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Directions: You booked a two-week holiday to Sydney with Fly-by-Night Travel. You are not happy wit...
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Directions:Inthispartyouaretowriteanessayof160—200
－YouknowBeijingOlympicticketscan____onlinefromApri
be booked; be sold
book; be sold
be booked; sell
book; sell
—Couldyoutellme________?—Abouttwomonths.
when are you leaving for Shanghai
how often you go to the school library
how many tickets have you booked
how long you have been at this school
HirechargesWhat’sincluded:1Unlimitedmileage英里数.2Ex
HirechargesWhat’sincluded:1Unlimitedmileage英里数.2Ex
Directions: Enormouschangestookplaceinthelasttwod
Directions: Threeweeksagoyoubookedatwo-weekholida
Directions:YouareateacherofEnglish.TheeditorofCamp
Directions: Youbookedatwo-weekholidaytoSydneywith
Ticketsmustbe{{U}}purchased{{/U}}twoweeksinadvance
booked
bought
sold
obtained
—Couldyoutellme?—Abouttwomonths.
when are you leaving for Beijing
how often you go to the mall
how many tickets have you booked
how long you have been at this company
PartA Directions: Onemonthagoyoubookedtwocopiesof
Ihearthatyou’vebookedaroomonlinE.Where__________?
are you staying
do you stay
have you stayed
had you stayed
Directions: YouareateacherofEnglish.TheeditorofCa
—Ihavebookedaroom________two.—I.’llchecksir.
for
to
of
with
Directions:Studythetwopicturesabovecarefullyandwri
Directions:Threeweeksagoyoubookedatwo-weekholidayt
Directions: Youbookedatwo-weekholidaytoSydneywith
Directions:Youjustcomebackfromyourholiday.Writeale
Ticketsmustbepurchasedtwoweeksinadvance.
booked
bought
sold
obtained
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Directions: Studythefollowingcartooncarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould 1describethecartoon 2deduethepurposeofthecartoonand 3giveyourcomments. Youshouldwrite160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
WhatWillBeisanimpressiveandvisionaryguidetothefuturefilledwithinsightsonhowinformationtechnologywilltransformourlivesandourworldinthenewcentury. TheauthorMichaelDertouzosstands1frommanyoftheforecastersandcommentatorswhobombardusdailywith2ofthisfuture.Fortwentyyearshehasledoneoftheworld’s3researchlaboratorieswhosemembershavebroughttheworld4computerstheEtherNetandstart-upcompanies. Asavisionaryhis5havebeenonthemark:In1981hedescribedthe6ofanInformationMarketplaceas"atwenty-first-centuryvillagemarketplacewherepeopleandcomputersbuysellandfreelyexchangeinformationandinformationservices."That’sa7descriptionoftheInternetasweknowittoday. Naturallywedonotagreeonallthe8waysthenewworldwill9oraffectus.Thisisasitshouldbe.Thereisplentyofroomfor10ideasanddebateconcerningtherichandpromisingsettingahead.What’smoreimportantisthatpeoplebecome11andformtheirownopinionsaboutthechanges12. Whenit13tothatfutureworldwhatwedo14faroutweighsourdifferencesNewbusinesseswillbecreatedandnew15willbemadeinthe16areasofactivitythisbookdescribes.Moreimportantradicalchangesinhardwaresoftwareandinfrastructurewill17inwayslargeandsmalloursociallivesourfamiliesourjobsourhealthourenvironmentoureconomyandeventhe18weseeforourselvesintheuniverse.Whoever19thecomingInformationRevolution—dthat’s20allofus--needstoknowWhatWillBe. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
Text3 ThetitleofthebiographyTheAmericanCivilWarFightingfortheLadycouldhardlybemoreprovocative.ThomasKeneallyanAustralianwriterisunapologetic.InlabelingaherooftheAmericancivilwaranotoriousscoundrelheswitchesthespotlightfromthebraveactionsofDanSicklesatthebattleofGettysburgtohisearlierpre-meditatedmurderoftheloverofhisyoungandprettyItalian-AmericanwifeTeresa.ItisnotthemurderitselfthatdisgustsMr.KeneallybutSickles’streatmentofhiswifeafterwards