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______ the problems are numerous, we must still try to solve them.
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40％ofthehealthproblemsskinandweightproblems.
is
are
be
／
Peopleoftencomplaintheyfacetoomanyproblems.Everyda
Waterpollutionisoneof___inourcountry.
serious problem
the more serious problems
most serious problems
the most serious problems
MostAmericanswouldprefertokeeptheirproblems______t
to; by
by; to
for; to
in; on
Lifeisdifficult.Itisagreattruthbecauseoncewetrulyu
Theenergyproducedbythesun______.
is easy to store
poses similar problems to the other newer energy sources
poses very few problems
poses different problems from the other newer energy sources
Theearthischanging.Tomorrowitwillbedifferent.Allth
Lifeisdifficult.Thisisagreattruthoneofthegreatestt
Lifeisdifficult.Itisagreattruthbecauseoncewetrulyu
Peoplehavemoneyproblemsworkproblemsfriendshipprobl
Lifeisdifficult.Whatdoyouthinkaboutlife?Maybemostp
Lifeisdifficult.Itisagreattruthbecauseoncewetrulyu
Todaychildrenfromdivorcedfamilies______.
have no more problems
are getting more care and help
are less able to handle their problems
are told not to talk about their problems
Lifeisdifficult.Itisagreattruthbecauseoncewetrulyu
Theearthischanging.Tomorrowitwillbedifferent.Allth
Thoughproblemsareapartofourlivesitcertainlydoesn’t
Theearthischanging.Tomorrowitwillbedifferent.Allth
Lifeisdifficult.Itisgreattruthbecauseoncewetrulyun
Lifeisdifficult.Itisagreattruthbecauseoncewetrulyu
Lifeisdifficult.Butlifeisnolongerdifficultoncewetr
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Themandenied______anythingatthesupermarketwhenhewasquestionedbythepolice.
PoorspeakerofEnglishthoughIwasatthetimeIstillmanagedtomakemyselfunderstood.
Youaresointerestedinthismatterbut我宁愿你对此一无所知.
Theunexpectedreturnofhiswifegavehimabigsurprise.
Wecanacceptyourorder______paymentismadeinadvance.
Thebombwillblowupatanytimeand你们必须尽快地离开这儿.
Forsometimepastithadbeenwidelyacceptedthatbabies—andothercreatures—learntodothingsbecausecertainactsleadto"rewards";andtherewasnoreasontodoubtthatthisistrue.Butitusedalsotobewidelybelievedthateffectiverewardsatleastintheearlystageshadtobedirectlyrelatedtosuchbasicphysiological生理的"drives"asthirstorhunger.Inotherwordsababywouldlearnifhegotfoodordrinkorsomesortofphysicalcomfortnototherwise. Itisnowclearthatthisisnotso.Babieswilllearntobehaveinwaysthatproduceresultsintheworldwithnorewardexceptthesuccessfuloutcome. Papousekbeganhisstudiesbyusingmilkinthenormalwayto"reward"thebabiesandsoteachthemtocarryoutsomesimplemovementssuchasturningtheheadtoonesideortheother.Thenhenoticedthatababywhohadhadenoughtodrinkwouldrefuse-themilkbutwouldstillgoonmakingthelearnedresponsewithclearsignsofpleasure.Sohebegantostudythechildren’sresponsesinsituationswherenomilkwasprovided.Hequicklyfoundthatchildrenasyoungasfourmonthswouldlearntoturntheirheadstorightorleftifthemovement"switchedon"adisplayoflights—andindeedthattheywerecapableoflearningquitecomplexturnstobringaboutthisresultforinstancetwoleftortworightoreventomakeasmanyasthreeturnstooneside. Papousek’slightdisplaywasplaceddirectlyinfrontofthebabiesandhemadetheinterestingobservationthatsometimestheywouldnotturnbacktowatchthelightscloselyalthoughtheywould"smileandbubble"whenthedisplaycameon.Papousekconcludedthatitwasnotprimarilythesightofthelightswhichpleasedthemitwasthesuccesstheywereachievinginsolvingtheprobleminmasteringtheskillandthatthereexistsafundamentalhumanurgetomakesenseoftheworldandbringitunderintentionalcontrol. Papouseknoticedinhisstudiesthatababy
