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Nike is one of the most powerful marketing companies in the business world today, but it had very...
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Nikeisoneofthemostpowerfulmarketingcompaniesint
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[A]Anti-virussoftwareoftenbouncesawarningbacktothesenderofaninfectede-mailsayingthatthee-mailinquestioncannotbedeliveredbecauseitcontainsavirus.SoBig.Fwasabletospoofthissystemby"harvesting"e-mailaddressesfromtheharddisksofinfectedcomputers.Someoftheseaddresseswerethensentinfectede-mailsthathadbeendoctoredtolookasthoughtheyhadcomefromotherharvestedaddresses.Thelatterwerethussentwarningseventhoughtheirmachinesmaynothavebeeninfected. [B]Blasterworkedbycreatinga"bufferoverrunintheremoteprocedurecall".InEnglishthatearnsitattackedapieceofsoftwareusedbyMicrosoft’sWindowsoperatingsystemtoallowonecomputertocontrolanother.Itdidsobycausingthatsoftwaretousetoomuchmemory. [C]Thoughbothoftheseprogramsfellshortoftheapparentobjectivesoftheirauthorstheystillcauseddamage.ForinstancetheyforcedtheshutdownofanumberofcomputernetworksincludingtheoneusedbytheNewYorkTimesnewsroomandtheoneorganizingtrainsoperatedbyCSXafreightcompanyonAmerica’seastcoast.Computerscientistsexpectthatitisonlyamatteroftimebeforeatrulydevastatingvirusisunleashed. [D]MostwormsworkbyexploitingweaknessesinanoperatingsystembutwhoeverwroteBlasterhadaparticularlyrefinedsenseofhumoursincethewebsiteunderattackwastheonefromwhichuserscouldobtainaprogramtofixtheveryweaknessinWindowsthatthewormitselfwasexploiting. [E]OnewaytodealwithawickedwormlikeBlasteristodesignafairygodmotherwormthatgoesaroundrepairingvulnerablemachinesautomatically.InthecaseofBlastersomeoneseemstohavetriedexactlythatwithaprogramcalledWelchi.HoweveraccordingtoMr.HaleyWelchihascausedalmostasmanyproblemsasBlasteritselfbyoverwhelmingnetworkswith"pings"signalsthatcheckedforthepresenceofothercomputers. [F]SoBig.Fwasthemorevisibleofthetworecentwavesofinfectionbecauseitpropagateditselfbye-mailmeaningthatvictimsnoticedwhatwasgoingon.SoBig.Fwassoeffectivethatitcausedsubstantialdisruptioneventothoseprotectedbyanti-virussoftware.Thatwasbecausesomanycopiesofthevirusspreadsome500000computerswereinfectedthatmanymachineswereoverwhelmedbymessagesfromtheirownanti-virussoftware.Ontopofthatonecommoncounter-measurebackfiredincreasingtrafficstillfurther. [G]KevinHaleyofSymantecafirmthatmakesanti-virussoftwarethinksthatonereasonSoBig.Fwassomuchmoreeffectivethanothervirusesthatworkthiswayisbecauseitwasbetteratsearchinghard-drivesforaddresses.BrianKingofCERTaninternet-securitycentreatCarnegie-MellonUniversityinPittsburghnotesthatunlikeitsprecursorsSoBig.Fwascapableof"multi-threading":itcouldsendmultiplee-mailssimultaneouslyallowingittodispatchthousandsinminutes. 41
Wateristhemostcommonsubstanceonearth.Itcovorsmorethan70percentoftheearth’s surface.Itfillstheoceansriversandlakesandisinthegroundandintheairwebreathe.Wateriseverywhere.Withoutwatertherecanbenolife.Infacteverylivingthingconsistsmostly0fwater.41______ 42______.Rainhammersatthelandandwashessoilintorivers.Theoceanspoundagainsttheshoreschiselingcliffsandcarryingawayland.Riversknifethroughrockcarvecanyonsandbuilduplandwheretheyemptyintothesea.Glaciersplowvalleysandcutdownmountains. 43______.Landabsorbsandreleasesheatfromthesunquickly.Buttheoceansabsorbandreleasethesun’sheatslowly.Sobreezesfromtheoceansbringwarmthtothelandinwinterandcoolnessinsummer. Throughouthistorywaterhasbeenpeople’sslaveandtheirmaster.Greatcivilizationshaverisenwherewatersupplieswereplentiful.Theyhavefallenwhenthesesuppliesfailed.Peoplehavekilledoneanotherforamuddywaterhole.Theyhaveworshipedraingodsandprayedforrain.Oftenwhenrainshavefailedtocomecropshavewitheredandstarvationhasspreadacrossaland.44______ Todaymorethaneverwaterisbothslaveandmastertopeople.Weusewaterinourhomesforcleaningcookingbathingandcarryingawaywastes.Weusewatertoirrigatedryfarmlandssowecangrowmorefood.Ourfactoriesusemorewaterthananyothermaterial.Weusethewaterinrushingriversandthunderingwaterfallstoproduceelectricity.Ourdemandforwaterisconstantlyincreasing. Everyyeartherearemorepeopleintheworld.Factoriesturnoutmoreandmoreproductsandneedmoreandmorewater.Weliveinaworldofwater.Butalmostallofitabout97percentisintheoceans.Thiswateristoosaltytobeusedfordrinkingfarmingandmanufacturing.Onlyabout3percentoftheworld’swaterisfreshunsalty.45______ A.Eversincetheworldbeganwaterhasbeenshapingtheearth. B.Whenwearerunningwefeelthirstyanddrinkalotofwater.Infactwhenweeatthefoodconsistsofplentyofwater. C.Waterhelpskeeptheearth’sclimatefromgettingtoohotortoocold. D.Sometimestherainshavefallentooheavilyandtoosuddenly.Thenrivershaveoverflowedtheirbanksdrowninglargenumbersofpeopleandcausingenormousdestructionofproperty. E.Yourbodyisabouttwo-thirdswater.Achickenisaboutthree-fourthswaterandapineappleisaboutfour-fifthswater.Mostscientistsbelievethatlifeitselfbeganinwater--inthesaltywaterofthesea. F.Nowadaysscientistsareconsideringmakinguseofoceanwater.Theapplicationofthe4technologytoturnsaltywaterintofreshwaterwillcomeintobeingverysoon. G.Mostofthiswaterisnoteasilyavailabletopeoplebecauseitislockedinicecapsandotherglaciers.Bytheyear2010theworlddemandforfreshwatermaybedoublewhatitwasinthe1980’s.Buttherewillstillbeenoughtomeetpeople’sneeds. 45
Wateristhemostcommonsubstanceonearth.Itcovorsmorethan70percentoftheearth’s surface.Itfillstheoceansriversandlakesandisinthegroundandintheairwebreathe.Wateriseverywhere.Withoutwatertherecanbenolife.Infacteverylivingthingconsistsmostly0fwater.41______ 42______.Rainhammersatthelandandwashessoilintorivers.Theoceanspoundagainsttheshoreschiselingcliffsandcarryingawayland.Riversknifethroughrockcarvecanyonsandbuilduplandwheretheyemptyintothesea.Glaciersplowvalleysandcutdownmountains. 43______.Landabsorbsandreleasesheatfromthesunquickly.Buttheoceansabsorbandreleasethesun’sheatslowly.Sobreezesfromtheoceansbringwarmthtothelandinwinterandcoolnessinsummer. Throughouthistorywaterhasbeenpeople’sslaveandtheirmaster.Greatcivilizationshaverisenwherewatersupplieswereplentiful.Theyhavefallenwhenthesesuppliesfailed.Peoplehavekilledoneanotherforamuddywaterhole.Theyhaveworshipedraingodsandprayedforrain.Oftenwhenrainshavefailedtocomecropshavewitheredandstarvationhasspreadacrossaland.44______ Todaymorethaneverwaterisbothslaveandmastertopeople.Weusewaterinourhomesforcleaningcookingbathingandcarryingawaywastes.Weusewatertoirrigatedryfarmlandssowecangrowmorefood.Ourfactoriesusemorewaterthananyothermaterial.Weusethewaterinrushingriversandthunderingwaterfallstoproduceelectricity.Ourdemandforwaterisconstantlyincreasing. Everyyeartherearemorepeopleintheworld.Factoriesturnoutmoreandmoreproductsandneedmoreandmorewater.Weliveinaworldofwater.Butalmostallofitabout97percentisintheoceans.Thiswateristoosaltytobeusedfordrinkingfarmingandmanufacturing.Onlyabout3percentoftheworld’swaterisfreshunsalty.45______ A.Eversincetheworldbeganwaterhasbeenshapingtheearth. B.Whenwearerunningwefeelthirstyanddrinkalotofwater.Infactwhenweeatthefoodconsistsofplentyofwater. C.Waterhelpskeeptheearth’sclimatefromgettingtoohotortoocold. D.Sometimestherainshavefallentooheavilyandtoosuddenly.Thenrivershaveoverflowedtheirbanksdrowninglargenumbersofpeopleandcausingenormousdestructionofproperty. E.Yourbodyisabouttwo-thirdswater.Achickenisaboutthree-fourthswaterandapineappleisaboutfour-fifthswater.Mostscientistsbelievethatlifeitselfbeganinwater--inthesaltywaterofthesea. F.Nowadaysscientistsareconsideringmakinguseofoceanwater.Theapplicationofthe4technologytoturnsaltywaterintofreshwaterwillcomeintobeingverysoon. G.Mostofthiswaterisnoteasilyavailabletopeoplebecauseitislockedinicecapsandotherglaciers.Bytheyear2010theworlddemandforfreshwatermaybedoublewhatitwasinthe1980’s.Buttherewillstillbeenoughtomeetpeople’sneeds. 43
