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A. modified ? ?B. increased ? ?C. personalized ? ?D. browsed ? ?E. distributed ? ?F. releasedIn Apri...
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plan-do-analyze-check-act-standardize cycle (as defined by Shewhart and modified by Demin
ready-aim-fire cycle linked by results
conceptualize-design-execute-finish(CDEcycle
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AnimalTestingControversyToparaphrase18thcenturystatesmanEdmundBurkeallthatisneededforthetriumphofamisguidedcauseisthatgoodpeopledonothing.Onesuchcausenowseekstoendbiomedicalresearchbecauseofthetheorythatanimalshaverightsrulingouttheiruseinresearch.Scientistsneedtorespondforcefullytoanimalrightsadvocateswhoseargumentsareconfusingthepublicandtherebythreateningadvancesinhealthknowledgeandcare.Leadersoftheanimalrightsmovementtargetbiomedicalresearchbecauseitdependsonpublicfundingandfewpeopleunderstandtheprocessofhealthcareresearch.Hearingallegationsofcrueltytoanimalsinresearchsettingsmanyareperplexedthatanyonewoulddeliberatelyharmananimal.Forexampleagrandmotherlywomanstaffingananimalrightsboothatarecentstreetfairwasdistributingabrochurethatencouragedreadersnottouseanythingthatcomesfromorisanimals-nomeatnofurnomedicinesAskedifsheopposedimmunizationsshewantedtoknowifvaccinescomefromanimalresearch.WhenassuredthattheydosherepliedThenIwouldhavetosayyes.AskedwhatwillhappenwhenepidemicsreturnshesaidDon’tworryscientistswillfindsomewayofusingcomputers.Suchwell-meaningpeoplejustdon’tunderstand.Scientistsmustcommunicatetheirmessagetothepublicinacompassionateunderstandableway-inhumantermsnotinthelanguageofmolecularbiology.Weneedtomakecleartheconnectionbetweenanimalresearchandagrandmother’shipreplacementafather’sbypassoperationababy’svaccinationsandevenapet’sshots.Tothosewhoareunawarethatanimalresearchwasneededtoproducethesetreatmentsaswellasnewtreatmentsandvaccinesanimalresearchseemswastefulatbestandcruelatworst.Muchcanbedone.Scientistscouldadoptmiddleschoolclassesandpresenttheirownresearch.Theyshouldbequicktorespondtoletterstotheeditorlestanimalrightsmisinformationgounchallengedandacquireadeceptiveappearanceoftruth.Researchinstitutionscouldbeopenedtotourstoshowthatlaboratoryanimalsreceivehumanecare.Finallybecausetheultimatestakeholdersarepatientsthehealthresearchcommunityshouldactivelyrecruittoitscausenotonlywell-knownpersonalitiessuchasStephenCooperwhohasmadecourageousstatementsaboutthevalueofanimalresearchbutallwhoreceivemedicaltreatment.Ifgoodpeopledonothingthereisarealpossibilitythatanuninformedcitizenrywillextinguishthepreciousembersofmedicalprogress.Theauthorbelievesthatinfaceofthechallengefromanimalrightsadvocatesscientistsshould______.