Peeringintothe21stcenturyauthoritiesonthefutureseeextraordinarychanges.Newscientificbreakthroughwillallowmachinestotakeonmoretasksthatthehumanbrainhastraditionallydone. Computerswhichonceonlyremembereddatawillmakemoredecisions.Machinesthattelldoctorstodaywhatsymptomsthepatientshavemaysoonberecommendingsurgery.Otherswilldesignnewbuildingsafterquestioningbuyersabouttheirpreferences.IncreasinglyhumanthoughtprocessesandevenvaluesarebeingprogrammedintocomputersaccordingtoEarlJosephpresidentofaconsultingfirm."Imaginemachineswhicharesmarterandmoreintelligentthanhumansandwiththeirembedded植入的initiativecan’twaittotellyouaboutit"hesays. Ineverydaylifethefuturewillmeantalkingdirectlytocomputerswithoutpushingbuttons.Justtellatoasterstoveorotherkitchendeviceswhattodoanditwillhearthemessage.Theovenmayevendecideitselfhowlongtocooktheroast.Tellthetelevision"IwanttowatchChannel12at8p.m.butstoretheshowfornextweek"andthejobwillbedone. Thecomputerwilltalkbacktoo.Alreadysomesoft-drinkmachinescomplainloudlyifyoudon’tdepositenoughcash.Athomeabedsidemachinemaysomedaytellyou"Youforgettoturnoffthebasementlight." Awayfromhometheautomobileofthefuturewillthinkforitself.Scientistspredictthatdriverswillfeeddestinationsintoacomputerthatwouldthenexplainwhatroutetotakeandeventellwhereparkingspacesareavailable.Acity’straffic-controlsystemmightinstructthecar’scomputerhowfasttogoinheavytrafficandwhethertochangelanes. Fromthepassageweknowthattoasterstoveandoven
Itgavemeastrangefeelingofexcitementtoseemynamein______.
Thehumanbraincontains10thousandmillioncellsandeachofthesemayhaveathousandconnections.Suchenormousnumbersusedtodiscourageusandcauseustodismissthepossibilityofmakingamachinewithhuman-likeabilitybutnowthatwehavegrownusedtomovingforwardatsuchapacewecanbelesssure.Quitesooninonly10or20yearsperhapswewillbeabletoassembleamachineascomplexasthehumanbrainandifwecanwewill.Itmaythentakeusalongtimetorenderitintelligentbyloadinginthefightsoftware软件orbyalteringthearchitecturebutthattoowillhappen. Ithinkitcertainthatindecadesnotcenturiesmachinesofsilicon硅Willarisefirsttorivalandthenexceedtheirhumanancestors.Oncetheyexceedustheywillbecapableoftheirowndesign.Inarealsensetheywillbeabletoreproducethemselves.Siliconwillhaveendedcarbon’slongcontrol.Andwewillnolongerbeabletoclaimourselvestobethefinestintelligenceintheknownuniverse. Astheintelligenceofrobotsincreasestomatchthatofhumansandastheircostdeclinesthrougheconomiesofscalewemayusethemtoexpandourfrontiersfirstonearththroughtheirabilitytowithstandenvironmentsharmfultoourselves.Thusdesertsmaybloomandtheoceanbedsbemined.Furtheraheadbyacombinationofthegreatwealththisnewagewillbringandthetechnologyitwillprovidetheconstructionofavastmancreatedworldinspacehometothousandsormillionsofpeoplewillbewithinourpower. Inwhatwaycanwemakeamachineintelligent
Therewasonethoughtthatairpollutionaffectedonlytheareaimmediatelyaroundlargecitieswithfactoriesandheavyautomobiletraffic.Atpresentwerealizethatalthoughthesearetheareaswiththeworstairpollutiontheproblemisliterallyworldwide.OnseveraloccasionsoverthepastdecadeaheavycloudofairpollutionhascoveredtheeastoftheUnitedStatesandbroughthealthwarningsinruralareasawayfromanymajorconcentrationofmanufacturingandautomobiletraffic.Infacttheveryclimateoftheentireearthmaybeinfectedbyairpollution.Somescientistsconsiderthattheincreasingconcentrationofcarbondioxideintheairresultingfromtheburningoffossilfuelscoalandoiliscreatinga"greenhouseeffect"—conservingheatreflectedfromtheearthandraisingtheworld’saveragetemperature.Ifthisviewiscorrectandtheworld’stemperatureisraisedonlyafewdegreemuchofthepopularicecapwillmeltandcitiessuchasNewYorkBostonMiamiandNewOrleanswillbeinwater. Anotherviewlesswidelyheldisthatincreasingparticularmatterintheatmosphereisblockingsunlightandloweringtheearth’stemperature—aresultthatwouldbeequallydisastrous.Adropofjustafewdegreecouldcreatesomethingclosetoanewiceageandwouldmakeagriculturedifficultorimpossibleinmanyofourtopfarmingareas.Todaywedonotknowforsurethateitheroftheseconditionswillhappenthoughonerecentgovernmentreportdraftedbyexpertsinthefieldconcludedthatthegreenhouseeffectisverypossible.Perhapsifwe’reluckyenoughthetwotendencieswilloffseteachotherandtheworld’stemperaturewillstayaboutthesameasitisnow. Itcanbeconcludedthat
Nothavinggotenoughhandswehadgreatdifficultyincarryingoutthetask.