Inasensethenewprotectionismisnotprotectionismatallatleastnotinthetraditionalsenseoftheterm.Theoldprotectionismreferredonlytotrade-restrictingandtrade-expandingdevicessuchasthetarifforexportsubsidy.Thenewprotectionismismuchbroaderthanthis;itincludesinterventionsintoforeigntradebutisnotlimitedtothem.46Thenewprotectionisminfactreferstohowthewholeofgovernmentinterventionintotheprivateeconomyaffectsinternationaltrade.Theemphasisontradeisstilltherethuscametheterm"protection".Butwhatisnewistherealizationthatvirtuallyallgovernmentactivitiescanaffectinternationaleconomicrelations. 47TheemergenceofthenewprotectionismintheWesternworldreflectsthevictoryoftheinterventionistorwelfareeconomyoverthemarketeconomy.JabTumilerwrites"Theoldprotectionism…coexistedwithoutanyapparentintellectualdifficultywiththeacceptableofthemarketasanationalaswellasaninternationaleconomicdistributionmechanism-indeedprotectionistsaswellasifnotmorethanfreetradersstoodforlaissez-faire放任政策.48Nowasinthe1930’sprotectionismisanexpressionofaprofoundskepticismastotheabilityofthemarkettodistributeresourcesandincomestosocietiessatisfaction." Itispreciselythisprofoundskepticismofthemarketeconomythatisresponsiblefortheprotectionism.Inamarketeconomyeconomicchangeofvariouscolorsimpliesredistributionsofresourcesandincomes.Thesameopinioninmanycommunitiesapparentlyisthatsuchredistributionsoftenarenotproper.Thereforethegovernmentintervenestobringaboutamoredesiredresult. ThevictoryofthewelfarestateisalmostcompleteinnorthernEurope.InSwedenNorwayFinlandDenmarkandtheNetherlandsgovernmentinterventioninalmostallaspectsofeconomicandsociallifeisconsiderednormal.49InGreatBritainthisisonlysomewhatlesstrue.GovernmenttraditionallyhasplayedaveryactiveroleineconomiclifeinFranceandcontinuedtodoso.OnlyGermanydarestogoagainstthetidetowardsexcessiveinterventionisminWesternEurope.ItalsohappenstobethemostsuccessfulWesternEuropeaneconomy. 50ThewelfarestatehasmadesignificantprogressintheUnitedStagesaswellasinWesternEurope.Socialsecurityunemploymentinsuranceminimum-wagelawsandrentcontrolarebynowtraditionalwelfarestateelementsontheAmericanscene. 47
Thetermnationalismisgenerallyusedtodescribetwophenomena:1themembersofanationcareabouttheirnationalidentityand2thatthemembersofanationseektoachieveorsustainself-determination.Itistraditionalthereforetodistinguishnationsfromstates—whereasanationoftenconsistsofanethnicorculturalcommunityastateisapoliticalentitywithahighdegreeofsovereignty.Whilemanystatesarenationsinsomesensetherearemanynationswhicharenotfullysovereignstates.AsanexampletheNativeAmericanIroquoisconstituteanationbutnotastatesincetheydonotpossesstherequisitepoliticalauthorityovertheirinternalorexternalaffairs.IfthemembersoftheIroquoisnationweretostrivetoformasovereignstateintheefforttopreservetheiridentityasapeopletheywouldbeexhibitingastate—focusednationalism.Nationalismhaslongbeenignoredasatopicinpoliticalphilosophywrittenoffasarelicfrombygonetimes.Ithasonlyrecentlycomeintothefocusofphilosophicaldebate.Thesurgeofnationalismusuallypresentsamorallyambivalentandforthisreasonoftenfascinatingpicture.Nationalawakeningsandstrugglesforpoliticalindependenceareoftenbothheroicandinhumanlycruel;theformationofarecognizablynationalstateoftenrespondstodeeppopularsentimentbutcananddoessometimesbringinitswakeinhumanconsequencesincludingviolentexpulsionandcleansingofnon-nationalsallthewaytoorganizedmassmurder.Themoraldebateonnationalismreflectsadeepmoraltensionbetweensolidaritywithoppressednationalgroupsontheonehandandrepulsioninthefaceofcrimesperpetratedinthenameofnationalismontheother.Nationalismmaymanifestitselfaspartofofficialstateideologyorasapopularnon-statemovementandmaybeexpressedalongcivicethnicculturalreligiousorideologicallines.Theseself-definitionsofthenationareusedtoclassifytypesofnationalism.Howeversuchcategoriesarenotmutuallyexclusiveandmanynationalistmovementscombinesomeoralloftheseelementstovaryingdegrees.Nationalistmovementscanalsobeclassifiedbyothercriteriasuchasscaleandlocation.Nationalismdoesnotnecessarilyimplyabeliefinthesuperiorityofoneraceoverothersbutinpracticemanynationalistssupportracialprotectionismorracialsupremacy.Suchracismistypicallybaseduponpreferenceorsuperiorityoftheindigenousraceofthenation.Paragraph4talksabouttheissueofnationalismfromtheperspectiveof______.
LikeallthehugemetropolisesoftheworldtherearelotsofdiversionsbothoutdoorsandindoorsinChicago.TheArtInstituteofChicagohasoneoftheworld’s1artcollectionsincludingmoreFrenchImpressionistpaintingsthanevenintheParisLouvreitself.TheFieldMuseumofNaturalHistoryandtheMuseumofScienceandIndustryarealsogreathistoricalandculturaltreasurehousesto2aswellasentertainchildrenandadults3IntheFieldMuseumonecomes4asurprisinglybigcollectionofChineseexhibitsfromtheancient5totheearlycentury.TheSearsTowerandtheBuckinghamFountainaretheprideoftheChicagoans;6having110storeysissaidtobethehighesttowerintheworldandthe7isthelargestfountainintheUnitedStates.LakeMichiganisforyachtinginsummertime8thehighlightsofChicagolifealltheyearroundareconcertsoperasandplays9bythecity’sorchestraoperahousesandtheatres.InsummerespeciallyaroundtheIndependenceDayJuly4thmanyfestivalsandfairsaregivenoutdoorswhich10crowdsandcrowdsofpeoplewiththeirparadesfireworks11concertswater-skiingandgoodfoods. ButwithallitsattractionsandbeautifulspotsChicagoisalsoacity12forcrimes.Allthedwellinghousesare13withthreedoorsandvisitorshavetospeakthroughmicrophone14inthewalltotheresidentsbeforetheycangetadmitted.Inthestreetstherearewhite-colortelephones.Whenonefindsoneself15heneedsonlytoknockthereceiver16thehookandthenextinstantthepolicewill17.Ifonedoesnotdriveacaritmaywellbedangerousforhimorhertogooutaloneintheevening.AtfirstIdidnottakethiswarningseriously.18mytwoencounterswiththeBlackpeople19duskintheneighborhoodweresounpleasantandfrighteningthatIhave20shutmyselfeveningsinmyroominalmostallstudyingimposingacurfewonmyself. 7
LikeallthehugemetropolisesoftheworldtherearelotsofdiversionsbothoutdoorsandindoorsinChicago.TheArtInstituteofChicagohasoneoftheworld’s1artcollectionsincludingmoreFrenchImpressionistpaintingsthanevenintheParisLouvreitself.TheFieldMuseumofNaturalHistoryandtheMuseumofScienceandIndustryarealsogreathistoricalandculturaltreasurehousesto2aswellasentertainchildrenandadults3IntheFieldMuseumonecomes4asurprisinglybigcollectionofChineseexhibitsfromtheancient5totheearlycentury.TheSearsTowerandtheBuckinghamFountainaretheprideoftheChicagoans;6having110storeysissaidtobethehighesttowerintheworldandthe7isthelargestfountainintheUnitedStates.LakeMichiganisforyachtinginsummertime8thehighlightsofChicagolifealltheyearroundareconcertsoperasandplays9bythecity’sorchestraoperahousesandtheatres.InsummerespeciallyaroundtheIndependenceDayJuly4thmanyfestivalsandfairsaregivenoutdoorswhich10crowdsandcrowdsofpeoplewiththeirparadesfireworks11concertswater-skiingandgoodfoods. ButwithallitsattractionsandbeautifulspotsChicagoisalsoacity12forcrimes.Allthedwellinghousesare13withthreedoorsandvisitorshavetospeakthroughmicrophone14inthewalltotheresidentsbeforetheycangetadmitted.Inthestreetstherearewhite-colortelephones.Whenonefindsoneself15heneedsonlytoknockthereceiver16thehookandthenextinstantthepolicewill17.Ifonedoesnotdriveacaritmaywellbedangerousforhimorhertogooutaloneintheevening.AtfirstIdidnottakethiswarningseriously.18mytwoencounterswiththeBlackpeople19duskintheneighborhoodweresounpleasantandfrighteningthatIhave20shutmyselfeveningsinmyroominalmostallstudyingimposingacurfewonmyself. 15
