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Do your children lie to you and their friends about their activities online Do they feel empty, depr...
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Ireallyregret___toyoubutatthattimeIhadnochoicebut_
to tell a lie; do so
telling a lie ; to do so
tell a lie; to do so
telling a lie; do so
Youngchildrendon’thavetheskillsorknowledgetostaysa
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Idon'tlikemyparents.TheyalwaystellmeIshoulddothisa
Youngchildrendon’thavetheskillsorknowledgetostaysa
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用动词的适当形式填空1.Don'tstop_______havearestbeforeyoufini
Yourchildrenarewatchingyou.__36__AccordingtotheHea
Yourchildrenarewatchingyou.36AccordingtotheHealthP
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Ifyou’relike67%ofAmericansyou’recurrentlyoverweigh
American parents are too healthy to have a short life span.
the health care facilities will decline in the coming years.
American parents are passing their poor health habits to their children.
American children do not have a good diet.
Summeristheseasonoffamilytravel.36Hereareourtop5th
阅读理解阅读下面短文根据短文内容回答下列问题Youngchildrendon’thavetheski
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HowtoTeachKidstoRespectOthersWhenlearninghowtoteac
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Summeristheseasonoffamilytravel.36Hereareourtop5th
BIdon’tlikemyparents.TheyalwaystellmeIshoulddothis
Chinesechildrenareveryobedient.InChinachildrenaret
Onaccountofyourhealthyoumustdoyour_______toshiftof
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“Thisisareallyexcitingtime—aneweraisstarting”saysPeterBazalgettethechiefcreativeofficerofEndemol.Heisreferringtotheupsurgeofinterestinmobiletelevisionanascentindustryattheintersectionoftelecomsandmediawhichoffersnewopportunitiestodevice-makerscontentproducersandmobile-networkoperators.Andheisfarfromaloneinhisenthusiasm. Alreadymanymobileoperatorsofferaselectionoftelevisionchannelsorindividualshowswhichare“streamed”acrosstheirthird-generation3Gnetworks.41.______. MeanwhileAppleComputerwhichlaunchedavideo-capableversionofitsiPodportablemusic-playerinOctoberisstrikingdealswithtelevisionnetworkstoexpandtherangeofshowsthatcanbepurchasedforviewingonthedeviceincluding“Lost”“DesperateHousewives”and“Law＆Order”. 42.______.Forastartnobodyreallyknowsifconsumerswillpayforitthoughsurveyssuggesttheyliketheidea.Informaaconsultancysaystherewillbe125mmobile-TVusersby2010.Butmanyothermobiletechnologiesinspiredhighhopesandthenfailedtoliveuptoexpectations.AndevenifpeopledowantTVonthemovethereisfurtheruncertaintyintwoareas:technologyandbusinessmodels. AtthemomentmobileTVismostlystreamedover3Gnetworks.ButsendinganindividualdatastreamtoeachviewerisinefficientandwillbeunsustainableinthelongrunifmobileTVtakesoff.43.______. 44.______.Thatsuggeststhatsomeshowssuchasdramabettersuitthedownloadmodelwhileotherssuchaslivenewssportsorrealityshowsarebettersuitedtoreal-timetransmission.Thetwoapproacheswillprobablyco-exist. Justasthereareseveralcompetingmobile-TVtechnologiestherearealsomanypossiblebusinessmodels.Mobileoperatorsmightchoosetobuildtheirownmobile-TVbroadcastnetworks;ortheycouldformaconsortiumandbuildasharednetwork;orexistingbroadcasterscouldbuildsuchnetworks. Thebigquestioniswhetherthebroadcastersandmobileoperatorscanagreehowtodividethespoilsassumingthereareany.Broadcastersownthecontentbutmobileoperatorsgenerallycontrolthehandsetsandtheydonotalwaysseeeyetoeye.45. Thenthereisthequestionofwhowillfundtheproductionofmobile-TVcontent:broadcastersoperatorsoradvertisersAgaintheanswerisprobably“alloftheabove”. [A]Sothegeneralconsensusisthat3Gstreamingisapreludetotheconstructionofdedicatedmobile-TVbroadcastnetworkswhichtransmitdigitalTVsignalsonentirelydifferentfrequenciestothoseusedforvoiceanddata.Therearethreemainstandards:DVB-HfavouredinEurope;DMBwhichhasbeenadoptedinSouthKoreaandJapan;andMediaFLOwhichisbeingrolledoutinAmerica.WatchingTVusinganyofthesetechnologiesrequiresaTV-capablehandsetofcourse. [B]IncontrastwatchingdownloadedTVprogrammesonaniPodorotherportablevideoplayerisalreadypossibletoday.Andunlikeaprogrammestreamedover3Gorbroadcastviaadedicatedmobile-TVnetworkshowsstoredonaniPodcanbewatchedon.anundergroundtrainorinregionswithpatchynetworkcoverage. [C]InSouthKoreatelevisionisalsosenttomobilephonesviasatelliteandterrestrialbroadcastnetworkswhichisfarmoreefficientthansendingvideoacrossmobilenetworks.InEuropetheItalianarmof3amobileoperatorrecentlyacquiredChannel7atelevisionchannelwithaviewtolaunchingmobile-TVbroadcastsinItalyinthesecondhalfof2006. [D]DespiteallthisactivityhowevertheprospectsformobileTVareunclear. [E]Assumingthetechnologyandthebusinessmodelscanbesortedoutthereisstillthetrickymatterofcontent. [F]InSouthKoreaaconsortiumofbroadcasterslaunchedafree-to-airDMBnetworklastmonthbutthecountry’smobileoperatorswerereluctanttoprovidetheiruserswithhandsetsabletoreceivethebroadcastssincetheywereunwillingtounderminetheprospectsfortheirownsubscription-basedmobile-TVservices. [G]ThepotentialformobileTVisvastinshort—butsoisthedegreeofuncertaintyoverhowitshouldactuallybeputintopractice. 45
TheworldreligionisderivedfromtheLatinnounreligionwhichdenotesboth1observanceofritualobligationsandaninwardspiritofreverence.Inmodernusagereligioncoversawidespectrumof2thatreflectstheenormousvarietyofwaysthetermcanbe3Atoneextrememanycommittedbelievers4onlytheirowntraditionasareligionunderstandingexpressionssuchasworshipandprayertorefer5tothepracticesoftheirtradition.Theymay6usevagueoridealizingtermsindefiningreligion7trueloveofGodorthepathofenlightenment.Attheotherextremereligionmaybeequatedwith8fanaticismorwishfulthinking. Bydefiningreligionasasacredengagementwithwhatistakentobeaspiritualrealityitispossibletoconsidertheimportanceofreligioninhumanlifewithoutmaking9aboutwhatisreallyisoroughttobe.Religionisnotanobjectwithasinglefixedmeaningor10azonewithclearboundaries.ItisanaspectofHuman11thatmayintersectincorporateortranscendotheraspectsoflifeandsociety.Suchadefinitionavoidthedrawbacksof12theinvestigationofreligiontoWesternorbiblicalcategories13monotheismorchurchstructurewhicharenot14. Religioninthisunderstandingincludesacomplexofactivitiesthatcannotbe15toanysingleaspectofhumanexperience.Itisapartofindividuallifebutalsoof16dynamics.Religionincludesnotonlypatternsoflanguageandthought.Itissometimesan17partofaculture.Religiousexperiencemaybeexpressed18visualsymbolsdanceandperformanceelaboratephilosophicalsystemslegendaryandimaginativestoriesformal19anddetailedrulesofsomeways.Thereareasmanyformsofreligiousexpressionastherearehumancultural20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.17
