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Text4 AreportconsistentlybroughtbackbyvisitorstotheUSishowfriendlycourteousandhelpfulmostAmericanswereto’them.TobefairthisobservationisalsofrequentlymadeofCanadaandCanadiansandshouldbestbeconsideredNorthAmerican.Thereareofcourseexceptions.Small-mindedofficialsrudewaitersandill-manneredtaxidriversarehardlyunknownintheUS.Yetitisanobservationmadesofrequentlythatitdeservescomment. Foralongperiodoftimeand{nmanypartsofthecountryatravelerwasawelcomebreakinanotherwisedullexistence.Dullnessandlonelinesswerecommonproblemsofthefamilieswhogenerallyliveddistantfromoneanother.Strangersandtravelerswerewelcomesourceofdiversionandbroughtnewsoftheoutsideworld. Theharshrealitiesofthefrontieralsoshapedthistraditionofhospitality.Someonetravelingaloneifhungryinjuredorilloftenhadnowheretoturnexcepttothenearestcabinorsettlement..Itwasnotamatterofchoiceforthetravelerormerelyacharitableimpulseonthepartofthesettlers.Itreflectedtheharshnessofdailylifeifyoudidn’ttakeinthestrangerandtakecareofhimtherewasnooneelsewhowould.Andsomedayrememberyoumightbeinthesamesituation. Todaytherearemanycharitableorganizationswhichspecializeinhelpingthewearytraveler.YettheoldtraditionofhospitalitytostrangersisstillverystrongintheUSespeciallyinthesmallercitiesandtownsawayfromthebusytouristtrails."IwasjusttravelingthroughgottalkingwiththisAmericanandprettysoonheinvitedmehomefordinner--amazing."SuchobservationsreportedbyvisitorstotheUSarenotuncommonbutarenotalwaysunderstoodproperly.ThecasualfriendlinessofmanyAmericansshouldbeinterpretedneitherassuperficialnorasartificialbutastheresultofahistoricallydevelopedculturaltradition. AsistrueofanydevelopedsocietyinAmericaacomplexsetofculturalsignalsassumptionsandconventionsunderliesallsocialinterrelationships.Andofcoursespeakingalanguagedoesnotnecessarilymeanthatsomeoneunderstandssocialandculturalpatterns.Visitorswhofailto"translate"culturalmeaningsproperlyoftendrawwrongconclusions.Forexamplewhen.anAmericanusestheword"friend"theculturalimplicationsofthewordmaybequitedifferentfromthoseithasinthevisitorslanguageandculture.Ittakesmorethanabriefencounteronabustodistinguishbetweencourteousconventionandindividualinterest.YetbeingfriendlyisavirtuethatmanyAmericansvaluehighlyandexpectfrombothneighborsandstrangers. Itcouldbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat
Text3 WhoknowsbetterthanyourcustomerswhereyouroperationscanbeimprovedTodayprogressivefirmsincreasinglyrelyonadvisorycouncilstosuggestimprovementsrecommendactionandofferfeedbackonprogramsandpolicies.Infactmanycompaniesfeelthatthisformofcommunicationisvitaltothecontinuousimprovementoftheirbusinessoperations. Acouncilamongotherthingsimprovescommunicationandspursimprovementofoperations.Rememberthatthesecrettosuccessisdialogue--the.exchangeofideasandopinions.Focusonproblemsyourcustomershave.Spelloutyourgoalsandobjectives. Eachmeetingshouldhaveaspecificobjectivetoaccomplish.Determinethemeeting’sfrequency.Ifyouwanttoimplementastrategicplananannualmeetingmaybeenough.Ifyouwanttofocusonoperationalissuesmoremeetingsmaybeneeded. Agoodcouncilwillhavenomorethan12peoplewithhalfofthemembersfromyourcompanyandhalfyourcustomers.Itshouldalsohavediversityinitsmembership.Membersshouldservefromonetothreeyears-rotationofmembershipwillensurethecouncildoesn’tbecomestale. Findanapproximatemeetingsitewhetherit’sin-houseoroffsitewheretherewillbenointerruptions.Youshouldpayforalltheexpensesrelatedtothemeeting--rememberthecouncilmembersareprovidingyourcompanywithaservice.Treatthemasyourguestsandyourexperts. Ifyouhaveafixedbeginningandendingtimetoyourmeetingsticktoit..Whenstructuringthemeetingrememberthe80720problem-solvingrule.Structurethemeetingsothat20percentofthetimeisspentidentifyingordiscussingaproblemand80percentofthetimeisspentdesigningasolution. Oftenitishelpfultohaveapersonactastimekeeperandannouncewhentheagendatimeforaparticularitemhasexpired.Howeverduringthemeetingbeflexible.Thefacilitatorcanallow.thegrouptodecidewhethertomoveontothenextitemorextendthediscussion.Asyougoalonglooktonarrowthedifferencesamongmembersandformaconsensus. Asthemeetingclosessummarizewhatwasaccomplishedcheckingforagreementandcommitmentamongthemembers.Makeadetailedlistofthefollow-upitemswhohasresponsibilityforeachitemandatimelineforcompletion. Theresultsfromreallylisteningtoandlearningfromyourcustomersinawell-runadvisorycouncilcanpayhugedividends. Whatisthemainprincipletobeobservedinfollowingtheprocedures
Text4 Sciencehaslongsincehadanuneasyrelationshipwithotheraspectsofculture.ThinkofGalileo’s17th-centurytrifil’forhisrebellingbelieftheCatholicChurchorpoetWilliamBlack’sharshremarksagainstthemechanisticworldviewofIsaacNewton.Theschismbetweenscienceandthehumanitieshasifanythingdeepenedinthiscentury~ Untilrecentlythescientificcommunitywassopowerfulthatitcouldaffordtoignoreitscritics-butnolonger.Asfundingforsciencehasdeclinedscientistshaveattacked’antiscience’inseveralbooksnotablyHigherSuperstitionbyPaulR.GrossabiologistattheUniversityofVirginiaandNormanLevittamathematicianatRutgersUniversity;andTheDemon-HauntedWorldbyCarlSaganofCornellUniversity. Defendersofsciencehavealsovoicedtheirconcernsatmeetingssuchas"TheFlightfromScienceandReason"heldinNewYorkCityin1995and"ScienceintheAgeofMissinformation"whichassembledlastJunenearBuffalo. Antiscienceclearlymeansdifferentthingstodifferentpeople;GrossandLevittfindfaultprimarilywithsociologistsphilosophersandotheracademicswhohavequestionedsciencesobjectivity.Saganismoreconcernedwiththosewhobelieveinghostscreationismandotherphenpmenathatcontradictthescientificworldview. Asurveyofnewsstoriesin1996revealsthattheantisciencetaghasbeenattachedtomanyothergroupsaswellfromauthoritieswhoadvocatedtheeliminationofthelastremainingstocksofsmallpoxvirustoRepublicanswhoadvocateddecreasedfundingforbasicresearch. FewwoulddisputethatthetermappliestotheUnabomberthosemanifestopublishedin1995scornsscienceandlongsforreturntoapretechnologicalutopia.ButsurelythatdoesnotmeanenvironmentalistsconcernedaboutuncontrolledindustrialgrowthareantiscienceasanessayinUSNews&WorldReportlastMayseemedtosuggest. Theenvironmentalistsinevitablyrespondtosuchcritics.ThetrueenemiesofsciencearguesPaulEhrlichofStanfordUniversityapioneerofenvironmentalstudiesarethosewhoquestiontheevidencesupportingglobalwarnfingthedepletionoftheozonelayerandotherconsequencesofindustrialgrowth. Indeedsomeobserversfearthattheantiscienceepithetisindangerofbecomingmeaningless."Theterm’antiscience’canlumptogethertoomanyquitedifferentthingsnotesHarvardUniversityphilosopherGeraldHoltoninhis1993workScienceandAnti-Science."Theyhaveincommononlyonethingthattheytendtoannoyorthreatenthosewhoregardthemselvesasmoreenlightened." Theauthorsattitudetowardtheissueofsciencevs.antiscienceis