LikeallthehugemetropolisesoftheworldtherearelotsofdiversionsbothoutdoorsandindoorsinChicago.TheArtInstituteofChicagohasoneoftheworld’s1artcollectionsincludingmoreFrenchImpressionistpaintingsthanevenintheParisLouvreitself.TheFieldMuseumofNaturalHistoryandtheMuseumofScienceandIndustryarealsogreathistoricalandculturaltreasurehousesto2aswellasentertainchildrenandadults3IntheFieldMuseumonecomes4asurprisinglybigcollectionofChineseexhibitsfromtheancient5totheearlycentury.TheSearsTowerandtheBuckinghamFountainaretheprideoftheChicagoans;6having110storeysissaidtobethehighesttowerintheworldandthe7isthelargestfountainintheUnitedStates.LakeMichiganisforyachtinginsummertime8thehighlightsofChicagolifealltheyearroundareconcertsoperasandplays9bythecity’sorchestraoperahousesandtheatres.InsummerespeciallyaroundtheIndependenceDayJuly4thmanyfestivalsandfairsaregivenoutdoorswhich10crowdsandcrowdsofpeoplewiththeirparadesfireworks11concertswater-skiingandgoodfoods. ButwithallitsattractionsandbeautifulspotsChicagoisalsoacity12forcrimes.Allthedwellinghousesare13withthreedoorsandvisitorshavetospeakthroughmicrophone14inthewalltotheresidentsbeforetheycangetadmitted.Inthestreetstherearewhite-colortelephones.Whenonefindsoneself15heneedsonlytoknockthereceiver16thehookandthenextinstantthepolicewill17.Ifonedoesnotdriveacaritmaywellbedangerousforhimorhertogooutaloneintheevening.AtfirstIdidnottakethiswarningseriously.18mytwoencounterswiththeBlackpeople19duskintheneighborhoodweresounpleasantandfrighteningthatIhave20shutmyselfeveningsinmyroominalmostallstudyingimposingacurfewonmyself. 11
BurkinaFasostudentteacherHemaCecilehasalotmoretimetocrackthebooksthankstoarecentinitiativefromtheWorldBankandtheInternationalFinanceCorporationIFC.ThelaunchoftheLightingAfricaprogrambythetwoorganizationsthisyearhasmadeitpossibleforCeciletoswapkerosenelampsforasolar-poweredLEDlantern.LightingAfricaisa＄12millionprojectwhichintendstobringlighttothepoorestregionsacrosssub-SaharanAfrica.Theprogramworkswiththelightingindustrytodevelopcleanaffordablelightingandenergysolutionsformillionswithoutaccesstoelectricgrids.Itsaimistoacceleratethemarketandtodevelopeducationprogramsthatinformoff-gridpopulationscurrentlydependentoncostlyinefficientandhazardousfuel-basedlightingaboutmodernalternatives.Cecileusedtospend＄3-4amonthonkeroseneforherlamp.Thatisalargeproportionofherearnings—like70percentofthepopulationshelivesonlessthan＄2aday.IntheweekssincebuyingherlanternshehasmanagedtoreadfourbooksincludingMadameBovary.byGustaveFlaubertandEmileZola’sGerminal.Sheisamongthemostlearnedinasocietywhichhastheworld’slowestliteracyrateaccordingtoa2007UNHumanDevelopmentReport.WhenshegraduatesnextyearshewillteachinalocaljuniorschoolShemakesendsmeetbyholidayjobsasacleanerandanITtrainer.ToearnherdailyrationofcornmealshedoesshiftsfromMaytoSeptemberinacornfield.Thelanternsaredesignedtolooklikethekeroseneonestheyarereplacinginordertoincreaseadoptionamongthepopulation.Eachhasasmallsolarpanelonthetopandcostsanaverage＄30althoughsomecost＄100dependingonthesizeofthebatteryandthenumberofLEDlightsitcontains.BecauseofthelargenumberofsunlighthoursinBurkinaFasothelampscanbereliedontoworkwheneverneeded.Thebatterylifeis2-4yearsandcanbereplacedoncetheylosetheirstoragecapacity.TheLEDlightslast5-10years.AlthoughitisbarelyoutofitstrialperiodtheprojectChabannesaidtherearesignstheprojectisaboonforthepopulationinareasotherthanhouseholdsavingsandeducation.Therearefewerpeoplereportingeyeproblemstothelocalhospital./WhichoneofthefollowingstatementsistrueaboutCecile
Thetermnationalismisgenerallyusedtodescribetwophenomena:1themembersofanationcareabouttheirnationalidentityand2thatthemembersofanationseektoachieveorsustainself-determination.Itistraditionalthereforetodistinguishnationsfromstates—whereasanationoftenconsistsofanethnicorculturalcommunityastateisapoliticalentitywithahighdegreeofsovereignty.Whilemanystatesarenationsinsomesensetherearemanynationswhicharenotfullysovereignstates.AsanexampletheNativeAmericanIroquoisconstituteanationbutnotastatesincetheydonotpossesstherequisitepoliticalauthorityovertheirinternalorexternalaffairs.IfthemembersoftheIroquoisnationweretostrivetoformasovereignstateintheefforttopreservetheiridentityasapeopletheywouldbeexhibitingastate—focusednationalism.Nationalismhaslongbeenignoredasatopicinpoliticalphilosophywrittenoffasarelicfrombygonetimes.Ithasonlyrecentlycomeintothefocusofphilosophicaldebate.Thesurgeofnationalismusuallypresentsamorallyambivalentandforthisreasonoftenfascinatingpicture.Nationalawakeningsandstrugglesforpoliticalindependenceareoftenbothheroicandinhumanlycruel;theformationofarecognizablynationalstateoftenrespondstodeeppopularsentimentbutcananddoessometimesbringinitswakeinhumanconsequencesincludingviolentexpulsionandcleansingofnon-nationalsallthewaytoorganizedmassmurder.Themoraldebateonnationalismreflectsadeepmoraltensionbetweensolidaritywithoppressednationalgroupsontheonehandandrepulsioninthefaceofcrimesperpetratedinthenameofnationalismontheother.Nationalismmaymanifestitselfaspartofofficialstateideologyorasapopularnon-statemovementandmaybeexpressedalongcivicethnicculturalreligiousorideologicallines.Theseself-definitionsofthenationareusedtoclassifytypesofnationalism.Howeversuchcategoriesarenotmutuallyexclusiveandmanynationalistmovementscombinesomeoralloftheseelementstovaryingdegrees.Nationalistmovementscanalsobeclassifiedbyothercriteriasuchasscaleandlocation.Nationalismdoesnotnecessarilyimplyabeliefinthesuperiorityofoneraceoverothersbutinpracticemanynationalistssupportracialprotectionismorracialsupremacy.Suchracismistypicallybaseduponpreferenceorsuperiorityoftheindigenousraceofthenation.TheexampleofNativeAmericanIroquoisisusedinparagraph2to______.
BurkinaFasostudentteacherHemaCecilehasalotmoretimetocrackthebooksthankstoarecentinitiativefromtheWorldBankandtheInternationalFinanceCorporationIFC.ThelaunchoftheLightingAfricaprogrambythetwoorganizationsthisyearhasmadeitpossibleforCeciletoswapkerosenelampsforasolar-poweredLEDlantern.LightingAfricaisa＄12millionprojectwhichintendstobringlighttothepoorestregionsacrosssub-SaharanAfrica.Theprogramworkswiththelightingindustrytodevelopcleanaffordablelightingandenergysolutionsformillionswithoutaccesstoelectricgrids.Itsaimistoacceleratethemarketandtodevelopeducationprogramsthatinformoff-gridpopulationscurrentlydependentoncostlyinefficientandhazardousfuel-basedlightingaboutmodernalternatives.Cecileusedtospend＄3-4amonthonkeroseneforherlamp.Thatisalargeproportionofherearnings—like70percentofthepopulationshelivesonlessthan＄2aday.IntheweekssincebuyingherlanternshehasmanagedtoreadfourbooksincludingMadameBovary.byGustaveFlaubertandEmileZola’sGerminal.Sheisamongthemostlearnedinasocietywhichhastheworld’slowestliteracyrateaccordingtoa2007UNHumanDevelopmentReport.WhenshegraduatesnextyearshewillteachinalocaljuniorschoolShemakesendsmeetbyholidayjobsasacleanerandanITtrainer.ToearnherdailyrationofcornmealshedoesshiftsfromMaytoSeptemberinacornfield.Thelanternsaredesignedtolooklikethekeroseneonestheyarereplacinginordertoincreaseadoptionamongthepopulation.Eachhasasmallsolarpanelonthetopandcostsanaverage＄30althoughsomecost＄100dependingonthesizeofthebatteryandthenumberofLEDlightsitcontains.BecauseofthelargenumberofsunlighthoursinBurkinaFasothelampscanbereliedontoworkwheneverneeded.Thebatterylifeis2-4yearsandcanbereplacedoncetheylosetheirstoragecapacity.TheLEDlightslast5-10years.AlthoughitisbarelyoutofitstrialperiodtheprojectChabannesaidtherearesignstheprojectisaboonforthepopulationinareasotherthanhouseholdsavingsandeducation.Therearefewerpeoplereportingeyeproblemstothelocalhospital./ThewordswapLine4Para.1mostprobablymeans______.