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CollegeSportsintheUS CollegesportsintheUnitedStatesareahugedeal.AlmostallmajorAmericanuniversitieshavefootballbaseballbasketballandhockeyprogramsanddevotemillionsofdollarseachyeartosports.Mostofthemearnmillions51aswellintelevisionrevenuessponsorships.Theyalsobenefit52fromtheaddedpublicitytheygetviatheirteams.Big-nameuniversities54eachotherinthemostpopularsports.FootballgamesatMichiganregularlydrawcrowdsofover90000.Basketball’snationalcollegiatechampionshipgameisaTV54onaparwith与……相同或相似anyothersportingeventintheUnitedStates55perhapstheSuperBowlitself.Atanygiventimeduringfallorwinteronecan56one’sTVsetandseethetopathleticprograms—fromschoolslikeMichiganUCLADukeandStanford—57infrontofpackedhousesandnationalTVaudiences. Theathletesthemselvesarerecruitedandprovidedwithscholarships.Collegecoachesidentify58teenagersandthengointohighschoolsto59thecountry’sbestplayerstoattendtheiruniversities.Therearestrictrulesabout60coachescanrecruit—norecruitingcallsafter9p.m.onlyoneofficialvisittoacampus—buttheyareoftenbentandsometimes61.Topcollegefootballprogramsofferscholarshipsto20or30playerseachyearandthosestudent-athleteswhentheyarrive62campusreceivefreehousingtuitionmealsbooksetc. Inreturntheplayers63theprogramintheirsports.Footballplayersattopcolleges64twohoursadayfourdaysaweekfromJanuarytoApril.Insummerit’sbacktostrengthandagilitytrainingfourdaysaweekuntilmid-Augustwhencamp65andpreparationfortheopeningoftheSeptember-to-Decemberseasonbegins.DuringtheseasonpracticeslasttwoorthreehoursadayfromTuesdaytoFriday.Saturdayisgameday.Mondaysareanofficiallymandateddayofrest. 64
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PlantGas Scientistshavebeenstudyingnaturalsourcesofmethanefordecadesbuthadn’tregardedplantsasaproducernotesFrankKepplerageochemistattheMaxPlanckInstituteforNuclearPhysicsinHeidelbergGermany.NowKepplerandhiscolleaguesfindthatplantsfromgrassestotreesmayalsobesourcesofthegreenhousegas.Thisisreallysurprisingbecausemostscientistsassumedthatmethaneproductionrequiresanoxygen-freeenvironment. Previouslyresearchershadthoughtthatitwasimpossibleforplantstomakesignificantmountsofthegas.Theyhadassumedthatmicrobesneedtobeinenvironmentswithoutoxygentoproducemethane.Methaneisagreenhousegaslikecarbondioxide.GasessuchasmethaneandcarbondioxidetrapheatinEarth’satmosphereandcontributetoglobalwarming. InitsexperimentsKeppler’steamusedsealedchambersthatcontainedthesameconcentrationofoxygenthatEarth’satmospherehas.Theymeasuredtheamountsofmethanethatwerereleasedbybothlivingplantsanddriedplantmaterialsuchasfallenleaves. Withthedriedplantstheresearcherstookmeasurementattemperaturesrangingfrom30degreesCelsiusto70degreesC.At30degreesCtheyfoundagramofdriedplantmaterialreleasedupto3nanogramsofmethaneperhour.Onenanogramisabillionthofagram.Withevery10-degreeriseintemperaturetheamountofmethanereleasedeachhourroughlydoubled. Livingplantsgrowingattheirnormaltemperaturesreleasedasmuchas370nanogramsofmethanepergramofplanttissueperhour.Methaneemissionstripledwhenlivinganddeadplantwasexposedtosunlight. Becausetherewasplentyofoxygenavailableit’sunlikelythatthetypesofbacteriathatnormallymakemethanewereinvolved.Experimentsonplantsthatweregrowninwaterratherthansoilalsoresultedinmethaneemissions.That’sanotherstrongsignthatthegascamefromtheplantsandnotsoilmicrobes. Thenewfindingisan"interestingobservation"saysJenniferY.KingabiogeochemistattheUniversityofMinnesotainSt.Paul.Becausesometypesofsoilmicrobesconsumemethanetheymaypreventplant-producedmethanefromreachingtheatmosphere.Fieldtestswillbeneededtoassesstheplant’sinfluenceshenotes. Whatisthebeneficialpointofsomemicrobesconsumingplant-producedmethane
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{{*HTML*}}A.thatperson’shealth??B.ascientificanswer??C.scientificresearchers??D.thegenes??E.thefunction??F.thesizeTheHumanGenomeProjectistryingtomapall______thatmakeushuman.