Itisimportantto______betweentherulesofgrammarandtheconventionsofwrittenlanguage.
Residentswerecuttingtheirlawnswashingtheircarsandotherwise______apleasantsunnyday.
Weregret______youthatthematerialsyouorderedareoutofstock.inform
简言之productivityismerelyameasureofeffectivenesswithwhichpeopleproducegoodsandservices.
迄今为止境hehasreadallthebooksstoredinthesmalllibrary.
Don'tloseheart!Youshould______yourcourageandovercomethedifficulty.
至于这个新计划nothinghasbeendecidedyet.
Hisdebtshadtobe______afterhecommittedsuicidewithhisrifle.
Peeringintothe21stcenturyauthoritiesonthefutureseeextraordinarychanges.Newscientificbreakthroughwillallowmachinestotakeonmoretasksthatthehumanbrainhastraditionallydone. Computerswhichonceonlyremembereddatawillmakemoredecisions.Machinesthattelldoctorstodaywhatsymptomsthepatientshavemaysoonberecommendingsurgery.Otherswilldesignnewbuildingsafterquestioningbuyersabouttheirpreferences.IncreasinglyhumanthoughtprocessesandevenvaluesarebeingprogrammedintocomputersaccordingtoEarlJosephpresidentofaconsultingfirm."Imaginemachineswhicharesmarterandmoreintelligentthanhumansandwiththeirembedded植入的initiativecan’twaittotellyouaboutit"hesays. Ineverydaylifethefuturewillmeantalkingdirectlytocomputerswithoutpushingbuttons.Justtellatoasterstoveorotherkitchendeviceswhattodoanditwillhearthemessage.Theovenmayevendecideitselfhowlongtocooktheroast.Tellthetelevision"IwanttowatchChannel12at8p.m.butstoretheshowfornextweek"andthejobwillbedone. Thecomputerwilltalkbacktoo.Alreadysomesoft-drinkmachinescomplainloudlyifyoudon’tdepositenoughcash.Athomeabedsidemachinemaysomedaytellyou"Youforgettoturnoffthebasementlight." Awayfromhometheautomobileofthefuturewillthinkforitself.Scientistspredictthatdriverswillfeeddestinationsintoacomputerthatwouldthenexplainwhatroutetotakeandeventellwhereparkingspacesareavailable.Acity’straffic-controlsystemmightinstructthecar’scomputerhowfasttogoinheavytrafficandwhethertochangelanes. Whatdoesdepositprobablymeaninthefirstsentenceofthefourthparagraph
Therewasonethoughtthatairpollutionaffectedonlytheareaimmediatelyaroundlargecitieswithfactoriesandheavyautomobiletraffic.Atpresentwerealizethatalthoughthesearetheareaswiththeworstairpollutiontheproblemisliterallyworldwide.OnseveraloccasionsoverthepastdecadeaheavycloudofairpollutionhascoveredtheeastoftheUnitedStatesandbroughthealthwarningsinruralareasawayfromanymajorconcentrationofmanufacturingandautomobiletraffic.Infacttheveryclimateoftheentireearthmaybeinfectedbyairpollution.Somescientistsconsiderthattheincreasingconcentrationofcarbondioxideintheairresultingfromtheburningoffossilfuelscoalandoiliscreatinga"greenhouseeffect"—conservingheatreflectedfromtheearthandraisingtheworld’saveragetemperature.Ifthisviewiscorrectandtheworld’stemperatureisraisedonlyafewdegreemuchofthepopularicecapwillmeltandcitiessuchasNewYorkBostonMiamiandNewOrleanswillbeinwater. Anotherviewlesswidelyheldisthatincreasingparticularmatterintheatmosphereisblockingsunlightandloweringtheearth’stemperature—aresultthatwouldbeequallydisastrous.Adropofjustafewdegreecouldcreatesomethingclosetoanewiceageandwouldmakeagriculturedifficultorimpossibleinmanyofourtopfarmingareas.Todaywedonotknowforsurethateitheroftheseconditionswillhappenthoughonerecentgovernmentreportdraftedbyexpertsinthefieldconcludedthatthegreenhouseeffectisverypossible.Perhapsifwe’reluckyenoughthetwotendencieswilloffseteachotherandtheworld’stemperaturewillstayaboutthesameasitisnow. Aspointedoutatthebeginningofthepassagepeopleusedtothinkthatairpollution
Hewishestowriteanotherletterwhichwillclearupallthemisunderstandings.