AMERICA’Scentralbanksentaclearmessagethisweek.ForthesecondconsecutivemeetingtheFederalOpenMarketCommitteethecentralbank’spolicy-makingcommitteeleftshort-terminterestratesunchangedat1.75%.Butitsaidthattherisksfacingtheeconomyhadshiftedfromeconomicweaknesstoabalancebetweenweaknessandexcessivegrowth.Thisshiftsurprisednoone.Butithasconvincedmanypeoplethatinterestratesaresettoriseagain--andsoon.Judgingbypricesinfuturesmarketsinvestorsarebettingthatshort-terminterestratescouldstartrisingasearlyasMayandwillbe1.25percentagepointshigherbytheendoftheyear.Thatmaybeexcessive.EconomistsatGoldmanSachswholongarguedthatthecentralbankwoulddonothingthisyearnowexpectshort-termratestogouponly0.75%thisyearstartinginJune.ButvirtuallyeveryonereckonssomeFedtighteningisintheoffing.ThereasonAfteranunprecedented11rate-cutsin2001short-terminterestratesareabnormallylow.AsthesignsofrobustrecoverymultiplyanalystsexpecttheFedtotakebacksomeoftherate-cutsitusedasaninsurancepolicyaftertheSeptember11thterroristattack.TheythinktherewillbeagradualmovefromtheFed’scurrentaccommodativemonetarystancetoamoreneutralpolicy.Andaneutralpolicymanyargueultimatelyimpliesshort-terminterestratesofaround4%.Logicalenough.Buthigherratescouldstillbefurtheroffparticularlyiftherecoveryproveslessrobustthanmanyhope.CertainlyrecenteconomicindicatorshavebeenextraordinarilystrongunemploymentfellforthesecondconsecutivemonthinFebruaryandindustrialproductionroseinbothJanuaryandFebruary.Themanufacturingsectorisgrowingafter18monthsofdecline.ThemostoptimisticWallStreetersnowexpectGDPtohaveexpandedbybetween5%and6%onanannualbasisinthefirstquarter.Butonestrongquarterdoesnotimplyasustainablerecovery.Intheshorttermthebounce-backisbeingdrivenbyadramaticrestockingofinventories.Butitcanbesustainedonlyifcorporateinvestmentrecoversandconsumerspendingstaysbuoyant.Withplentyofslackcapacityaroundandmanyfirmsstuckwithhugedebtsandlousyprofitsitishardtoseewheresurginginvestmentwillcomefrom.AnddespitefallingunemploymentAmerica’sconsumerscoulddisappointthebulls.Theseuncertaintiesalonesuggestthecentralbankwillbecautiousaboutraisinginterestrates.IndeedgiventhehugepressureoncorporateprofitstheFederalReservemightbehappytoseeconsumerpricesriseslightly.InshortwhileWallStreetfretsaboutwhenandhowmuchinterestrateswillgoup.Theanswermaywellbenotsoonandnotmuch.Thephrasecurrent’accommodative’monetarystancePara.3denotes
ThediscoveryoflifebeyondEarthwouldtransformnotonlyoursciencebutalsoourreligionsourbeliefsystemsandourentireworld-view.Forinasensethesearchforextraterrestriallifeisreallyasearchforourselves--whoweareandwhatourplaceisinthegrandsweepofthecosmos.Contrarytopopularbeliefspeculationthatwearenotaloneintheuniverseisasoldasphilosophyitself.TheessentialstepsinthereasoningwerebasedontheatomictheoryoftheancientGreekphilosopherDemocritus.Yetphilosophyisonethingfillinginthephysicaldetailsisanother.Althoughastronomersincreasinglysuspectthatbiofriendlyplanetsmaybeabundantintheuniversethechemicalstepsleadingtoliferemainlargelymysterious.Traditionallybiologistsbelievedthatlifeisafreak--theresultofazillion-to-oneaccidentalconcatenationofmolecules.Itfollowsthatthelikelihoodofitshappeningagainelsewhereinthecosmosisinfinitesimal.Thisviewpointderivesfromthesecondlawofthermodynamicswhichpredictsthattheuniverseisdying--slowlyandinexorablydegeneratingtowardastateoftotalchaos.Andsimilarreasoningappliestoevolution.AccordingtotheorthodoxviewDarwinianselectionisutterlyblind.Anyimpressionthatthetransitionfrommicrobestomanrepresentsprogressispurechauvinismofourpart.Thepathofevolutionismerelyarandomwalkthroughtherealmofpossibilities.Ifthisisrighttherecanbenodirectionalitynoinnatedriveforward;inparticularnopushtowardconsciousnessandintelligence.ShouldEarthbestruckbyanasteroiddestroyingallhigherlife-formsintelligentbeingswouldalmostcertainlynotarisenexttimearound.Thereishoweveracontraryview--onethatisgainingstrengthanddirectlychallengesorthodoxbiology.Itisthatcomplexitycanemergespontaneouslythroughaprocessofself-organization.Ifmatterandenergyhaveaninbuilttendencytoamplifyandchannelorganizedcomplexitytheoddsagainsttheformationoflifeandthesubsequentevolutionofintelligencecouldbedrasticallyshortened.HistoricallyBertrandRussellarguedthatauniverseunderadeathsentencefromthesecondlawofthermodynamicsrenderedhumanlifeultimatelyfutile.Allourachievementsallourstrugglesallthenoondaybrightnessofhumangeniusasheputitwouldinthefinalanalysiscountfornothingiftheverycosmositselfisdoomed.ButwhatifinspiteofthesecondlawofthermodynamicstherecanbesystematicprogressalongsidedecayForthosewhohopeforadeepermeaningorpurposebeneathphysicalexistencethepresenceofextraterrestriallife-formswouldprovideaspectacularboostimplyingthatweliveinauniversethatisinsomesensegettingbetterandbetterratherthanworseandworse.ItisthebeliefoforthodoxbiologythatDarwinianevolutionism
Comeonmyfellowwhitefolkswehavesomethingtoconfess.Outwithitfriendsthebiggestsecretknowntowhitessincetheinventionofpowderedrouge:welfareisawhiteprogram.Thenumbersgolikethis:61%ofthepopulationreceivingwelfarelistedasmeans-testedcashassistancebytheCensusBureauisidentifiedaswhitewhileonly33%isidentifiedasblack.ThesenumbersnotwithstandingtheRepublicanversionofpoliticalcorrectnesshasgivenuswelfarecheatasanewtermforAfricanAmericansincetheearlydaysofRonaldReagan.Ourconfessionsurelystands:whitefolkshavebeengobblingupthewelfarebudgetwhileblamingsomeoneelse.Butit’sworsethanthat.IfwelookatSocialSecuritywhichisanotherformofwelfarealthoughitisoftenmistakenforanindividualinsuranceprogramthenwhitesaretheoneswhoarecrowdingthetrough.Wereceivealmosttwiceasmuchpercapitaforanaggregateadvantagetoourraceof$10billionayear--muchmorethanthe$3.9billionadvantageAfricanAmericangainfromtheirdisproportionateshareofwelfare.Onesadreason:whitesliveanaverageofsixyearslongerthanAfricanAmericansmeaningthatyoungblackworkershelpsubsidizeahugeandgrowingover-classofwhiteretirees.Idonotseeourconfessionbringingmuchrelief.There’sareasonforresentmentthoughithasmoretodowithclassthanwithrace.Whitepeoplearepoortooandinnumbersfarexceedinganyofourmoregenerouslypigmentedsocialgroups.Andpovertyasdefinedbythegovernmentisavastunderestimationoftheeconomicterrorthatpersistsatincomes--suchas$20000oreven$40000andabove--thatweliketothinkofasmiddleclass.Theproblemisnotthatwelfareistoogeneroustoblacksbutthatsocialwelfareingeneralistoostingytoallconcerned.Naturallywhitesintheswellingnearpoorcategoryresentthenotionofwholeracessupposedlyfrolickingattheirexpense.Whitesnearpoorandmiddleclassneedhelptoo--asdothemanyAfricanAmericans.Sowewhitefolkshaveachoice.Wecankeeppretendingthatwelfareisblackprogramandaschemefortransferringourearningstothepocketsofshiftlessdark-skinnedpeople.Orwecanclearourthroatsblushprettilyandadmitthatwearehurtingtoo--forcashassistancewhenwe’redownandoutforhealthinsuranceforcollegeaidandalltherest.RacialscapegoatinghasitscharmsIwilladmit:thesurgeofrighteousangereventhefun--forthoseinclined--ofwearingsheetsandburningcrosses.Buttherearebetternoblersourcesofwhiteprideitseemstome.Rememberthis:onlywecantrulydeeplyblush.Itcaninferredfromthe2ndparagraphthat
ThatLouiseNevelsonisbelievedbymanycriticstobethegreatesttwentieth-centurysculptorisallthemoreremarkablebecausethegreatestresistancetowomenartistshasbeenuntilrecentlyinthefieldofsculpture.SinceNeolithictimessculpturehasbeenconsideredtheprerogativeofmenpartlyperhapsforpurelyphysicalreasons:itwaserroneouslyassumedthatwomenwerenotsuitedforthehardmanuallaborrequiredinsculptingstonecarvingwoodorworkinginmetal.IthasbeenonlyduringthetwentiethcenturythatwomensculptorshavebeenrecognizedasmajorartistsandithasbeenintheUnitedStatesespeciallysincethedecadesofthefiftiesandsixtiesthatwomensculptorshaveshownthegreatestoriginalityandcreativepower.TheirrisetoprominenceparallelsthedevelopmentofsculptureitselfintheUnitedStates:whiletherehadbeenafewtalentedsculptorsintheUnitedStatesbeforethe1940’sitwasonlyafter1945—whenNewYorkwasrapidlybecomingtheartcapitaloftheworld—thatmajorsculpturewasproducedintheUnitedStates.Someofthebestwastheworkofwomen.ByfarthemostoutstandingofthesewomenisLouiseNevelsonwhointheeyesofmanycriticsisthemostoriginalfemaleartistalivetoday.OnefamousandinfluentialcriticHiltonKramersaidofherworkFormyselfIthinkMs.Nevelsonsucceedswherethepaintersoftenfail.HerworkshavebeencomparedtotheCubistconstructionsofPicassotheSurrealisticobjectsofMiroandtheMerzbauofSchwitters.NevelsonwouldbethefirsttoadmitthatshehasbeeninfluencedbyalloftheseaswellasbyAfricansculptureandbyNativeAmericanandpre-Columbianartbutshehasabsorbedalltheseinfluencesandstillcreatedadistinctiveartthatexpressestheurbanlandscapeandtheaestheticsensibilityofthetwentiethcentury.NevelsonsaysIhavealwayswantedtoshowtheworldthatartiseverywhereexceptthatithastopassthroughacreativemind.Usingmostlydiscardedwoodenobjectslikepackingcratesbrokenpiecesoffurnitureandabandonedarchitecturalornamentsallofwhichshehashoardedforyearssheassemblesarchitecturalconstructionsofgreatbeautyandpower.Creatingveryfreelywithnosketchesshegluesandnailsobjectstogetherpaintsthemblackormorerarelywhiteorgoldandplacestheminboxes.Theseassemblageswallsevenentireenvironmentscreateamysteriousalmostawe-inspiringatmosphere.Althoughshehasdeniedanysymbolicorreligiousintentinherworkstheirthree-dimensionalgrandeurandeventheirtitlessuchasSkyCathedralandNightCathedralsuggestsuchconnotations.InsomewayshermostambitiousworksareclosertoarchitecturethantotraditionalsculpturebutthenneitherLouiseNevelsonnorherartfitsintoanyneatcategory.WhichofthefollowingstatementaboutNevelson’sculpturecanbeinferredfromthepassage