Agaragethesedaysisahighlyprizedassetlikelytoaddasmuchas10%～15%tothevalueofahouseespeciallyifit’sinacrowdedsuburbwherestreetparkingisdifficult. Itis1oneofthemostexpensiveadditionsyoucanmake.Abrickdouble2withaninternalfloor3of350squarefeetmightcostf8-9000thoughyoucould4thatbybetweenaquarterandahalf5youuseddirectlabourorbuiltityourself.Forthesame6you7have2extrabedroomsand.abathroom.8theprewardayswhensuburbangardenswere9thanahandkerchiefthegaragewas10asthe"motorhouse".Itusuallystoodatthe11ofthegardenasfarawayfromthe12aspossible.Nowadaysandnotjustfor13ofspacewe14thegaragetobe15tothehouseorsometimeseveninside16Normallyit17tobebig18fortwocarsparkedsideby19thoughsomebuildersstillcheatandprovideanose-to-tailunitwhichsavesonspacebutisanuisanceto20 3
ConventionalwisdominthethirtysomethingeradeclaresthattheAmericanmarriageisinserioustrouble:asky-highdivorceratenewstressesandtensionsinthesexwarsandeasyopportunitiesforextramaritaladventures.NotsoaccordingtoanewsurveyconductedbyGallupforPsychologyTodayandtwonationalTVprogramsKingWorld’sInsideEditionandABC’sHOME.AlthoughsomeexpertsquestionitsaccuracythepollindicatesAmericansaresurprisingandhappilymonogamous.41______ Thepoll’sfindingswillappearinPsychologyToday’sMarchissuealongwithananalysiswrittenbythemagazine’seditorinchiefTGeorgeHarrisandtheorchestratorofthesurveyFatherAndrewGreeley.42______ConsideringthewidespreadpublicitygiventomaritalcheatingGreeleyadmitsthatthesurveyresultswere"somethingofasurprise.""Peoplemaytalkmorethantheyactuallydo."SaysthecelibateRomanCatholicpriestwhoplanstoexpandhisresearchintoabooktentativelycalledFaithfulAttraction."Boastingaboutone’ssexualachievementisnothingnew.Notmanypeopleboastaboutbeingvirtuous."AddsHarris:"Thesecretsideofsexisfaithfulness." 43______.Fouroffivesaidtheywouldwedthesamepersonagaingiventhechance.Threeoutoffourdescribedtheirspousesasphysicallyattractive.Accordingtothepollthethreekeyfactorsinmakingamarriagehappyarecommunicationcooperation-inchildrearingandhouseworkandhavingaromanticimageofone’spartner.Some20%ormoresaidtheyoccasionallyindulgedinsucheroticactivitiesastakingshowerswiththeirspousesmakingloveoutdoorsandwatchingX-ratedvideostogether.BymodeststatisticalmarginsCatholicsappeartobemoresexuallyadventurousthanProtestants. HarrisandGreeleyarguethatthenationmaybeexperiencinganegativebacklashtothesexualrevolution.Theynoteforexamplethat51%ofwomenunder35regrettedhavinghadapremaritalsexualencounterthoughonly16%ofmenfeltthatway.44______ 45______SaysJuneReinischdirectoroftheKinseyInstituteinBloomingtonInd.:“Weestimatethatapproximately37%ofmarriedmenand29%ofmarriedwomenhaveatleastoneextramaritalaffair.”AsurveyconductedbyLillianRubinasociologistatQueensCollegeinNewYorkCityshowsa40%infidelityrateforspouses.GreeleyandHarrishavetwoexplanationsforthedisparitybetweentheirpoll’sresultsandtheconventionalwisdom:1mostsexualsurveysareeitherobsoleteorunscientific;2peoplearevictimsofwhattheauthorscall"pluralisticignorance."Translation:erroneousbeliefssharedbysomeindividualsaboutotherpeople.EventheenchantedspousesintheP.T.Polldidnotbelievetheircommitmenttofidelitywaswidelyshared. A.GreeleyaprofessorofsociologyattheUniversityofArizonaisprobablybestknownaswhatSpmagazinemightcallanun-bosomydirty-bookwriter;hispopnovelsTheCardinalSins;St.Valentine’sNightregularlymakethebestsellercharts. B.Communicationseemstobethefirstofallkeyfactorsinmakingamarriagesmoothsince therearesomepossiblemeansforpeopletodaytoerasemisunderstandings. C.Therearesomesharpchallengestothepoll’sroseateviewofAmericanwedlock. D.Nearlytwo-thirdsofthepoll’s657randomlyselectedrespondentswhowerequeriedbytelephoneshortlybeforeChristmassaidtheywere"veryhappy"intheirmarriage. E:Lackofsexeducationforyoungpeopleisalsooneofthereasonsforhighdivorcerate. F.Thesurvey90%ofhusbandsandwivessaidtheyhadneverbeenunfaithfultotheirspousesandmostgavehighapprovalratingstotheirmates. G.MeanwhileaccordingtoanotherpollthepercentageofAmericanswhodisapprovedofextramaritalsexrosefrom84%in1973to91%in1988. 43
Agaragethesedaysisahighlyprizedassetlikelytoaddasmuchas10%～15%tothevalueofahouseespeciallyifit’sinacrowdedsuburbwherestreetparkingisdifficult. Itis1oneofthemostexpensiveadditionsyoucanmake.Abrickdouble2withaninternalfloor3of350squarefeetmightcostf8-9000thoughyoucould4thatbybetweenaquarterandahalf5youuseddirectlabourorbuiltityourself.Forthesame6you7have2extrabedroomsand.abathroom.8theprewardayswhensuburbangardenswere9thanahandkerchiefthegaragewas10asthe"motorhouse".Itusuallystoodatthe11ofthegardenasfarawayfromthe12aspossible.Nowadaysandnotjustfor13ofspacewe14thegaragetobe15tothehouseorsometimeseveninside16Normallyit17tobebig18fortwocarsparkedsideby19thoughsomebuildersstillcheatandprovideanose-to-tailunitwhichsavesonspacebutisanuisanceto20 13
Agaragethesedaysisahighlyprizedassetlikelytoaddasmuchas10%～15%tothevalueofahouseespeciallyifit’sinacrowdedsuburbwherestreetparkingisdifficult. Itis1oneofthemostexpensiveadditionsyoucanmake.Abrickdouble2withaninternalfloor3of350squarefeetmightcostf8-9000thoughyoucould4thatbybetweenaquarterandahalf5youuseddirectlabourorbuiltityourself.Forthesame6you7have2extrabedroomsand.abathroom.8theprewardayswhensuburbangardenswere9thanahandkerchiefthegaragewas10asthe"motorhouse".Itusuallystoodatthe11ofthegardenasfarawayfromthe12aspossible.Nowadaysandnotjustfor13ofspacewe14thegaragetobe15tothehouseorsometimeseveninside16Normallyit17tobebig18fortwocarsparkedsideby19thoughsomebuildersstillcheatandprovideanose-to-tailunitwhichsavesonspacebutisanuisanceto20 1
