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{{*HTML*}}? ?阅读下面这篇短文短文后列出了7个句子请根据短文的内容对每个句子作出判断如果该句提供的是正确信息请选择A项如果该句提供的错误信息请选择B项如果该句的信息文章中没有提及请选择C项 ??????? ??????????? ???{{B}}SpareaKidney?{{/B}}??Itisnolonger unusualforaspouseorrelativetodonateakidneytoalovedonebutthe numberofAmericanswhohavegivenakidneytoafriendaco-workerorevena completestrangerhasrisensharplyfrom68in1994to176in1998.? ?Therearemanyreasons.Firstit’spossibletoliveanormallifewith onlyonekidney.Theremainingkidneyenlargestomakeupmostofthe difference.Inadditionakidneyfromalivedonorlastslongerthanakidney takenfromsomeonewhohasdiedsuddenly.Butthebiggestchangeinthepastfew yearsisthattransplantsurgeonshavestartedusinglaparoscopictechniquesto removethedonorkidneythroughamuchsmallerincisionandthiscancut recoverytimeforthedonorfromsixweekstofourweeks.??Just becauseyoudosomethinghoweveritdoesn’tmeanyoushould.Donatingakidney meansundergoinganoperationthatcarriessomerisk.Youcouldarguethatyou maybehelpingtosavealifebutyoucertainlycan’tpretendthatyou’re betteroffwithonekidneyinsteadoftwo.??Sowhatarethe risks?Aswithanymajoroperationthereisachanceofdyingofreoperation duetobleedingofinfectionofveinclotsinthelegsoraherniaatthe incisionsaysDr.ArthurMatasdirectoroftherenal-transplantprogramat theuniversityofMinnesotaMedicalCenterinMinneapolis.Evenlaparoscopya relativelynewtechniqueforkidneydonationisnotrisk-free.Doctorsestimate thatchancesofdyingfromtheprocedureareabout3in10000.? ?There’snomoneytobemade;sellinganorganisillegal.Butthe recipient’sinsurancenormallycoversyouroperationandimmediateaftercare. Yourcostscanincludehotelbillslostpayduringrecoveryorpossiblefuture disability.??Althoughtransplantcentersmustevaluateany potentialdonor’ssuitabilityitneverhurtstohaveanindependentopinion. Themostcommoncontraindicationsareheartdiseasediabetesandhighblood pressure.??Neverletanyonenotevenacloserelativepressure youintogivingupanorgan--nomatterifyou’rehealthy.There’softenthe feelingthatyou’renotagoodfriendfathermotherifyoudon’tdothis saysArthusCaplandirectoroftheUniversityofPennsylvania’scenterfor Bioethics.Sometransplantcenterswillinventamedicalproblemonbehalfof thosewhoarereluctanttodonatebutfeeltheycan’tsay no.NoneoftheAmericanswhodonatesakidneyduringtheperiodlastingfrom1994to1998diedfromtheprocedure.
UnitedNations AmajorsegmentoftheUntiedNationsistheGeneralAssemblywhichconsistsofrepresentativesfromallgovernmentsthathaveratifiedtheUNCharter.Asof1995185stateshadmembershipinthegeneralAssembly.AdditionallytheVaticanSwitzerlandandthePalestineLiberationOrganizationhavenonvotingobserverstatusintheGeneralAssembly.TheGeneralAssemblyapprovestheUN’’sbudgetactswiththeSecurityCounciltoselecttheSecretary-generalandjudgesoftheInternationalCourtofJusticeandpassesresolutionsonissuesrangingfromself-determinationandcolonialismtowomen’’srightsandtheglobaldistributionofwealth. TheGeneralAssemblycanmeetandvoteonanysubjectunlesstheSecurityCouncilisdealingwithitoratleastpretendingto.Howeveritsdecisionsonlycarrymoralforce—unliketheCouncil’’s.They’’renotbindingininternationallaws.ButtheAssemblyvotesareanimportantopinionpollonhowandwhatthemajorityoftheworldthinksaboutissues.Importantquestionsneedatwo-thirdsvoteoftheAssemblytopass. Thequestionofwhatisanimportantquestionisn’’timportant.Itsdecidedbythedelegatesthemselves—byasimplemajority. AlthoughtheGeneralAssemblyhasnotrecognizedauthoritytoenforceitsconclusionsonanythingotherthaninternalUNmattersitmakesitsviewpointsonissuesthatarebroughtbeforeitisknowninoneofthethreeways.AGeneralAssemblydeclarationisabroadstatementofgeneralprinciplesuchastheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRightspassedin1948.Declarationsareoftenputforwardasanexpressionofanidealinpracticetheyareregularlyignored.AGeneralAssemblyresolutionisessentiallyadocumentthatrecommendsthatmemberstatestakeaparticularpolicyaction.StatesclaimsovereigntyandmaketheirowndecisionsastowhethertheywillfollowaGeneralAssemblyresolution.Insomecaseshoweverifmanystatesimplementaparticularresolutionotherstatesthatmaynotwishtoactontheresolutionmayfeelthemselvespressuredtodosoanyway.Attheveryleastaresolutionhastheeffectoflegitimizingthepoliciesofthosestatesthatwishtocomplywiththeresolution.FinallyaGeneralAssemblyconventionortreatyhastwomeanings.ThemorecomprehensiveconventionreferstomultilateraltreatiesvotedonbytheGeneralAssemblythatuponpassagebytheGeneralAssemblyarecarriedbacktothecapitalsofmemberstatesforratificationbywhatevermeanseachstateusesdomestically.InothercasesaGeneralAssemblyconventionrefersspecificallytoatreatysignedbetweentheUnitedNationsandthegovernmentofanation-stateaswhenin1956EgyptagreedtoallowUnitedNationspeacekeepingforcestoenterEgyptianterritory. ThePassageofimportantissuesisdecidedbyatwo-thirdsvoteoftheAssembly.
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TheFunctionofTomatoes Howdowelovetomatoes?Let’’scounttheways:welovetheminpastaonpizzainjuiceinsaladandsoupslicedonsandwichesstuffedwithtunaevendriedandbakedinbagelsbutmostofallwelovethemrightoffvine—riperedanddelicious. Whiletomatoloversdon’’tneedanexcuseforeatingthembythebushel蒲式耳nowthere’’sevenmorereasontosavorthesedeliciousfruits.Evidenceismountingthatpeoplewhoeattomatoeshaveasubstantiallylowerriskforcancer. Inathousand-personstudyofeatinghabitsandhealthHarvardMedicalSchoolresearchersfoundthatthosewhoatetomatoeseveryweekhadthelowestchanceofdyingformcancer. Recentlyastudyof48000Americanmenshoweda21to34percentlowerriskforprostatecancer前列腺癌amongthosewhoconsumedtomatoestomatosauceorpizzamorethantwiceaweek.AndinstudyofmenandwomeninItalyeatingsevenormoreservingofrawtomatoesaweekwaslinkedtoa30to60percentreductionindigestivetractandprostatecancersdependingonthetypeofcancer. Theprotectivequalitiesofthetomatoarethoughttocomefromlycopene番茄红素apotentantioxidant抗氧化的plantchemicalthatisabundantintomatoes.Lycopeneisresponsiblefortheredcoloroftomatoes;thedarkerredthetomatoisthemorelycopeneitcontains.Greenandyellowtomatoesdonotcontainlycopene. Lycopoeneisalsofoundinwatermelonandpinkgrapefruitbuttomatoesarethemostabundantsource.Cookingenhancesthelycopenemoreavailable.Thustomatosauceandpasteisevenabettersourceforlycopenethanfreshrawtomatoes.Lycopeneisfatsolubleandmustbeconsumedwithacertainamountoffattobeabsorbedbythebody.Tomatorecipesmustcontainamoderateamountofoiltoensurethatalongwithadelicioustastetreatyouwillalsobereceivingallthehealthbenefitstomatoeshavetooffer. Whydoesthewritersaytomatoloversdon’tneedanexcuseforeatingthembythebushel?