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ChangesinMuseums Museumshavechanged.Theyarenolongerplacesthatone"should"visittheyareplacestoenjoyandlearn. AtasciencemuseuminOntarioCanadayoucanfeelyourhairstandonendasharmlesselectricitypassesthroughyourbody.AttheMetropolitan成都市的MuseumofArtinNewYorkCityyoucanlookattheseventeenthcenturyinstrumentswhilelisteningtotheirmusic.AtNewYork’sAmericanMuseumofNaturalHistoryrecentlyyoucanhelpmakeabone-by-bonereproductionofthemuseum’sdinosaur恐龙abeastthatlived200millionyearsage.Moreandmoremuseumdirectorsarerealizingthatpeoplelearnbestwhentheycansomehowbecomepartofwhattheyareseeing.Inmanysciencemuseumsforexampletherearenoguidedtours.Thevisitorisencouragedtotouchlistenoperateandexperimentsoastodiscoverscientificprinciplesforhimself.Thepurposeisnotonlytoprovidefunbutalsotohelppeoplefeelathomeintheworldofscience.Thetheoryisthatpeoplewhodonotunderstandsciencewillprobablyfearitandthosewhofearsciencewillnotuseittobestadvantage.Onecauseofallthesechangesistheincreaseinwealthandleisuretime.Anothercauseistherisingpercentageofyoungpeopleinthepopulation.ManyoftheseyoungpeoplearecollegestudentsorcollegegraduatesLeonF.Twiggsayoungblackprofessorofartoncesaid"Theyseethingsinanewanddifferentway.Theyarenotsatisfiedtostandandlookatworksofart;theywantarttheycanparticipate参加in."Thesameistrueofscienceandhistory. Peoplecanaffordtogotthemodernmuseumssincetheyhavemoretimenow.
AnimalTestingControversyToparaphrase18thcenturystatesmanEdmundBurkeallthatisneededforthetriumphofamisguidedcauseisthatgoodpeopledonothing.Onesuchcausenowseekstoendbiomedicalresearchbecauseofthetheorythatanimalshaverightsrulingouttheiruseinresearch.Scientistsneedtorespondforcefullytoanimalrightsadvocateswhoseargumentsareconfusingthepublicandtherebythreateningadvancesinhealthknowledgeandcare.Leadersoftheanimalrightsmovementtargetbiomedicalresearchbecauseitdependsonpublicfundingandfewpeopleunderstandtheprocessofhealthcareresearch.Hearingallegationsofcrueltytoanimalsinresearchsettingsmanyareperplexedthatanyonewoulddeliberatelyharmananimal.Forexampleagrandmotherlywomanstaffingananimalrightsboothatarecentstreetfairwasdistributingabrochurethatencouragedreadersnottouseanythingthatcomesfromorisanimals-nomeatnofurnomedicinesAskedifsheopposedimmunizationsshewantedtoknowifvaccinescomefromanimalresearch.WhenassuredthattheydosherepliedThenIwouldhavetosayyes.AskedwhatwillhappenwhenepidemicsreturnshesaidDon’tworryscientistswillfindsomewayofusingcomputers.Suchwell-meaningpeoplejustdon’tunderstand.Scientistsmustcommunicatetheirmessagetothepublicinacompassionateunderstandableway-inhumantermsnotinthelanguageofmolecularbiology.Weneedtomakecleartheconnectionbetweenanimalresearchandagrandmother’shipreplacementafather’sbypassoperationababy’svaccinationsandevenapet’sshots.Tothosewhoareunawarethatanimalresearchwasneededtoproducethesetreatmentsaswellasnewtreatmentsandvaccinesanimalresearchseemswastefulatbestandcruelatworst.Muchcanbedone.Scientistscouldadoptmiddleschoolclassesandpresenttheirownresearch.Theyshouldbequicktorespondtoletterstotheeditorlestanimalrightsmisinformationgounchallengedandacquireadeceptiveappearanceoftruth.Researchinstitutionscouldbeopenedtotourstoshowthatlaboratoryanimalsreceivehumanecare.Finallybecausetheultimatestakeholdersarepatientsthehealthresearchcommunityshouldactivelyrecruittoitscausenotonlywell-knownpersonalitiessuchasStephenCooperwhohasmadecourageousstatementsaboutthevalueofanimalresearchbutallwhoreceivemedicaltreatment.Ifgoodpeopledonothingthereisarealpossibilitythatanuninformedcitizenrywillextinguishthepreciousembersofmedicalprogress.Misledpeopletendtothinkthatusingananimalinresearchis______.
