproducedexchangedandconsumedbyeacheconomicunit.Centralplanningmaybeonewayofadministeringsuchaneconomy.Thecentralplandrawnupbygovernmentshowsamountsofeachcommodityproducedbythevariousfirmsandallocatedtodifferenthouseholdsforconsumption.Thisisanexampleorcompleteplanningofproductionconsumptionandexchangeforthewholeeconomy. Inatraditionalsocietyproductionandconsumptionpatternsaregovernedbytradition:everyperson’splacewithintheeconomicsystemisfixedbyparentagereligionandcustom.Transactionstakeplaceonthebasisoftraditiontoo.PeoplebelongingtoacertaingroupOfcastemayhaveanobligationtocareforotherpersonsprovidethemwithfoodandsheltercarefortheirhealthandprovidefortheireducation.Clearlyinasystemwhereeverydecisionismadeonthebasisoftraditionaloneprogressmaybedifficulttoachieveastagnantsocietymayresult. WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedbytheauthorasacriterion标准fordeterminingaperson'splaceinatraditionalsociety
PassageThree NocountryintheworldhasmoredailynewspaperthantheUSA.Therearealmost2000ofthemascomparedwith180inJapan164inArgentinaand111inBritain.ThequalityofsomeAmericanpapersisextremelyhighandtheirviewsarequotedallovertheworld.DistinguisheddailiesliketheWashingtonPostortheNewYorkTimesexertapowerfulinfluencealloverthecountry.HoweverthePostandtheTimesarenotnationalnewspapersinthesensethattheTimesisinBritainofleMondeinFrancesinceeachAmericancityhasitsowndailynewspaper.Thebestofthesepresentdetailedaccountsofnationalandinternationalnewsbutmanytendtolimitthemselvestostateorcitynews. LikethepressinmostothercountriesAmericannewspapersrangefromthe"sensational"whichfeaturecrimesexandgossiptotheseriouswhichfocusonfactualnewsandtheanalysisofworldevents.ButwithfewexceptionsAmericannewspaperstrytoentertainaswellasgiveinformationfortheyhavetocompetewiththelureoftelevision. JustasAmericannewspaperscaterforalltastessodotheyalsotryandappealtoreadersofailpoliticalpersuasions.Afewnewspaperssupportextremistgroupsonthefarrightandonthefarleftbutmostdailynewspapersattempttoattractmiddle-of-the-roadAmericanswhoareessentiallymoderate.Manyofthesepapersprintcolumnsbywell-knownjournalistsofdifferingpoliticalandsocialviewsinordertopresentabalancedpicture. AsinotherdemocraticcountriesAmericannewspaperscanbeeitherresponsibleorirresponsiblebutitisgenerallyacceptedthattheAmericanpressservesitscountrywellandthatithasmorethanoncecourageouslyexposedpoliticalscandalsorcrimesforinstancetheWatergateAffair.ThenewspapersdrewtheattentionofthepublictothehorrorsoftheVietnamWar. Inordertopresentabalancedpicture
Televisionitisoftensaidkeepsone36aboutcurrenteventsallowsonetofollowthe37developmentinscienceandpoliticsand38anendlessseriesofprogramswhichareboth39andstimulating.Themostdistant40andthestrangestcustomsarebroughtright41one’ssitting-room.Itcouldbearguedthattheradioperformsthis42justaswellbutontelevisioneverythingismuchmorelivingmuchmore43.Yethereisadanger.Thetelevisionscreenitselfhasaterriblealmostphysicalfascinationforus.Weget44usedtolookingatitsmovementsso45onitsflickeringpicturesthatitbeginsto46ourlives.Afriendof47toldmetheotherdaythathistelevisionsethadbroken48andthatheandhisfamilyhadsuddenlyfoundthattheyhadfarmoretimetodothingsandthattheyhad49beguntotalktoeachotheragain.Itmakesonethink50it! Therearemanyotherargumentsforandagainsttelevision.Thepoor51ofitsprogramsisoftencriticized.Butitisundoubtedlyagreatcomforttomany52elderlypeople.AnddoesitcorruptorinstructourchildrenIthinkwemustrealizethattelevision53isneithergoodnorbad.Itistheuses54whichitisputthatdetermineits55tosociety. 52
risedescribelookatrelyondrawlessonfromkeepinmindmakeinvestigationinto
If______thetwoWorldTradeCentertowersinNewYorkCitywouldalonegenerate2.25milliongallonsofrawsewageeachyear.
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