Euthanasia:aHeatedlyDebatedTopic Wemustn’’tdelayanylonger...?swallowing吞咽isdifficult...andbreathingthat’’salsodifficult.Thosemusclesareweakeningtoo...wemustn’’tdelayanylonger. ThesewerethewordsofDutchman荷兰人CeesvanwendeldeJoodeaskinghisdoctortohelphimdie.AffectedwithaseriousdiseasevanVendelwasnolongerabletospeakclearlyandheknewtherewasnohopeofrecoveryandthathisconditionwasrapidlydeteriorating. VanVenderslastthreemonthsoflifebeforebeinggivenafinallethalinjectionbyhisdoctorwerefilmedandfirstshownontelevisionlastyearintheNetherlands.Theprogrammehassincebeenboughtby20countriesandeachtimeitisshownitstartsanationwidedebateonthesubject. TheNetherlandsistheonlycountryinEuropewhichpermitseuthanasia安乐死althoughitisnottechnicallylegalthere.HoweverdoctorswhocarryouteuthanasiaunderstrictguidelinesintroducedbytheDutchParliament议会twoyearsagoareusuallynotprosecuted.Theguidelinesdemandthatthepatientisexperiencingextremesufferingthatthereisnochanceofacureandthatthepatienthasmaderepeatedrequestsforeuthanasia.Inadditiontothisaseconddoctormustconfirm证实thatthesecriteriahavebeenmetandthedeathmustbereportedtothepolicedepartment. Shoulddoctorsbeallowedtotaketheliveofothers?Dr.WilfredVanOijenCeesvanVendel’’sdoctorexplainshowhelooksatthequestion: Wellit’’snotasifIinplanningtomurderacrowdofpeoplewithamachinegun.InthatcasekillingistheworstthingIcanimagine.Butthat’’sentirelydifferentfrommyworkasadoctor.IcareforpeopleandItrytoensurethattheydon’tsuffertoomuch.That’’sverydifferentthing. Manypeoplethougharetotallyagainstthepracticeofeuthanasia.Dr.AndrewFergusonChairmanoftheorganizationHealthcareopposedtoEuthanasiasaysthatinthevastmajorityofeuthanasiacaseswhatthepatientisactuallyaskingforissomethingelse.Theymaywantahealthprofessionaltoopenupcommunicationforthemwiththeirlovedonesorfamily—there’’snearlyalwaysanotherquestionbehindthequestion. Britainalsohasastrongtraditionofhospices—specialhospitalswhichcareonlyforthedyingandtheirspecialneeds.CicelySaundersPresidentoftheNationalHospiceCouncilandafoundermemberofthehospicemovementarguesthateuthanasiadoesn’’ttakeintoaccountthattherearewaysofcaringforthedying.Sheisalsoconcernedthatallowingeuthanasiawouldunderminetheneedforcareandconsiderationofawiderangeofpeople;It’’sveryeasyinsocietynowfortheelderlythedisabled伤残的andthedependenttofeelthattheyareburdensandthereforethattheyoughttoopt脱离out.Ithinkthatanythingthatlegallyallowstheshorteningoflifedoesmakethosepeoplemorevulnerable脆弱的. Manyfindthisprohibitionofanindividual’’srighttothepaternalistic家长式的.Althoughtheyagreethatlifeisimportantandshouldberespectedtheyfeelthatthequalityoflifeshouldnotbeignored.Dr.VanOijenbelievesthatpeoplehavethefundamentalrighttochooseforthemselvesiftheywanttodie:Whatthosepeoplewhoopposeeuthanasiaaretellingmeisthatdyingpeoplehaven’ttheright.Andthatwhenpeopleareveryillweareallafraidoftheirdeath.Buttherearesituationswheredeathisafriend.Andinthosecaseswhynot? Butwhynot?isaquestionwhichmightcausestrongemotion.ThefilmshowingCeesVanVendel’’sdeathwasbothmovingandsensitive.Hisdoctorwasclearlyafamilyfriend;hiswifehadonlyherhusband’’sinterestsatheart.Somehoweverwouldarguethatitwouldbedangeroustousethisparticularexampletosupportthecaseforeuthanasia.Notallpatientswouldreceivesuchahighlevelofindividualcareandattention. Dr.WilfredVanOijenmayagreethat______.
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UnitedNations AmajorsegmentoftheUntiedNationsistheGeneralAssemblywhichconsistsofrepresentativesfromallgovernmentsthathaveratifiedtheUNCharter.Asof1995185stateshadmembershipinthegeneralAssembly.AdditionallytheVaticanSwitzerlandandthePalestineLiberationOrganizationhavenonvotingobserverstatusintheGeneralAssembly.TheGeneralAssemblyapprovestheUN’’sbudgetactswiththeSecurityCounciltoselecttheSecretary-generalandjudgesoftheInternationalCourtofJusticeandpassesresolutionsonissuesrangingfromself-determinationandcolonialismtowomen’’srightsandtheglobaldistributionofwealth. TheGeneralAssemblycanmeetandvoteonanysubjectunlesstheSecurityCouncilisdealingwithitoratleastpretendingto.Howeveritsdecisionsonlycarrymoralforce—unliketheCouncil’’s.They’’renotbindingininternationallaws.ButtheAssemblyvotesareanimportantopinionpollonhowandwhatthemajorityoftheworldthinksaboutissues.Importantquestionsneedatwo-thirdsvoteoftheAssemblytopass. Thequestionofwhatisanimportantquestionisn’’timportant.Itsdecidedbythedelegatesthemselves—byasimplemajority. AlthoughtheGeneralAssemblyhasnotrecognizedauthoritytoenforceitsconclusionsonanythingotherthaninternalUNmattersitmakesitsviewpointsonissuesthatarebroughtbeforeitisknowninoneofthethreeways.AGeneralAssemblydeclarationisabroadstatementofgeneralprinciplesuchastheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRightspassedin1948.Declarationsareoftenputforwardasanexpressionofanidealinpracticetheyareregularlyignored.AGeneralAssemblyresolutionisessentiallyadocumentthatrecommendsthatmemberstatestakeaparticularpolicyaction.StatesclaimsovereigntyandmaketheirowndecisionsastowhethertheywillfollowaGeneralAssemblyresolution.Insomecaseshoweverifmanystatesimplementaparticularresolutionotherstatesthatmaynotwishtoactontheresolutionmayfeelthemselvespressuredtodosoanyway.Attheveryleastaresolutionhastheeffectoflegitimizingthepoliciesofthosestatesthatwishtocomplywiththeresolution.FinallyaGeneralAssemblyconventionortreatyhastwomeanings.ThemorecomprehensiveconventionreferstomultilateraltreatiesvotedonbytheGeneralAssemblythatuponpassagebytheGeneralAssemblyarecarriedbacktothecapitalsofmemberstatesforratificationbywhatevermeanseachstateusesdomestically.InothercasesaGeneralAssemblyconventionrefersspecificallytoatreatysignedbetweentheUnitedNationsandthegovernmentofanation-stateaswhenin1956EgyptagreedtoallowUnitedNationspeacekeepingforcestoenterEgyptianterritory. AnanwaschosenasUNSecretary-generalontheGeneralAssembly.