PlantGas Scientistshavebeenstudyingnaturalsourcesofmethanefordecadesbuthadn’tregardedplantsasaproducernotesFrankKepplerageochemistattheMaxPlanckInstituteforNuclearPhysicsinHeidelbergGermany.NowKepplerandhiscolleaguesfindthatplantsfromgrassestotreesmayalsobesourcesofthegreenhousegas.Thisisreallysurprisingbecausemostscientistsassumedthatmethaneproductionrequiresanoxygen-freeenvironment. Previouslyresearchershadthoughtthatitwasimpossibleforplantstomakesignificantmountsofthegas.Theyhadassumedthatmicrobesneedtobeinenvironmentswithoutoxygentoproducemethane.Methaneisagreenhousegaslikecarbondioxide.GasessuchasmethaneandcarbondioxidetrapheatinEarth’satmosphereandcontributetoglobalwarming. InitsexperimentsKeppler’steamusedsealedchambersthatcontainedthesameconcentrationofoxygenthatEarth’satmospherehas.Theymeasuredtheamountsofmethanethatwerereleasedbybothlivingplantsanddriedplantmaterialsuchasfallenleaves. Withthedriedplantstheresearcherstookmeasurementattemperaturesrangingfrom30degreesCelsiusto70degreesC.At30degreesCtheyfoundagramofdriedplantmaterialreleasedupto3nanogramsofmethaneperhour.Onenanogramisabillionthofagram.Withevery10-degreeriseintemperaturetheamountofmethanereleasedeachhourroughlydoubled. Livingplantsgrowingattheirnormaltemperaturesreleasedasmuchas370nanogramsofmethanepergramofplanttissueperhour.Methaneemissionstripledwhenlivinganddeadplantwasexposedtosunlight. Becausetherewasplentyofoxygenavailableit’sunlikelythatthetypesofbacteriathatnormallymakemethanewereinvolved.Experimentsonplantsthatweregrowninwaterratherthansoilalsoresultedinmethaneemissions.That’sanotherstrongsignthatthegascamefromtheplantsandnotsoilmicrobes. Thenewfindingisan"interestingobservation"saysJenniferY.KingabiogeochemistattheUniversityofMinnesotainSt.Paul.Becausesometypesofsoilmicrobesconsumemethanetheymaypreventplant-producedmethanefromreachingtheatmosphere.Fieldtestswillbeneededtoassesstheplant’sinfluenceshenotes. Whichstatementistrueofthemethaneemissionsofplantsintheexperiment
TheDevelopmentofRubber Hereisthestoryofrubber.Fromtheearliesttimeitwascommonknowledge51thePeruviansthatwhenacutwasmadeintheoutsideskinofarubbertreeawhiteliquid52milkcameoutandthat53thisasticky粘的massofrubbermightbemade.Thisrubberissoftwhenwarmsothatitispossibletogiveitany54.ThePeruviansmadethe55thatitwasverygoodforkeepingoutthewet.Thenintheearly1800’stheAmericansmadeuseofitforthefirsttime.Firsttheymadeovershoesto56theirfeetdry.ThencameacertainMr.Mackintoshwhomadecoatsofclothcoveredwithnaturalrubber.FromthatdaytothiswehavebeencoatingclothwithrubberasMr.Mackintosh57andourraincoatsarestillnamedafterhim. Butthesefirstrubberovershoesandraincoatswereallsoftandstickyinsummerand58andinelastic无弹性的inthewinterwhenitwascolD.Buttherubberwehavetodayissoftandelastic有弹性的59verystrongmeveninthewarmestsummerandthecoldestwinter.Thiswasmade60byamancalledGoodyear.Aftermany61hefoundthatnitricacid硝酸madetherubbermuchbetterbutitisnothardandstrongenough.Thenastrangethingtook 62.AfriendofhisNicholasHaywardhadtheideainhissleepthatrubbermightbemadehardandstrongifmixedwithsulfur硫磺andputinthesun.Goodyearputthisidea63thetestandsawthatitdidhavemoreorlessthedesiredeffectthoughsomewhatlessthanmore.Theonlyeffectithadwasontheoutsideoftherubber.Itiscommonknowledgenowthatthe64tomakerubberhardandstrongisbyheatingitwithsulfur.IttookGoodyearfourmoreyearstofindthismethoD.Whenatlasthedidithehad65atall.Everythingofthesmallestvaluehadbeenusedtogetmoneyevenhissons’school-books. 55