I’llfeelmuchhappierifhedoesn’tcomewithus.
Theyboughtthelandwitha______tobuildanewofficeblock.
Peeringintothe21stcenturyauthoritiesonthefutureseeextraordinarychanges.Newscientificbreakthroughwillallowmachinestotakeonmoretasksthatthehumanbrainhastraditionallydone. Computerswhichonceonlyremembereddatawillmakemoredecisions.Machinesthattelldoctorstodaywhatsymptomsthepatientshavemaysoonberecommendingsurgery.Otherswilldesignnewbuildingsafterquestioningbuyersabouttheirpreferences.IncreasinglyhumanthoughtprocessesandevenvaluesarebeingprogrammedintocomputersaccordingtoEarlJosephpresidentofaconsultingfirm."Imaginemachineswhicharesmarterandmoreintelligentthanhumansandwiththeirembedded植入的initiativecan’twaittotellyouaboutit"hesays. Ineverydaylifethefuturewillmeantalkingdirectlytocomputerswithoutpushingbuttons.Justtellatoasterstoveorotherkitchendeviceswhattodoanditwillhearthemessage.Theovenmayevendecideitselfhowlongtocooktheroast.Tellthetelevision"IwanttowatchChannel12at8p.m.butstoretheshowfornextweek"andthejobwillbedone. Thecomputerwilltalkbacktoo.Alreadysomesoft-drinkmachinescomplainloudlyifyoudon’tdepositenoughcash.Athomeabedsidemachinemaysomedaytellyou"Youforgettoturnoffthebasementlight." Awayfromhometheautomobileofthefuturewillthinkforitself.Scientistspredictthatdriverswillfeeddestinationsintoacomputerthatwouldthenexplainwhatroutetotakeandeventellwhereparkingspacesareavailable.Acity’straffic-controlsystemmightinstructthecar’scomputerhowfasttogoinheavytrafficandwhethertochangelanes. Thispassagemainlydiscusses
Theirroomwasonthethirdflooritswindow______thesportsground.
Forsometimepastithadbeenwidelyacceptedthatbabies—andothercreatures—learntodothingsbecausecertainactsleadto"rewards";andtherewasnoreasontodoubtthatthisistrue.Butitusedalsotobewidelybelievedthateffectiverewardsatleastintheearlystageshadtobedirectlyrelatedtosuchbasicphysiological生理的"drives"asthirstorhunger.Inotherwordsababywouldlearnifhegotfoodordrinkorsomesortofphysicalcomfortnototherwise. Itisnowclearthatthisisnotso.Babieswilllearntobehaveinwaysthatproduceresultsintheworldwithnorewardexceptthesuccessfuloutcome. Papousekbeganhisstudiesbyusingmilkinthenormalwayto"reward"thebabiesandsoteachthemtocarryoutsomesimplemovementssuchasturningtheheadtoonesideortheother.Thenhenoticedthatababywhohadhadenoughtodrinkwouldrefuse-themilkbutwouldstillgoonmakingthelearnedresponsewithclearsignsofpleasure.Sohebegantostudythechildren’sresponsesinsituationswherenomilkwasprovided.Hequicklyfoundthatchildrenasyoungasfourmonthswouldlearntoturntheirheadstorightorleftifthemovement"switchedon"adisplayoflights—andindeedthattheywerecapableoflearningquitecomplexturnstobringaboutthisresultforinstancetwoleftortworightoreventomakeasmanyasthreeturnstooneside. Papousek’slightdisplaywasplaceddirectlyinfrontofthebabiesandhemadetheinterestingobservationthatsometimestheywouldnotturnbacktowatchthelightscloselyalthoughtheywould"smileandbubble"whenthedisplaycameon.Papousekconcludedthatitwasnotprimarilythesightofthelightswhichpleasedthemitwasthesuccesstheywereachievinginsolvingtheprobleminmasteringtheskillandthatthereexistsafundamentalhumanurgetomakesenseoftheworldandbringitunderintentionalcontrol. Thebabieswouldsmileandbubbleatthelightsbecause