LikeallthehugemetropolisesoftheworldtherearelotsofdiversionsbothoutdoorsandindoorsinChicago.TheArtInstituteofChicagohasoneoftheworld’s1artcollectionsincludingmoreFrenchImpressionistpaintingsthanevenintheParisLouvreitself.TheFieldMuseumofNaturalHistoryandtheMuseumofScienceandIndustryarealsogreathistoricalandculturaltreasurehousesto2aswellasentertainchildrenandadults3IntheFieldMuseumonecomes4asurprisinglybigcollectionofChineseexhibitsfromtheancient5totheearlycentury.TheSearsTowerandtheBuckinghamFountainaretheprideoftheChicagoans;6having110storeysissaidtobethehighesttowerintheworldandthe7isthelargestfountainintheUnitedStates.LakeMichiganisforyachtinginsummertime8thehighlightsofChicagolifealltheyearroundareconcertsoperasandplays9bythecity’sorchestraoperahousesandtheatres.InsummerespeciallyaroundtheIndependenceDayJuly4thmanyfestivalsandfairsaregivenoutdoorswhich10crowdsandcrowdsofpeoplewiththeirparadesfireworks11concertswater-skiingandgoodfoods. ButwithallitsattractionsandbeautifulspotsChicagoisalsoacity12forcrimes.Allthedwellinghousesare13withthreedoorsandvisitorshavetospeakthroughmicrophone14inthewalltotheresidentsbeforetheycangetadmitted.Inthestreetstherearewhite-colortelephones.Whenonefindsoneself15heneedsonlytoknockthereceiver16thehookandthenextinstantthepolicewill17.Ifonedoesnotdriveacaritmaywellbedangerousforhimorhertogooutaloneintheevening.AtfirstIdidnottakethiswarningseriously.18mytwoencounterswiththeBlackpeople19duskintheneighborhoodweresounpleasantandfrighteningthatIhave20shutmyselfeveningsinmyroominalmostallstudyingimposingacurfewonmyself. 1
[A]Anti-virussoftwareoftenbouncesawarningbacktothesenderofaninfectede-mailsayingthatthee-mailinquestioncannotbedeliveredbecauseitcontainsavirus.SoBig.Fwasabletospoofthissystemby"harvesting"e-mailaddressesfromtheharddisksofinfectedcomputers.Someoftheseaddresseswerethensentinfectede-mailsthathadbeendoctoredtolookasthoughtheyhadcomefromotherharvestedaddresses.Thelatterwerethussentwarningseventhoughtheirmachinesmaynothavebeeninfected. [B]Blasterworkedbycreatinga"bufferoverrunintheremoteprocedurecall".InEnglishthatearnsitattackedapieceofsoftwareusedbyMicrosoft’sWindowsoperatingsystemtoallowonecomputertocontrolanother.Itdidsobycausingthatsoftwaretousetoomuchmemory. [C]Thoughbothoftheseprogramsfellshortoftheapparentobjectivesoftheirauthorstheystillcauseddamage.ForinstancetheyforcedtheshutdownofanumberofcomputernetworksincludingtheoneusedbytheNewYorkTimesnewsroomandtheoneorganizingtrainsoperatedbyCSXafreightcompanyonAmerica’seastcoast.Computerscientistsexpectthatitisonlyamatteroftimebeforeatrulydevastatingvirusisunleashed. [D]MostwormsworkbyexploitingweaknessesinanoperatingsystembutwhoeverwroteBlasterhadaparticularlyrefinedsenseofhumoursincethewebsiteunderattackwastheonefromwhichuserscouldobtainaprogramtofixtheveryweaknessinWindowsthatthewormitselfwasexploiting. [E]OnewaytodealwithawickedwormlikeBlasteristodesignafairygodmotherwormthatgoesaroundrepairingvulnerablemachinesautomatically.InthecaseofBlastersomeoneseemstohavetriedexactlythatwithaprogramcalledWelchi.HoweveraccordingtoMr.HaleyWelchihascausedalmostasmanyproblemsasBlasteritselfbyoverwhelmingnetworkswith"pings"signalsthatcheckedforthepresenceofothercomputers. [F]SoBig.Fwasthemorevisibleofthetworecentwavesofinfectionbecauseitpropagateditselfbye-mailmeaningthatvictimsnoticedwhatwasgoingon.SoBig.Fwassoeffectivethatitcausedsubstantialdisruptioneventothoseprotectedbyanti-virussoftware.Thatwasbecausesomanycopiesofthevirusspreadsome500000computerswereinfectedthatmanymachineswereoverwhelmedbymessagesfromtheirownanti-virussoftware.Ontopofthatonecommoncounter-measurebackfiredincreasingtrafficstillfurther. [G]KevinHaleyofSymantecafirmthatmakesanti-virussoftwarethinksthatonereasonSoBig.Fwassomuchmoreeffectivethanothervirusesthatworkthiswayisbecauseitwasbetteratsearchinghard-drivesforaddresses.BrianKingofCERTaninternet-securitycentreatCarnegie-MellonUniversityinPittsburghnotesthatunlikeitsprecursorsSoBig.Fwascapableof"multi-threading":itcouldsendmultiplee-mailssimultaneouslyallowingittodispatchthousandsinminutes. 45
LikeallthehugemetropolisesoftheworldtherearelotsofdiversionsbothoutdoorsandindoorsinChicago.TheArtInstituteofChicagohasoneoftheworld’s1artcollectionsincludingmoreFrenchImpressionistpaintingsthanevenintheParisLouvreitself.TheFieldMuseumofNaturalHistoryandtheMuseumofScienceandIndustryarealsogreathistoricalandculturaltreasurehousesto2aswellasentertainchildrenandadults3IntheFieldMuseumonecomes4asurprisinglybigcollectionofChineseexhibitsfromtheancient5totheearlycentury.TheSearsTowerandtheBuckinghamFountainaretheprideoftheChicagoans;6having110storeysissaidtobethehighesttowerintheworldandthe7isthelargestfountainintheUnitedStates.LakeMichiganisforyachtinginsummertime8thehighlightsofChicagolifealltheyearroundareconcertsoperasandplays9bythecity’sorchestraoperahousesandtheatres.InsummerespeciallyaroundtheIndependenceDayJuly4thmanyfestivalsandfairsaregivenoutdoorswhich10crowdsandcrowdsofpeoplewiththeirparadesfireworks11concertswater-skiingandgoodfoods. ButwithallitsattractionsandbeautifulspotsChicagoisalsoacity12forcrimes.Allthedwellinghousesare13withthreedoorsandvisitorshavetospeakthroughmicrophone14inthewalltotheresidentsbeforetheycangetadmitted.Inthestreetstherearewhite-colortelephones.Whenonefindsoneself15heneedsonlytoknockthereceiver16thehookandthenextinstantthepolicewill17.Ifonedoesnotdriveacaritmaywellbedangerousforhimorhertogooutaloneintheevening.AtfirstIdidnottakethiswarningseriously.18mytwoencounterswiththeBlackpeople19duskintheneighborhoodweresounpleasantandfrighteningthatIhave20shutmyselfeveningsinmyroominalmostallstudyingimposingacurfewonmyself. 9
LikeallthehugemetropolisesoftheworldtherearelotsofdiversionsbothoutdoorsandindoorsinChicago.TheArtInstituteofChicagohasoneoftheworld’s1artcollectionsincludingmoreFrenchImpressionistpaintingsthanevenintheParisLouvreitself.TheFieldMuseumofNaturalHistoryandtheMuseumofScienceandIndustryarealsogreathistoricalandculturaltreasurehousesto2aswellasentertainchildrenandadults3IntheFieldMuseumonecomes4asurprisinglybigcollectionofChineseexhibitsfromtheancient5totheearlycentury.TheSearsTowerandtheBuckinghamFountainaretheprideoftheChicagoans;6having110storeysissaidtobethehighesttowerintheworldandthe7isthelargestfountainintheUnitedStates.LakeMichiganisforyachtinginsummertime8thehighlightsofChicagolifealltheyearroundareconcertsoperasandplays9bythecity’sorchestraoperahousesandtheatres.InsummerespeciallyaroundtheIndependenceDayJuly4thmanyfestivalsandfairsaregivenoutdoorswhich10crowdsandcrowdsofpeoplewiththeirparadesfireworks11concertswater-skiingandgoodfoods. ButwithallitsattractionsandbeautifulspotsChicagoisalsoacity12forcrimes.Allthedwellinghousesare13withthreedoorsandvisitorshavetospeakthroughmicrophone14inthewalltotheresidentsbeforetheycangetadmitted.Inthestreetstherearewhite-colortelephones.Whenonefindsoneself15heneedsonlytoknockthereceiver16thehookandthenextinstantthepolicewill17.Ifonedoesnotdriveacaritmaywellbedangerousforhimorhertogooutaloneintheevening.AtfirstIdidnottakethiswarningseriously.18mytwoencounterswiththeBlackpeople19duskintheneighborhoodweresounpleasantandfrighteningthatIhave20shutmyselfeveningsinmyroominalmostallstudyingimposingacurfewonmyself. 19