Text3 WhoknowsbetterthanyourcustomerswhereyouroperationscanbeimprovedTodayprogressivefirmsincreasinglyrelyonadvisorycouncilstosuggestimprovementsrecommendactionandofferfeedbackonprogramsandpolicies.Infactmanycompaniesfeelthatthisformofcommunicationisvitaltothecontinuousimprovementoftheirbusinessoperations. Acouncilamongotherthingsimprovescommunicationandspursimprovementofoperations.Rememberthatthesecrettosuccessisdialogue--the.exchangeofideasandopinions.Focusonproblemsyourcustomershave.Spelloutyourgoalsandobjectives. Eachmeetingshouldhaveaspecificobjectivetoaccomplish.Determinethemeeting’sfrequency.Ifyouwanttoimplementastrategicplananannualmeetingmaybeenough.Ifyouwanttofocusonoperationalissuesmoremeetingsmaybeneeded. Agoodcouncilwillhavenomorethan12peoplewithhalfofthemembersfromyourcompanyandhalfyourcustomers.Itshouldalsohavediversityinitsmembership.Membersshouldservefromonetothreeyears-rotationofmembershipwillensurethecouncildoesn’tbecomestale. Findanapproximatemeetingsitewhetherit’sin-houseoroffsitewheretherewillbenointerruptions.Youshouldpayforalltheexpensesrelatedtothemeeting--rememberthecouncilmembersareprovidingyourcompanywithaservice.Treatthemasyourguestsandyourexperts. Ifyouhaveafixedbeginningandendingtimetoyourmeetingsticktoit..Whenstructuringthemeetingrememberthe80720problem-solvingrule.Structurethemeetingsothat20percentofthetimeisspentidentifyingordiscussingaproblemand80percentofthetimeisspentdesigningasolution. Oftenitishelpfultohaveapersonactastimekeeperandannouncewhentheagendatimeforaparticularitemhasexpired.Howeverduringthemeetingbeflexible.Thefacilitatorcanallow.thegrouptodecidewhethertomoveontothenextitemorextendthediscussion.Asyougoalonglooktonarrowthedifferencesamongmembersandformaconsensus. Asthemeetingclosessummarizewhatwasaccomplishedcheckingforagreementandcommitmentamongthemembers.Makeadetailedlistofthefollow-upitemswhohasresponsibilityforeachitemandatimelineforcompletion. Theresultsfromreallylisteningtoandlearningfromyourcustomersinawell-runadvisorycouncilcanpayhugedividends. Whoshouldpayfortheexpensesofthemeetingsandwhy
Here’safamiliarversionoftheboy-meets-girlsituation.Ayoungmanhasatlastpluckedupcouragetoinviteadazzlingyoungladyouttodinner.Shehasacceptedhisinvitationandheisoverjoyed.Heisdeterminedtotakehertothebestrestaurantintownevenifitmeansthathewillhavetoliveonmemoriesandhopesduringthemonthtocome.Whentheygettotherestauranthediscoversthatthisetherial轻飘的creatureisonadiet.Shemustn’teatthisandshemustn’tthat.Ohbutofcourseshedoesn’twanttospoilhisenjoyment.Lethimbyallmeanseatasmuchfatteningfoodashewants:it’sthesurestwaytoanearlygrave.41______ 42______.Theyspendmostoftheirtimeturningtheirnosesupatfood.Theyareforeverconsultingcalorie卡路里charts;gazingatthemselvesinmirrors;andleapingontoweighing-machinesinthebathroom.Theyspendalifetimefightingalosingbattleagainstspreadinghipsprotrudingtummiesanddoublechins.Somewageall-outwaronFAT.Meredietingisnotenough.Theyexhaustthemselvesdoingexercisessweatinginsaunabathsbeingpummelledandmassagedbyweirdmachines.Thereallywealthydiet-mongerspayvastsumsfor’healthcures’.Fortwoweekstheycanenteranatureclinicandbestarvedtodeathforahundredguineasaweek.Don’tthinkit’sonlythemiddle-agedwhogoinforthesefadseither.43______ 44______wellforonethingthey’realwayshungry.Youcan’tbehungryandhappyatthesametime.Allthehorribleconcoctionstheyeatinsteadoffoodleavethempermanentlydissatisfied.’Wonderfoodisacompletefoodtheadvertisementsays.’Justdissolveateaspoonfulinwater...’Acompletefooditmaybebutnotquiteascompleteasajuicysteak.Andofcoursethey’realwaysmiserablebecausetheyfeelsoguilty.Hungerjustprovestoomuchforthemandintheendtheylashoutanddevourfivehugeguilt-inducingcreamcakesatasitting.AndwhocanblamethemAtleastthreetimesadaytheyareexposedtotemptation. 45______What’sallthisself-inflictedtortureforSaintlypeopledeprivethemselvesoffoodtoattainastateofgrace.Unsaintlypeopledosotoattainastateofmisery.Itwillbeagreatdaywhenallthedietersintheworldabandontheirslimmingcourses;whentheyhatdouttheirplatesanddemandsecondhelpings! A.Manyoftheseb.rightyoungthingsyouseearesufferingfromchronicmalnutrition:theyarelivingonnothingbutairwaterandthegoodwillofGod. B.Dietersdeprivethemselvesof’deliciousfoodtoattainagracestaturebutsomepeoplethinkitismiserableandfoolishforthemtodoso. C.Dietersundertaketostarvefftemselvesoftheirownfreewill;sowhyaretheysomiserable D.Theyspendatrulymemorableeveningtogetherandneverseeeachotheragain. E.Whatanuttertortureitis’alwayswatchingotherstuckingintopilesofmouth-wateringfoodwhileyoumunchawaterbiscuitandsipunsweetenedlemonjuice! F.Peoplewhoareonadietmustn’thavechocolateandthisishardforsomegirls. G.Whatamiserablelotofdietersare!Youcanalwaysrecognisethemfromthesourexpressionontheirfaces. 41
Intoday’scomplexeconomicworldneitherindividualsnornationsareself-sufficient.Nationshaveutilizeddifferenteconomicresources;peoplehavedevelopeddifferentskills.Thisisthefoundationofworldtradeandeconomicactivity.Asaresultofthistradeandactivityinternationalfinanceandbankinghaveevolved. Forexamplethe’UnitedStatesisamajorConsumerofcoffeeyetitdoesnothavetheclimatetogrowanyofitsown.ConsequentlytheUnitedStatesmustimportcoffeefromcountriessuchasBrazilColombiaandGuatemalathatgrowcoffeeefficiently.46OntheotherhandtheUnitedStateshaslargeindustrialplantscapableofproducingavarietyofgoodssuchaschemicalsandairplaneswhichcanbesoldtonationsthatneedthem.Ifnationstradeditemforitemsuchasoneautomobilefor10000bagsofcoffeeforeigntradewouldbeextremelycumbersomeandrestrictive.SoinsteadofbarterwhichisthetradeofgoodswithoutanexchangeofmoneytheUnitedStatesreceivesmoneyinpaymentforwhatitsells.47ItpaysforBraziliancoffeewithdollarswhichBrazilcanthenusetobuywoolfromAustraliawhichinmmcanbuytextilesfromGreatBritainwhichcanthenbuytobaccofromtheUnitedStates. Foreigntradetheexchangeofgoodsbetweennationstakesplaceformanyreasons.48Firstasmentionedaboveisthatnonationhasallofthecommoditiesthatitneeds.Rawmaterialsarescatteredaroundtheworld.LargedepositsofcopperareminedinPeruandZairediamondsareminedinSouthAfricaandpetroleumisrecoveredintheMiddleEast.Countriesthatdonothavetheseresourceswithintheirownboundariesmustbuyfromcountriesthatexportthem. Foreigntradealsooccursbecauseacountryoftendoesnothaveenoughofaparticularitemtomeetitsneeds.AlthoughtheUnitedStatesisamajorproducerofsugaritconsumesmorethanitcanproduceinternallyandthusmustimportsugar. Thirdonenationcansellsomeitemsatalowercostthanothercountries.Japanhasbeenabletoexportlargequantitiesofradiosandtelevisionsetsbecauseitcanproducethemmoreefficientlythanothercountries.ItischeaperfortheUnitedStatestobuythesefromJapanthantoproducethemdomestically.AccordingtoeconomictheoryJapanshouldproduceandexportthoseitemsfromwhichitderivesacomparativeadvantage.49Itshouldalsobuyandimportwhatitneedsfromthosecountriesthathaveacomparative’advantageinthedesireditems. Finallyforeigntradetakesplacebecauseofinnovationorstyle.50EventhoughtheUnitedStatesproducesmoreautomobilesthananyothercountryitstillimportslargenumbersofautosfromGermanyJapan’andSwedenprimarilybecausethereisamarketforthemintheUnitedStates. Itshouldalsobuyandimportwhatitneedsfromthosecountriesthathaveacomparative’advantageinthedesireditems.