TheworldreligionisderivedfromtheLatinnounreligionwhichdenotesboth1observanceofritualobligationsandaninwardspiritofreverence.Inmodernusagereligioncoversawidespectrumof2thatreflectstheenormousvarietyofwaysthetermcanbe3Atoneextrememanycommittedbelievers4onlytheirowntraditionasareligionunderstandingexpressionssuchasworshipandprayertorefer5tothepracticesoftheirtradition.Theymay6usevagueoridealizingtermsindefiningreligion7trueloveofGodorthepathofenlightenment.Attheotherextremereligionmaybeequatedwith8fanaticismorwishfulthinking. Bydefiningreligionasasacredengagementwithwhatistakentobeaspiritualrealityitispossibletoconsidertheimportanceofreligioninhumanlifewithoutmaking9aboutwhatisreallyisoroughttobe.Religionisnotanobjectwithasinglefixedmeaningor10azonewithclearboundaries.ItisanaspectofHuman11thatmayintersectincorporateortranscendotheraspectsoflifeandsociety.Suchadefinitionavoidthedrawbacksof12theinvestigationofreligiontoWesternorbiblicalcategories13monotheismorchurchstructurewhicharenot14. Religioninthisunderstandingincludesacomplexofactivitiesthatcannotbe15toanysingleaspectofhumanexperience.Itisapartofindividuallifebutalsoof16dynamics.Religionincludesnotonlypatternsoflanguageandthought.Itissometimesan17partofaculture.Religiousexperiencemaybeexpressed18visualsymbolsdanceandperformanceelaboratephilosophicalsystemslegendaryandimaginativestoriesformal19anddetailedrulesofsomeways.Thereareasmanyformsofreligiousexpressionastherearehumancultural20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.9
AMERICA’Scentralbanksentaclearmessagethisweek.ForthesecondconsecutivemeetingtheFederalOpenMarketCommitteethecentralbank’spolicy-makingcommitteeleftshort-terminterestratesunchangedat1.75%.Butitsaidthattherisksfacingtheeconomyhadshiftedfromeconomicweaknesstoabalancebetweenweaknessandexcessivegrowth.Thisshiftsurprisednoone.Butithasconvincedmanypeoplethatinterestratesaresettoriseagain--andsoon.Judgingbypricesinfuturesmarketsinvestorsarebettingthatshort-terminterestratescouldstartrisingasearlyasMayandwillbe1.25percentagepointshigherbytheendoftheyear.Thatmaybeexcessive.EconomistsatGoldmanSachswholongarguedthatthecentralbankwoulddonothingthisyearnowexpectshort-termratestogouponly0.75%thisyearstartinginJune.ButvirtuallyeveryonereckonssomeFedtighteningisintheoffing.ThereasonAfteranunprecedented11rate-cutsin2001short-terminterestratesareabnormallylow.AsthesignsofrobustrecoverymultiplyanalystsexpecttheFedtotakebacksomeoftherate-cutsitusedasaninsurancepolicyaftertheSeptember11thterroristattack.TheythinktherewillbeagradualmovefromtheFed’scurrentaccommodativemonetarystancetoamoreneutralpolicy.Andaneutralpolicymanyargueultimatelyimpliesshort-terminterestratesofaround4%.Logicalenough.Buthigherratescouldstillbefurtheroffparticularlyiftherecoveryproveslessrobustthanmanyhope.CertainlyrecenteconomicindicatorshavebeenextraordinarilystrongunemploymentfellforthesecondconsecutivemonthinFebruaryandindustrialproductionroseinbothJanuaryandFebruary.Themanufacturingsectorisgrowingafter18monthsofdecline.ThemostoptimisticWallStreetersnowexpectGDPtohaveexpandedbybetween5%and6%onanannualbasisinthefirstquarter.Butonestrongquarterdoesnotimplyasustainablerecovery.Intheshorttermthebounce-backisbeingdrivenbyadramaticrestockingofinventories.Butitcanbesustainedonlyifcorporateinvestmentrecoversandconsumerspendingstaysbuoyant.Withplentyofslackcapacityaroundandmanyfirmsstuckwithhugedebtsandlousyprofitsitishardtoseewheresurginginvestmentwillcomefrom.AnddespitefallingunemploymentAmerica’sconsumerscoulddisappointthebulls.Theseuncertaintiesalonesuggestthecentralbankwillbecautiousaboutraisinginterestrates.IndeedgiventhehugepressureoncorporateprofitstheFederalReservemightbehappytoseeconsumerpricesriseslightly.InshortwhileWallStreetfretsaboutwhenandhowmuchinterestrateswillgoup.Theanswermaywellbenotsoonandnotmuch.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothistext
What’syourearliestmemoryDoyourememberlearningtowalkThebirthofasiblingNurseryschoolAdultsrarelyremembereventsfrommuchbeforekindergartenjustaschildrenyoungerthan3or4seldomrecallanyspecificexperiencesasdistinctfromgeneralknowledge.Psychologistshavefloatedallsortsofexplanationsforthis“childhoodamnesia”.Thereductionistsappealedtotheneurologicalarguingthatthehippocampusthebrainregionresponsibleforformingmemoriesdoesn’tmatureuntilabouttheageof2.Butthereigningtheoryholdsthatsinceadultsdonotthinklikechildrentheycannotaccesschildhoodmemories.Adultsarestruckwithgrown-up“schema”thebarebonesofnarratives.46Whentheyrifflethroughthementalfilingcabinetinsearchoffragmentsofchildhoodmemoriestohangonthisnarrativeskeletonaccordingtothistheorytheydon’tfindanythatfit.It’sliketryingtofindtheFrenchwordinanEnglishindex. NowpsychologistKatherineNelsonoftheCityUniversityofNewYorkoffersanewexplanationforchildhoodamnesia.47Shearguesthatchildrendon’tevenformlastinglong-termmemoriesofpersonalexperiencesuntiltheylearntousesomeoneelse’sdescriptionofthoseexperiencestoturntheirownshort-termfleetingrecollectionsintopermanentmemories.Inotherwordschildrenhavetotalkabouttheirexperiencesandhearotherstalkaboutthem—hearMomrecountthatdays’triptothedinosaurmuseumhearDadre-memberaloudtheirtriptotheamusementpark. WhyshouldmemorydependsoheavilyonnarrativeNelsonmarshalsevidencethatthemindstructuresremembrancesthatway.48Childrenwhosemotherstalkabouttheday’sactivitiesastheywinddowntowardbedtimeforinstanceremembermoreoftheday’sspecialeventsthandochildrenwhosemothersdon’tofferthisnovelisticframework.Talkingaboutaneventinanarrativewayhelpsachildrememberit.49Andlearningtostructurememoriesasalong-runningnarrativeNelsonsuggestsisthekeytoapermanent“autobiographicalmemory”thespecificremembrancesthatformone’slifestory.Whatyouhadforlunchyesterdayisn’tpartofit;whatyouateonyourfirstdatewithyourfuturespousemaybe. Languageofcourseisthekeytosuchanarrative.Childrenlearntoengageintalkaboutthepast.Theestablishmentofthesememoriesisrelatedtotheexperienceoftalkingtootherpeopleaboutthem.50Inparticularachildmustrecognizethataretelling—ofthatmuseumtripsay—isjustthetripitselfinanothermediumthatofspeechratherthanexperience.Thatdoesn’thappenuntilthechildisperhapsfourorfive.Bythetimeshe’sreadyforkindergartenshe’llrememberallsortsofthings.Andshemayevenbythenhavelearned’nottoblurtthemoutinpublic. Andlearningtostructurememoriesasalong-runningnarrativeNelsonsuggestsisthekeytoapermanentautobiographicalmemorythespecificremembrancesthatformone’slifestory.