LikeallthehugemetropolisesoftheworldtherearelotsofdiversionsbothoutdoorsandindoorsinChicago.TheArtInstituteofChicagohasoneoftheworld’s1artcollectionsincludingmoreFrenchImpressionistpaintingsthanevenintheParisLouvreitself.TheFieldMuseumofNaturalHistoryandtheMuseumofScienceandIndustryarealsogreathistoricalandculturaltreasurehousesto2aswellasentertainchildrenandadults3IntheFieldMuseumonecomes4asurprisinglybigcollectionofChineseexhibitsfromtheancient5totheearlycentury.TheSearsTowerandtheBuckinghamFountainaretheprideoftheChicagoans;6having110storeysissaidtobethehighesttowerintheworldandthe7isthelargestfountainintheUnitedStates.LakeMichiganisforyachtinginsummertime8thehighlightsofChicagolifealltheyearroundareconcertsoperasandplays9bythecity’sorchestraoperahousesandtheatres.InsummerespeciallyaroundtheIndependenceDayJuly4thmanyfestivalsandfairsaregivenoutdoorswhich10crowdsandcrowdsofpeoplewiththeirparadesfireworks11concertswater-skiingandgoodfoods. ButwithallitsattractionsandbeautifulspotsChicagoisalsoacity12forcrimes.Allthedwellinghousesare13withthreedoorsandvisitorshavetospeakthroughmicrophone14inthewalltotheresidentsbeforetheycangetadmitted.Inthestreetstherearewhite-colortelephones.Whenonefindsoneself15heneedsonlytoknockthereceiver16thehookandthenextinstantthepolicewill17.Ifonedoesnotdriveacaritmaywellbedangerousforhimorhertogooutaloneintheevening.AtfirstIdidnottakethiswarningseriously.18mytwoencounterswiththeBlackpeople19duskintheneighborhoodweresounpleasantandfrighteningthatIhave20shutmyselfeveningsinmyroominalmostallstudyingimposingacurfewonmyself. 13
Achildmayleanagainstadoorpostwithhisorherarmsfolded.Totheonlookeritmaylooklikeabenignposture—howevertheremaybeavictimizedchildwhounderstandsthatthisisthebully’sshorthandcodeofconveyingthemessage:Handmeyourlunchasyouwalkbymeorelse.Bullyingmaybeexpressedinmanyforms.Boysaregenerallytargetedmorethangirls.Boystendtousephysicalaggressionwhentheybully.byhittingkickingandfighting.Girlsontheotherhandmoreoftenuseexclusionarytechniquestobully—aformofaggressionoftenreferredtoasrelationalaggression.Girlsoftenstartrumorsformcliquestokeepcertainpeopleoutandignoreotherchildreninattemptstoshowdominanceoveranotherchild.Manychildrenwhoarevictimizedfitintooneoftwotypes:thepassivevictimandtheprovocativevictim.Whilepeopleoftenfeelbadaboutpassivevictimsprovocativevictimsoftenelicitlesscompassionfromothers.Sometimesitappearsthattheprovocativevictimhasbroughtonhisorherownfate—butdoesanychilddeservetobethetargetofrepeatedphysicalorverbalaggressionWhymightso-calledprovocativevictimsactivelyparticipateinbeingthetargetofbullying:ForexamplearetheirprovocativegesturessimplyaclumsywayofattemptingtointeractwithothersOnefeelscompassionfortheinhibitedchildbecauseheisreserved;asocialmisfortuneinoursocietybutanaggressivechildisgivennoneofthis.Thedynamicsofthebully/victimrelationshipneedtobeunderstoodinalargercontextPeplerCraig&O’Connell1999.Itisnotonlythebullyandthevictimthatisinvolvedinasystemofinteraction:Thebullyingcontextincludesmultiplelevelsofthechild’ssocialenvironment.Thebullymayenlistthehelpofhenchmenthosewhoassistthebullybutoftendonothavetheinitiativeorleadershiptoinitiatebullying.Alsobystanderswhetheractivelyencouragingthebullyingactorpassivelystandingbyplayaroleinmaintainingthepatternofbullying.Eventhestudentswhohabituallyfleethesiteofabullyingactplayaroleinmaintainingthebully/victiminteraction.Inhandlingthesituationitisimportantnottofocusonlyontheoneortwostudentsthataredirectlyinvolvedbutontheplaygroundandschoolasawhole.Studieshaveshownthatinordertobreakdownthestabilityofpeerbullyingyoumustinitiatechangeonmanylevels:Notonlyinteachingthebulliedchildhowtoasserthimselforherselfandtodeflectattacksbutalsotoraiseawarenessabouttheproblemofbullyingandencouragetheschoolcommunityatlargetotakeaunitedstanceagainstbullying.Accordingtotheauthorwhatkindofperspectiveshouldwehaveforschoolbullying
BurkinaFasostudentteacherHemaCecilehasalotmoretimetocrackthebooksthankstoarecentinitiativefromtheWorldBankandtheInternationalFinanceCorporationIFC.ThelaunchoftheLightingAfricaprogrambythetwoorganizationsthisyearhasmadeitpossibleforCeciletoswapkerosenelampsforasolar-poweredLEDlantern.LightingAfricaisa＄12millionprojectwhichintendstobringlighttothepoorestregionsacrosssub-SaharanAfrica.Theprogramworkswiththelightingindustrytodevelopcleanaffordablelightingandenergysolutionsformillionswithoutaccesstoelectricgrids.Itsaimistoacceleratethemarketandtodevelopeducationprogramsthatinformoff-gridpopulationscurrentlydependentoncostlyinefficientandhazardousfuel-basedlightingaboutmodernalternatives.Cecileusedtospend＄3-4amonthonkeroseneforherlamp.Thatisalargeproportionofherearnings—like70percentofthepopulationshelivesonlessthan＄2aday.IntheweekssincebuyingherlanternshehasmanagedtoreadfourbooksincludingMadameBovary.byGustaveFlaubertandEmileZola’sGerminal.Sheisamongthemostlearnedinasocietywhichhastheworld’slowestliteracyrateaccordingtoa2007UNHumanDevelopmentReport.WhenshegraduatesnextyearshewillteachinalocaljuniorschoolShemakesendsmeetbyholidayjobsasacleanerandanITtrainer.ToearnherdailyrationofcornmealshedoesshiftsfromMaytoSeptemberinacornfield.Thelanternsaredesignedtolooklikethekeroseneonestheyarereplacinginordertoincreaseadoptionamongthepopulation.Eachhasasmallsolarpanelonthetopandcostsanaverage＄30althoughsomecost＄100dependingonthesizeofthebatteryandthenumberofLEDlightsitcontains.BecauseofthelargenumberofsunlighthoursinBurkinaFasothelampscanbereliedontoworkwheneverneeded.Thebatterylifeis2-4yearsandcanbereplacedoncetheylosetheirstoragecapacity.TheLEDlightslast5-10years.AlthoughitisbarelyoutofitstrialperiodtheprojectChabannesaidtherearesignstheprojectisaboonforthepopulationinareasotherthanhouseholdsavingsandeducation.Therearefewerpeoplereportingeyeproblemstothelocalhospital./Whatdoestheauthorthinkaboutthefutureoftheprojectmentionedinthispassage
LikeallthehugemetropolisesoftheworldtherearelotsofdiversionsbothoutdoorsandindoorsinChicago.TheArtInstituteofChicagohasoneoftheworld’s1artcollectionsincludingmoreFrenchImpressionistpaintingsthanevenintheParisLouvreitself.TheFieldMuseumofNaturalHistoryandtheMuseumofScienceandIndustryarealsogreathistoricalandculturaltreasurehousesto2aswellasentertainchildrenandadults3IntheFieldMuseumonecomes4asurprisinglybigcollectionofChineseexhibitsfromtheancient5totheearlycentury.TheSearsTowerandtheBuckinghamFountainaretheprideoftheChicagoans;6having110storeysissaidtobethehighesttowerintheworldandthe7isthelargestfountainintheUnitedStates.LakeMichiganisforyachtinginsummertime8thehighlightsofChicagolifealltheyearroundareconcertsoperasandplays9bythecity’sorchestraoperahousesandtheatres.InsummerespeciallyaroundtheIndependenceDayJuly4thmanyfestivalsandfairsaregivenoutdoorswhich10crowdsandcrowdsofpeoplewiththeirparadesfireworks11concertswater-skiingandgoodfoods. ButwithallitsattractionsandbeautifulspotsChicagoisalsoacity12forcrimes.Allthedwellinghousesare13withthreedoorsandvisitorshavetospeakthroughmicrophone14inthewalltotheresidentsbeforetheycangetadmitted.Inthestreetstherearewhite-colortelephones.Whenonefindsoneself15heneedsonlytoknockthereceiver16thehookandthenextinstantthepolicewill17.Ifonedoesnotdriveacaritmaywellbedangerousforhimorhertogooutaloneintheevening.AtfirstIdidnottakethiswarningseriously.18mytwoencounterswiththeBlackpeople19duskintheneighborhoodweresounpleasantandfrighteningthatIhave20shutmyselfeveningsinmyroominalmostallstudyingimposingacurfewonmyself. 3
1.yoursympathyforherillness;2.sendingflowersandwishes;3.providinganyhelpforher.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.UseIrisinstead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.10points