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ReadingSomethingInEnglish WhenyoureadtolearnEnglishcompositionyou【51】regardthelanguageasthemainthing. Whenyoureada【52】inEnglishdoyoureaditforthestoryorfortheEnglish?Thisisaquestionthatisnotsofoolish【53】itmayseem【54】IfindthatmanystudentsofEnglish【55】farmoreattentiontothestorythantotheEnglish.Theyreadandenjoyand【56】alongtimeafterwardsrememberthestorybutdonotcaretostudytheuseofwordsand【57】init.Forinstancetheyknowtheplot情节ofthestory【58】butdonotremembera【59】sentenceinthestoryandcannottellwhatprepositionisusedbeforeor【60】acertainwordinthespeechofacertaincharacter人物. Ofcourseitisallrighttoreadand【61】andrememberastoryandsolongasone【62】toknowthestoryonlyoneneednotbotheraboutthelanguage.Butthecaseisquitedifferent【63】astudentofEnglish.ImeanastudentofEnglishasdistinguished区别于fromareaderofstoriesorwhatiscalledthegeneralreader.Asyoumayhave【64】formtheaboveastudentofEnglishshouldreadvery【65】andregardthelanguageasthemainthing.
ReadingSomethingInEnglish WhenyoureadtolearnEnglishcompositionyou【51】regardthelanguageasthemainthing. Whenyoureada【52】inEnglishdoyoureaditforthestoryorfortheEnglish?Thisisaquestionthatisnotsofoolish【53】itmayseem【54】IfindthatmanystudentsofEnglish【55】farmoreattentiontothestorythantotheEnglish.Theyreadandenjoyand【56】alongtimeafterwardsrememberthestorybutdonotcaretostudytheuseofwordsand【57】init.Forinstancetheyknowtheplot情节ofthestory【58】butdonotremembera【59】sentenceinthestoryandcannottellwhatprepositionisusedbeforeor【60】acertainwordinthespeechofacertaincharacter人物. Ofcourseitisallrighttoreadand【61】andrememberastoryandsolongasone【62】toknowthestoryonlyoneneednotbotheraboutthelanguage.Butthecaseisquitedifferent【63】astudentofEnglish.ImeanastudentofEnglishasdistinguished区别于fromareaderofstoriesorwhatiscalledthegeneralreader.Asyoumayhave【64】formtheaboveastudentofEnglishshouldreadvery【65】andregardthelanguageasthemainthing.
{{*HTML*}}? ?阅读下面这篇短文短文后列出了7个句子请根据短文的内容对每个句子作出判断如果该句提供的是正确信息请选择A项如果该句提供的错误信息请选择B项如果该句的信息文章中没有提及请选择C项 ??????? ??????????? ???{{B}}SpareaKidney?{{/B}}??Itisnolonger unusualforaspouseorrelativetodonateakidneytoalovedonebutthe numberofAmericanswhohavegivenakidneytoafriendaco-workerorevena completestrangerhasrisensharplyfrom68in1994to176in1998.? ?Therearemanyreasons.Firstit’spossibletoliveanormallifewith onlyonekidney.Theremainingkidneyenlargestomakeupmostofthe difference.Inadditionakidneyfromalivedonorlastslongerthanakidney takenfromsomeonewhohasdiedsuddenly.Butthebiggestchangeinthepastfew yearsisthattransplantsurgeonshavestartedusinglaparoscopictechniquesto removethedonorkidneythroughamuchsmallerincisionandthiscancut recoverytimeforthedonorfromsixweekstofourweeks.??Just becauseyoudosomethinghoweveritdoesn’tmeanyoushould.Donatingakidney meansundergoinganoperationthatcarriessomerisk.Youcouldarguethatyou maybehelpingtosavealifebutyoucertainlycan’tpretendthatyou’re betteroffwithonekidneyinsteadoftwo.??Sowhatarethe risks?Aswithanymajoroperationthereisachanceofdyingofreoperation duetobleedingofinfectionofveinclotsinthelegsoraherniaatthe incisionsaysDr.ArthurMatasdirectoroftherenal-transplantprogramat theuniversityofMinnesotaMedicalCenterinMinneapolis.Evenlaparoscopya relativelynewtechniqueforkidneydonationisnotrisk-free.Doctorsestimate thatchancesofdyingfromtheprocedureareabout3in10000.? ?There’snomoneytobemade;sellinganorganisillegal.Butthe recipient’sinsurancenormallycoversyouroperationandimmediateaftercare. Yourcostscanincludehotelbillslostpayduringrecoveryorpossiblefuture disability.??Althoughtransplantcentersmustevaluateany potentialdonor’ssuitabilityitneverhurtstohaveanindependentopinion. Themostcommoncontraindicationsareheartdiseasediabetesandhighblood pressure.??Neverletanyonenotevenacloserelativepressure youintogivingupanorgan--nomatterifyou’rehealthy.There’softenthe feelingthatyou’renotagoodfriendfathermotherifyoudon’tdothis saysArthusCaplandirectoroftheUniversityofPennsylvania’scenterfor Bioethics.Sometransplantcenterswillinventamedicalproblemonbehalfof thosewhoarereluctanttodonatebutfeeltheycan’tsay no.Oneofthereasonswhythenumberofkidneydonorshasrisenisthatoneisbetteroffwithonekidneyinsteadoftwo.