ManypeopleconsiderthewideruseofbiofuelsapromisingwayofreducingtheamountofsurpluscarbondioxideCO2beingpumpedintotheairbytheworld’smechanizedtransport.ThetheoryisthatplantssuchassugarcanemaizecorntoAmericansoilseedrapeandwheattakeupCO2duringtheirgrowthsoburningfuelsmadefromthemshouldhavenoneteffectontheamountofthatgasintheatmosphere.Theorythoughdoesnotalwaystranslateintopracticeandjustasgovernmentshavecommittedthemselvestothegreateruseofbiofuelsquestionsarebeingraisedabouthowgreenthisformofenergyreallyis.ThelatestcomesfromtheInternationalCouncilforScienceICSUbasedinParis.TheICSUreportconcludesthatsofartheproductionofbiofuelshasaggravatedratherthanamelioratedglobalwarming.Inparticularitsupportssomecontroversialfindingspublishedin2007byPaulCrutzenoftheMaxPlanckInstituteforChemistryinGermany.Dr.CrutzenconcludedthatmostanalyseshadunderestimatedtheimportancetoglobalwarmingofagascallednitrousoxideN2O.TheamountofthisgasreleasedbyfarmingbiofuelcropssuchasmaizeandrapeprobablynegatesbyitselfanyadvantageofferedbyreducedemissionsofCO2.AlthoughN2OisnotcommonintheEarth’satmosphereitisamorepotentgreenhousegasthanCO2andithangsaroundlonger.Theresultisthatoverthecourseofacenturyitsabilitytowarmtheplanetisalmost300timesthatofanequivalentmassofCO2.N2Oismadebybacteriathatliveinsoilandwaterandthesedaystheirrawmaterialisoftenthenitrogen-richfertiliserthatmodernfarmingrequires.Sincethe1960stheamountoffertiliserusedbyfarmershasincreasedsixfoldandnotallofthatextranitrogenendsupintheircrops.Maizeinparticularisdescribedbyexpertsinthefieldasanitrogen-leakyplantbecauseithasshallowrootsandtakesupnitrogenforonlyafewmonthsoftheyear.ThiswouldmakemaizewhichisoneofthemainsourcesofbiofuelaparticularlybadcontributortoglobalN2Oemissions.Butitisnotjustbiofuelsthataretoblame.TheICSUreportsuggestsN2Oemissionsingeneralareprobablymoreimportantthanhadbeenrealised.PreviousstudiesincludingthosebytheInternationalPanelonClimateChangeIPCCaUnitedNations-appointedbodyofexpertsmayhavemiscalculatedtheirsignificance—andaccordingtoAdrianWilliamsofCranfieldUniversityinBritaineventheIPCC’sapproachsuggeststhattheglobal-warmingpotentialofmostofBritain’sannualcropsisdominatedbyN2Oemissions.Scientistsrealizethatmaize
TheworldreligionisderivedfromtheLatinnounreligionwhichdenotesboth1observanceofritualobligationsandaninwardspiritofreverence.Inmodernusagereligioncoversawidespectrumof2thatreflectstheenormousvarietyofwaysthetermcanbe3Atoneextrememanycommittedbelievers4onlytheirowntraditionasareligionunderstandingexpressionssuchasworshipandprayertorefer5tothepracticesoftheirtradition.Theymay6usevagueoridealizingtermsindefiningreligion7trueloveofGodorthepathofenlightenment.Attheotherextremereligionmaybeequatedwith8fanaticismorwishfulthinking. Bydefiningreligionasasacredengagementwithwhatistakentobeaspiritualrealityitispossibletoconsidertheimportanceofreligioninhumanlifewithoutmaking9aboutwhatisreallyisoroughttobe.Religionisnotanobjectwithasinglefixedmeaningor10azonewithclearboundaries.ItisanaspectofHuman11thatmayintersectincorporateortranscendotheraspectsoflifeandsociety.Suchadefinitionavoidthedrawbacksof12theinvestigationofreligiontoWesternorbiblicalcategories13monotheismorchurchstructurewhicharenot14. Religioninthisunderstandingincludesacomplexofactivitiesthatcannotbe15toanysingleaspectofhumanexperience.Itisapartofindividuallifebutalsoof16dynamics.Religionincludesnotonlypatternsoflanguageandthought.Itissometimesan17partofaculture.Religiousexperiencemaybeexpressed18visualsymbolsdanceandperformanceelaboratephilosophicalsystemslegendaryandimaginativestoriesformal19anddetailedrulesofsomeways.Thereareasmanyformsofreligiousexpressionastherearehumancultural20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.13
MyownfeelingswentfromdisbelieftoexcitementtodownrightfearsaysCarlHergenrother23anArizonaundergraduatewhoverifiedalargeasteroidbarrelingtowardEarthwitha230emtelescopeatopnearbyKittPeak.Itwasscarybecausetherewasthepossibilitythatwewereconfirmingthedemiseofsomecitysomewhereorsomestateorsmallcountry.Wellnotquite.EarlylastweekhiscelestialinterloperwhizzedbyEarthmissingtheplanetby450620km--ahairbreadthinastronomicalterms.PerhapshalfakilometeracrossitwasthelargestobjecteverobservedtopassthatclosetoEarth.DuncanSteelanAustralianastronomerhascalculatedthatiftheasteroidhadstruckEarthitwouldhavehitatsome93450km/h.Theresultingexplosionscientistsestimatewouldhavebeeninthe3000-to-12000-megatonrange.ThatsaysastronomerEugeneShoemakerapioneerasteroidandcomethunterisliketakingalloftheU.S.andSovietnuclearweaponsputtingtheminonepileandblowingthemallup.AndwhatifonethemisfoundtobeonacollisioncoursewithEarthScientistsatthenationallaboratoriesatLivermoreCaliforniaandLosAlamosNewMexicohavedevisedanumberofingeniousplansthatgivenenoughwarningtimecouldprotectEarthfromathreateningNEO.Theirdefensiveweaponsofchoiceincludelong-distancemissileswithconventionalormorelikelynuclearwarheadsthatcouldbeusedeithertonudgeanasteroidintoasafeorbitorblastittosmithereens.Manypeople-includingsomeastronomers--areunderstandablynervousaboutputtingastandbysquadronofnucleartippedmissilesinplace.Hencethelateststrategywhichinsomecaseswouldobviatetheneedforanucleardefense:propellingafusilladeofcannonball-sizesteelspheresatanapproachingasteroid.Inahigh-velocityencounterwithaspeedingNEOexplainsGregoryCanavanaseniorscientistatLosAlamosthekineticenergyoftheballswouldchangeintoheatenergyandblowthethingapart.Someastronomersopposeanyimmediatedefensivepreparationscitingthehighcostsandlowoddsofalargeobject’sstrikingEarthinthecomingdecades.ButattheveryleastShoemakercontendsNEOdetectionshouldbeaccelerated.There’sthisthingcal4edthe’gigglefactor’inCongresshesayspeopleinCongressandalsoatthetoplevelinNASAstilldon’ttakeitseriously.Butweshouldmoveahead.It’samatterofprudence.TheworldhoweverstillseemslargelyunconcernedwiththedangerposedbylargebodieshurtlinginfromspacedespitethespectacletwoyearsagoofCometShoemaker-Levy9riddlingtheplanetJupiterwithmammothexplosions.Itremainstobeseenwhetherlastweek’srecordnear-misshaschangedanyminds.Accordingtothetextnucleartippedmissilesandcannonball-sizesteelspheresPara.5
TheworldreligionisderivedfromtheLatinnounreligionwhichdenotesboth1observanceofritualobligationsandaninwardspiritofreverence.Inmodernusagereligioncoversawidespectrumof2thatreflectstheenormousvarietyofwaysthetermcanbe3Atoneextrememanycommittedbelievers4onlytheirowntraditionasareligionunderstandingexpressionssuchasworshipandprayertorefer5tothepracticesoftheirtradition.Theymay6usevagueoridealizingtermsindefiningreligion7trueloveofGodorthepathofenlightenment.Attheotherextremereligionmaybeequatedwith8fanaticismorwishfulthinking. Bydefiningreligionasasacredengagementwithwhatistakentobeaspiritualrealityitispossibletoconsidertheimportanceofreligioninhumanlifewithoutmaking9aboutwhatisreallyisoroughttobe.Religionisnotanobjectwithasinglefixedmeaningor10azonewithclearboundaries.ItisanaspectofHuman11thatmayintersectincorporateortranscendotheraspectsoflifeandsociety.Suchadefinitionavoidthedrawbacksof12theinvestigationofreligiontoWesternorbiblicalcategories13monotheismorchurchstructurewhicharenot14. Religioninthisunderstandingincludesacomplexofactivitiesthatcannotbe15toanysingleaspectofhumanexperience.Itisapartofindividuallifebutalsoof16dynamics.Religionincludesnotonlypatternsoflanguageandthought.Itissometimesan17partofaculture.Religiousexperiencemaybeexpressed18visualsymbolsdanceandperformanceelaboratephilosophicalsystemslegendaryandimaginativestoriesformal19anddetailedrulesofsomeways.Thereareasmanyformsofreligiousexpressionastherearehumancultural20. SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.5