andhowhisbehaviormirroredthehypocriticalmisogynyof19th-centuryAmerica. ThemurdervictimPhilipBartonKeyTeresaSickles’slovercamefromafamousoldsouthernfamily.HewasthenephewofthechiefjusticeoftheAmericanSupremeCourtandthesonofthewriterofthecountry’snationalanthem.SicklesaTammanyHallpoliticianinNewYorkturnedDemocraticcongressmaninWashingtonshotKeydeadin1859atacornerofLafayetteSquarewithinshoutingdistanceoftheWhiteHouse.Butthemurdertrialwasmelodramaticevenbythestandardsoftheday.WiththehelpofeightlawyersSickleswasfoundnotguiltyafterusingthenovelpleaof"temporaryinsanity".ThecountryatlargewasjustasforgivingviewingKey’smurderasagallantcrimeofpassion.WithinthreeyearsSickleswasageneralontheUnionistsideintheAmericancivilWarandasanewfriendofAbrahamandMaryLincolnafrequentsleepoverguestattheWhiteHouse. Mrs.Sickleswaslessfortunate.Shewasshunnedbyfriendsshehadmadeasthewifeofarisingpolitician.HerhusbandaserialadultererwhosemanymistressesincludedQueenIsabellaⅡofSpainandthemadamofanindustrializedNewYorkwhorehouserefusedtobeseeninhercompany.LauratheSickles’sdaughterwasaninnocentvictimofherfather’svindictivenessandeventuallydiedofdrinkintheBowerydistrictofNewYork. Sickles’sboldactionsatGettysburgareintheirownwayjustascontroversial.ArgumentcontinuestorageamongscholarsastowhetherhehelpedtheUniontovictoryornearlycauseditsdefeatwhenhemovedhisforcesoutoflinetooccupywhathethoughtwasbetterground.JamesLongstreettheConfederategeneralwholedtheattackagainstthenewpositionwasinnodoubtaboutthebrillianceofthemove. Mr.Keneallyisbetterknownasanovelist.Hereheshowshimselfjustasadeptatbiographyandachievesbothhismainaims.HerestoresthereputationofTeresaSickles"thisbeautifulpleasantandintelligentgirl"andbreathesfullandcontroversiallifeintoafamousmilitaryengagement. Thistextappearstobeadigestof
Directions:Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushonld1describethepicture2deducethepurposeofthedrawerofthepictureand3giveyourcomments.Youshouldwriteatleast200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
WhatWillBeisanimpressiveandvisionaryguidetothefuturefilledwithinsightsonhowinformationtechnologywilltransformourlivesandourworldinthenewcentury. TheauthorMichaelDertouzosstands1frommanyoftheforecastersandcommentatorswhobombardusdailywith2ofthisfuture.Fortwentyyearshehasledoneoftheworld’s3researchlaboratorieswhosemembershavebroughttheworld4computerstheEtherNetandstart-upcompanies. Asavisionaryhis5havebeenonthemark:In1981hedescribedthe6ofanInformationMarketplaceas"atwenty-first-centuryvillagemarketplacewherepeopleandcomputersbuysellandfreelyexchangeinformationandinformationservices."That’sa7descriptionoftheInternetasweknowittoday. Naturallywedonotagreeonallthe8waysthenewworldwill9oraffectus.Thisisasitshouldbe.Thereisplentyofroomfor10ideasanddebateconcerningtherichandpromisingsettingahead.What’smoreimportantisthatpeoplebecome11andformtheirownopinionsaboutthechanges12. Whenit13tothatfutureworldwhatwedo14faroutweighsourdifferencesNewbusinesseswillbecreatedandnew15willbemadeinthe16areasofactivitythisbookdescribes.Moreimportantradicalchangesinhardwaresoftwareandinfrastructurewill17inwayslargeandsmalloursociallivesourfamiliesourjobsourhealthourenvironmentoureconomyandeventhe18weseeforourselvesintheuniverse.Whoever19thecomingInformationRevolution—dthat’s20allofus--needstoknowWhatWillBe. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
WhatWillBeisanimpressiveandvisionaryguidetothefuturefilledwithinsightsonhowinformationtechnologywilltransformourlivesandourworldinthenewcentury. TheauthorMichaelDertouzosstands1frommanyoftheforecastersandcommentatorswhobombardusdailywith2ofthisfuture.Fortwentyyearshehasledoneoftheworld’s3researchlaboratorieswhosemembershavebroughttheworld4computerstheEtherNetandstart-upcompanies. Asavisionaryhis5havebeenonthemark:In1981hedescribedthe6ofanInformationMarketplaceas"atwenty-first-centuryvillagemarketplacewherepeopleandcomputersbuysellandfreelyexchangeinformationandinformationservices."That’sa7descriptionoftheInternetasweknowittoday. Naturallywedonotagreeonallthe8waysthenewworldwill9oraffectus.Thisisasitshouldbe.Thereisplentyofroomfor10ideasanddebateconcerningtherichandpromisingsettingahead.What’smoreimportantisthatpeoplebecome11andformtheirownopinionsaboutthechanges12. Whenit13tothatfutureworldwhatwedo14faroutweighsourdifferencesNewbusinesseswillbecreatedandnew15willbemadeinthe16areasofactivitythisbookdescribes.Moreimportantradicalchangesinhardwaresoftwareandinfrastructurewill17inwayslargeandsmalloursociallivesourfamiliesourjobsourhealthourenvironmentoureconomyandeventhe18weseeforourselvesintheuniverse.Whoever19thecomingInformationRevolution—dthat’s20allofus--needstoknowWhatWillBe. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