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{{*HTML*}}CarsAreGoodfortheEnvironment??Britain’smotorindustryisplanningamajorpublicitycampaigntocounterwhatitseesasanofficialanti-carbiasandtoimprovetheenvironmentalimageofthecarsaccordingtodocuments?leakedtothepressuregroupFriendsoftheEarthFOE.?46?.??TheinternaldocumentwhichwasproducedlastmonthbytheSocietyofMotorManufacturers?andTraderssaysthattheultimateobjectiveofthecampaignmustbetoprotectthelongtermcommercialfreedomofthemotorindustryandthelifestylefreedomofcarusers!.???47?.EuropeancarmanufacturershavealreadyagreedwiththeEuropeanCommissiontoreduceCO2emissionsfromnewcarsby25percenttotargetof140gramsperkilometreby2008.??Howeverthedocumentalsorevealsthattheindustryissomewayfrommeetingthetarget.?48???Tohelpcontroltheseemissionsthegovernmenthasproposedreplacingtheflatrateannualtaxoncarswithataxrelatedtoenginesizesothatownersoflargegas-guzzler耗油量大的汽车wouldpaymorethanownersofsmallcars.?49?.??RichardBarnetthesociety’smediamanagersays:Wewillworkwiththegovernmenttopractiseapracticalsystem.?50?.A?Thecampaignwillhighlightthemotorindustry’seffortstoreduceemissionsofcarbondioxide二氧化碳.B?ButthemotorindustryopposestaxesonpersonsowningcarspreferringtaxesonuseC?Thefive-yearcampaigncouldcostupto￡12millionD?ThereasonwhycarsaregoodfortheenvironmentisobviousE?ButIanWillmoreofFOEsaystheindustrymayposeaspartnersofthegovernmentbutitsrealintentionistofrustrateseriousattemptstoreducetrafficlevelsF?Forexamplelastyear’snewcarsexceedanaverageof192gramsperkilometre--some37percentabovethetarget
TheDevelopmentofRubber Hereisthestoryofrubber.Fromtheearliesttimeitwascommonknowledge51thePeruviansthatwhenacutwasmadeintheoutsideskinofarubbertreeawhiteliquid52milkcameoutandthat53thisasticky粘的massofrubbermightbemade.Thisrubberissoftwhenwarmsothatitispossibletogiveitany54.ThePeruviansmadethe55thatitwasverygoodforkeepingoutthewet.Thenintheearly1800’stheAmericansmadeuseofitforthefirsttime.Firsttheymadeovershoesto56theirfeetdry.ThencameacertainMr.Mackintoshwhomadecoatsofclothcoveredwithnaturalrubber.FromthatdaytothiswehavebeencoatingclothwithrubberasMr.Mackintosh57andourraincoatsarestillnamedafterhim. Butthesefirstrubberovershoesandraincoatswereallsoftandstickyinsummerand58andinelastic无弹性的inthewinterwhenitwascolD.Buttherubberwehavetodayissoftandelastic有弹性的59verystrongmeveninthewarmestsummerandthecoldestwinter.Thiswasmade60byamancalledGoodyear.Aftermany61hefoundthatnitricacid硝酸madetherubbermuchbetterbutitisnothardandstrongenough.Thenastrangethingtook 62.AfriendofhisNicholasHaywardhadtheideainhissleepthatrubbermightbemadehardandstrongifmixedwithsulfur硫磺andputinthesun.Goodyearputthisidea63thetestandsawthatitdidhavemoreorlessthedesiredeffectthoughsomewhatlessthanmore.Theonlyeffectithadwasontheoutsideoftherubber.Itiscommonknowledgenowthatthe64tomakerubberhardandstrongisbyheatingitwithsulfur.IttookGoodyearfourmoreyearstofindthismethoD.Whenatlasthedidithehad65atall.Everythingofthesmallestvaluehadbeenusedtogetmoneyevenhissons’school-books. 51
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