PartA Directions: YouaregoingtojointheWorldLinguisticsConferenceheldinSingapore.Youneedtoapplyforthevisaandwriteitaccordingto: Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"James"instead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.10points
Agaragethesedaysisahighlyprizedassetlikelytoaddasmuchas10%～15%tothevalueofahouseespeciallyifit’sinacrowdedsuburbwherestreetparkingisdifficult. Itis1oneofthemostexpensiveadditionsyoucanmake.Abrickdouble2withaninternalfloor3of350squarefeetmightcostf8-9000thoughyoucould4thatbybetweenaquarterandahalf5youuseddirectlabourorbuiltityourself.Forthesame6you7have2extrabedroomsand.abathroom.8theprewardayswhensuburbangardenswere9thanahandkerchiefthegaragewas10asthe"motorhouse".Itusuallystoodatthe11ofthegardenasfarawayfromthe12aspossible.Nowadaysandnotjustfor13ofspacewe14thegaragetobe15tothehouseorsometimeseveninside16Normallyit17tobebig18fortwocarsparkedsideby19thoughsomebuildersstillcheatandprovideanose-to-tailunitwhichsavesonspacebutisanuisanceto20 11
Text1 Whethertheeyesare"thewindowofthesoul"isdebatable;thattheyareintenselyimportantininterpersonalcommunicationisafactduringthefirsttwomonthsofababy’slifethestimulusthatproducesasmileisapairofeyes.Theeyesneednotbereal:amaskwithtwodotswillproduceasmilesignificantlyarealhumanfacewitheyescoveredwillnotmotivateasmilenorwillthesightofonlyoneeyewhenthefaceispresentedinprofile.Thisattractiontoeyesasopposedtothenoseormouthcontinuesasthebabymatures.InonestudywhenAmericanfour-year-oldswereaskedtodrawpeople75percentofthemdrewpeoplewithmouthsbut99percentofthemdrewpeoplewitheyes.InJapanhoweverwherebabiesarecarriedontheirmother’sbackinfantsdonotacquireasmuchattachmenttoeyesastheydoinothercultures.AsaresultJapaneseadults’makelittleuseofthefaceeithertoencodeordecodemeaning..InfactArgylerevealsthatthe"properplacetofocusone’sgazeduringaconversationinJapanisontheneckofone’sconversationpartner." TheroleofeyecontactinaconversationalexchangebetweentwoAmericansiswelldefined:speakersmakecontactwiththeeyesoftheirlistenerforaboutonesecondthenglanceawayastheytalk;inafewmomentstheyreestablisheyecontactwiththelistenerorreassurethemselvesthattheiraudienceisstillattentivethenshifttheirgazeawayoncemore.Listenersmeanwhilekeeptheireyesonthefaceofthespeakerallowingthemselvestoglanceawayonlybriefly.Itisimportantthattheybelookingatthespeakerattheprecisemomentwhenthespeakerreestablisheseyecontact:iftheyarenotlookingthespeakerassumesthattheyaredisinterestedandeitherwillpauseuntileyecontactisresumedorwillterminatetheconversation.Justhowcriticalthiseyemaneuveringistothemaintenanceofconversationalflowbecomesevidentwhentwospeakersarewearingdarkglasses;theremaybeasortoftrafficjamofwordscausedbyinterruptionfalsestartsandunpredictablepauses. Tokeepaconversationflowingsmoothlyitisbetterfortheparticipants
Agaragethesedaysisahighlyprizedassetlikelytoaddasmuchas10%～15%tothevalueofahouseespeciallyifit’sinacrowdedsuburbwherestreetparkingisdifficult. Itis1oneofthemostexpensiveadditionsyoucanmake.Abrickdouble2withaninternalfloor3of350squarefeetmightcostf8-9000thoughyoucould4thatbybetweenaquarterandahalf5youuseddirectlabourorbuiltityourself.Forthesame6you7have2extrabedroomsand.abathroom.8theprewardayswhensuburbangardenswere9thanahandkerchiefthegaragewas10asthe"motorhouse".Itusuallystoodatthe11ofthegardenasfarawayfromthe12aspossible.Nowadaysandnotjustfor13ofspacewe14thegaragetobe15tothehouseorsometimeseveninside16Normallyit17tobebig18fortwocarsparkedsideby19thoughsomebuildersstillcheatandprovideanose-to-tailunitwhichsavesonspacebutisanuisanceto20 19
ConventionalwisdominthethirtysomethingeradeclaresthattheAmericanmarriageisinserioustrouble:asky-highdivorceratenewstressesandtensionsinthesexwarsandeasyopportunitiesforextramaritaladventures.NotsoaccordingtoanewsurveyconductedbyGallupforPsychologyTodayandtwonationalTVprogramsKingWorld’sInsideEditionandABC’sHOME.AlthoughsomeexpertsquestionitsaccuracythepollindicatesAmericansaresurprisingandhappilymonogamous.41______ Thepoll’sfindingswillappearinPsychologyToday’sMarchissuealongwithananalysiswrittenbythemagazine’seditorinchiefTGeorgeHarrisandtheorchestratorofthesurveyFatherAndrewGreeley.42______ConsideringthewidespreadpublicitygiventomaritalcheatingGreeleyadmitsthatthesurveyresultswere"somethingofasurprise.""Peoplemaytalkmorethantheyactuallydo."SaysthecelibateRomanCatholicpriestwhoplanstoexpandhisresearchintoabooktentativelycalledFaithfulAttraction."Boastingaboutone’ssexualachievementisnothingnew.Notmanypeopleboastaboutbeingvirtuous."AddsHarris:"Thesecretsideofsexisfaithfulness." 43______.Fouroffivesaidtheywouldwedthesamepersonagaingiventhechance.Threeoutoffourdescribedtheirspousesasphysicallyattractive.Accordingtothepollthethreekeyfactorsinmakingamarriagehappyarecommunicationcooperation-inchildrearingandhouseworkandhavingaromanticimageofone’spartner.Some20%ormoresaidtheyoccasionallyindulgedinsucheroticactivitiesastakingshowerswiththeirspousesmakingloveoutdoorsandwatchingX-ratedvideostogether.BymodeststatisticalmarginsCatholicsappeartobemoresexuallyadventurousthanProtestants. HarrisandGreeleyarguethatthenationmaybeexperiencinganegativebacklashtothesexualrevolution.Theynoteforexamplethat51%ofwomenunder35regrettedhavinghadapremaritalsexualencounterthoughonly16%ofmenfeltthatway.44______ 45______SaysJuneReinischdirectoroftheKinseyInstituteinBloomingtonInd.:“Weestimatethatapproximately37%ofmarriedmenand29%ofmarriedwomenhaveatleastoneextramaritalaffair.”AsurveyconductedbyLillianRubinasociologistatQueensCollegeinNewYorkCityshowsa40%infidelityrateforspouses.GreeleyandHarrishavetwoexplanationsforthedisparitybetweentheirpoll’sresultsandtheconventionalwisdom:1mostsexualsurveysareeitherobsoleteorunscientific;2peoplearevictimsofwhattheauthorscall"pluralisticignorance."Translation:erroneousbeliefssharedbysomeindividualsaboutotherpeople.EventheenchantedspousesintheP.T.Polldidnotbelievetheircommitmenttofidelitywaswidelyshared. A.GreeleyaprofessorofsociologyattheUniversityofArizonaisprobablybestknownaswhatSpmagazinemightcallanun-bosomydirty-bookwriter;hispopnovelsTheCardinalSins;St.Valentine’sNightregularlymakethebestsellercharts. B.Communicationseemstobethefirstofallkeyfactorsinmakingamarriagesmoothsince therearesomepossiblemeansforpeopletodaytoerasemisunderstandings. C.Therearesomesharpchallengestothepoll’sroseateviewofAmericanwedlock. D.Nearlytwo-thirdsofthepoll’s657randomlyselectedrespondentswhowerequeriedbytelephoneshortlybeforeChristmassaidtheywere"veryhappy"intheirmarriage. E:Lackofsexeducationforyoungpeopleisalsooneofthereasonsforhighdivorcerate. F.Thesurvey90%ofhusbandsandwivessaidtheyhadneverbeenunfaithfultotheirspousesandmostgavehighapprovalratingstotheirmates. G.MeanwhileaccordingtoanotherpollthepercentageofAmericanswhodisapprovedofextramaritalsexrosefrom84%in1973to91%in1988. 41