ThelongandprogressivereignofQueenVictoriacametoaclimaxatatimeofpeaceandplentywhentheBritishEmpireseemedtobeatthesummitofitspowerandsecurity.OfthediscordthatsoonfollowedweshallherenoteonlytwofactorswhichhadlargeinfluenceoncontemporaryEnglishliterature. ThefirstdisturbingfactorwasimperialismthereawakeningofadominatingspiritwhichhadseeminglybeenputtosleepbytheproclamationofanImperialFederation.46ItscomingwasheraldedbytheBoerWarinSouthAfricathroughwhichBritainblunderedtowhatwashopedtobeaneraofpeaceandgoodwill.Othernationspromptlymadesuchhopeavainwhistlinginthewind.JapaneseWarLordsbeganacareerofconquestwhichaimedtomakeJapanmasterofAsiaandEastIndies.Pacificislandsthathadforagessleptpeacefullywereturnedintofrowningnavalstations.47EventheUnitedStatesarousedbyaneasytriumphintheSpanishWarstartedonanimperialisticadventurebytakingcontrolofthePhilippinesthusmakinganimplacableenemyofJapan. Onlyanationthatentersonadangerouscoursewitheyeswideopenhasanychanceofasafewayoutandtheimperialisticnationswereallalikeblind.48AninevitableresultwastheFirstWarandthegreathorrorofaSecondWorldWarthetwodisastersbeingdifferentactsofthesametragedyofimperialismseparatedonlybyabreathingspell. Anotherfactorthatinfluencedliteraturefortheworsewasawidespreaddemandforsocialreformofeverykind;notslowandorderlyreformwhichisprogressbutimmediateanduncontrolledreformwhichbreedsaspiritofrebellionanddespair.BeforetheVictorianagehadcometoanendEnglishliteratureappearedtohavelosttouchwithhealthyEnglishlife.ManywritersechoedthesorrowfulcryofJamesThomsoninhisCityofDreadfulNightorbabbledof"artforart’ssake"withOscarWilde.49GroominhissurveyoftheperiodnotesthatwritershadmostlyacriticalattitudetowardmoralsandreligionChurchandStateasrelicsfrom"thedeadhandoftraditionalbeliefs."50SmallwonderthatGermanandJapanesewar-advocatesregardedEnglishmenasadecadentracewhenthesameoraworseopinionwasdailyreadinthenovelsofSamuelButlerandnightlyheardintheplaysofBernardShaw. AninevitableresultwastheFirstWarandthegreathorrorofaSecondWorldWarthetwodisastersbeingdifferentactsofthesametragedyofimperialismseparatedonlybyabreathingspell.
WhatWillBeisanimpressiveandvisionaryguidetothefuturefilledwithinsightsonhowinformationtechnologywilltransformourlivesandourworldinthenewcentury. TheauthorMichaelDertouzosstands1frommanyoftheforecastersandcommentatorswhobombardusdailywith2ofthisfuture.Fortwentyyearshehasledoneoftheworld’s3researchlaboratorieswhosemembershavebroughttheworld4computerstheEtherNetandstart-upcompanies. Asavisionaryhis5havebeenonthemark:In1981hedescribedthe6ofanInformationMarketplaceas"atwenty-first-centuryvillagemarketplacewherepeopleandcomputersbuysellandfreelyexchangeinformationandinformationservices."That’sa7descriptionoftheInternetasweknowittoday. Naturallywedonotagreeonallthe8waysthenewworldwill9oraffectus.Thisisasitshouldbe.Thereisplentyofroomfor10ideasanddebateconcerningtherichandpromisingsettingahead.What’smoreimportantisthatpeoplebecome11andformtheirownopinionsaboutthechanges12. Whenit13tothatfutureworldwhatwedo14faroutweighsourdifferencesNewbusinesseswillbecreatedandnew15willbemadeinthe16areasofactivitythisbookdescribes.Moreimportantradicalchangesinhardwaresoftwareandinfrastructurewill17inwayslargeandsmalloursociallivesourfamiliesourjobsourhealthourenvironmentoureconomyandeventhe18weseeforourselvesintheuniverse.Whoever19thecomingInformationRevolution—dthat’s20allofus--needstoknowWhatWillBe. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