UnitedNations AmajorsegmentoftheUntiedNationsistheGeneralAssemblywhichconsistsofrepresentativesfromallgovernmentsthathaveratifiedtheUNCharter.Asof1995185stateshadmembershipinthegeneralAssembly.AdditionallytheVaticanSwitzerlandandthePalestineLiberationOrganizationhavenonvotingobserverstatusintheGeneralAssembly.TheGeneralAssemblyapprovestheUN’’sbudgetactswiththeSecurityCounciltoselecttheSecretary-generalandjudgesoftheInternationalCourtofJusticeandpassesresolutionsonissuesrangingfromself-determinationandcolonialismtowomen’’srightsandtheglobaldistributionofwealth. TheGeneralAssemblycanmeetandvoteonanysubjectunlesstheSecurityCouncilisdealingwithitoratleastpretendingto.Howeveritsdecisionsonlycarrymoralforce—unliketheCouncil’’s.They’’renotbindingininternationallaws.ButtheAssemblyvotesareanimportantopinionpollonhowandwhatthemajorityoftheworldthinksaboutissues.Importantquestionsneedatwo-thirdsvoteoftheAssemblytopass. Thequestionofwhatisanimportantquestionisn’’timportant.Itsdecidedbythedelegatesthemselves—byasimplemajority. AlthoughtheGeneralAssemblyhasnotrecognizedauthoritytoenforceitsconclusionsonanythingotherthaninternalUNmattersitmakesitsviewpointsonissuesthatarebroughtbeforeitisknowninoneofthethreeways.AGeneralAssemblydeclarationisabroadstatementofgeneralprinciplesuchastheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRightspassedin1948.Declarationsareoftenputforwardasanexpressionofanidealinpracticetheyareregularlyignored.AGeneralAssemblyresolutionisessentiallyadocumentthatrecommendsthatmemberstatestakeaparticularpolicyaction.StatesclaimsovereigntyandmaketheirowndecisionsastowhethertheywillfollowaGeneralAssemblyresolution.Insomecaseshoweverifmanystatesimplementaparticularresolutionotherstatesthatmaynotwishtoactontheresolutionmayfeelthemselvespressuredtodosoanyway.Attheveryleastaresolutionhastheeffectoflegitimizingthepoliciesofthosestatesthatwishtocomplywiththeresolution.FinallyaGeneralAssemblyconventionortreatyhastwomeanings.ThemorecomprehensiveconventionreferstomultilateraltreatiesvotedonbytheGeneralAssemblythatuponpassagebytheGeneralAssemblyarecarriedbacktothecapitalsofmemberstatesforratificationbywhatevermeanseachstateusesdomestically.InothercasesaGeneralAssemblyconventionrefersspecificallytoatreatysignedbetweentheUnitedNationsandthegovernmentofanation-stateaswhenin1956EgyptagreedtoallowUnitedNationspeacekeepingforcestoenterEgyptianterritory. TheGeneralAssemblymakesitsviewpointsintheGeneralAssemblyratification.
ReadingSomethingInEnglish WhenyoureadtolearnEnglishcompositionyou【51】regardthelanguageasthemainthing. Whenyoureada【52】inEnglishdoyoureaditforthestoryorfortheEnglish?Thisisaquestionthatisnotsofoolish【53】itmayseem【54】IfindthatmanystudentsofEnglish【55】farmoreattentiontothestorythantotheEnglish.Theyreadandenjoyand【56】alongtimeafterwardsrememberthestorybutdonotcaretostudytheuseofwordsand【57】init.Forinstancetheyknowtheplot情节ofthestory【58】butdonotremembera【59】sentenceinthestoryandcannottellwhatprepositionisusedbeforeor【60】acertainwordinthespeechofacertaincharacter人物. Ofcourseitisallrighttoreadand【61】andrememberastoryandsolongasone【62】toknowthestoryonlyoneneednotbotheraboutthelanguage.Butthecaseisquitedifferent【63】astudentofEnglish.ImeanastudentofEnglishasdistinguished区别于fromareaderofstoriesorwhatiscalledthegeneralreader.Asyoumayhave【64】formtheaboveastudentofEnglishshouldreadvery【65】andregardthelanguageasthemainthing.
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{{*HTML*}}? ?阅读下面这篇短文短文后列出了7个句子请根据短文的内容对每个句子作出判断如果该句提供的是正确信息请选择A项如果该句提供的错误信息请选择B项如果该句的信息文章中没有提及请选择C项 ??????? ??????????? ???{{B}}SpareaKidney?{{/B}}??Itisnolonger unusualforaspouseorrelativetodonateakidneytoalovedonebutthe numberofAmericanswhohavegivenakidneytoafriendaco-workerorevena completestrangerhasrisensharplyfrom68in1994to176in1998.? ?Therearemanyreasons.Firstit’spossibletoliveanormallifewith onlyonekidney.Theremainingkidneyenlargestomakeupmostofthe difference.Inadditionakidneyfromalivedonorlastslongerthanakidney takenfromsomeonewhohasdiedsuddenly.Butthebiggestchangeinthepastfew yearsisthattransplantsurgeonshavestartedusinglaparoscopictechniquesto removethedonorkidneythroughamuchsmallerincisionandthiscancut recoverytimeforthedonorfromsixweekstofourweeks.??Just becauseyoudosomethinghoweveritdoesn’tmeanyoushould.Donatingakidney meansundergoinganoperationthatcarriessomerisk.Youcouldarguethatyou maybehelpingtosavealifebutyoucertainlycan’tpretendthatyou’re betteroffwithonekidneyinsteadoftwo.??Sowhatarethe risks?Aswithanymajoroperationthereisachanceofdyingofreoperation duetobleedingofinfectionofveinclotsinthelegsoraherniaatthe incisionsaysDr.ArthurMatasdirectoroftherenal-transplantprogramat theuniversityofMinnesotaMedicalCenterinMinneapolis.Evenlaparoscopya relativelynewtechniqueforkidneydonationisnotrisk-free.Doctorsestimate thatchancesofdyingfromtheprocedureareabout3in10000.? ?There’snomoneytobemade;sellinganorganisillegal.Butthe recipient’sinsurancenormallycoversyouroperationandimmediateaftercare. Yourcostscanincludehotelbillslostpayduringrecoveryorpossiblefuture disability.??Althoughtransplantcentersmustevaluateany potentialdonor’ssuitabilityitneverhurtstohaveanindependentopinion. Themostcommoncontraindicationsareheartdiseasediabetesandhighblood pressure.??Neverletanyonenotevenacloserelativepressure youintogivingupanorgan--nomatterifyou’rehealthy.There’softenthe feelingthatyou’renotagoodfriendfathermotherifyoudon’tdothis saysArthusCaplandirectoroftheUniversityofPennsylvania’scenterfor Bioethics.Sometransplantcenterswillinventamedicalproblemonbehalfof thosewhoarereluctanttodonatebutfeeltheycan’tsay no.Peoplewithheartdiseasediabetesandhighpressurearenotsuitableforkidneydonation.
Heemphasizeda{{U}}feasible{{/U}}planwhichcanbeacceptedbythebothsides.