Agaragethesedaysisahighlyprizedassetlikelytoaddasmuchas10%～15%tothevalueofahouseespeciallyifit’sinacrowdedsuburbwherestreetparkingisdifficult. Itis1oneofthemostexpensiveadditionsyoucanmake.Abrickdouble2withaninternalfloor3of350squarefeetmightcostf8-9000thoughyoucould4thatbybetweenaquarterandahalf5youuseddirectlabourorbuiltityourself.Forthesame6you7have2extrabedroomsand.abathroom.8theprewardayswhensuburbangardenswere9thanahandkerchiefthegaragewas10asthe"motorhouse".Itusuallystoodatthe11ofthegardenasfarawayfromthe12aspossible.Nowadaysandnotjustfor13ofspacewe14thegaragetobe15tothehouseorsometimeseveninside16Normallyit17tobebig18fortwocarsparkedsideby19thoughsomebuildersstillcheatandprovideanose-to-tailunitwhichsavesonspacebutisanuisanceto20 17
Here’safamiliarversionoftheboy-meets-girlsituation.Ayoungmanhasatlastpluckedupcouragetoinviteadazzlingyoungladyouttodinner.Shehasacceptedhisinvitationandheisoverjoyed.Heisdeterminedtotakehertothebestrestaurantintownevenifitmeansthathewillhavetoliveonmemoriesandhopesduringthemonthtocome.Whentheygettotherestauranthediscoversthatthisetherial轻飘的creatureisonadiet.Shemustn’teatthisandshemustn’tthat.Ohbutofcourseshedoesn’twanttospoilhisenjoyment.Lethimbyallmeanseatasmuchfatteningfoodashewants:it’sthesurestwaytoanearlygrave.41______ 42______.Theyspendmostoftheirtimeturningtheirnosesupatfood.Theyareforeverconsultingcalorie卡路里charts;gazingatthemselvesinmirrors;andleapingontoweighing-machinesinthebathroom.Theyspendalifetimefightingalosingbattleagainstspreadinghipsprotrudingtummiesanddoublechins.Somewageall-outwaronFAT.Meredietingisnotenough.Theyexhaustthemselvesdoingexercisessweatinginsaunabathsbeingpummelledandmassagedbyweirdmachines.Thereallywealthydiet-mongerspayvastsumsfor’healthcures’.Fortwoweekstheycanenteranatureclinicandbestarvedtodeathforahundredguineasaweek.Don’tthinkit’sonlythemiddle-agedwhogoinforthesefadseither.43______ 44______wellforonethingthey’realwayshungry.Youcan’tbehungryandhappyatthesametime.Allthehorribleconcoctionstheyeatinsteadoffoodleavethempermanentlydissatisfied.’Wonderfoodisacompletefoodtheadvertisementsays.’Justdissolveateaspoonfulinwater...’Acompletefooditmaybebutnotquiteascompleteasajuicysteak.Andofcoursethey’realwaysmiserablebecausetheyfeelsoguilty.Hungerjustprovestoomuchforthemandintheendtheylashoutanddevourfivehugeguilt-inducingcreamcakesatasitting.AndwhocanblamethemAtleastthreetimesadaytheyareexposedtotemptation. 45______What’sallthisself-inflictedtortureforSaintlypeopledeprivethemselvesoffoodtoattainastateofgrace.Unsaintlypeopledosotoattainastateofmisery.Itwillbeagreatdaywhenallthedietersintheworldabandontheirslimmingcourses;whentheyhatdouttheirplatesanddemandsecondhelpings! A.Manyoftheseb.rightyoungthingsyouseearesufferingfromchronicmalnutrition:theyarelivingonnothingbutairwaterandthegoodwillofGod. B.Dietersdeprivethemselvesof’deliciousfoodtoattainagracestaturebutsomepeoplethinkitismiserableandfoolishforthemtodoso. C.Dietersundertaketostarvefftemselvesoftheirownfreewill;sowhyaretheysomiserable D.Theyspendatrulymemorableeveningtogetherandneverseeeachotheragain. E.Whatanuttertortureitis’alwayswatchingotherstuckingintopilesofmouth-wateringfoodwhileyoumunchawaterbiscuitandsipunsweetenedlemonjuice! F.Peoplewhoareonadietmustn’thavechocolateandthisishardforsomegirls. G.Whatamiserablelotofdietersare!Youcanalwaysrecognisethemfromthesourexpressionontheirfaces. 45
Agaragethesedaysisahighlyprizedassetlikelytoaddasmuchas10%～15%tothevalueofahouseespeciallyifit’sinacrowdedsuburbwherestreetparkingisdifficult. Itis1oneofthemostexpensiveadditionsyoucanmake.Abrickdouble2withaninternalfloor3of350squarefeetmightcostf8-9000thoughyoucould4thatbybetweenaquarterandahalf5youuseddirectlabourorbuiltityourself.Forthesame6you7have2extrabedroomsand.abathroom.8theprewardayswhensuburbangardenswere9thanahandkerchiefthegaragewas10asthe"motorhouse".Itusuallystoodatthe11ofthegardenasfarawayfromthe12aspossible.Nowadaysandnotjustfor13ofspacewe14thegaragetobe15tothehouseorsometimeseveninside16Normallyit17tobebig18fortwocarsparkedsideby19thoughsomebuildersstillcheatandprovideanose-to-tailunitwhichsavesonspacebutisanuisanceto20 15
Agaragethesedaysisahighlyprizedassetlikelytoaddasmuchas10%～15%tothevalueofahouseespeciallyifit’sinacrowdedsuburbwherestreetparkingisdifficult. Itis1oneofthemostexpensiveadditionsyoucanmake.Abrickdouble2withaninternalfloor3of350squarefeetmightcostf8-9000thoughyoucould4thatbybetweenaquarterandahalf5youuseddirectlabourorbuiltityourself.Forthesame6you7have2extrabedroomsand.abathroom.8theprewardayswhensuburbangardenswere9thanahandkerchiefthegaragewas10asthe"motorhouse".Itusuallystoodatthe11ofthegardenasfarawayfromthe12aspossible.Nowadaysandnotjustfor13ofspacewe14thegaragetobe15tothehouseorsometimeseveninside16Normallyit17tobebig18fortwocarsparkedsideby19thoughsomebuildersstillcheatandprovideanose-to-tailunitwhichsavesonspacebutisanuisanceto20 9
Intoday’scomplexeconomicworldneitherindividualsnornationsareself-sufficient.Nationshaveutilizeddifferenteconomicresources;peoplehavedevelopeddifferentskills.Thisisthefoundationofworldtradeandeconomicactivity.Asaresultofthistradeandactivityinternationalfinanceandbankinghaveevolved. Forexamplethe’UnitedStatesisamajorConsumerofcoffeeyetitdoesnothavetheclimatetogrowanyofitsown.ConsequentlytheUnitedStatesmustimportcoffeefromcountriessuchasBrazilColombiaandGuatemalathatgrowcoffeeefficiently.46OntheotherhandtheUnitedStateshaslargeindustrialplantscapableofproducingavarietyofgoodssuchaschemicalsandairplaneswhichcanbesoldtonationsthatneedthem.Ifnationstradeditemforitemsuchasoneautomobilefor10000bagsofcoffeeforeigntradewouldbeextremelycumbersomeandrestrictive.SoinsteadofbarterwhichisthetradeofgoodswithoutanexchangeofmoneytheUnitedStatesreceivesmoneyinpaymentforwhatitsells.47ItpaysforBraziliancoffeewithdollarswhichBrazilcanthenusetobuywoolfromAustraliawhichinmmcanbuytextilesfromGreatBritainwhichcanthenbuytobaccofromtheUnitedStates. Foreigntradetheexchangeofgoodsbetweennationstakesplaceformanyreasons.48Firstasmentionedaboveisthatnonationhasallofthecommoditiesthatitneeds.Rawmaterialsarescatteredaroundtheworld.LargedepositsofcopperareminedinPeruandZairediamondsareminedinSouthAfricaandpetroleumisrecoveredintheMiddleEast.Countriesthatdonothavetheseresourceswithintheirownboundariesmustbuyfromcountriesthatexportthem. Foreigntradealsooccursbecauseacountryoftendoesnothaveenoughofaparticularitemtomeetitsneeds.AlthoughtheUnitedStatesisamajorproducerofsugaritconsumesmorethanitcanproduceinternallyandthusmustimportsugar. Thirdonenationcansellsomeitemsatalowercostthanothercountries.Japanhasbeenabletoexportlargequantitiesofradiosandtelevisionsetsbecauseitcanproducethemmoreefficientlythanothercountries.ItischeaperfortheUnitedStatestobuythesefromJapanthantoproducethemdomestically.AccordingtoeconomictheoryJapanshouldproduceandexportthoseitemsfromwhichitderivesacomparativeadvantage.49Itshouldalsobuyandimportwhatitneedsfromthosecountriesthathaveacomparative’advantageinthedesireditems. Finallyforeigntradetakesplacebecauseofinnovationorstyle.50EventhoughtheUnitedStatesproducesmoreautomobilesthananyothercountryitstillimportslargenumbersofautosfromGermanyJapan’andSwedenprimarilybecausethereisamarketforthemintheUnitedStates. ItpaysforBraziliancoffeewithdollarswhichBrazilcanthenusetobuywoolfromAustraliawhichinmmcanbuytextilesfromGreatBritainwhichcanthenbuytobaccofromtheUnitedStates.