MyownfeelingswentfromdisbelieftoexcitementtodownrightfearsaysCarlHergenrother23anArizonaundergraduatewhoverifiedalargeasteroidbarrelingtowardEarthwitha230emtelescopeatopnearbyKittPeak.Itwasscarybecausetherewasthepossibilitythatwewereconfirmingthedemiseofsomecitysomewhereorsomestateorsmallcountry.Wellnotquite.EarlylastweekhiscelestialinterloperwhizzedbyEarthmissingtheplanetby450620km--ahairbreadthinastronomicalterms.PerhapshalfakilometeracrossitwasthelargestobjecteverobservedtopassthatclosetoEarth.DuncanSteelanAustralianastronomerhascalculatedthatiftheasteroidhadstruckEarthitwouldhavehitatsome93450km/h.Theresultingexplosionscientistsestimatewouldhavebeeninthe3000-to-12000-megatonrange.ThatsaysastronomerEugeneShoemakerapioneerasteroidandcomethunterisliketakingalloftheU.S.andSovietnuclearweaponsputtingtheminonepileandblowingthemallup.AndwhatifonethemisfoundtobeonacollisioncoursewithEarthScientistsatthenationallaboratoriesatLivermoreCaliforniaandLosAlamosNewMexicohavedevisedanumberofingeniousplansthatgivenenoughwarningtimecouldprotectEarthfromathreateningNEO.Theirdefensiveweaponsofchoiceincludelong-distancemissileswithconventionalormorelikelynuclearwarheadsthatcouldbeusedeithertonudgeanasteroidintoasafeorbitorblastittosmithereens.Manypeople-includingsomeastronomers--areunderstandablynervousaboutputtingastandbysquadronofnucleartippedmissilesinplace.Hencethelateststrategywhichinsomecaseswouldobviatetheneedforanucleardefense:propellingafusilladeofcannonball-sizesteelspheresatanapproachingasteroid.Inahigh-velocityencounterwithaspeedingNEOexplainsGregoryCanavanaseniorscientistatLosAlamosthekineticenergyoftheballswouldchangeintoheatenergyandblowthethingapart.Someastronomersopposeanyimmediatedefensivepreparationscitingthehighcostsandlowoddsofalargeobject’sstrikingEarthinthecomingdecades.ButattheveryleastShoemakercontendsNEOdetectionshouldbeaccelerated.There’sthisthingcal4edthe’gigglefactor’inCongresshesayspeopleinCongressandalsoatthetoplevelinNASAstilldon’ttakeitseriously.Butweshouldmoveahead.It’samatterofprudence.TheworldhoweverstillseemslargelyunconcernedwiththedangerposedbylargebodieshurtlinginfromspacedespitethespectacletwoyearsagoofCometShoemaker-Levy9riddlingtheplanetJupiterwithmammothexplosions.Itremainstobeseenwhetherlastweek’srecordnear-misshaschangedanyminds.Whenmentioningthethe3000-to-12000-megatonrangePara.3thewriteristalkingabout
“Thisisareallyexcitingtime—aneweraisstarting”saysPeterBazalgettethechiefcreativeofficerofEndemol.Heisreferringtotheupsurgeofinterestinmobiletelevisionanascentindustryattheintersectionoftelecomsandmediawhichoffersnewopportunitiestodevice-makerscontentproducersandmobile-networkoperators.Andheisfarfromaloneinhisenthusiasm. Alreadymanymobileoperatorsofferaselectionoftelevisionchannelsorindividualshowswhichare“streamed”acrosstheirthird-generation3Gnetworks.41.______. MeanwhileAppleComputerwhichlaunchedavideo-capableversionofitsiPodportablemusic-playerinOctoberisstrikingdealswithtelevisionnetworkstoexpandtherangeofshowsthatcanbepurchasedforviewingonthedeviceincluding“Lost”“DesperateHousewives”and“Law＆Order”. 42.______.Forastartnobodyreallyknowsifconsumerswillpayforitthoughsurveyssuggesttheyliketheidea.Informaaconsultancysaystherewillbe125mmobile-TVusersby2010.Butmanyothermobiletechnologiesinspiredhighhopesandthenfailedtoliveuptoexpectations.AndevenifpeopledowantTVonthemovethereisfurtheruncertaintyintwoareas:technologyandbusinessmodels. AtthemomentmobileTVismostlystreamedover3Gnetworks.ButsendinganindividualdatastreamtoeachviewerisinefficientandwillbeunsustainableinthelongrunifmobileTVtakesoff.43.______. 44.______.Thatsuggeststhatsomeshowssuchasdramabettersuitthedownloadmodelwhileotherssuchaslivenewssportsorrealityshowsarebettersuitedtoreal-timetransmission.Thetwoapproacheswillprobablyco-exist. Justasthereareseveralcompetingmobile-TVtechnologiestherearealsomanypossiblebusinessmodels.Mobileoperatorsmightchoosetobuildtheirownmobile-TVbroadcastnetworks;ortheycouldformaconsortiumandbuildasharednetwork;orexistingbroadcasterscouldbuildsuchnetworks. Thebigquestioniswhetherthebroadcastersandmobileoperatorscanagreehowtodividethespoilsassumingthereareany.Broadcastersownthecontentbutmobileoperatorsgenerallycontrolthehandsetsandtheydonotalwaysseeeyetoeye.45. Thenthereisthequestionofwhowillfundtheproductionofmobile-TVcontent:broadcastersoperatorsoradvertisersAgaintheanswerisprobably“alloftheabove”. [A]Sothegeneralconsensusisthat3Gstreamingisapreludetotheconstructionofdedicatedmobile-TVbroadcastnetworkswhichtransmitdigitalTVsignalsonentirelydifferentfrequenciestothoseusedforvoiceanddata.Therearethreemainstandards:DVB-HfavouredinEurope;DMBwhichhasbeenadoptedinSouthKoreaandJapan;andMediaFLOwhichisbeingrolledoutinAmerica.WatchingTVusinganyofthesetechnologiesrequiresaTV-capablehandsetofcourse. [B]IncontrastwatchingdownloadedTVprogrammesonaniPodorotherportablevideoplayerisalreadypossibletoday.Andunlikeaprogrammestreamedover3Gorbroadcastviaadedicatedmobile-TVnetworkshowsstoredonaniPodcanbewatchedon.anundergroundtrainorinregionswithpatchynetworkcoverage. [C]InSouthKoreatelevisionisalsosenttomobilephonesviasatelliteandterrestrialbroadcastnetworkswhichisfarmoreefficientthansendingvideoacrossmobilenetworks.InEuropetheItalianarmof3amobileoperatorrecentlyacquiredChannel7atelevisionchannelwithaviewtolaunchingmobile-TVbroadcastsinItalyinthesecondhalfof2006. [D]DespiteallthisactivityhowevertheprospectsformobileTVareunclear. [E]Assumingthetechnologyandthebusinessmodelscanbesortedoutthereisstillthetrickymatterofcontent. [F]InSouthKoreaaconsortiumofbroadcasterslaunchedafree-to-airDMBnetworklastmonthbutthecountry’smobileoperatorswerereluctanttoprovidetheiruserswithhandsetsabletoreceivethebroadcastssincetheywereunwillingtounderminetheprospectsfortheirownsubscription-basedmobile-TVservices. [G]ThepotentialformobileTVisvastinshort—butsoisthedegreeofuncertaintyoverhowitshouldactuallybeputintopractice. 41
ThediscoveryoflifebeyondEarthwouldtransformnotonlyoursciencebutalsoourreligionsourbeliefsystemsandourentireworld-view.Forinasensethesearchforextraterrestriallifeisreallyasearchforourselves--whoweareandwhatourplaceisinthegrandsweepofthecosmos.Contrarytopopularbeliefspeculationthatwearenotaloneintheuniverseisasoldasphilosophyitself.TheessentialstepsinthereasoningwerebasedontheatomictheoryoftheancientGreekphilosopherDemocritus.Yetphilosophyisonethingfillinginthephysicaldetailsisanother.Althoughastronomersincreasinglysuspectthatbiofriendlyplanetsmaybeabundantintheuniversethechemicalstepsleadingtoliferemainlargelymysterious.Traditionallybiologistsbelievedthatlifeisafreak--theresultofazillion-to-oneaccidentalconcatenationofmolecules.Itfollowsthatthelikelihoodofitshappeningagainelsewhereinthecosmosisinfinitesimal.Thisviewpointderivesfromthesecondlawofthermodynamicswhichpredictsthattheuniverseisdying--slowlyandinexorablydegeneratingtowardastateoftotalchaos.Andsimilarreasoningappliestoevolution.AccordingtotheorthodoxviewDarwinianselectionisutterlyblind.Anyimpressionthatthetransitionfrommicrobestomanrepresentsprogressispurechauvinismofourpart.Thepathofevolutionismerelyarandomwalkthroughtherealmofpossibilities.Ifthisisrighttherecanbenodirectionalitynoinnatedriveforward;inparticularnopushtowardconsciousnessandintelligence.ShouldEarthbestruckbyanasteroiddestroyingallhigherlife-formsintelligentbeingswouldalmostcertainlynotarisenexttimearound.Thereishoweveracontraryview--onethatisgainingstrengthanddirectlychallengesorthodoxbiology.Itisthatcomplexitycanemergespontaneouslythroughaprocessofself-organization.Ifmatterandenergyhaveaninbuilttendencytoamplifyandchannelorganizedcomplexitytheoddsagainsttheformationoflifeandthesubsequentevolutionofintelligencecouldbedrasticallyshortened.HistoricallyBertrandRussellarguedthatauniverseunderadeathsentencefromthesecondlawofthermodynamicsrenderedhumanlifeultimatelyfutile.Allourachievementsallourstrugglesallthenoondaybrightnessofhumangeniusasheputitwouldinthefinalanalysiscountfornothingiftheverycosmositselfisdoomed.ButwhatifinspiteofthesecondlawofthermodynamicstherecanbesystematicprogressalongsidedecayForthosewhohopeforadeepermeaningorpurposebeneathphysicalexistencethepresenceofextraterrestriallife-formswouldprovideaspectacularboostimplyingthatweliveinauniversethatisinsomesensegettingbetterandbetterratherthanworseandworse.Iftherewerepushtodirectorganizedcomplexitychancesofintelligenceevolutionwould
TheworldreligionisderivedfromtheLatinnounreligionwhichdenotesboth1observanceofritualobligationsandaninwardspiritofreverence.Inmodernusagereligioncoversawidespectrumof2thatreflectstheenormousvarietyofwaysthetermcanbe3Atoneextrememanycommittedbelievers4onlytheirowntraditionasareligionunderstandingexpressionssuchasworshipandprayertorefer5tothepracticesoftheirtradition.Theymay6usevagueoridealizingtermsindefiningreligion7trueloveofGodorthepathofenlightenment.Attheotherextremereligionmaybeequatedwith8fanaticismorwishfulthinking. Bydefiningreligionasasacredengagementwithwhatistakentobeaspiritualrealityitispossibletoconsidertheimportanceofreligioninhumanlifewithoutmaking9aboutwhatisreallyisoroughttobe.Religionisnotanobjectwithasinglefixedmeaningor10azonewithclearboundaries.ItisanaspectofHuman11thatmayintersectincorporateortranscendotheraspectsoflifeandsociety.Suchadefinitionavoidthedrawbacksof12theinvestigationofreligiontoWesternorbiblicalcategories13monotheismorchurchstructurewhicharenot14. Religioninthisunderstandingincludesacomplexofactivitiesthatcannotbe15toanysingleaspectofhumanexperience.Itisapartofindividuallifebutalsoof16dynamics.Religionincludesnotonlypatternsoflanguageandthought.Itissometimesan17partofaculture.Religiousexperiencemaybeexpressed18visualsymbolsdanceandperformanceelaboratephilosophicalsystemslegendaryandimaginativestoriesformal19anddetailedrulesofsomeways.Thereareasmanyformsofreligiousexpressionastherearehumancultural20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.1