ThelongandprogressivereignofQueenVictoriacametoaclimaxatatimeofpeaceandplentywhentheBritishEmpireseemedtobeatthesummitofitspowerandsecurity.OfthediscordthatsoonfollowedweshallherenoteonlytwofactorswhichhadlargeinfluenceoncontemporaryEnglishliterature. ThefirstdisturbingfactorwasimperialismthereawakeningofadominatingspiritwhichhadseeminglybeenputtosleepbytheproclamationofanImperialFederation.46ItscomingwasheraldedbytheBoerWarinSouthAfricathroughwhichBritainblunderedtowhatwashopedtobeaneraofpeaceandgoodwill.Othernationspromptlymadesuchhopeavainwhistlinginthewind.JapaneseWarLordsbeganacareerofconquestwhichaimedtomakeJapanmasterofAsiaandEastIndies.Pacificislandsthathadforagessleptpeacefullywereturnedintofrowningnavalstations.47EventheUnitedStatesarousedbyaneasytriumphintheSpanishWarstartedonanimperialisticadventurebytakingcontrolofthePhilippinesthusmakinganimplacableenemyofJapan. Onlyanationthatentersonadangerouscoursewitheyeswideopenhasanychanceofasafewayoutandtheimperialisticnationswereallalikeblind.48AninevitableresultwastheFirstWarandthegreathorrorofaSecondWorldWarthetwodisastersbeingdifferentactsofthesametragedyofimperialismseparatedonlybyabreathingspell. Anotherfactorthatinfluencedliteraturefortheworsewasawidespreaddemandforsocialreformofeverykind;notslowandorderlyreformwhichisprogressbutimmediateanduncontrolledreformwhichbreedsaspiritofrebellionanddespair.BeforetheVictorianagehadcometoanendEnglishliteratureappearedtohavelosttouchwithhealthyEnglishlife.ManywritersechoedthesorrowfulcryofJamesThomsoninhisCityofDreadfulNightorbabbledof"artforart’ssake"withOscarWilde.49GroominhissurveyoftheperiodnotesthatwritershadmostlyacriticalattitudetowardmoralsandreligionChurchandStateasrelicsfrom"thedeadhandoftraditionalbeliefs."50SmallwonderthatGermanandJapanesewar-advocatesregardedEnglishmenasadecadentracewhenthesameoraworseopinionwasdailyreadinthenovelsofSamuelButlerandnightlyheardintheplaysofBernardShaw. SmallwonderthatGermanandJapanesewar-advocatesregardedEnglishmenasadecadentracewhenthesameoraworse
WhatWillBeisanimpressiveandvisionaryguidetothefuturefilledwithinsightsonhowinformationtechnologywilltransformourlivesandourworldinthenewcentury. TheauthorMichaelDertouzosstands1frommanyoftheforecastersandcommentatorswhobombardusdailywith2ofthisfuture.Fortwentyyearshehasledoneoftheworld’s3researchlaboratorieswhosemembershavebroughttheworld4computerstheEtherNetandstart-upcompanies. Asavisionaryhis5havebeenonthemark:In1981hedescribedthe6ofanInformationMarketplaceas"atwenty-first-centuryvillagemarketplacewherepeopleandcomputersbuysellandfreelyexchangeinformationandinformationservices."That’sa7descriptionoftheInternetasweknowittoday. Naturallywedonotagreeonallthe8waysthenewworldwill9oraffectus.Thisisasitshouldbe.Thereisplentyofroomfor10ideasanddebateconcerningtherichandpromisingsettingahead.What’smoreimportantisthatpeoplebecome11andformtheirownopinionsaboutthechanges12. Whenit13tothatfutureworldwhatwedo14faroutweighsourdifferencesNewbusinesseswillbecreatedandnew15willbemadeinthe16areasofactivitythisbookdescribes.Moreimportantradicalchangesinhardwaresoftwareandinfrastructurewill17inwayslargeandsmalloursociallivesourfamiliesourjobsourhealthourenvironmentoureconomyandeventhe18weseeforourselvesintheuniverse.Whoever19thecomingInformationRevolution—dthat’s20allofus--needstoknowWhatWillBe. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
[A]Themarketingofthenovel [B]Thevalueofthenovel [C]Thesuccessfuldistributionchannelisahelper [D]Thespecialwritingstyleattractsthereadersuccessfully [E]Feedbackfromtheseller [F]Chainreactionofthenovel TwoyearsagothismonthDoubledaypublishedahistoricalthrillerwithanannouncedfirstprintingof85000andhighhopesthatalittle-knownwriternamedDanBrownwouldcatchonwiththegeneralpublic."WesurelyexpectedtohaveahugesuccessbutIdon’tthinkanyonedreameditwouldbecomeahistoricpublication"saysStephenRubinpresidentandpublisheroftheDoubledayBroadwayPublishingGroup. 41____________. Ifthe"HarryPotter"booksstandastheessentialpopularreadforyoungpeoplethen"TheDaVinciCode"hascapturedthecrownforgrown-ups.Aword-of-mouthsensationfromthemomentitcameoutBrown’scontroversialmixofstorytellingandspeculationremainshighonbest-sellerlistsevenasitbeginsitsthirdyearsincepublication. 42____________. Twenty-fivemillionbooksin44languagesareinprintworldwideandnoendisinsight.Booksellersexpect"TheDaVinciCode"toremainabest-sellerwellinto2005.AplannedfilmversionbyOscar-winningdirectorRonHowardshouldbringinevenmorereaders.Andatatimewhenconsumersaresupposedlymindingtheirbudgetssalesforthe$24.95hardcoverhavebeensogoodthatDoubledaystillhassetnodateforapaperback. 43____________. "It’sbeenourNo.1fictionbookfortwoyearsinarowandIcan’trememberanothertimethathappened"saidBobWietrakvicepresidentofmerchandisingforBarnes&NobleInc."Peoplecomeintoourstoreallthetimeandaskforitoraskforbooksthatarelikeit." 