{{*HTML*}}??阅读下面这篇短文短文后有2项测试任务11～4题要求从所给的6个选项中为第 2～5段每段选择1个正确的小标题2第5～8题要求从所给的6个选项中选择4个正确的选项分别完成每个句子 ?????????? ??????{{B}}MuseumsintheModern World{{/B}}??Museumshavechanged.Theyarenolongerplacesfor theprivilegedfeworforboredvacationerstovisitonrainydays.Actionand democracyarewordsusedindescriptionsofmuseumsnow.??Ata sciencemuseuminOntarioCanadayoucanfeelyourhairstandonendas harmlesselectricitypassesthroughyourbody.AttheMetropolitanMuseumofArt inNewYorkCityyoucanlookat17thcenturyinstrumentswhilelisteningto theirmusic.AttheModemMuseuminSwedenyoucanputoncostumesprovidedby theStockholmOpera.Astheseexamplesshowmuseumsarereachingouttonew audiencesparticularlytheyoungthepoorandthelesseducatedmembersof thepopulation.Asaresultattendanceisincreasing.??Moreand moremuseumsdirectorsarerealizingthatpeoplelearnbestwhentheycan somehowbecomepartofwhattheyareseeing.Inmanysciencemuseumsfor exampletherearenoguidedtours.Thevisitorisencouragedtotouchlisten operateandexperimentsoastodiscoverscientificprinciplesforhimself.He canhavetheexperienceofoperatingaspaceshiporacomputer.Hecan experimentwithglassblowingandpapermaking.Thepurposeisnotonlyto providefunbutalsotohelppeoplefeelathomeintheworldofscience.The theoryisthatpeoplewhodonotunderstandsciencewillprobablyfearitand thosewhofearsciencewillnotuseittothebestadvantage.Manymuseumsnow provideeducationalservicesandchildren’sdepartments.Inadditiontothe usualdisplaystheyalsoofferfilmshowingsanddanceprograms.Insteadof beingplacesthatoneshouldvisittheyareplacestoenjoy.? ?Onecauseofallthesechangesistheincreaseinwealthandleisuretime. Anothercauseistherisingpercentageofyoungpopulation.Manyoftheseyoung peoplearecollegestudentsorcollegegraduatestheyarebettereducatedthan theirparents.Theyseethingsinanewanddifferentway.Theyarenotcontent tostandandlookatworksofart;theywantarttheycanparticipatein.The sameistrueofscienceandhistory.IntheUScertaingroupswhoformerlywere toopoortocareaboutanythingbeyondthebasicneedsofdailylifearenow becomingcuriousabouttheworldaroundthem.Theyoungpeopleinthesegroups likeyoungpeopleingeneralhavebenefitedfromabettereducationthantheir parentsreceived.Allthesegroupsandtherestofthepopulationaswellhave beeninfluencedbytelevisionwhichhastaughtthemaboutplacesandother times.??Theeffectofallthishasbeentochangeexisting museumsandtoencouragethebuildingofnewones.IntheUSandCanadaalone therearenowmorethan6000museumsalmosttwiceasmanyastherewere25 yearsago.Abouthalfofthemaredevotedtohistoryandtherestareevenly dividedbetweentheartsandsciences.Thenumberofvisitorsaccordingtothe AmericanAssociationofmuseumshasrisentomorethan700milliona year.??Infactthecrowdsofvisitorsatsomemuseumsare creatingamajorproblemadmissiontomuseumshasalwaysbeeneitherfreeor veryinexpensivebutnowsomemuseumsarechargingentrancefeesforthefirst timeorraisingtheirprices.Evenwhenraisedhoweverentrancefeesare generallytoolowtosupportamuseumwithitsusuallylargebuildingandits highlytrainedstaff.paragraph2______.
Euthanasia:aHeatedlyDebatedTopic Wemustn’’tdelayanylonger...?swallowing吞咽isdifficult...andbreathingthat’’salsodifficult.Thosemusclesareweakeningtoo...wemustn’’tdelayanylonger. ThesewerethewordsofDutchman荷兰人CeesvanwendeldeJoodeaskinghisdoctortohelphimdie.AffectedwithaseriousdiseasevanVendelwasnolongerabletospeakclearlyandheknewtherewasnohopeofrecoveryandthathisconditionwasrapidlydeteriorating. VanVenderslastthreemonthsoflifebeforebeinggivenafinallethalinjectionbyhisdoctorwerefilmedandfirstshownontelevisionlastyearintheNetherlands.Theprogrammehassincebeenboughtby20countriesandeachtimeitisshownitstartsanationwidedebateonthesubject. TheNetherlandsistheonlycountryinEuropewhichpermitseuthanasia安乐死althoughitisnottechnicallylegalthere.HoweverdoctorswhocarryouteuthanasiaunderstrictguidelinesintroducedbytheDutchParliament议会twoyearsagoareusuallynotprosecuted.Theguidelinesdemandthatthepatientisexperiencingextremesufferingthatthereisnochanceofacureandthatthepatienthasmaderepeatedrequestsforeuthanasia.Inadditiontothisaseconddoctormustconfirm证实thatthesecriteriahavebeenmetandthedeathmustbereportedtothepolicedepartment. Shoulddoctorsbeallowedtotaketheliveofothers?Dr.WilfredVanOijenCeesvanVendel’’sdoctorexplainshowhelooksatthequestion: Wellit’’snotasifIinplanningtomurderacrowdofpeoplewithamachinegun.InthatcasekillingistheworstthingIcanimagine.Butthat’’sentirelydifferentfrommyworkasadoctor.IcareforpeopleandItrytoensurethattheydon’tsuffertoomuch.That’’sverydifferentthing. Manypeoplethougharetotallyagainstthepracticeofeuthanasia.Dr.AndrewFergusonChairmanoftheorganizationHealthcareopposedtoEuthanasiasaysthatinthevastmajorityofeuthanasiacaseswhatthepatientisactuallyaskingforissomethingelse.Theymaywantahealthprofessionaltoopenupcommunicationforthemwiththeirlovedonesorfamily—there’’snearlyalwaysanotherquestionbehindthequestion. Britainalsohasastrongtraditionofhospices—specialhospitalswhichcareonlyforthedyingandtheirspecialneeds.CicelySaundersPresidentoftheNationalHospiceCouncilandafoundermemberofthehospicemovementarguesthateuthanasiadoesn’’ttakeintoaccountthattherearewaysofcaringforthedying.Sheisalsoconcernedthatallowingeuthanasiawouldunderminetheneedforcareandconsiderationofawiderangeofpeople;It’’sveryeasyinsocietynowfortheelderlythedisabled伤残的andthedependenttofeelthattheyareburdensandthereforethattheyoughttoopt脱离out.Ithinkthatanythingthatlegallyallowstheshorteningoflifedoesmakethosepeoplemorevulnerable脆弱的. Manyfindthisprohibitionofanindividual’’srighttothepaternalistic家长式的.Althoughtheyagreethatlifeisimportantandshouldberespectedtheyfeelthatthequalityoflifeshouldnotbeignored.Dr.VanOijenbelievesthatpeoplehavethefundamentalrighttochooseforthemselvesiftheywanttodie:Whatthosepeoplewhoopposeeuthanasiaaretellingmeisthatdyingpeoplehaven’ttheright.Andthatwhenpeopleareveryillweareallafraidoftheirdeath.Buttherearesituationswheredeathisafriend.Andinthosecaseswhynot? Butwhynot?isaquestionwhichmightcausestrongemotion.ThefilmshowingCeesVanVendel’’sdeathwasbothmovingandsensitive.Hisdoctorwasclearlyafamilyfriend;hiswifehadonlyherhusband’’sinterestsatheart.Somehoweverwouldarguethatitwouldbedangeroustousethisparticularexampletosupportthecaseforeuthanasia.Notallpatientswouldreceivesuchahighlevelofindividualcareandattention. WhentheauthorsaysButwhynot?isaquestionmightcausestrongemotionthelastpara.hemaymean______.
We{{U}}derive{{/U}}knowledgemainlyfrombooks.
Thecuriouslookfromthestrangersaroundhermadeherfeel{{U}}uneasy{{/U}}.