Text1 Whethertheeyesare"thewindowofthesoul"isdebatable;thattheyareintenselyimportantininterpersonalcommunicationisafactduringthefirsttwomonthsofababy’slifethestimulusthatproducesasmileisapairofeyes.Theeyesneednotbereal:amaskwithtwodotswillproduceasmilesignificantlyarealhumanfacewitheyescoveredwillnotmotivateasmilenorwillthesightofonlyoneeyewhenthefaceispresentedinprofile.Thisattractiontoeyesasopposedtothenoseormouthcontinuesasthebabymatures.InonestudywhenAmericanfour-year-oldswereaskedtodrawpeople75percentofthemdrewpeoplewithmouthsbut99percentofthemdrewpeoplewitheyes.InJapanhoweverwherebabiesarecarriedontheirmother’sbackinfantsdonotacquireasmuchattachmenttoeyesastheydoinothercultures.AsaresultJapaneseadults’makelittleuseofthefaceeithertoencodeordecodemeaning..InfactArgylerevealsthatthe"properplacetofocusone’sgazeduringaconversationinJapanisontheneckofone’sconversationpartner." TheroleofeyecontactinaconversationalexchangebetweentwoAmericansiswelldefined:speakersmakecontactwiththeeyesoftheirlistenerforaboutonesecondthenglanceawayastheytalk;inafewmomentstheyreestablisheyecontactwiththelistenerorreassurethemselvesthattheiraudienceisstillattentivethenshifttheirgazeawayoncemore.Listenersmeanwhilekeeptheireyesonthefaceofthespeakerallowingthemselvestoglanceawayonlybriefly.Itisimportantthattheybelookingatthespeakerattheprecisemomentwhenthespeakerreestablisheseyecontact:iftheyarenotlookingthespeakerassumesthattheyaredisinterestedandeitherwillpauseuntileyecontactisresumedorwillterminatetheconversation.Justhowcriticalthiseyemaneuveringistothemaintenanceofconversationalflowbecomesevidentwhentwospeakersarewearingdarkglasses;theremaybeasortoftrafficjamofwordscausedbyinterruptionfalsestartsandunpredictablepauses. AccordingtothepassagetheJapanesefixtheirgazeontheirconversationpartner'sneckbecause
Text1 Whethertheeyesare"thewindowofthesoul"isdebatable;thattheyareintenselyimportantininterpersonalcommunicationisafactduringthefirsttwomonthsofababy’slifethestimulusthatproducesasmileisapairofeyes.Theeyesneednotbereal:amaskwithtwodotswillproduceasmilesignificantlyarealhumanfacewitheyescoveredwillnotmotivateasmilenorwillthesightofonlyoneeyewhenthefaceispresentedinprofile.Thisattractiontoeyesasopposedtothenoseormouthcontinuesasthebabymatures.InonestudywhenAmericanfour-year-oldswereaskedtodrawpeople75percentofthemdrewpeoplewithmouthsbut99percentofthemdrewpeoplewitheyes.InJapanhoweverwherebabiesarecarriedontheirmother’sbackinfantsdonotacquireasmuchattachmenttoeyesastheydoinothercultures.AsaresultJapaneseadults’makelittleuseofthefaceeithertoencodeordecodemeaning..InfactArgylerevealsthatthe"properplacetofocusone’sgazeduringaconversationinJapanisontheneckofone’sconversationpartner." TheroleofeyecontactinaconversationalexchangebetweentwoAmericansiswelldefined:speakersmakecontactwiththeeyesoftheirlistenerforaboutonesecondthenglanceawayastheytalk;inafewmomentstheyreestablisheyecontactwiththelistenerorreassurethemselvesthattheiraudienceisstillattentivethenshifttheirgazeawayoncemore.Listenersmeanwhilekeeptheireyesonthefaceofthespeakerallowingthemselvestoglanceawayonlybriefly.Itisimportantthattheybelookingatthespeakerattheprecisemomentwhenthespeakerreestablisheseyecontact:iftheyarenotlookingthespeakerassumesthattheyaredisinterestedandeitherwillpauseuntileyecontactisresumedorwillterminatetheconversation.Justhowcriticalthiseyemaneuveringistothemaintenanceofconversationalflowbecomesevidentwhentwospeakersarewearingdarkglasses;theremaybeasortoftrafficjamofwordscausedbyinterruptionfalsestartsandunpredictablepauses. AccordingtothepassageaconversationbetweentwoAmericansmaybreakdowndueto
Text4 AreportconsistentlybroughtbackbyvisitorstotheUSishowfriendlycourteousandhelpfulmostAmericanswereto’them.TobefairthisobservationisalsofrequentlymadeofCanadaandCanadiansandshouldbestbeconsideredNorthAmerican.Thereareofcourseexceptions.Small-mindedofficialsrudewaitersandill-manneredtaxidriversarehardlyunknownintheUS.Yetitisanobservationmadesofrequentlythatitdeservescomment. Foralongperiodoftimeand{nmanypartsofthecountryatravelerwasawelcomebreakinanotherwisedullexistence.Dullnessandlonelinesswerecommonproblemsofthefamilieswhogenerallyliveddistantfromoneanother.Strangersandtravelerswerewelcomesourceofdiversionandbroughtnewsoftheoutsideworld. Theharshrealitiesofthefrontieralsoshapedthistraditionofhospitality.Someonetravelingaloneifhungryinjuredorilloftenhadnowheretoturnexcepttothenearestcabinorsettlement..Itwasnotamatterofchoiceforthetravelerormerelyacharitableimpulseonthepartofthesettlers.Itreflectedtheharshnessofdailylifeifyoudidn’ttakeinthestrangerandtakecareofhimtherewasnooneelsewhowould.Andsomedayrememberyoumightbeinthesamesituation. Todaytherearemanycharitableorganizationswhichspecializeinhelpingthewearytraveler.YettheoldtraditionofhospitalitytostrangersisstillverystrongintheUSespeciallyinthesmallercitiesandtownsawayfromthebusytouristtrails."IwasjusttravelingthroughgottalkingwiththisAmericanandprettysoonheinvitedmehomefordinner--amazing."SuchobservationsreportedbyvisitorstotheUSarenotuncommonbutarenotalwaysunderstoodproperly.ThecasualfriendlinessofmanyAmericansshouldbeinterpretedneitherassuperficialnorasartificialbutastheresultofahistoricallydevelopedculturaltradition. AsistrueofanydevelopedsocietyinAmericaacomplexsetofculturalsignalsassumptionsandconventionsunderliesallsocialinterrelationships.Andofcoursespeakingalanguagedoesnotnecessarilymeanthatsomeoneunderstandssocialandculturalpatterns.Visitorswhofailto"translate"culturalmeaningsproperlyoftendrawwrongconclusions.Forexamplewhen.anAmericanusestheword"friend"theculturalimplicationsofthewordmaybequitedifferentfromthoseithasinthevisitorslanguageandculture.Ittakesmorethanabriefencounteronabustodistinguishbetweencourteousconventionandindividualinterest.YetbeingfriendlyisavirtuethatmanyAmericansvaluehighlyandexpectfrombothneighborsandstrangers. ThewordsuperficialPara．4Line6mightmean
Agaragethesedaysisahighlyprizedassetlikelytoaddasmuchas10%～15%tothevalueofahouseespeciallyifit’sinacrowdedsuburbwherestreetparkingisdifficult. Itis1oneofthemostexpensiveadditionsyoucanmake.Abrickdouble2withaninternalfloor3of350squarefeetmightcostf8-9000thoughyoucould4thatbybetweenaquarterandahalf5youuseddirectlabourorbuiltityourself.Forthesame6you7have2extrabedroomsand.abathroom.8theprewardayswhensuburbangardenswere9thanahandkerchiefthegaragewas10asthe"motorhouse".Itusuallystoodatthe11ofthegardenasfarawayfromthe12aspossible.Nowadaysandnotjustfor13ofspacewe14thegaragetobe15tothehouseorsometimeseveninside16Normallyit17tobebig18fortwocarsparkedsideby19thoughsomebuildersstillcheatandprovideanose-to-tailunitwhichsavesonspacebutisanuisanceto20 5