“Thisisareallyexcitingtime—aneweraisstarting”saysPeterBazalgettethechiefcreativeofficerofEndemol.Heisreferringtotheupsurgeofinterestinmobiletelevisionanascentindustryattheintersectionoftelecomsandmediawhichoffersnewopportunitiestodevice-makerscontentproducersandmobile-networkoperators.Andheisfarfromaloneinhisenthusiasm. Alreadymanymobileoperatorsofferaselectionoftelevisionchannelsorindividualshowswhichare“streamed”acrosstheirthird-generation3Gnetworks.41.______. MeanwhileAppleComputerwhichlaunchedavideo-capableversionofitsiPodportablemusic-playerinOctoberisstrikingdealswithtelevisionnetworkstoexpandtherangeofshowsthatcanbepurchasedforviewingonthedeviceincluding“Lost”“DesperateHousewives”and“Law＆Order”. 42.______.Forastartnobodyreallyknowsifconsumerswillpayforitthoughsurveyssuggesttheyliketheidea.Informaaconsultancysaystherewillbe125mmobile-TVusersby2010.Butmanyothermobiletechnologiesinspiredhighhopesandthenfailedtoliveuptoexpectations.AndevenifpeopledowantTVonthemovethereisfurtheruncertaintyintwoareas:technologyandbusinessmodels. AtthemomentmobileTVismostlystreamedover3Gnetworks.ButsendinganindividualdatastreamtoeachviewerisinefficientandwillbeunsustainableinthelongrunifmobileTVtakesoff.43.______. 44.______.Thatsuggeststhatsomeshowssuchasdramabettersuitthedownloadmodelwhileotherssuchaslivenewssportsorrealityshowsarebettersuitedtoreal-timetransmission.Thetwoapproacheswillprobablyco-exist. Justasthereareseveralcompetingmobile-TVtechnologiestherearealsomanypossiblebusinessmodels.Mobileoperatorsmightchoosetobuildtheirownmobile-TVbroadcastnetworks;ortheycouldformaconsortiumandbuildasharednetwork;orexistingbroadcasterscouldbuildsuchnetworks. Thebigquestioniswhetherthebroadcastersandmobileoperatorscanagreehowtodividethespoilsassumingthereareany.Broadcastersownthecontentbutmobileoperatorsgenerallycontrolthehandsetsandtheydonotalwaysseeeyetoeye.45. Thenthereisthequestionofwhowillfundtheproductionofmobile-TVcontent:broadcastersoperatorsoradvertisersAgaintheanswerisprobably“alloftheabove”. [A]Sothegeneralconsensusisthat3Gstreamingisapreludetotheconstructionofdedicatedmobile-TVbroadcastnetworkswhichtransmitdigitalTVsignalsonentirelydifferentfrequenciestothoseusedforvoiceanddata.Therearethreemainstandards:DVB-HfavouredinEurope;DMBwhichhasbeenadoptedinSouthKoreaandJapan;andMediaFLOwhichisbeingrolledoutinAmerica.WatchingTVusinganyofthesetechnologiesrequiresaTV-capablehandsetofcourse. [B]IncontrastwatchingdownloadedTVprogrammesonaniPodorotherportablevideoplayerisalreadypossibletoday.Andunlikeaprogrammestreamedover3Gorbroadcastviaadedicatedmobile-TVnetworkshowsstoredonaniPodcanbewatchedon.anundergroundtrainorinregionswithpatchynetworkcoverage. [C]InSouthKoreatelevisionisalsosenttomobilephonesviasatelliteandterrestrialbroadcastnetworkswhichisfarmoreefficientthansendingvideoacrossmobilenetworks.InEuropetheItalianarmof3amobileoperatorrecentlyacquiredChannel7atelevisionchannelwithaviewtolaunchingmobile-TVbroadcastsinItalyinthesecondhalfof2006. [D]DespiteallthisactivityhowevertheprospectsformobileTVareunclear. [E]Assumingthetechnologyandthebusinessmodelscanbesortedoutthereisstillthetrickymatterofcontent. [F]InSouthKoreaaconsortiumofbroadcasterslaunchedafree-to-airDMBnetworklastmonthbutthecountry’smobileoperatorswerereluctanttoprovidetheiruserswithhandsetsabletoreceivethebroadcastssincetheywereunwillingtounderminetheprospectsfortheirownsubscription-basedmobile-TVservices. [G]ThepotentialformobileTVisvastinshort—butsoisthedegreeofuncertaintyoverhowitshouldactuallybeputintopractice. 43
AMERICA’Scentralbanksentaclearmessagethisweek.ForthesecondconsecutivemeetingtheFederalOpenMarketCommitteethecentralbank’spolicy-makingcommitteeleftshort-terminterestratesunchangedat1.75%.Butitsaidthattherisksfacingtheeconomyhadshiftedfromeconomicweaknesstoabalancebetweenweaknessandexcessivegrowth.Thisshiftsurprisednoone.Butithasconvincedmanypeoplethatinterestratesaresettoriseagain--andsoon.Judgingbypricesinfuturesmarketsinvestorsarebettingthatshort-terminterestratescouldstartrisingasearlyasMayandwillbe1.25percentagepointshigherbytheendoftheyear.Thatmaybeexcessive.EconomistsatGoldmanSachswholongarguedthatthecentralbankwoulddonothingthisyearnowexpectshort-termratestogouponly0.75%thisyearstartinginJune.ButvirtuallyeveryonereckonssomeFedtighteningisintheoffing.ThereasonAfteranunprecedented11rate-cutsin2001short-terminterestratesareabnormallylow.AsthesignsofrobustrecoverymultiplyanalystsexpecttheFedtotakebacksomeoftherate-cutsitusedasaninsurancepolicyaftertheSeptember11thterroristattack.TheythinktherewillbeagradualmovefromtheFed’scurrentaccommodativemonetarystancetoamoreneutralpolicy.Andaneutralpolicymanyargueultimatelyimpliesshort-terminterestratesofaround4%.Logicalenough.Buthigherratescouldstillbefurtheroffparticularlyiftherecoveryproveslessrobustthanmanyhope.CertainlyrecenteconomicindicatorshavebeenextraordinarilystrongunemploymentfellforthesecondconsecutivemonthinFebruaryandindustrialproductionroseinbothJanuaryandFebruary.Themanufacturingsectorisgrowingafter18monthsofdecline.ThemostoptimisticWallStreetersnowexpectGDPtohaveexpandedbybetween5%and6%onanannualbasisinthefirstquarter.Butonestrongquarterdoesnotimplyasustainablerecovery.Intheshorttermthebounce-backisbeingdrivenbyadramaticrestockingofinventories.Butitcanbesustainedonlyifcorporateinvestmentrecoversandconsumerspendingstaysbuoyant.Withplentyofslackcapacityaroundandmanyfirmsstuckwithhugedebtsandlousyprofitsitishardtoseewheresurginginvestmentwillcomefrom.AnddespitefallingunemploymentAmerica’sconsumerscoulddisappointthebulls.Theseuncertaintiesalonesuggestthecentralbankwillbecautiousaboutraisinginterestrates.IndeedgiventhehugepressureoncorporateprofitstheFederalReservemightbehappytoseeconsumerpricesriseslightly.InshortwhileWallStreetfretsaboutwhenandhowmuchinterestrateswillgoup.Theanswermaywellbenotsoonandnotmuch.Thepurposeoftheauthorinwritingthistextisto
Comeonmyfellowwhitefolkswehavesomethingtoconfess.Outwithitfriendsthebiggestsecretknowntowhitessincetheinventionofpowderedrouge:welfareisawhiteprogram.Thenumbersgolikethis:61%ofthepopulationreceivingwelfarelistedasmeans-testedcashassistancebytheCensusBureauisidentifiedaswhitewhileonly33%isidentifiedasblack.ThesenumbersnotwithstandingtheRepublicanversionofpoliticalcorrectnesshasgivenuswelfarecheatasanewtermforAfricanAmericansincetheearlydaysofRonaldReagan.Ourconfessionsurelystands:whitefolkshavebeengobblingupthewelfarebudgetwhileblamingsomeoneelse.Butit’sworsethanthat.IfwelookatSocialSecuritywhichisanotherformofwelfarealthoughitisoftenmistakenforanindividualinsuranceprogramthenwhitesaretheoneswhoarecrowdingthetrough.Wereceivealmosttwiceasmuchpercapitaforanaggregateadvantagetoourraceof$10billionayear--muchmorethanthe$3.9billionadvantageAfricanAmericangainfromtheirdisproportionateshareofwelfare.Onesadreason:whitesliveanaverageofsixyearslongerthanAfricanAmericansmeaningthatyoungblackworkershelpsubsidizeahugeandgrowingover-classofwhiteretirees.Idonotseeourconfessionbringingmuchrelief.There’sareasonforresentmentthoughithasmoretodowithclassthanwithrace.Whitepeoplearepoortooandinnumbersfarexceedinganyofourmoregenerouslypigmentedsocialgroups.Andpovertyasdefinedbythegovernmentisavastunderestimationoftheeconomicterrorthatpersistsatincomes--suchas$20000oreven$40000andabove--thatweliketothinkofasmiddleclass.Theproblemisnotthatwelfareistoogeneroustoblacksbutthatsocialwelfareingeneralistoostingytoallconcerned.Naturallywhitesintheswellingnearpoorcategoryresentthenotionofwholeracessupposedlyfrolickingattheirexpense.Whitesnearpoorandmiddleclassneedhelptoo--asdothemanyAfricanAmericans.Sowewhitefolkshaveachoice.Wecankeeppretendingthatwelfareisblackprogramandaschemefortransferringourearningstothepocketsofshiftlessdark-skinnedpeople.Orwecanclearourthroatsblushprettilyandadmitthatwearehurtingtoo--forcashassistancewhenwe’redownandoutforhealthinsuranceforcollegeaidandalltherest.RacialscapegoatinghasitscharmsIwilladmit:thesurgeofrighteousangereventhefun--forthoseinclined--ofwearingsheetsandburningcrosses.Buttherearebetternoblersourcesofwhiteprideitseemstome.Rememberthis:onlywecantrulydeeplyblush.Theauthorismostcriticalofthewhites’