PrematureSmoking:ASeriousProblem ThethirdreportonsmokingandhealthfromtheRoyalCollegeofPhysicianswhichwaspublishedthismonthcontainsimportantnewsectionsonthesmokinghabitsofchildrenandthepossibleeffectontheirfuturehealth. Theseincludeatwentyfoldintheincreaseintheriskoflungcancerinheavysmokersandanincreaseofaboutthreeandahalftimesintheriskofdyingfromcoronary冠状的heartdisease;chronic慢性的oronchitis支气管炎andemphysema肺气肿arealsomuchcommoner.Teachersplayanimportantpartindeterminingtheattitudeofchildrentosmokingwhetherornotthechildrenstarttosmokeandinprovidingknowledgeabouttheconsequencesofsmoking. WheneverIseechildrenofschoolageopenlysmokinginpublicIwonderwhethertheyreallyunderstandwhattheyaredoing.Probablymostdonot.Iatleastknowthatmyclinicalpracticeinlungdiseasewillnotbeshortofpatientsfortherestofmyworkinglife.About34percentofboysaged15smokeandtwothirdsofthisnumberofgirls.Overthepasttenyearstherehasbeenasmallbutwelcomereductioninthenumberofboyswhosmokeatthisagebutanincreaseinthenumberofgirls. Onelargestudyhasshownthatofthosechildrenwhosmokemorethanonecigaretteasmanyas85percentbecomehabitual习惯的smokers.Thisispartlybecausenicotineisoneofthemostdependent—producingdrugsknownonaparwithheroinandotherharddrugsinthisrespect.Oneinthreesmokersstartbeforetheageofninesomeevenasyoungasfive. Thecausesofprematuredeathwhichone-thirdofsmokerswillsufferandoftheprolongedillnesseswhichaffectsomanyofthemaredescribedinthereport;itsenoughtosaythattheyoungerachildstartstosmokethegreaterarehischancesofdyingearly. Ithasbeenshownthatchildrenwhosmokehavecertaincharacteristics.Comparedwithnonsmokerstheyaremorerebellious__的theirworkdeteriorates使变坏astheymoveupschooltheyaremorelikelytoleaveschoolearlyandaremoreoftendelinquent违法的andsexually性的precocious早熟.Manyofthesefeaturescanbesummarizedasanticipationofadulthood. Thereareanumberoffactorswhichdeterminetheonset开始ofsmokingandthesearelargelypsychologicalandsocial.Theyincludeavailabilityofcigarettescuriosityrebelliousnessappearingtoughanticipationofadulthoodsocialconfidenceexampleofparentsandteachersandsmokingbyfriendsandolderbrothersandsisters. Itshouldbemucheasiertopreventchildrenfromstartingtosmokethantopersuadesadultstogiveupthehabitonceestablishedbutinfactthishasprovedverydifficult.Theexamplesetbypeopleinauthorityespeciallyparentshealthcareworkersandteachersisofprimeimportance.Schoolrulesshouldforbidsmokingbychildrenonthepremises场所.ThisrulehasevenbeenintroducedatSummerhillSchoolwhereIspentmyschooldays. Thereishoweverariskofchildrensmokingjusttorebelagainsttherulesandeveninthoseschoolswhichhavetriedtoenforcenosmokingbycorporeal肉体的punishmentthereismuchsmokingasinotherschoolsNeverthelessbanningsmokingisprobablyonbalancebeneficial.Teacherstooshouldnotsmokeonschoolpremisesatleastnotinfrontofchildren. Accordingtothepassageoneriskofbanningsmokingisthat______.
ReadingSomethingInEnglish WhenyoureadtolearnEnglishcompositionyou【51】regardthelanguageasthemainthing. Whenyoureada【52】inEnglishdoyoureaditforthestoryorfortheEnglish?Thisisaquestionthatisnotsofoolish【53】itmayseem【54】IfindthatmanystudentsofEnglish【55】farmoreattentiontothestorythantotheEnglish.Theyreadandenjoyand【56】alongtimeafterwardsrememberthestorybutdonotcaretostudytheuseofwordsand【57】init.Forinstancetheyknowtheplot情节ofthestory【58】butdonotremembera【59】sentenceinthestoryandcannottellwhatprepositionisusedbeforeor【60】acertainwordinthespeechofacertaincharacter人物. Ofcourseitisallrighttoreadand【61】andrememberastoryandsolongasone【62】toknowthestoryonlyoneneednotbotheraboutthelanguage.Butthecaseisquitedifferent【63】astudentofEnglish.ImeanastudentofEnglishasdistinguished区别于fromareaderofstoriesorwhatiscalledthegeneralreader.Asyoumayhave【64】formtheaboveastudentofEnglishshouldreadvery【65】andregardthelanguageasthemainthing.
ReadingSomethingInEnglish WhenyoureadtolearnEnglishcompositionyou【51】regardthelanguageasthemainthing. Whenyoureada【52】inEnglishdoyoureaditforthestoryorfortheEnglish?Thisisaquestionthatisnotsofoolish【53】itmayseem【54】IfindthatmanystudentsofEnglish【55】farmoreattentiontothestorythantotheEnglish.Theyreadandenjoyand【56】alongtimeafterwardsrememberthestorybutdonotcaretostudytheuseofwordsand【57】init.Forinstancetheyknowtheplot情节ofthestory【58】butdonotremembera【59】sentenceinthestoryandcannottellwhatprepositionisusedbeforeor【60】acertainwordinthespeechofacertaincharacter人物. Ofcourseitisallrighttoreadand【61】andrememberastoryandsolongasone【62】toknowthestoryonlyoneneednotbotheraboutthelanguage.Butthecaseisquitedifferent【63】astudentofEnglish.ImeanastudentofEnglishasdistinguished区别于fromareaderofstoriesorwhatiscalledthegeneralreader.Asyoumayhave【64】formtheaboveastudentofEnglishshouldreadvery【65】andregardthelanguageasthemainthing.