Iamdelightedtoguestatthisfestiveoccasioncelebratingthe50thanniversaryofdiplomaticrelationsbetweenFinlandandthePeople’sRepublicofChina.IhavebeenaskedtogiveacommentontheoutlookforthecommonEuropeancurrencytheEuro.DuringthepastyearorsoalotofdifferentviewshavebeenpresentedabouttheEuro’sperformance.46ConsideringthefactthattheEuroisanewcurrencywithamajorinternationalroleintheforignexchangemarketsitisonlynaturalthatithasdrawnmuchattention. HoweverIwouldliketopointoutthatattemptstomeasurethesucoessoftheEconomicandMonetaryUnionbytheEuro’sexternalvaluearemisplaced.ThebenefitsoftheEurostemfromelsewhere.IndeedthebenefitsthattheEurocanandwillofferaredistinctlyofalong-termandstructuralnature.IntheendashorttermmisalignmentoftheEurohasverylittletodowiththesestructuraldevelopments. Onecancomeupwithanumberofexplanations’forthedepreciationoftheEuroorthestrengthoftheUSdollarwhichistheothersideofthecoin.47ThegrowthgapandassociatedinterestratedifferencebetweentheEuroareaandUnitedStateshavebeennodoubtamongthemostpopularexplanationsandthereissometruthtothis.MostimportantlythedynamicgrowthintheUShasbeenasourceofconstantsurprisetomostofus. 48HoweverinthemeantimetheeconomicoutlookfortheEuroareahasimprovedconsiderably.TheEuropeanCentralBankhassucceededverywellindeliveringpricestabilityfortheEuroarefiwhichisitsprimaryandthemostimportantobjective. MemberStatesoftheEuroareahaveagreedonandimplementedanumberofimportantinitiativesaimingatraisingthegrowthpotentialoftheEuroarea.IndeeddespiteofthesefactsitseemsthattheuncertaintiesassociatedwiththeEuroareahavereceivedmoreattentionthanthoseaffectingtheUSEconomy.ThisasymmetryhasaffectedtheEuronegatively.49AccordingitiswidelyrecognisedthattheEuroissignificantlyundervaluedandthepresentleveldoesnotreflectthestrongfundamentalsoftheEuroareaeconomy. MostofthesechallengesreflectthefactthattheEuroisstillayoungcurrency.50InfactforthecitizensoftheEuroareathesinglecurrencywillnotbecomemoretangibleuntil’2002whentheactualnotesandcoinswillbeintroduced.ThisisjusttosaythatatthispointonlytentativeconclusionsofthefunctioningoftheEurocanbemade. ThegrowthgapandassociatedinterestratedifferencebetweentheEuroareaandUnitedStateshavebeennodoubtamongthemostpopularexplanationsandthereissometruthtothis.
Achildmayleanagainstadoorpostwithhisorherarmsfolded.Totheonlookeritmaylooklikeabenignposture—howevertheremaybeavictimizedchildwhounderstandsthatthisisthebully’sshorthandcodeofconveyingthemessage:Handmeyourlunchasyouwalkbymeorelse.Bullyingmaybeexpressedinmanyforms.Boysaregenerallytargetedmorethangirls.Boystendtousephysicalaggressionwhentheybully.byhittingkickingandfighting.Girlsontheotherhandmoreoftenuseexclusionarytechniquestobully—aformofaggressionoftenreferredtoasrelationalaggression.Girlsoftenstartrumorsformcliquestokeepcertainpeopleoutandignoreotherchildreninattemptstoshowdominanceoveranotherchild.Manychildrenwhoarevictimizedfitintooneoftwotypes:thepassivevictimandtheprovocativevictim.Whilepeopleoftenfeelbadaboutpassivevictimsprovocativevictimsoftenelicitlesscompassionfromothers.Sometimesitappearsthattheprovocativevictimhasbroughtonhisorherownfate—butdoesanychilddeservetobethetargetofrepeatedphysicalorverbalaggressionWhymightso-calledprovocativevictimsactivelyparticipateinbeingthetargetofbullying:ForexamplearetheirprovocativegesturessimplyaclumsywayofattemptingtointeractwithothersOnefeelscompassionfortheinhibitedchildbecauseheisreserved;asocialmisfortuneinoursocietybutanaggressivechildisgivennoneofthis.Thedynamicsofthebully/victimrelationshipneedtobeunderstoodinalargercontextPeplerCraig&O’Connell1999.Itisnotonlythebullyandthevictimthatisinvolvedinasystemofinteraction:Thebullyingcontextincludesmultiplelevelsofthechild’ssocialenvironment.Thebullymayenlistthehelpofhenchmenthosewhoassistthebullybutoftendonothavetheinitiativeorleadershiptoinitiatebullying.Alsobystanderswhetheractivelyencouragingthebullyingactorpassivelystandingbyplayaroleinmaintainingthepatternofbullying.Eventhestudentswhohabituallyfleethesiteofabullyingactplayaroleinmaintainingthebully/victiminteraction.Inhandlingthesituationitisimportantnottofocusonlyontheoneortwostudentsthataredirectlyinvolvedbutontheplaygroundandschoolasawhole.Studieshaveshownthatinordertobreakdownthestabilityofpeerbullyingyoumustinitiatechangeonmanylevels:Notonlyinteachingthebulliedchildhowtoasserthimselforherselfandtodeflectattacksbutalsotoraiseawarenessabouttheproblemofbullyingandencouragetheschoolcommunityatlargetotakeaunitedstanceagainstbullying.Whichoneofthefollowingistrueaboutprovocativevictims
LikeallthehugemetropolisesoftheworldtherearelotsofdiversionsbothoutdoorsandindoorsinChicago.TheArtInstituteofChicagohasoneoftheworld’s1artcollectionsincludingmoreFrenchImpressionistpaintingsthanevenintheParisLouvreitself.TheFieldMuseumofNaturalHistoryandtheMuseumofScienceandIndustryarealsogreathistoricalandculturaltreasurehousesto2aswellasentertainchildrenandadults3IntheFieldMuseumonecomes4asurprisinglybigcollectionofChineseexhibitsfromtheancient5totheearlycentury.TheSearsTowerandtheBuckinghamFountainaretheprideoftheChicagoans;6having110storeysissaidtobethehighesttowerintheworldandthe7isthelargestfountainintheUnitedStates.LakeMichiganisforyachtinginsummertime8thehighlightsofChicagolifealltheyearroundareconcertsoperasandplays9bythecity’sorchestraoperahousesandtheatres.InsummerespeciallyaroundtheIndependenceDayJuly4thmanyfestivalsandfairsaregivenoutdoorswhich10crowdsandcrowdsofpeoplewiththeirparadesfireworks11concertswater-skiingandgoodfoods. ButwithallitsattractionsandbeautifulspotsChicagoisalsoacity12forcrimes.Allthedwellinghousesare13withthreedoorsandvisitorshavetospeakthroughmicrophone14inthewalltotheresidentsbeforetheycangetadmitted.Inthestreetstherearewhite-colortelephones.Whenonefindsoneself15heneedsonlytoknockthereceiver16thehookandthenextinstantthepolicewill17.Ifonedoesnotdriveacaritmaywellbedangerousforhimorhertogooutaloneintheevening.AtfirstIdidnottakethiswarningseriously.18mytwoencounterswiththeBlackpeople19duskintheneighborhoodweresounpleasantandfrighteningthatIhave20shutmyselfeveningsinmyroominalmostallstudyingimposingacurfewonmyself. 17
Iamdelightedtoguestatthisfestiveoccasioncelebratingthe50thanniversaryofdiplomaticrelationsbetweenFinlandandthePeople’sRepublicofChina.IhavebeenaskedtogiveacommentontheoutlookforthecommonEuropeancurrencytheEuro.DuringthepastyearorsoalotofdifferentviewshavebeenpresentedabouttheEuro’sperformance.46ConsideringthefactthattheEuroisanewcurrencywithamajorinternationalroleintheforignexchangemarketsitisonlynaturalthatithasdrawnmuchattention. HoweverIwouldliketopointoutthatattemptstomeasurethesucoessoftheEconomicandMonetaryUnionbytheEuro’sexternalvaluearemisplaced.ThebenefitsoftheEurostemfromelsewhere.IndeedthebenefitsthattheEurocanandwillofferaredistinctlyofalong-termandstructuralnature.IntheendashorttermmisalignmentoftheEurohasverylittletodowiththesestructuraldevelopments. Onecancomeupwithanumberofexplanations’forthedepreciationoftheEuroorthestrengthoftheUSdollarwhichistheothersideofthecoin.47ThegrowthgapandassociatedinterestratedifferencebetweentheEuroareaandUnitedStateshavebeennodoubtamongthemostpopularexplanationsandthereissometruthtothis.MostimportantlythedynamicgrowthintheUShasbeenasourceofconstantsurprisetomostofus. 48HoweverinthemeantimetheeconomicoutlookfortheEuroareahasimprovedconsiderably.TheEuropeanCentralBankhassucceededverywellindeliveringpricestabilityfortheEuroarefiwhichisitsprimaryandthemostimportantobjective. MemberStatesoftheEuroareahaveagreedonandimplementedanumberofimportantinitiativesaimingatraisingthegrowthpotentialoftheEuroarea.IndeeddespiteofthesefactsitseemsthattheuncertaintiesassociatedwiththeEuroareahavereceivedmoreattentionthanthoseaffectingtheUSEconomy.ThisasymmetryhasaffectedtheEuronegatively.49AccordingitiswidelyrecognisedthattheEuroissignificantlyundervaluedandthepresentleveldoesnotreflectthestrongfundamentalsoftheEuroareaeconomy. MostofthesechallengesreflectthefactthattheEuroisstillayoungcurrency.50InfactforthecitizensoftheEuroareathesinglecurrencywillnotbecomemoretangibleuntil’2002whentheactualnotesandcoinswillbeintroduced.ThisisjusttosaythatatthispointonlytentativeconclusionsofthefunctioningoftheEurocanbemade. AccordingitiswidelyrecognisedthattheEuroissignificantlyundervaluedandthepresentleveldoesnotreflectthestrongfundamentalsoftheEuroareaeconomy.