Here’safamiliarversionoftheboy-meets-girlsituation.Ayoungmanhasatlastpluckedupcouragetoinviteadazzlingyoungladyouttodinner.Shehasacceptedhisinvitationandheisoverjoyed.Heisdeterminedtotakehertothebestrestaurantintownevenifitmeansthathewillhavetoliveonmemoriesandhopesduringthemonthtocome.Whentheygettotherestauranthediscoversthatthisetherial轻飘的creatureisonadiet.Shemustn’teatthisandshemustn’tthat.Ohbutofcourseshedoesn’twanttospoilhisenjoyment.Lethimbyallmeanseatasmuchfatteningfoodashewants:it’sthesurestwaytoanearlygrave.41______ 42______.Theyspendmostoftheirtimeturningtheirnosesupatfood.Theyareforeverconsultingcalorie卡路里charts;gazingatthemselvesinmirrors;andleapingontoweighing-machinesinthebathroom.Theyspendalifetimefightingalosingbattleagainstspreadinghipsprotrudingtummiesanddoublechins.Somewageall-outwaronFAT.Meredietingisnotenough.Theyexhaustthemselvesdoingexercisessweatinginsaunabathsbeingpummelledandmassagedbyweirdmachines.Thereallywealthydiet-mongerspayvastsumsfor’healthcures’.Fortwoweekstheycanenteranatureclinicandbestarvedtodeathforahundredguineasaweek.Don’tthinkit’sonlythemiddle-agedwhogoinforthesefadseither.43______ 44______wellforonethingthey’realwayshungry.Youcan’tbehungryandhappyatthesametime.Allthehorribleconcoctionstheyeatinsteadoffoodleavethempermanentlydissatisfied.’Wonderfoodisacompletefoodtheadvertisementsays.’Justdissolveateaspoonfulinwater...’Acompletefooditmaybebutnotquiteascompleteasajuicysteak.Andofcoursethey’realwaysmiserablebecausetheyfeelsoguilty.Hungerjustprovestoomuchforthemandintheendtheylashoutanddevourfivehugeguilt-inducingcreamcakesatasitting.AndwhocanblamethemAtleastthreetimesadaytheyareexposedtotemptation. 45______What’sallthisself-inflictedtortureforSaintlypeopledeprivethemselvesoffoodtoattainastateofgrace.Unsaintlypeopledosotoattainastateofmisery.Itwillbeagreatdaywhenallthedietersintheworldabandontheirslimmingcourses;whentheyhatdouttheirplatesanddemandsecondhelpings! A.Manyoftheseb.rightyoungthingsyouseearesufferingfromchronicmalnutrition:theyarelivingonnothingbutairwaterandthegoodwillofGod. B.Dietersdeprivethemselvesof’deliciousfoodtoattainagracestaturebutsomepeoplethinkitismiserableandfoolishforthemtodoso. C.Dietersundertaketostarvefftemselvesoftheirownfreewill;sowhyaretheysomiserable D.Theyspendatrulymemorableeveningtogetherandneverseeeachotheragain. E.Whatanuttertortureitis’alwayswatchingotherstuckingintopilesofmouth-wateringfoodwhileyoumunchawaterbiscuitandsipunsweetenedlemonjuice! F.Peoplewhoareonadietmustn’thavechocolateandthisishardforsomegirls. G.Whatamiserablelotofdietersare!Youcanalwaysrecognisethemfromthesourexpressionontheirfaces. 43
Text3 WhoknowsbetterthanyourcustomerswhereyouroperationscanbeimprovedTodayprogressivefirmsincreasinglyrelyonadvisorycouncilstosuggestimprovementsrecommendactionandofferfeedbackonprogramsandpolicies.Infactmanycompaniesfeelthatthisformofcommunicationisvitaltothecontinuousimprovementoftheirbusinessoperations. Acouncilamongotherthingsimprovescommunicationandspursimprovementofoperations.Rememberthatthesecrettosuccessisdialogue--the.exchangeofideasandopinions.Focusonproblemsyourcustomershave.Spelloutyourgoalsandobjectives. Eachmeetingshouldhaveaspecificobjectivetoaccomplish.Determinethemeeting’sfrequency.Ifyouwanttoimplementastrategicplananannualmeetingmaybeenough.Ifyouwanttofocusonoperationalissuesmoremeetingsmaybeneeded. Agoodcouncilwillhavenomorethan12peoplewithhalfofthemembersfromyourcompanyandhalfyourcustomers.Itshouldalsohavediversityinitsmembership.Membersshouldservefromonetothreeyears-rotationofmembershipwillensurethecouncildoesn’tbecomestale. Findanapproximatemeetingsitewhetherit’sin-houseoroffsitewheretherewillbenointerruptions.Youshouldpayforalltheexpensesrelatedtothemeeting--rememberthecouncilmembersareprovidingyourcompanywithaservice.Treatthemasyourguestsandyourexperts. Ifyouhaveafixedbeginningandendingtimetoyourmeetingsticktoit..Whenstructuringthemeetingrememberthe80720problem-solvingrule.Structurethemeetingsothat20percentofthetimeisspentidentifyingordiscussingaproblemand80percentofthetimeisspentdesigningasolution. Oftenitishelpfultohaveapersonactastimekeeperandannouncewhentheagendatimeforaparticularitemhasexpired.Howeverduringthemeetingbeflexible.Thefacilitatorcanallow.thegrouptodecidewhethertomoveontothenextitemorextendthediscussion.Asyougoalonglooktonarrowthedifferencesamongmembersandformaconsensus. Asthemeetingclosessummarizewhatwasaccomplishedcheckingforagreementandcommitmentamongthemembers.Makeadetailedlistofthefollow-upitemswhohasresponsibilityforeachitemandatimelineforcompletion. Theresultsfromreallylisteningtoandlearningfromyourcustomersinawell-runadvisorycouncilcanpayhugedividends. Whichofthefollowingisexcludedamongthesuggestedrequirementsforthemake-upofanidealcouncil
Text4 Sciencehaslongsincehadanuneasyrelationshipwithotheraspectsofculture.ThinkofGalileo’s17th-centurytrifil’forhisrebellingbelieftheCatholicChurchorpoetWilliamBlack’sharshremarksagainstthemechanisticworldviewofIsaacNewton.Theschismbetweenscienceandthehumanitieshasifanythingdeepenedinthiscentury~ Untilrecentlythescientificcommunitywassopowerfulthatitcouldaffordtoignoreitscritics-butnolonger.Asfundingforsciencehasdeclinedscientistshaveattacked’antiscience’inseveralbooksnotablyHigherSuperstitionbyPaulR.GrossabiologistattheUniversityofVirginiaandNormanLevittamathematicianatRutgersUniversity;andTheDemon-HauntedWorldbyCarlSaganofCornellUniversity. Defendersofsciencehavealsovoicedtheirconcernsatmeetingssuchas"TheFlightfromScienceandReason"heldinNewYorkCityin1995and"ScienceintheAgeofMissinformation"whichassembledlastJunenearBuffalo. Antiscienceclearlymeansdifferentthingstodifferentpeople;GrossandLevittfindfaultprimarilywithsociologistsphilosophersandotheracademicswhohavequestionedsciencesobjectivity.Saganismoreconcernedwiththosewhobelieveinghostscreationismandotherphenpmenathatcontradictthescientificworldview. Asurveyofnewsstoriesin1996revealsthattheantisciencetaghasbeenattachedtomanyothergroupsaswellfromauthoritieswhoadvocatedtheeliminationofthelastremainingstocksofsmallpoxvirustoRepublicanswhoadvocateddecreasedfundingforbasicresearch. FewwoulddisputethatthetermappliestotheUnabomberthosemanifestopublishedin1995scornsscienceandlongsforreturntoapretechnologicalutopia.ButsurelythatdoesnotmeanenvironmentalistsconcernedaboutuncontrolledindustrialgrowthareantiscienceasanessayinUSNews&WorldReportlastMayseemedtosuggest. Theenvironmentalistsinevitablyrespondtosuchcritics.ThetrueenemiesofsciencearguesPaulEhrlichofStanfordUniversityapioneerofenvironmentalstudiesarethosewhoquestiontheevidencesupportingglobalwarnfingthedepletionoftheozonelayerandotherconsequencesofindustrialgrowth. Indeedsomeobserversfearthattheantiscienceepithetisindangerofbecomingmeaningless."Theterm’antiscience’canlumptogethertoomanyquitedifferentthingsnotesHarvardUniversityphilosopherGeraldHoltoninhis1993workScienceandAnti-Science."Theyhaveincommononlyonethingthattheytendtoannoyorthreatenthosewhoregardthemselvesasmoreenlightened." Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitle
Text2 WASHINGTOND.C.--ThethreatofballisticmissilesfromcountriessuchasIranandNorthKoreacouldmaterializewithlittlewarningaCongressionalpanelofdefenseexpertsreportedtoday.ThatconclusiondiffersfromearlierassessmentsbytheU.S.intelligencecommunityandtheClintonAdministrationwhichhaveconcludedthatanewthreattoU.S.territoryisatleastadecadeoff. Thepanel--calledtheCommissiontoAssessTheBallisticMissileThreattotheUnitedStates--wassetupbytheNationalDefenseAuthorizationActof1997andfirstmetinJanuary1998.Itsninepolicymakers;technologistsandseniormilitaryofficialshad"unprecedentedaccesstothemostsensitiveandhighlyclassifiedinformation"saidpanelchairpersonDonaldRumsfeldaformersecretaryofdefenseatapressconferencehere.Thepanelfoundthatliberalizedexportcontrolsincreasedinternationalexchangesofstudentsandscientificpersonnelandleaksofclassifiedinformationhaveresultedin"massivetechnologytransfer"bothfromdevelopednationstoroguenationsandbetweenthosecountriesthemselves.Moreoverpotentialaggressorscouldminimizethetechnicalchallengebysettlingformissileswithlimitedaccuracyorreliability. ThereportwarnsthatnationswithScudmissiletechnologysuchasIrancouldtestalong-rangemissilewithinabout5yearsfromdecidingtopursuesuchaprogram.NorthKoreaalsohasthetechnologyforproducingbiologicalweaponsthepanelnoted.TestflightsoftheirmissilesthatwouldbeabletoreachpartsofHawaiiandAlaskacouldtakeplacewithin6monthsofadecision.BecauseoftheUnitedNationsarmsinspectionshoweverIraqislaggingbehindandwouldtake10yearsfrominitiatinganefforttoposingamissilethreattotheUnitedStates. SpeakeroftheHouseNewtGingrichcalledthereport"themostimportantwarningaboutournationalsecuritysincetheendoftheColdWar"andurgedtheestablishmentofabipartisanbicameralcommitteetoworkwiththeAdministrationtodecide:futurepolicy.AWhiteHousespokespersonwasnoncommittalsayingthatthereport’srecommendationsonintelligenceanalysiswouldbetakenintoaccountbutthattheadministrationstoodbyitsMarchintelligenceassessment.ThatreportconcludedthatitisunlikelythatcountriesotherthanRussiaChinaorNorthKoreacoulddeployaballisticmissilecapableofreachinganypartoftheUnitedStatesbefore2010. AccordingtothelastparagraphwhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue
Agaragethesedaysisahighlyprizedassetlikelytoaddasmuchas10%～15%tothevalueofahouseespeciallyifit’sinacrowdedsuburbwherestreetparkingisdifficult. Itis1oneofthemostexpensiveadditionsyoucanmake.Abrickdouble2withaninternalfloor3of350squarefeetmightcostf8-9000thoughyoucould4thatbybetweenaquarterandahalf5youuseddirectlabourorbuiltityourself.Forthesame6you7have2extrabedroomsand.abathroom.8theprewardayswhensuburbangardenswere9thanahandkerchiefthegaragewas10asthe"motorhouse".Itusuallystoodatthe11ofthegardenasfarawayfromthe12aspossible.Nowadaysandnotjustfor13ofspacewe14thegaragetobe15tothehouseorsometimeseveninside16Normallyit17tobebig18fortwocarsparkedsideby19thoughsomebuildersstillcheatandprovideanose-to-tailunitwhichsavesonspacebutisanuisanceto20 7
Text2 WASHINGTOND.C.--ThethreatofballisticmissilesfromcountriessuchasIranandNorthKoreacouldmaterializewithlittlewarningaCongressionalpanelofdefenseexpertsreportedtoday.ThatconclusiondiffersfromearlierassessmentsbytheU.S.intelligencecommunityandtheClintonAdministrationwhichhaveconcludedthatanewthreattoU.S.territoryisatleastadecadeoff. Thepanel--calledtheCommissiontoAssessTheBallisticMissileThreattotheUnitedStates--wassetupbytheNationalDefenseAuthorizationActof1997andfirstmetinJanuary1998.Itsninepolicymakers;technologistsandseniormilitaryofficialshad"unprecedentedaccesstothemostsensitiveandhighlyclassifiedinformation"saidpanelchairpersonDonaldRumsfeldaformersecretaryofdefenseatapressconferencehere.Thepanelfoundthatliberalizedexportcontrolsincreasedinternationalexchangesofstudentsandscientificpersonnelandleaksofclassifiedinformationhaveresultedin"massivetechnologytransfer"bothfromdevelopednationstoroguenationsandbetweenthosecountriesthemselves.Moreoverpotentialaggressorscouldminimizethetechnicalchallengebysettlingformissileswithlimitedaccuracyorreliability. ThereportwarnsthatnationswithScudmissiletechnologysuchasIrancouldtestalong-rangemissilewithinabout5yearsfromdecidingtopursuesuchaprogram.NorthKoreaalsohasthetechnologyforproducingbiologicalweaponsthepanelnoted.TestflightsoftheirmissilesthatwouldbeabletoreachpartsofHawaiiandAlaskacouldtakeplacewithin6monthsofadecision.BecauseoftheUnitedNationsarmsinspectionshoweverIraqislaggingbehindandwouldtake10yearsfrominitiatinganefforttoposingamissilethreattotheUnitedStates. SpeakeroftheHouseNewtGingrichcalledthereport"themostimportantwarningaboutournationalsecuritysincetheendoftheColdWar"andurgedtheestablishmentofabipartisanbicameralcommitteetoworkwiththeAdministrationtodecide:futurepolicy.AWhiteHousespokespersonwasnoncommittalsayingthatthereport’srecommendationsonintelligenceanalysiswouldbetakenintoaccountbutthattheadministrationstoodbyitsMarchintelligenceassessment.ThatreportconcludedthatitisunlikelythatcountriesotherthanRussiaChinaorNorthKoreacoulddeployaballisticmissilecapableofreachinganypartoftheUnitedStatesbefore2010. TheU.S.intelligencecommunityandtheClintonAdministrationthinkthat
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