PrematureSmoking:ASeriousProblem ThethirdreportonsmokingandhealthfromtheRoyalCollegeofPhysicianswhichwaspublishedthismonthcontainsimportantnewsectionsonthesmokinghabitsofchildrenandthepossibleeffectontheirfuturehealth. Theseincludeatwentyfoldintheincreaseintheriskoflungcancerinheavysmokersandanincreaseofaboutthreeandahalftimesintheriskofdyingfromcoronary冠状的heartdisease;chronic慢性的oronchitis支气管炎andemphysema肺气肿arealsomuchcommoner.Teachersplayanimportantpartindeterminingtheattitudeofchildrentosmokingwhetherornotthechildrenstarttosmokeandinprovidingknowledgeabouttheconsequencesofsmoking. WheneverIseechildrenofschoolageopenlysmokinginpublicIwonderwhethertheyreallyunderstandwhattheyaredoing.Probablymostdonot.Iatleastknowthatmyclinicalpracticeinlungdiseasewillnotbeshortofpatientsfortherestofmyworkinglife.About34percentofboysaged15smokeandtwothirdsofthisnumberofgirls.Overthepasttenyearstherehasbeenasmallbutwelcomereductioninthenumberofboyswhosmokeatthisagebutanincreaseinthenumberofgirls. Onelargestudyhasshownthatofthosechildrenwhosmokemorethanonecigaretteasmanyas85percentbecomehabitual习惯的smokers.Thisispartlybecausenicotineisoneofthemostdependent—producingdrugsknownonaparwithheroinandotherharddrugsinthisrespect.Oneinthreesmokersstartbeforetheageofninesomeevenasyoungasfive. Thecausesofprematuredeathwhichone-thirdofsmokerswillsufferandoftheprolongedillnesseswhichaffectsomanyofthemaredescribedinthereport;itsenoughtosaythattheyoungerachildstartstosmokethegreaterarehischancesofdyingearly. Ithasbeenshownthatchildrenwhosmokehavecertaincharacteristics.Comparedwithnonsmokerstheyaremorerebellious__的theirworkdeteriorates使变坏astheymoveupschooltheyaremorelikelytoleaveschoolearlyandaremoreoftendelinquent违法的andsexually性的precocious早熟.Manyofthesefeaturescanbesummarizedasanticipationofadulthood. Thereareanumberoffactorswhichdeterminetheonset开始ofsmokingandthesearelargelypsychologicalandsocial.Theyincludeavailabilityofcigarettescuriosityrebelliousnessappearingtoughanticipationofadulthoodsocialconfidenceexampleofparentsandteachersandsmokingbyfriendsandolderbrothersandsisters. Itshouldbemucheasiertopreventchildrenfromstartingtosmokethantopersuadesadultstogiveupthehabitonceestablishedbutinfactthishasprovedverydifficult.Theexamplesetbypeopleinauthorityespeciallyparentshealthcareworkersandteachersisofprimeimportance.Schoolrulesshouldforbidsmokingbychildrenonthepremises场所.ThisrulehasevenbeenintroducedatSummerhillSchoolwhereIspentmyschooldays. Thereishoweverariskofchildrensmokingjusttorebelagainsttherulesandeveninthoseschoolswhichhavetriedtoenforcenosmokingbycorporeal肉体的punishmentthereismuchsmokingasinotherschoolsNeverthelessbanningsmokingisprobablyonbalancebeneficial.Teacherstooshouldnotsmokeonschoolpremisesatleastnotinfrontofchildren. Peoplewhosmokeheavily______.
TheFunctionofTomatoes Howdowelovetomatoes?Let’’scounttheways:welovetheminpastaonpizzainjuiceinsaladandsoupslicedonsandwichesstuffedwithtunaevendriedandbakedinbagelsbutmostofallwelovethemrightoffvine—riperedanddelicious. Whiletomatoloversdon’’tneedanexcuseforeatingthembythebushel蒲式耳nowthere’’sevenmorereasontosavorthesedeliciousfruits.Evidenceismountingthatpeoplewhoeattomatoeshaveasubstantiallylowerriskforcancer. Inathousand-personstudyofeatinghabitsandhealthHarvardMedicalSchoolresearchersfoundthatthosewhoatetomatoeseveryweekhadthelowestchanceofdyingformcancer. Recentlyastudyof48000Americanmenshoweda21to34percentlowerriskforprostatecancer前列腺癌amongthosewhoconsumedtomatoestomatosauceorpizzamorethantwiceaweek.AndinstudyofmenandwomeninItalyeatingsevenormoreservingofrawtomatoesaweekwaslinkedtoa30to60percentreductionindigestivetractandprostatecancersdependingonthetypeofcancer. Theprotectivequalitiesofthetomatoarethoughttocomefromlycopene番茄红素apotentantioxidant抗氧化的plantchemicalthatisabundantintomatoes.Lycopeneisresponsiblefortheredcoloroftomatoes;thedarkerredthetomatoisthemorelycopeneitcontains.Greenandyellowtomatoesdonotcontainlycopene. Lycopoeneisalsofoundinwatermelonandpinkgrapefruitbuttomatoesarethemostabundantsource.Cookingenhancesthelycopenemoreavailable.Thustomatosauceandpasteisevenabettersourceforlycopenethanfreshrawtomatoes.Lycopeneisfatsolubleandmustbeconsumedwithacertainamountoffattobeabsorbedbythebody.Tomatorecipesmustcontainamoderateamountofoiltoensurethatalongwithadelicioustastetreatyouwillalsobereceivingallthehealthbenefitstomatoeshavetooffer. Whatistherelationshipbetweenthecoloroftomatoesandlycopene?
Euthanasia:aHeatedlyDebatedTopic Wemustn’’tdelayanylonger...?swallowing吞咽isdifficult...andbreathingthat’’salsodifficult.Thosemusclesareweakeningtoo...wemustn’’tdelayanylonger. ThesewerethewordsofDutchman荷兰人CeesvanwendeldeJoodeaskinghisdoctortohelphimdie.AffectedwithaseriousdiseasevanVendelwasnolongerabletospeakclearlyandheknewtherewasnohopeofrecoveryandthathisconditionwasrapidlydeteriorating. VanVenderslastthreemonthsoflifebeforebeinggivenafinallethalinjectionbyhisdoctorwerefilmedandfirstshownontelevisionlastyearintheNetherlands.Theprogrammehassincebeenboughtby20countriesandeachtimeitisshownitstartsanationwidedebateonthesubject. TheNetherlandsistheonlycountryinEuropewhichpermitseuthanasia安乐死althoughitisnottechnicallylegalthere.HoweverdoctorswhocarryouteuthanasiaunderstrictguidelinesintroducedbytheDutchParliament议会twoyearsagoareusuallynotprosecuted.Theguidelinesdemandthatthepatientisexperiencingextremesufferingthatthereisnochanceofacureandthatthepatienthasmaderepeatedrequestsforeuthanasia.Inadditiontothisaseconddoctormustconfirm证实thatthesecriteriahavebeenmetandthedeathmustbereportedtothepolicedepartment. Shoulddoctorsbeallowedtotaketheliveofothers?Dr.WilfredVanOijenCeesvanVendel’’sdoctorexplainshowhelooksatthequestion: Wellit’’snotasifIinplanningtomurderacrowdofpeoplewithamachinegun.InthatcasekillingistheworstthingIcanimagine.Butthat’’sentirelydifferentfrommyworkasadoctor.IcareforpeopleandItrytoensurethattheydon’tsuffertoomuch.That’’sverydifferentthing. Manypeoplethougharetotallyagainstthepracticeofeuthanasia.Dr.AndrewFergusonChairmanoftheorganizationHealthcareopposedtoEuthanasiasaysthatinthevastmajorityofeuthanasiacaseswhatthepatientisactuallyaskingforissomethingelse.Theymaywantahealthprofessionaltoopenupcommunicationforthemwiththeirlovedonesorfamily—there’’snearlyalwaysanotherquestionbehindthequestion. Britainalsohasastrongtraditionofhospices—specialhospitalswhichcareonlyforthedyingandtheirspecialneeds.CicelySaundersPresidentoftheNationalHospiceCouncilandafoundermemberofthehospicemovementarguesthateuthanasiadoesn’’ttakeintoaccountthattherearewaysofcaringforthedying.Sheisalsoconcernedthatallowingeuthanasiawouldunderminetheneedforcareandconsiderationofawiderangeofpeople;It’’sveryeasyinsocietynowfortheelderlythedisabled伤残的andthedependenttofeelthattheyareburdensandthereforethattheyoughttoopt脱离out.Ithinkthatanythingthatlegallyallowstheshorteningoflifedoesmakethosepeoplemorevulnerable脆弱的. Manyfindthisprohibitionofanindividual’’srighttothepaternalistic家长式的.Althoughtheyagreethatlifeisimportantandshouldberespectedtheyfeelthatthequalityoflifeshouldnotbeignored.Dr.VanOijenbelievesthatpeoplehavethefundamentalrighttochooseforthemselvesiftheywanttodie:Whatthosepeoplewhoopposeeuthanasiaaretellingmeisthatdyingpeoplehaven’ttheright.Andthatwhenpeopleareveryillweareallafraidoftheirdeath.Buttherearesituationswheredeathisafriend.Andinthosecaseswhynot? Butwhynot?isaquestionwhichmightcausestrongemotion.ThefilmshowingCeesVanVendel’’sdeathwasbothmovingandsensitive.Hisdoctorwasclearlyafamilyfriend;hiswifehadonlyherhusband’’sinterestsatheart.Somehoweverwouldarguethatitwouldbedangeroustousethisparticularexampletosupportthecaseforeuthanasia.Notallpatientswouldreceivesuchahighlevelofindividualcareandattention. Whoisagainsteuthanasia?