[A]Anti-virussoftwareoftenbouncesawarningbacktothesenderofaninfectede-mailsayingthatthee-mailinquestioncannotbedeliveredbecauseitcontainsavirus.SoBig.Fwasabletospoofthissystemby"harvesting"e-mailaddressesfromtheharddisksofinfectedcomputers.Someoftheseaddresseswerethensentinfectede-mailsthathadbeendoctoredtolookasthoughtheyhadcomefromotherharvestedaddresses.Thelatterwerethussentwarningseventhoughtheirmachinesmaynothavebeeninfected. [B]Blasterworkedbycreatinga"bufferoverrunintheremoteprocedurecall".InEnglishthatearnsitattackedapieceofsoftwareusedbyMicrosoft’sWindowsoperatingsystemtoallowonecomputertocontrolanother.Itdidsobycausingthatsoftwaretousetoomuchmemory. [C]Thoughbothoftheseprogramsfellshortoftheapparentobjectivesoftheirauthorstheystillcauseddamage.ForinstancetheyforcedtheshutdownofanumberofcomputernetworksincludingtheoneusedbytheNewYorkTimesnewsroomandtheoneorganizingtrainsoperatedbyCSXafreightcompanyonAmerica’seastcoast.Computerscientistsexpectthatitisonlyamatteroftimebeforeatrulydevastatingvirusisunleashed. [D]MostwormsworkbyexploitingweaknessesinanoperatingsystembutwhoeverwroteBlasterhadaparticularlyrefinedsenseofhumoursincethewebsiteunderattackwastheonefromwhichuserscouldobtainaprogramtofixtheveryweaknessinWindowsthatthewormitselfwasexploiting. [E]OnewaytodealwithawickedwormlikeBlasteristodesignafairygodmotherwormthatgoesaroundrepairingvulnerablemachinesautomatically.InthecaseofBlastersomeoneseemstohavetriedexactlythatwithaprogramcalledWelchi.HoweveraccordingtoMr.HaleyWelchihascausedalmostasmanyproblemsasBlasteritselfbyoverwhelmingnetworkswith"pings"signalsthatcheckedforthepresenceofothercomputers. [F]SoBig.Fwasthemorevisibleofthetworecentwavesofinfectionbecauseitpropagateditselfbye-mailmeaningthatvictimsnoticedwhatwasgoingon.SoBig.Fwassoeffectivethatitcausedsubstantialdisruptioneventothoseprotectedbyanti-virussoftware.Thatwasbecausesomanycopiesofthevirusspreadsome500000computerswereinfectedthatmanymachineswereoverwhelmedbymessagesfromtheirownanti-virussoftware.Ontopofthatonecommoncounter-measurebackfiredincreasingtrafficstillfurther. [G]KevinHaleyofSymantecafirmthatmakesanti-virussoftwarethinksthatonereasonSoBig.Fwassomuchmoreeffectivethanothervirusesthatworkthiswayisbecauseitwasbetteratsearchinghard-drivesforaddresses.BrianKingofCERTaninternet-securitycentreatCarnegie-MellonUniversityinPittsburghnotesthatunlikeitsprecursorsSoBig.Fwascapableof"multi-threading":itcouldsendmultiplee-mailssimultaneouslyallowingittodispatchthousandsinminutes. 43
Achildmayleanagainstadoorpostwithhisorherarmsfolded.Totheonlookeritmaylooklikeabenignposture—howevertheremaybeavictimizedchildwhounderstandsthatthisisthebully’sshorthandcodeofconveyingthemessage:Handmeyourlunchasyouwalkbymeorelse.Bullyingmaybeexpressedinmanyforms.Boysaregenerallytargetedmorethangirls.Boystendtousephysicalaggressionwhentheybully.byhittingkickingandfighting.Girlsontheotherhandmoreoftenuseexclusionarytechniquestobully—aformofaggressionoftenreferredtoasrelationalaggression.Girlsoftenstartrumorsformcliquestokeepcertainpeopleoutandignoreotherchildreninattemptstoshowdominanceoveranotherchild.Manychildrenwhoarevictimizedfitintooneoftwotypes:thepassivevictimandtheprovocativevictim.Whilepeopleoftenfeelbadaboutpassivevictimsprovocativevictimsoftenelicitlesscompassionfromothers.Sometimesitappearsthattheprovocativevictimhasbroughtonhisorherownfate—butdoesanychilddeservetobethetargetofrepeatedphysicalorverbalaggressionWhymightso-calledprovocativevictimsactivelyparticipateinbeingthetargetofbullying:ForexamplearetheirprovocativegesturessimplyaclumsywayofattemptingtointeractwithothersOnefeelscompassionfortheinhibitedchildbecauseheisreserved;asocialmisfortuneinoursocietybutanaggressivechildisgivennoneofthis.Thedynamicsofthebully/victimrelationshipneedtobeunderstoodinalargercontextPeplerCraig&O’Connell1999.Itisnotonlythebullyandthevictimthatisinvolvedinasystemofinteraction:Thebullyingcontextincludesmultiplelevelsofthechild’ssocialenvironment.Thebullymayenlistthehelpofhenchmenthosewhoassistthebullybutoftendonothavetheinitiativeorleadershiptoinitiatebullying.Alsobystanderswhetheractivelyencouragingthebullyingactorpassivelystandingbyplayaroleinmaintainingthepatternofbullying.Eventhestudentswhohabituallyfleethesiteofabullyingactplayaroleinmaintainingthebully/victiminteraction.Inhandlingthesituationitisimportantnottofocusonlyontheoneortwostudentsthataredirectlyinvolvedbutontheplaygroundandschoolasawhole.Studieshaveshownthatinordertobreakdownthestabilityofpeerbullyingyoumustinitiatechangeonmanylevels:Notonlyinteachingthebulliedchildhowtoasserthimselforherselfandtodeflectattacksbutalsotoraiseawarenessabouttheproblemofbullyingandencouragetheschoolcommunityatlargetotakeaunitedstanceagainstbullying.Thepurposeoftheexamplepresentedinthefirstparagraphis______.