ThatLouiseNevelsonisbelievedbymanycriticstobethegreatesttwentieth-centurysculptorisallthemoreremarkablebecausethegreatestresistancetowomenartistshasbeenuntilrecentlyinthefieldofsculpture.SinceNeolithictimessculpturehasbeenconsideredtheprerogativeofmenpartlyperhapsforpurelyphysicalreasons:itwaserroneouslyassumedthatwomenwerenotsuitedforthehardmanuallaborrequiredinsculptingstonecarvingwoodorworkinginmetal.IthasbeenonlyduringthetwentiethcenturythatwomensculptorshavebeenrecognizedasmajorartistsandithasbeenintheUnitedStatesespeciallysincethedecadesofthefiftiesandsixtiesthatwomensculptorshaveshownthegreatestoriginalityandcreativepower.TheirrisetoprominenceparallelsthedevelopmentofsculptureitselfintheUnitedStates:whiletherehadbeenafewtalentedsculptorsintheUnitedStatesbeforethe1940’sitwasonlyafter1945—whenNewYorkwasrapidlybecomingtheartcapitaloftheworld—thatmajorsculpturewasproducedintheUnitedStates.Someofthebestwastheworkofwomen.ByfarthemostoutstandingofthesewomenisLouiseNevelsonwhointheeyesofmanycriticsisthemostoriginalfemaleartistalivetoday.OnefamousandinfluentialcriticHiltonKramersaidofherworkFormyselfIthinkMs.Nevelsonsucceedswherethepaintersoftenfail.HerworkshavebeencomparedtotheCubistconstructionsofPicassotheSurrealisticobjectsofMiroandtheMerzbauofSchwitters.NevelsonwouldbethefirsttoadmitthatshehasbeeninfluencedbyalloftheseaswellasbyAfricansculptureandbyNativeAmericanandpre-Columbianartbutshehasabsorbedalltheseinfluencesandstillcreatedadistinctiveartthatexpressestheurbanlandscapeandtheaestheticsensibilityofthetwentiethcentury.NevelsonsaysIhavealwayswantedtoshowtheworldthatartiseverywhereexceptthatithastopassthroughacreativemind.Usingmostlydiscardedwoodenobjectslikepackingcratesbrokenpiecesoffurnitureandabandonedarchitecturalornamentsallofwhichshehashoardedforyearssheassemblesarchitecturalconstructionsofgreatbeautyandpower.Creatingveryfreelywithnosketchesshegluesandnailsobjectstogetherpaintsthemblackormorerarelywhiteorgoldandplacestheminboxes.Theseassemblageswallsevenentireenvironmentscreateamysteriousalmostawe-inspiringatmosphere.Althoughshehasdeniedanysymbolicorreligiousintentinherworkstheirthree-dimensionalgrandeurandeventheirtitlessuchasSkyCathedralandNightCathedralsuggestsuchconnotations.InsomewayshermostambitiousworksareclosertoarchitecturethantotraditionalsculpturebutthenneitherLouiseNevelsonnorherartfitsintoanyneatcategory.ThewordassemblagesLine4Para4isclosestinmeaningto
TheworldreligionisderivedfromtheLatinnounreligionwhichdenotesboth1observanceofritualobligationsandaninwardspiritofreverence.Inmodernusagereligioncoversawidespectrumof2thatreflectstheenormousvarietyofwaysthetermcanbe3Atoneextrememanycommittedbelievers4onlytheirowntraditionasareligionunderstandingexpressionssuchasworshipandprayertorefer5tothepracticesoftheirtradition.Theymay6usevagueoridealizingtermsindefiningreligion7trueloveofGodorthepathofenlightenment.Attheotherextremereligionmaybeequatedwith8fanaticismorwishfulthinking. Bydefiningreligionasasacredengagementwithwhatistakentobeaspiritualrealityitispossibletoconsidertheimportanceofreligioninhumanlifewithoutmaking9aboutwhatisreallyisoroughttobe.Religionisnotanobjectwithasinglefixedmeaningor10azonewithclearboundaries.ItisanaspectofHuman11thatmayintersectincorporateortranscendotheraspectsoflifeandsociety.Suchadefinitionavoidthedrawbacksof12theinvestigationofreligiontoWesternorbiblicalcategories13monotheismorchurchstructurewhicharenot14. Religioninthisunderstandingincludesacomplexofactivitiesthatcannotbe15toanysingleaspectofhumanexperience.Itisapartofindividuallifebutalsoof16dynamics.Religionincludesnotonlypatternsoflanguageandthought.Itissometimesan17partofaculture.Religiousexperiencemaybeexpressed18visualsymbolsdanceandperformanceelaboratephilosophicalsystemslegendaryandimaginativestoriesformal19anddetailedrulesofsomeways.Thereareasmanyformsofreligiousexpressionastherearehumancultural20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.15
TheworldreligionisderivedfromtheLatinnounreligionwhichdenotesboth1observanceofritualobligationsandaninwardspiritofreverence.Inmodernusagereligioncoversawidespectrumof2thatreflectstheenormousvarietyofwaysthetermcanbe3Atoneextrememanycommittedbelievers4onlytheirowntraditionasareligionunderstandingexpressionssuchasworshipandprayertorefer5tothepracticesoftheirtradition.Theymay6usevagueoridealizingtermsindefiningreligion7trueloveofGodorthepathofenlightenment.Attheotherextremereligionmaybeequatedwith8fanaticismorwishfulthinking. Bydefiningreligionasasacredengagementwithwhatistakentobeaspiritualrealityitispossibletoconsidertheimportanceofreligioninhumanlifewithoutmaking9aboutwhatisreallyisoroughttobe.Religionisnotanobjectwithasinglefixedmeaningor10azonewithclearboundaries.ItisanaspectofHuman11thatmayintersectincorporateortranscendotheraspectsoflifeandsociety.Suchadefinitionavoidthedrawbacksof12theinvestigationofreligiontoWesternorbiblicalcategories13monotheismorchurchstructurewhicharenot14. Religioninthisunderstandingincludesacomplexofactivitiesthatcannotbe15toanysingleaspectofhumanexperience.Itisapartofindividuallifebutalsoof16dynamics.Religionincludesnotonlypatternsoflanguageandthought.Itissometimesan17partofaculture.Religiousexperiencemaybeexpressed18visualsymbolsdanceandperformanceelaboratephilosophicalsystemslegendaryandimaginativestoriesformal19anddetailedrulesofsomeways.Thereareasmanyformsofreligiousexpressionastherearehumancultural20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.7
TheworldreligionisderivedfromtheLatinnounreligionwhichdenotesboth1observanceofritualobligationsandaninwardspiritofreverence.Inmodernusagereligioncoversawidespectrumof2thatreflectstheenormousvarietyofwaysthetermcanbe3Atoneextrememanycommittedbelievers4onlytheirowntraditionasareligionunderstandingexpressionssuchasworshipandprayertorefer5tothepracticesoftheirtradition.Theymay6usevagueoridealizingtermsindefiningreligion7trueloveofGodorthepathofenlightenment.Attheotherextremereligionmaybeequatedwith8fanaticismorwishfulthinking. Bydefiningreligionasasacredengagementwithwhatistakentobeaspiritualrealityitispossibletoconsidertheimportanceofreligioninhumanlifewithoutmaking9aboutwhatisreallyisoroughttobe.Religionisnotanobjectwithasinglefixedmeaningor10azonewithclearboundaries.ItisanaspectofHuman11thatmayintersectincorporateortranscendotheraspectsoflifeandsociety.Suchadefinitionavoidthedrawbacksof12theinvestigationofreligiontoWesternorbiblicalcategories13monotheismorchurchstructurewhicharenot14. Religioninthisunderstandingincludesacomplexofactivitiesthatcannotbe15toanysingleaspectofhumanexperience.Itisapartofindividuallifebutalsoof16dynamics.Religionincludesnotonlypatternsoflanguageandthought.Itissometimesan17partofaculture.Religiousexperiencemaybeexpressed18visualsymbolsdanceandperformanceelaboratephilosophicalsystemslegendaryandimaginativestoriesformal19anddetailedrulesofsomeways.Thereareasmanyformsofreligiousexpressionastherearehumancultural20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.3
TheworldreligionisderivedfromtheLatinnounreligionwhichdenotesboth1observanceofritualobligationsandaninwardspiritofreverence.Inmodernusagereligioncoversawidespectrumof2thatreflectstheenormousvarietyofwaysthetermcanbe3Atoneextrememanycommittedbelievers4onlytheirowntraditionasareligionunderstandingexpressionssuchasworshipandprayertorefer5tothepracticesoftheirtradition.Theymay6usevagueoridealizingtermsindefiningreligion7trueloveofGodorthepathofenlightenment.Attheotherextremereligionmaybeequatedwith8fanaticismorwishfulthinking. Bydefiningreligionasasacredengagementwithwhatistakentobeaspiritualrealityitispossibletoconsidertheimportanceofreligioninhumanlifewithoutmaking9aboutwhatisreallyisoroughttobe.Religionisnotanobjectwithasinglefixedmeaningor10azonewithclearboundaries.ItisanaspectofHuman11thatmayintersectincorporateortranscendotheraspectsoflifeandsociety.Suchadefinitionavoidthedrawbacksof12theinvestigationofreligiontoWesternorbiblicalcategories13monotheismorchurchstructurewhicharenot14. Religioninthisunderstandingincludesacomplexofactivitiesthatcannotbe15toanysingleaspectofhumanexperience.Itisapartofindividuallifebutalsoof16dynamics.Religionincludesnotonlypatternsoflanguageandthought.Itissometimesan17partofaculture.Religiousexperiencemaybeexpressed18visualsymbolsdanceandperformanceelaboratephilosophicalsystemslegendaryandimaginativestoriesformal19anddetailedrulesofsomeways.Thereareasmanyformsofreligiousexpressionastherearehumancultural20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.19