Forsometimepastithadbeenwidelyacceptedthatbabies—andothercreatures—learntodothingsbecausecertainactsleadto"rewards";andtherewasnoreasontodoubtthatthisistrue.Butitusedalsotobewidelybelievedthateffectiverewardsatleastintheearlystageshadtobedirectlyrelatedtosuchbasicphysiological生理的"drives"asthirstorhunger.Inotherwordsababywouldlearnifhegotfoodordrinkorsomesortofphysicalcomfortnototherwise. Itisnowclearthatthisisnotso.Babieswilllearntobehaveinwaysthatproduceresultsintheworldwithnorewardexceptthesuccessfuloutcome. Papousekbeganhisstudiesbyusingmilkinthenormalwayto"reward"thebabiesandsoteachthemtocarryoutsomesimplemovementssuchasturningtheheadtoonesideortheother.Thenhenoticedthatababywhohadhadenoughtodrinkwouldrefuse-themilkbutwouldstillgoonmakingthelearnedresponsewithclearsignsofpleasure.Sohebegantostudythechildren’sresponsesinsituationswherenomilkwasprovided.Hequicklyfoundthatchildrenasyoungasfourmonthswouldlearntoturntheirheadstorightorleftifthemovement"switchedon"adisplayoflights—andindeedthattheywerecapableoflearningquitecomplexturnstobringaboutthisresultforinstancetwoleftortworightoreventomakeasmanyasthreeturnstooneside. Papousek’slightdisplaywasplaceddirectlyinfrontofthebabiesandhemadetheinterestingobservationthatsometimestheywouldnotturnbacktowatchthelightscloselyalthoughtheywould"smileandbubble"whenthedisplaycameon.Papousekconcludedthatitwasnotprimarilythesightofthelightswhichpleasedthemitwasthesuccesstheywereachievinginsolvingtheprobleminmasteringtheskillandthatthereexistsafundamentalhumanurgetomakesenseoftheworldandbringitunderintentionalcontrol. InPapousek'sexperimentbabiesmakelearnedmovementsoftheheadinorderto
Thehumanbraincontains10thousandmillioncellsandeachofthesemayhaveathousandconnections.Suchenormousnumbersusedtodiscourageusandcauseustodismissthepossibilityofmakingamachinewithhuman-likeabilitybutnowthatwehavegrownusedtomovingforwardatsuchapacewecanbelesssure.Quitesooninonly10or20yearsperhapswewillbeabletoassembleamachineascomplexasthehumanbrainandifwecanwewill.Itmaythentakeusalongtimetorenderitintelligentbyloadinginthefightsoftware软件orbyalteringthearchitecturebutthattoowillhappen. Ithinkitcertainthatindecadesnotcenturiesmachinesofsilicon硅Willarisefirsttorivalandthenexceedtheirhumanancestors.Oncetheyexceedustheywillbecapableoftheirowndesign.Inarealsensetheywillbeabletoreproducethemselves.Siliconwillhaveendedcarbon’slongcontrol.Andwewillnolongerbeabletoclaimourselvestobethefinestintelligenceintheknownuniverse. Astheintelligenceofrobotsincreasestomatchthatofhumansandastheircostdeclinesthrougheconomiesofscalewemayusethemtoexpandourfrontiersfirstonearththroughtheirabilitytowithstandenvironmentsharmfultoourselves.Thusdesertsmaybloomandtheoceanbedsbemined.Furtheraheadbyacombinationofthegreatwealththisnewagewillbringandthetechnologyitwillprovidetheconstructionofavastmancreatedworldinspacehometothousandsormillionsofpeoplewillbewithinourpower. ThewordcarbonI.ine4ParA．2standsfor
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