Wateristhemostcommonsubstanceonearth.Itcovorsmorethan70percentoftheearth’s surface.Itfillstheoceansriversandlakesandisinthegroundandintheairwebreathe.Wateriseverywhere.Withoutwatertherecanbenolife.Infacteverylivingthingconsistsmostly0fwater.41______ 42______.Rainhammersatthelandandwashessoilintorivers.Theoceanspoundagainsttheshoreschiselingcliffsandcarryingawayland.Riversknifethroughrockcarvecanyonsandbuilduplandwheretheyemptyintothesea.Glaciersplowvalleysandcutdownmountains. 43______.Landabsorbsandreleasesheatfromthesunquickly.Buttheoceansabsorbandreleasethesun’sheatslowly.Sobreezesfromtheoceansbringwarmthtothelandinwinterandcoolnessinsummer. Throughouthistorywaterhasbeenpeople’sslaveandtheirmaster.Greatcivilizationshaverisenwherewatersupplieswereplentiful.Theyhavefallenwhenthesesuppliesfailed.Peoplehavekilledoneanotherforamuddywaterhole.Theyhaveworshipedraingodsandprayedforrain.Oftenwhenrainshavefailedtocomecropshavewitheredandstarvationhasspreadacrossaland.44______ Todaymorethaneverwaterisbothslaveandmastertopeople.Weusewaterinourhomesforcleaningcookingbathingandcarryingawaywastes.Weusewatertoirrigatedryfarmlandssowecangrowmorefood.Ourfactoriesusemorewaterthananyothermaterial.Weusethewaterinrushingriversandthunderingwaterfallstoproduceelectricity.Ourdemandforwaterisconstantlyincreasing. Everyyeartherearemorepeopleintheworld.Factoriesturnoutmoreandmoreproductsandneedmoreandmorewater.Weliveinaworldofwater.Butalmostallofitabout97percentisintheoceans.Thiswateristoosaltytobeusedfordrinkingfarmingandmanufacturing.Onlyabout3percentoftheworld’swaterisfreshunsalty.45______ A.Eversincetheworldbeganwaterhasbeenshapingtheearth. B.Whenwearerunningwefeelthirstyanddrinkalotofwater.Infactwhenweeatthefoodconsistsofplentyofwater. C.Waterhelpskeeptheearth’sclimatefromgettingtoohotortoocold. D.Sometimestherainshavefallentooheavilyandtoosuddenly.Thenrivershaveoverflowedtheirbanksdrowninglargenumbersofpeopleandcausingenormousdestructionofproperty. E.Yourbodyisabouttwo-thirdswater.Achickenisaboutthree-fourthswaterandapineappleisaboutfour-fifthswater.Mostscientistsbelievethatlifeitselfbeganinwater--inthesaltywaterofthesea. F.Nowadaysscientistsareconsideringmakinguseofoceanwater.Theapplicationofthe4technologytoturnsaltywaterintofreshwaterwillcomeintobeingverysoon. G.Mostofthiswaterisnoteasilyavailabletopeoplebecauseitislockedinicecapsandotherglaciers.Bytheyear2010theworlddemandforfreshwatermaybedoublewhatitwasinthe1980’s.Buttherewillstillbeenoughtomeetpeople’sneeds. 41
DoyourchildrenlietoyouandtheirfriendsabouttheiractivitiesonlineDotheyfeelemptydepressedandirritablewhennotatthecomputerDotheyhaveproblemswithschoolorworkyettheyalwaysseemtofeelenergizedagainwhentheyareatthecomputerssurfingtheinternetIfyouansweredyestooneorevenmoreoftheabovequestionsyourchildrenaresufferingfrominternetaddiction.Theamountoftimekidsspendonlineisasourceofheadachesformanyparents.AtfirstparentswelcomedtheInternetintotheirhomesbelievingtheywereopeningupanexcitingnewworldofeducationalopportunitiesfortheirchildren.ButsoontotheirdisappointmentinsteadofusingtheInternetforhomeworkorresearchtheirkidswerespendinghoursinstantchattingwithfriendsplayingonlinegamesoreventalkingtostrangersinchatroomswhichisposingrealdangerstothechildren.Maintainingahealthybalancebetweenentertainmentmediaandotheractivitiesinchildren’sliveshasalwaysbeenachallengeforparents.TheInternethasmadethischallengeevenmoredifficult.TheengagingnatureofInternetcommunicationsandinteractivegamesmeansmanychildrenandteenshavetroublecontrollingthetimetheyspentonline.Unfortunatelyparentsandteachersdonotrealizethatthereisaproblemuntilitbecomesserious.TomakeitworseInternetaddictionisnotwidelyrecognizedbythemedicalcommunity.Mentalhealthpractitionerscontinuetodebatewhetherthisbehaviorisanaddictionwithsomepreferringtoidentifyitasbehaviorcontrolproblems.Childrenandyoungpeoplecaneasilybecomehookedononlineactivitiessuchasmulti-usergamesinstantmessagingwiththeirpalsandchatrooms.ThechildrenmosteasilyinfluencedaccordingtotheComputer-AddictionServicesatHarvardMedicalSchoolarethosewhoarelonelyandboredorfromfamilieswherenobodyisathometorelatetoafterschool.Childrenwhoareunpopularorshywithpeersareoftenattractedtotheopportunitiesforcreatingnewidentitiesinonlinecommunities.Boysinparticulararefrequentusersofonlinerole-playinggameswheretheyhavenewidentitiesandinteractwithotherplayers.Althoughplayingthesegameswiththousandsofotherusersmayappeartobeasocialactivityforthetroubledchildorteentoomuchplayingcanfurtherseparatethemfromfriendsandpeers.Whatisthechallengetheauthoristalkingaboutinparagraph2
DoyourchildrenlietoyouandtheirfriendsabouttheiractivitiesonlineDotheyfeelemptydepressedandirritablewhennotatthecomputerDotheyhaveproblemswithschoolorworkyettheyalwaysseemtofeelenergizedagainwhentheyareatthecomputerssurfingtheinternetIfyouansweredyestooneorevenmoreoftheabovequestionsyourchildrenaresufferingfrominternetaddiction.Theamountoftimekidsspendonlineisasourceofheadachesformanyparents.AtfirstparentswelcomedtheInternetintotheirhomesbelievingtheywereopeningupanexcitingnewworldofeducationalopportunitiesfortheirchildren.ButsoontotheirdisappointmentinsteadofusingtheInternetforhomeworkorresearchtheirkidswerespendinghoursinstantchattingwithfriendsplayingonlinegamesoreventalkingtostrangersinchatroomswhichisposingrealdangerstothechildren.Maintainingahealthybalancebetweenentertainmentmediaandotheractivitiesinchildren’sliveshasalwaysbeenachallengeforparents.TheInternethasmadethischallengeevenmoredifficult.TheengagingnatureofInternetcommunicationsandinteractivegamesmeansmanychildrenandteenshavetroublecontrollingthetimetheyspentonline.Unfortunatelyparentsandteachersdonotrealizethatthereisaproblemuntilitbecomesserious.TomakeitworseInternetaddictionisnotwidelyrecognizedbythemedicalcommunity.Mentalhealthpractitionerscontinuetodebatewhetherthisbehaviorisanaddictionwithsomepreferringtoidentifyitasbehaviorcontrolproblems.Childrenandyoungpeoplecaneasilybecomehookedononlineactivitiessuchasmulti-usergamesinstantmessagingwiththeirpalsandchatrooms.ThechildrenmosteasilyinfluencedaccordingtotheComputer-AddictionServicesatHarvardMedicalSchoolarethosewhoarelonelyandboredorfromfamilieswherenobodyisathometorelatetoafterschool.Childrenwhoareunpopularorshywithpeersareoftenattractedtotheopportunitiesforcreatingnewidentitiesinonlinecommunities.Boysinparticulararefrequentusersofonlinerole-playinggameswheretheyhavenewidentitiesandinteractwithotherplayers.Althoughplayingthesegameswiththousandsofotherusersmayappeartobeasocialactivityforthetroubledchildorteentoomuchplayingcanfurtherseparatethemfromfriendsandpeers.Whoseemtobethegroupofchildrenthataremoreeasilytogetaddictedwithinternet
LikeallthehugemetropolisesoftheworldtherearelotsofdiversionsbothoutdoorsandindoorsinChicago.TheArtInstituteofChicagohasoneoftheworld’s1artcollectionsincludingmoreFrenchImpressionistpaintingsthanevenintheParisLouvreitself.TheFieldMuseumofNaturalHistoryandtheMuseumofScienceandIndustryarealsogreathistoricalandculturaltreasurehousesto2aswellasentertainchildrenandadults3IntheFieldMuseumonecomes4asurprisinglybigcollectionofChineseexhibitsfromtheancient5totheearlycentury.TheSearsTowerandtheBuckinghamFountainaretheprideoftheChicagoans;6having110storeysissaidtobethehighesttowerintheworldandthe7isthelargestfountainintheUnitedStates.LakeMichiganisforyachtinginsummertime8thehighlightsofChicagolifealltheyearroundareconcertsoperasandplays9bythecity’sorchestraoperahousesandtheatres.InsummerespeciallyaroundtheIndependenceDayJuly4thmanyfestivalsandfairsaregivenoutdoorswhich10crowdsandcrowdsofpeoplewiththeirparadesfireworks11concertswater-skiingandgoodfoods. ButwithallitsattractionsandbeautifulspotsChicagoisalsoacity12forcrimes.Allthedwellinghousesare13withthreedoorsandvisitorshavetospeakthroughmicrophone14inthewalltotheresidentsbeforetheycangetadmitted.Inthestreetstherearewhite-colortelephones.Whenonefindsoneself15heneedsonlytoknockthereceiver16thehookandthenextinstantthepolicewill17.Ifonedoesnotdriveacaritmaywellbedangerousforhimorhertogooutaloneintheevening.AtfirstIdidnottakethiswarningseriously.18mytwoencounterswiththeBlackpeople19duskintheneighborhoodweresounpleasantandfrighteningthatIhave20shutmyselfeveningsinmyroominalmostallstudyingimposingacurfewonmyself. 5
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