ManypeopleconsiderthewideruseofbiofuelsapromisingwayofreducingtheamountofsurpluscarbondioxideCO2beingpumpedintotheairbytheworld’smechanizedtransport.ThetheoryisthatplantssuchassugarcanemaizecorntoAmericansoilseedrapeandwheattakeupCO2duringtheirgrowthsoburningfuelsmadefromthemshouldhavenoneteffectontheamountofthatgasintheatmosphere.Theorythoughdoesnotalwaystranslateintopracticeandjustasgovernmentshavecommittedthemselvestothegreateruseofbiofuelsquestionsarebeingraisedabouthowgreenthisformofenergyreallyis.ThelatestcomesfromtheInternationalCouncilforScienceICSUbasedinParis.TheICSUreportconcludesthatsofartheproductionofbiofuelshasaggravatedratherthanamelioratedglobalwarming.Inparticularitsupportssomecontroversialfindingspublishedin2007byPaulCrutzenoftheMaxPlanckInstituteforChemistryinGermany.Dr.CrutzenconcludedthatmostanalyseshadunderestimatedtheimportancetoglobalwarmingofagascallednitrousoxideN2O.TheamountofthisgasreleasedbyfarmingbiofuelcropssuchasmaizeandrapeprobablynegatesbyitselfanyadvantageofferedbyreducedemissionsofCO2.AlthoughN2OisnotcommonintheEarth’satmosphereitisamorepotentgreenhousegasthanCO2andithangsaroundlonger.Theresultisthatoverthecourseofacenturyitsabilitytowarmtheplanetisalmost300timesthatofanequivalentmassofCO2.N2Oismadebybacteriathatliveinsoilandwaterandthesedaystheirrawmaterialisoftenthenitrogen-richfertiliserthatmodernfarmingrequires.Sincethe1960stheamountoffertiliserusedbyfarmershasincreasedsixfoldandnotallofthatextranitrogenendsupintheircrops.Maizeinparticularisdescribedbyexpertsinthefieldasanitrogen-leakyplantbecauseithasshallowrootsandtakesupnitrogenforonlyafewmonthsoftheyear.ThiswouldmakemaizewhichisoneofthemainsourcesofbiofuelaparticularlybadcontributortoglobalN2Oemissions.Butitisnotjustbiofuelsthataretoblame.TheICSUreportsuggestsN2Oemissionsingeneralareprobablymoreimportantthanhadbeenrealised.PreviousstudiesincludingthosebytheInternationalPanelonClimateChangeIPCCaUnitedNations-appointedbodyofexpertsmayhavemiscalculatedtheirsignificance—andaccordingtoAdrianWilliamsofCranfieldUniversityinBritaineventheIPCC’sapproachsuggeststhattheglobal-warmingpotentialofmostofBritain’sannualcropsisdominatedbyN2Oemissions.Itcanbeinferredfromthethirdparagraphthat
TheworldreligionisderivedfromtheLatinnounreligionwhichdenotesboth1observanceofritualobligationsandaninwardspiritofreverence.Inmodernusagereligioncoversawidespectrumof2thatreflectstheenormousvarietyofwaysthetermcanbe3Atoneextrememanycommittedbelievers4onlytheirowntraditionasareligionunderstandingexpressionssuchasworshipandprayertorefer5tothepracticesoftheirtradition.Theymay6usevagueoridealizingtermsindefiningreligion7trueloveofGodorthepathofenlightenment.Attheotherextremereligionmaybeequatedwith8fanaticismorwishfulthinking. Bydefiningreligionasasacredengagementwithwhatistakentobeaspiritualrealityitispossibletoconsidertheimportanceofreligioninhumanlifewithoutmaking9aboutwhatisreallyisoroughttobe.Religionisnotanobjectwithasinglefixedmeaningor10azonewithclearboundaries.ItisanaspectofHuman11thatmayintersectincorporateortranscendotheraspectsoflifeandsociety.Suchadefinitionavoidthedrawbacksof12theinvestigationofreligiontoWesternorbiblicalcategories13monotheismorchurchstructurewhicharenot14. Religioninthisunderstandingincludesacomplexofactivitiesthatcannotbe15toanysingleaspectofhumanexperience.Itisapartofindividuallifebutalsoof16dynamics.Religionincludesnotonlypatternsoflanguageandthought.Itissometimesan17partofaculture.Religiousexperiencemaybeexpressed18visualsymbolsdanceandperformanceelaboratephilosophicalsystemslegendaryandimaginativestoriesformal19anddetailedrulesofsomeways.Thereareasmanyformsofreligiousexpressionastherearehumancultural20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.11
What’syourearliestmemoryDoyourememberlearningtowalkThebirthofasiblingNurseryschoolAdultsrarelyremembereventsfrommuchbeforekindergartenjustaschildrenyoungerthan3or4seldomrecallanyspecificexperiencesasdistinctfromgeneralknowledge.Psychologistshavefloatedallsortsofexplanationsforthis“childhoodamnesia”.Thereductionistsappealedtotheneurologicalarguingthatthehippocampusthebrainregionresponsibleforformingmemoriesdoesn’tmatureuntilabouttheageof2.Butthereigningtheoryholdsthatsinceadultsdonotthinklikechildrentheycannotaccesschildhoodmemories.Adultsarestruckwithgrown-up“schema”thebarebonesofnarratives.46Whentheyrifflethroughthementalfilingcabinetinsearchoffragmentsofchildhoodmemoriestohangonthisnarrativeskeletonaccordingtothistheorytheydon’tfindanythatfit.It’sliketryingtofindtheFrenchwordinanEnglishindex. NowpsychologistKatherineNelsonoftheCityUniversityofNewYorkoffersanewexplanationforchildhoodamnesia.47Shearguesthatchildrendon’tevenformlastinglong-termmemoriesofpersonalexperiencesuntiltheylearntousesomeoneelse’sdescriptionofthoseexperiencestoturntheirownshort-termfleetingrecollectionsintopermanentmemories.Inotherwordschildrenhavetotalkabouttheirexperiencesandhearotherstalkaboutthem—hearMomrecountthatdays’triptothedinosaurmuseumhearDadre-memberaloudtheirtriptotheamusementpark. WhyshouldmemorydependsoheavilyonnarrativeNelsonmarshalsevidencethatthemindstructuresremembrancesthatway.48Childrenwhosemotherstalkabouttheday’sactivitiesastheywinddowntowardbedtimeforinstanceremembermoreoftheday’sspecialeventsthandochildrenwhosemothersdon’tofferthisnovelisticframework.Talkingaboutaneventinanarrativewayhelpsachildrememberit.49Andlearningtostructurememoriesasalong-runningnarrativeNelsonsuggestsisthekeytoapermanent“autobiographicalmemory”thespecificremembrancesthatformone’slifestory.Whatyouhadforlunchyesterdayisn’tpartofit;whatyouateonyourfirstdatewithyourfuturespousemaybe. Languageofcourseisthekeytosuchanarrative.Childrenlearntoengageintalkaboutthepast.Theestablishmentofthesememoriesisrelatedtotheexperienceoftalkingtootherpeopleaboutthem.50Inparticularachildmustrecognizethataretelling—ofthatmuseumtripsay—isjustthetripitselfinanothermediumthatofspeechratherthanexperience.Thatdoesn’thappenuntilthechildisperhapsfourorfive.Bythetimeshe’sreadyforkindergartenshe’llrememberallsortsofthings.Andshemayevenbythenhavelearned’nottoblurtthemoutinpublic. Shearguesthatchildrendon’tevenformlastinglong-termmemoriesofpersonalexperiencesuntiltheylearntousesomeoneelse’sdescriptionofthoseexperiencestoturntheirownshort-termfleetingrecollectionsintopermanentmemories
Directions:Youareinterestedinapositionofeditorofferedbyacompany.Writealetterofapplicationtothentoexpressyourintention.Writeyourletterwithnolessthan100words.Donotsignyournameattheendoftheletter.UseLiMinginstead.Donotwritetheaddress.
ThediscoveryoflifebeyondEarthwouldtransformnotonlyoursciencebutalsoourreligionsourbeliefsystemsandourentireworld-view.Forinasensethesearchforextraterrestriallifeisreallyasearchforourselves--whoweareandwhatourplaceisinthegrandsweepofthecosmos.Contrarytopopularbeliefspeculationthatwearenotaloneintheuniverseisasoldasphilosophyitself.TheessentialstepsinthereasoningwerebasedontheatomictheoryoftheancientGreekphilosopherDemocritus.Yetphilosophyisonethingfillinginthephysicaldetailsisanother.Althoughastronomersincreasinglysuspectthatbiofriendlyplanetsmaybeabundantintheuniversethechemicalstepsleadingtoliferemainlargelymysterious.Traditionallybiologistsbelievedthatlifeisafreak--theresultofazillion-to-oneaccidentalconcatenationofmolecules.Itfollowsthatthelikelihoodofitshappeningagainelsewhereinthecosmosisinfinitesimal.Thisviewpointderivesfromthesecondlawofthermodynamicswhichpredictsthattheuniverseisdying--slowlyandinexorablydegeneratingtowardastateoftotalchaos.Andsimilarreasoningappliestoevolution.AccordingtotheorthodoxviewDarwinianselectionisutterlyblind.Anyimpressionthatthetransitionfrommicrobestomanrepresentsprogressispurechauvinismofourpart.Thepathofevolutionismerelyarandomwalkthroughtherealmofpossibilities.Ifthisisrighttherecanbenodirectionalitynoinnatedriveforward;inparticularnopushtowardconsciousnessandintelligence.ShouldEarthbestruckbyanasteroiddestroyingallhigherlife-formsintelligentbeingswouldalmostcertainlynotarisenexttimearound.Thereishoweveracontraryview--onethatisgainingstrengthanddirectlychallengesorthodoxbiology.Itisthatcomplexitycanemergespontaneouslythroughaprocessofself-organization.Ifmatterandenergyhaveaninbuilttendencytoamplifyandchannelorganizedcomplexitytheoddsagainsttheformationoflifeandthesubsequentevolutionofintelligencecouldbedrasticallyshortened.HistoricallyBertrandRussellarguedthatauniverseunderadeathsentencefromthesecondlawofthermodynamicsrenderedhumanlifeultimatelyfutile.Allourachievementsallourstrugglesallthenoondaybrightnessofhumangeniusasheputitwouldinthefinalanalysiscountfornothingiftheverycosmositselfisdoomed.ButwhatifinspiteofthesecondlawofthermodynamicstherecanbesystematicprogressalongsidedecayForthosewhohopeforadeepermeaningorpurposebeneathphysicalexistencethepresenceofextraterrestriallife-formswouldprovideaspectacularboostimplyingthatweliveinauniversethatisinsomesensegettingbetterandbetterratherthanworseandworse.Thewriterorganizeshisideasinthetextmainlyby
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