44____________. Thanksto"TheDaVinciCode"abouttheonlybooksthatseemabletokeepupareBrown’spreviousnovels."DeceptionPoint"firstreleasedin2001nowhas3.7millioncopiesinprintaccordingtoSimon&SchusterBrown’spreviouspublisher."Angelsanddemons"publishedin2000andfeaturing"DaVinci"protagonistRobertLangdonhasmorethan8millioncopiesinprint. 45____________. Theunprecedentedsuccessof"TheDaVinciCode"hasbeenhelpedbywideaccesswiththebookonsaleeverywherefromWal-Marttoairportstosupermarketsoftenprovingmorepopularthanthemassmarketpaperbacksavailableatthesameoutlets. "TheDaVinciCode"hasalsothrivedduringatimewhenbothliteraryandcommercialnovelsstruggledwhenatighteconomycompetitionfromothermediaandelectionyeartensionsdrovethepublictononfictionworksorawayfrombooksaltogether.PublishersandbooksellerssayBrown’snovelhasworkedbycombiningnarrativeexcitementandprovocative--anddisputed-historicaldetail. 42
Text4 Inascience-fictionmoviecalled"Species"amysterioussignalfromouterspaceturnsouttodescribethegenomeofanunknownorganism.WhentheinevitablemadscientistsynthesizestheDNAdescribedbytheinstructionsthecreaturehebreedsfromitturnsouttoresembleNatashaHenstridgeanathleticactress.UnfortunatelythealienharborswithinherdelicateformthedestructivepowersofaPanzerdivisionanditallendsbadlyfortherashgeneticistandhislaboratory. GlenEvanschiefexecutiveofEgeaBiosciencesinSanDiegoCaliforniaacknowledgesregretfullythatdespiteseekinghisexpertopinion--inreturnforwhichhewaspresentedwiththeposterofthestrikingMrHenstridgethathangsonhisofficewall--theproducersof"Species"didnothewverycloselytohissuggestionsaboutthefeasibilityoftheirscriptideas.Stilltheyhadcometotherightman.Dr.Evansbelievesthathisfirmwillsoonbeabletocreateifnotanaliensuccubusatleastatinybiologicalmachinemadeofartificialproteinsthatcouldmimicthebehaviorofalivingcell. MakingsuchproteinswillrequiretheabilitytosynthesizelongstretchesofDNA.ExistingtechnologyforsynthesizingDNAcanmanagetomakegenesthatencodeafewdozenaminoacidsbutthisistooshorttoproduceanyinterestingproteins.Egea’stechnologybycontrastwouldallowbiologiststomanufacturegeneswholesale.Thefirm’sscientistscanmakegeneslongenoughtoencode6000aminoacids.Theyaimtosynthesizeagenefor30000aminoacidswithintwoyears. Usingalibraryoftheroughly1500possible"motifs"orfoldsthataproteincanadoptEgea’sscientistsemploycomputerstodesignnewproteinsthatarelikelytohavedesirableshapesandproperties.TosynthesizetheDNAthatencodestheseproteinsEgeausesamachinewhichhasdubbedthe"genewriter".Dr.Evanslikensthisdevicetoaword-processorforDNAonwhichyoucantypeinthesequenceoflettersdefiningapieceofDNAandgetthatmoleculeout. AsEgeaextendsthelengthofDNAitcansynthesizeDr.Evansenvisagesencodingnotjustproteinsbutentirebiochemicalpathwayswhichareteamsofproteinsthatconductmetabolicprocesses.Acollectionofsuchmoleculescouldconceivablyfunctionasaminiaturemachinethatwouldoperateinthebodyandattackdiseasejustasthebody’sowndefensivecellsdo.PerhapsDr.EvansandhiscolleaguesoughttogetintouchwiththeirfriendsinHollywood. TheDNAdesignedbyEvan'stechnologydiffersstrikinglyfromthatsynthesizedbyexistingtechnologyinthattheformerischaracterizedbyits
Text2 TheTuscantownofVincibirthplaceofLeonardoandhometoamuseumofhismachinesshouldfittinglyputonashowofthetelevision-robotsculpturesofNamJunPaik.ThisKorean-bornAmericanartistandtheRenaissancemasterarekindredspirits:LeonardosawhumanisticpotentialinhisscientificexperimentsMr.Paikendeavorstoharnessmediatechnologyforartisticpurposes.Apioneerofvideoartinthelate1960shetreatstelevisionasaspaceforartimagesandasmaterialforrobotsandinteractivesculptures. Mr.Paikwasnotalone.Heandfellowartistspickedonthevideocamerasbecausetheyofferedaneasywaytorecordtheirperformanceart.Nowtomarkvideoart’scomingofageNewYork’sMuseumofModernArtislookingbackattheireffortsinafilmseriescalled"TheFirstDecade".ItcelebratestheearlydaysofvideobyscreeningthearchivesofElectronicArtsIntermixEAIoneoftheworld’sleadingdistributorsofvideoandnewmediaartfounded30yearsago. OneofEAI’smostfamousalumniisBillViola.Partofthesecondgenerationofvideoartistswhoemergedinthe1970sMr.Violaexperimentedwithvideo’sexpressivepotentialHiscameraexploresreligiousritualanduniversalideas.TheViolashowattheDeutscheGuggenheiminBerlinshowsusmoving-imagefrescoesthatcoverthegallerywallsandenveloptheviewerinall-embracingcyclesoflifeanddeath. OnenewstarisaCalifornianDougAitkenwhotookoverLondon’sSerpentineGallerylastOctoberwithaninstallationcalled"NewOcean".SomesayMr.AitkenistovideowhatJacksonPollockwastopainting.Hedripshisimagesfromfloortoceilingcreatingsequencesofroomsinwhichthespacesurroundstheviewerinhallucinatoryimagesofsoundandlight. AttheSerpentineMr.Aitkencreatedacollageofmovingimagesonthethemeofwater’sflowaroundtheplanetasaforceoflife."Iwantedtocreateanewtopographyinthisworkaliquidimagetoshowaworldthatneverstandsstill"hesays.Theboundarybetweenthephysicalworldandtheworldofimagesandinformationhethinksisblurring. Theinterplayofillusionandrealitysoundandimagereferencestoarthistorypoliticsfilmandtelevisioninthisartformthatisbarely30yearsoldcanmakevideoartdifficulttodefine.Manycallitfilm-basedormoving-imagearttoincludeartistswhoworkwithothercinematicmedia.Atitsbesttheappealofvideoartliesinitsversatilityitspowertocapturethepassingoftimeandonitsabilitytocommunicatebothinsideandoutsidegallerywalls. Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext
Text4 Inascience-fictionmoviecalled"Species"amysterioussignalfromouterspaceturnsouttodescribethegenomeofanunknownorganism.WhentheinevitablemadscientistsynthesizestheDNAdescribedbytheinstructionsthecreaturehebreedsfromitturnsouttoresembleNatashaHenstridgeanathleticactress.UnfortunatelythealienharborswithinherdelicateformthedestructivepowersofaPanzerdivisionanditallendsbadlyfortherashgeneticistandhislaboratory. GlenEvanschiefexecutiveofEgeaBiosciencesinSanDiegoCaliforniaacknowledgesregretfullythatdespiteseekinghisexpertopinion--inreturnforwhichhewaspresentedwiththeposterofthestrikingMrHenstridgethathangsonhisofficewall--theproducersof"Species"didnothewverycloselytohissuggestionsaboutthefeasibilityoftheirscriptideas.Stilltheyhadcometotherightman.Dr.Evansbelievesthathisfirmwillsoonbeabletocreateifnotanaliensuccubusatleastatinybiologicalmachinemadeofartificialproteinsthatcouldmimicthebehaviorofalivingcell. MakingsuchproteinswillrequiretheabilitytosynthesizelongstretchesofDNA.ExistingtechnologyforsynthesizingDNAcanmanagetomakegenesthatencodeafewdozenaminoacidsbutthisistooshorttoproduceanyinterestingproteins.Egea’stechnologybycontrastwouldallowbiologiststomanufacturegeneswholesale.Thefirm’sscientistscanmakegeneslongenoughtoencode6000aminoacids.Theyaimtosynthesizeagenefor30000aminoacidswithintwoyears. Usingalibraryoftheroughly1500possible"motifs"orfoldsthataproteincanadoptEgea’sscientistsemploycomputerstodesignnewproteinsthatarelikelytohavedesirableshapesandproperties.TosynthesizetheDNAthatencodestheseproteinsEgeausesamachinewhichhasdubbedthe"genewriter".Dr.Evanslikensthisdevicetoaword-processorforDNAonwhichyoucantypeinthesequenceoflettersdefiningapieceofDNAandgetthatmoleculeout. AsEgeaextendsthelengthofDNAitcansynthesizeDr.Evansenvisagesencodingnotjustproteinsbutentirebiochemicalpathwayswhichareteamsofproteinsthatconductmetabolicprocesses.Acollectionofsuchmoleculescouldconceivablyfunctionasaminiaturemachinethatwouldoperateinthebodyandattackdiseasejustasthebody’sowndefensivecellsdo.PerhapsDr.EvansandhiscolleaguesoughttogetintouchwiththeirfriendsinHollywood. Thispassageismainly
ThelongandprogressivereignofQueenVictoriacametoaclimaxatatimeofpeaceandplentywhentheBritishEmpireseemedtobeatthesummitofitspowerandsecurity.OfthediscordthatsoonfollowedweshallherenoteonlytwofactorswhichhadlargeinfluenceoncontemporaryEnglishliterature. ThefirstdisturbingfactorwasimperialismthereawakeningofadominatingspiritwhichhadseeminglybeenputtosleepbytheproclamationofanImperialFederation.46ItscomingwasheraldedbytheBoerWarinSouthAfricathroughwhichBritainblunderedtowhatwashopedtobeaneraofpeaceandgoodwill.Othernationspromptlymadesuchhopeavainwhistlinginthewind.JapaneseWarLordsbeganacareerofconquestwhichaimedtomakeJapanmasterofAsiaandEastIndies.Pacificislandsthathadforagessleptpeacefullywereturnedintofrowningnavalstations.47EventheUnitedStatesarousedbyaneasytriumphintheSpanishWarstartedonanimperialisticadventurebytakingcontrolofthePhilippinesthusmakinganimplacableenemyofJapan. Onlyanationthatentersonadangerouscoursewitheyeswideopenhasanychanceofasafewayoutandtheimperialisticnationswereallalikeblind.48AninevitableresultwastheFirstWarandthegreathorrorofaSecondWorldWarthetwodisastersbeingdifferentactsofthesametragedyofimperialismseparatedonlybyabreathingspell. Anotherfactorthatinfluencedliteraturefortheworsewasawidespreaddemandforsocialreformofeverykind;notslowandorderlyreformwhichisprogressbutimmediateanduncontrolledreformwhichbreedsaspiritofrebellionanddespair.BeforetheVictorianagehadcometoanendEnglishliteratureappearedtohavelosttouchwithhealthyEnglishlife.ManywritersechoedthesorrowfulcryofJamesThomsoninhisCityofDreadfulNightorbabbledof"artforart’ssake"withOscarWilde.49GroominhissurveyoftheperiodnotesthatwritershadmostlyacriticalattitudetowardmoralsandreligionChurchandStateasrelicsfrom"thedeadhandoftraditionalbeliefs."50SmallwonderthatGermanandJapanesewar-advocatesregardedEnglishmenasadecadentracewhenthesameoraworseopinionwasdailyreadinthenovelsofSamuelButlerandnightlyheardintheplaysofBernardShaw. ItscomingwasheraldedbytheBoerWarinSouthAfricathroughwhichBritainblunderedtowhatwashopedtobeaneraofpeaceandgoodwill
ThemostgeneraldefinitionthatcanbegivenisthatthePhilosophyofHistorymeansnothingbutthethoughtfulconsiderationofit.Thoughtisindeedessentialtohumanity.46Itisthisthatdistinguishesusfromthebrutes.Insensationcognitionandintellection;inourinstinctsandwillsasfarastheyaretrulyhumanThoughtisaninvariableelement. TheonlyThoughtwhichPhilosophybringswithittothecontemplationofHistoryisthesimpleconceptionofReason;thatReasonistheSovereignoftheWorld;47thatthehistoryoftheworldthereforepresentsuswitharationalprocess.Thisconvictionandintuitionisahypothesisinthedomainofhistoryassuch.InthatofPhilosophyitisnohypothesis.ItisthereprovedbyspeculativecognitionthatReason--andthistermmayheresufficeuswithoutinvestigatingtherelationsustainedbytheUniversetotheDivineBeingisSubstanceaswellasInfinitePower;itsownInfiniteMaterialunderlyingallthenaturalandspirituallifewhichitoriginatesasalsotheInfiniteForm--thatwhichsetsthisMaterialinmotion.OntheonehandReasonisthesubstanceoftheUniverse;viz.thatbywhichandinwhichallrealityhasitsbeingandsubsistence.48OntheotherhanditistheInfiniteEnergyoftheUniverse;sinceReasonisnotsopowerlessastobeincapableofproducinganythingbutamereidealamereintention--havingitsplaceoutsiderealitynobodyknowswhere;somethingseparateandabstractintheheadsofcertainhumanbeings.ItistheinfinitecomplexofthingstheirentireEssenceandTruth.49ItisitsownmaterialwhichitcommitstoitsownActiveEnergytoworkup;notneedingasfiniteactiondoestheconditionsofanexternalmaterialofgivenmeansfromwhichitmayobtainitssupportandtheobjectsofitsactivity.Itsuppliesitsownnourishmentandistheobjectofitsownoperations.Whileitisexclusivelyitsownbasisofexistenceandabsolutefinalaimitisalsotheenergizingpowerrealizingthisaim;developingitnotonlyinthephenomenaoftheNaturalbutalsooftheSpiritualUniverse--theHistoryoftheWorld.50Thatthis"Idea"or"Reason"istheTruetheEternaltheabsolutelypowerfulessence;thatitrevealsitselfintheWorldandthatinthatWorldnothingelseisrevealedbutthisanditshonorandglory--isthethesiswhichaswehavesaidhasbeenprovedinPhilosophyandishereregardedasdemonstrated. OntheotherhanditistheInfiniteEnergyoftheUniverse;sinceReasonisnotsopowerlessastobeincapableofproducinganythingbutamereidealamereintention
WhatWillBeisanimpressiveandvisionaryguidetothefuturefilledwithinsightsonhowinformationtechnologywilltransformourlivesandourworldinthenewcentury. TheauthorMichaelDertouzosstands1frommanyoftheforecastersandcommentatorswhobombardusdailywith2ofthisfuture.Fortwentyyearshehasledoneoftheworld’s3researchlaboratorieswhosemembershavebroughttheworld4computerstheEtherNetandstart-upcompanies. Asavisionaryhis5havebeenonthemark:In1981hedescribedthe6ofanInformationMarketplaceas"atwenty-first-centuryvillagemarketplacewherepeopleandcomputersbuysellandfreelyexchangeinformationandinformationservices."That’sa7descriptionoftheInternetasweknowittoday. Naturallywedonotagreeonallthe8waysthenewworldwill9oraffectus.Thisisasitshouldbe.Thereisplentyofroomfor10ideasanddebateconcerningtherichandpromisingsettingahead.What’smoreimportantisthatpeoplebecome11andformtheirownopinionsaboutthechanges12. Whenit13tothatfutureworldwhatwedo14faroutweighsourdifferencesNewbusinesseswillbecreatedandnew15willbemadeinthe16areasofactivitythisbookdescribes.Moreimportantradicalchangesinhardwaresoftwareandinfrastructurewill17inwayslargeandsmalloursociallivesourfamiliesourjobsourhealthourenvironmentoureconomyandeventhe18weseeforourselvesintheuniverse.Whoever19thecomingInformationRevolution—dthat’s20allofus--needstoknowWhatWillBe. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