PrematureSmoking:ASeriousProblem ThethirdreportonsmokingandhealthfromtheRoyalCollegeofPhysicianswhichwaspublishedthismonthcontainsimportantnewsectionsonthesmokinghabitsofchildrenandthepossibleeffectontheirfuturehealth. Theseincludeatwentyfoldintheincreaseintheriskoflungcancerinheavysmokersandanincreaseofaboutthreeandahalftimesintheriskofdyingfromcoronary冠状的heartdisease;chronic慢性的oronchitis支气管炎andemphysema肺气肿arealsomuchcommoner.Teachersplayanimportantpartindeterminingtheattitudeofchildrentosmokingwhetherornotthechildrenstarttosmokeandinprovidingknowledgeabouttheconsequencesofsmoking. WheneverIseechildrenofschoolageopenlysmokinginpublicIwonderwhethertheyreallyunderstandwhattheyaredoing.Probablymostdonot.Iatleastknowthatmyclinicalpracticeinlungdiseasewillnotbeshortofpatientsfortherestofmyworkinglife.About34percentofboysaged15smokeandtwothirdsofthisnumberofgirls.Overthepasttenyearstherehasbeenasmallbutwelcomereductioninthenumberofboyswhosmokeatthisagebutanincreaseinthenumberofgirls. Onelargestudyhasshownthatofthosechildrenwhosmokemorethanonecigaretteasmanyas85percentbecomehabitual习惯的smokers.Thisispartlybecausenicotineisoneofthemostdependent—producingdrugsknownonaparwithheroinandotherharddrugsinthisrespect.Oneinthreesmokersstartbeforetheageofninesomeevenasyoungasfive. Thecausesofprematuredeathwhichone-thirdofsmokerswillsufferandoftheprolongedillnesseswhichaffectsomanyofthemaredescribedinthereport;itsenoughtosaythattheyoungerachildstartstosmokethegreaterarehischancesofdyingearly. Ithasbeenshownthatchildrenwhosmokehavecertaincharacteristics.Comparedwithnonsmokerstheyaremorerebellious__的theirworkdeteriorates使变坏astheymoveupschooltheyaremorelikelytoleaveschoolearlyandaremoreoftendelinquent违法的andsexually性的precocious早熟.Manyofthesefeaturescanbesummarizedasanticipationofadulthood. Thereareanumberoffactorswhichdeterminetheonset开始ofsmokingandthesearelargelypsychologicalandsocial.Theyincludeavailabilityofcigarettescuriosityrebelliousnessappearingtoughanticipationofadulthoodsocialconfidenceexampleofparentsandteachersandsmokingbyfriendsandolderbrothersandsisters. Itshouldbemucheasiertopreventchildrenfromstartingtosmokethantopersuadesadultstogiveupthehabitonceestablishedbutinfactthishasprovedverydifficult.Theexamplesetbypeopleinauthorityespeciallyparentshealthcareworkersandteachersisofprimeimportance.Schoolrulesshouldforbidsmokingbychildrenonthepremises场所.ThisrulehasevenbeenintroducedatSummerhillSchoolwhereIspentmyschooldays. Thereishoweverariskofchildrensmokingjusttorebelagainsttherulesandeveninthoseschoolswhichhavetriedtoenforcenosmokingbycorporeal肉体的punishmentthereismuchsmokingasinotherschoolsNeverthelessbanningsmokingisprobablyonbalancebeneficial.Teacherstooshouldnotsmokeonschoolpremisesatleastnotinfrontofchildren. Accordingtothepassageacommoncharacteristicofyoungsmokersisthat______.
ReadingSomethingInEnglish WhenyoureadtolearnEnglishcompositionyou【51】regardthelanguageasthemainthing. Whenyoureada【52】inEnglishdoyoureaditforthestoryorfortheEnglish?Thisisaquestionthatisnotsofoolish【53】itmayseem【54】IfindthatmanystudentsofEnglish【55】farmoreattentiontothestorythantotheEnglish.Theyreadandenjoyand【56】alongtimeafterwardsrememberthestorybutdonotcaretostudytheuseofwordsand【57】init.Forinstancetheyknowtheplot情节ofthestory【58】butdonotremembera【59】sentenceinthestoryandcannottellwhatprepositionisusedbeforeor【60】acertainwordinthespeechofacertaincharacter人物. Ofcourseitisallrighttoreadand【61】andrememberastoryandsolongasone【62】toknowthestoryonlyoneneednotbotheraboutthelanguage.Butthecaseisquitedifferent【63】astudentofEnglish.ImeanastudentofEnglishasdistinguished区别于fromareaderofstoriesorwhatiscalledthegeneralreader.Asyoumayhave【64】formtheaboveastudentofEnglishshouldreadvery【65】andregardthelanguageasthemainthing.
ReadingSomethingInEnglish WhenyoureadtolearnEnglishcompositionyou【51】regardthelanguageasthemainthing. Whenyoureada【52】inEnglishdoyoureaditforthestoryorfortheEnglish?Thisisaquestionthatisnotsofoolish【53】itmayseem【54】IfindthatmanystudentsofEnglish【55】farmoreattentiontothestorythantotheEnglish.Theyreadandenjoyand【56】alongtimeafterwardsrememberthestorybutdonotcaretostudytheuseofwordsand【57】init.Forinstancetheyknowtheplot情节ofthestory【58】butdonotremembera【59】sentenceinthestoryandcannottellwhatprepositionisusedbeforeor【60】acertainwordinthespeechofacertaincharacter人物. Ofcourseitisallrighttoreadand【61】andrememberastoryandsolongasone【62】toknowthestoryonlyoneneednotbotheraboutthelanguage.Butthecaseisquitedifferent【63】astudentofEnglish.ImeanastudentofEnglishasdistinguished区别于fromareaderofstoriesorwhatiscalledthegeneralreader.Asyoumayhave【64】formtheaboveastudentofEnglishshouldreadvery【65】andregardthelanguageasthemainthing.
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