WhatWillBeisanimpressiveandvisionaryguidetothefuturefilledwithinsightsonhowinformationtechnologywilltransformourlivesandourworldinthenewcentury. TheauthorMichaelDertouzosstands1frommanyoftheforecastersandcommentatorswhobombardusdailywith2ofthisfuture.Fortwentyyearshehasledoneoftheworld’s3researchlaboratorieswhosemembershavebroughttheworld4computerstheEtherNetandstart-upcompanies. Asavisionaryhis5havebeenonthemark:In1981hedescribedthe6ofanInformationMarketplaceas"atwenty-first-centuryvillagemarketplacewherepeopleandcomputersbuysellandfreelyexchangeinformationandinformationservices."That’sa7descriptionoftheInternetasweknowittoday. Naturallywedonotagreeonallthe8waysthenewworldwill9oraffectus.Thisisasitshouldbe.Thereisplentyofroomfor10ideasanddebateconcerningtherichandpromisingsettingahead.What’smoreimportantisthatpeoplebecome11andformtheirownopinionsaboutthechanges12. Whenit13tothatfutureworldwhatwedo14faroutweighsourdifferencesNewbusinesseswillbecreatedandnew15willbemadeinthe16areasofactivitythisbookdescribes.Moreimportantradicalchangesinhardwaresoftwareandinfrastructurewill17inwayslargeandsmalloursociallivesourfamiliesourjobsourhealthourenvironmentoureconomyandeventhe18weseeforourselvesintheuniverse.Whoever19thecomingInformationRevolution—dthat’s20allofus--needstoknowWhatWillBe. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
Text4 Inascience-fictionmoviecalled"Species"amysterioussignalfromouterspaceturnsouttodescribethegenomeofanunknownorganism.WhentheinevitablemadscientistsynthesizestheDNAdescribedbytheinstructionsthecreaturehebreedsfromitturnsouttoresembleNatashaHenstridgeanathleticactress.UnfortunatelythealienharborswithinherdelicateformthedestructivepowersofaPanzerdivisionanditallendsbadlyfortherashgeneticistandhislaboratory. GlenEvanschiefexecutiveofEgeaBiosciencesinSanDiegoCaliforniaacknowledgesregretfullythatdespiteseekinghisexpertopinion--inreturnforwhichhewaspresentedwiththeposterofthestrikingMrHenstridgethathangsonhisofficewall--theproducersof"Species"didnothewverycloselytohissuggestionsaboutthefeasibilityoftheirscriptideas.Stilltheyhadcometotherightman.Dr.Evansbelievesthathisfirmwillsoonbeabletocreateifnotanaliensuccubusatleastatinybiologicalmachinemadeofartificialproteinsthatcouldmimicthebehaviorofalivingcell. MakingsuchproteinswillrequiretheabilitytosynthesizelongstretchesofDNA.ExistingtechnologyforsynthesizingDNAcanmanagetomakegenesthatencodeafewdozenaminoacidsbutthisistooshorttoproduceanyinterestingproteins.Egea’stechnologybycontrastwouldallowbiologiststomanufacturegeneswholesale.Thefirm’sscientistscanmakegeneslongenoughtoencode6000aminoacids.Theyaimtosynthesizeagenefor30000aminoacidswithintwoyears. Usingalibraryoftheroughly1500possible"motifs"orfoldsthataproteincanadoptEgea’sscientistsemploycomputerstodesignnewproteinsthatarelikelytohavedesirableshapesandproperties.TosynthesizetheDNAthatencodestheseproteinsEgeausesamachinewhichhasdubbedthe"genewriter".Dr.Evanslikensthisdevicetoaword-processorforDNAonwhichyoucantypeinthesequenceoflettersdefiningapieceofDNAandgetthatmoleculeout. AsEgeaextendsthelengthofDNAitcansynthesizeDr.Evansenvisagesencodingnotjustproteinsbutentirebiochemicalpathwayswhichareteamsofproteinsthatconductmetabolicprocesses.Acollectionofsuchmoleculescouldconceivablyfunctionasaminiaturemachinethatwouldoperateinthebodyandattackdiseasejustasthebody’sowndefensivecellsdo.PerhapsDr.EvansandhiscolleaguesoughttogetintouchwiththeirfriendsinHollywood. Theexpressionhewverycloselytocanbebestreplacedby
ThemostgeneraldefinitionthatcanbegivenisthatthePhilosophyofHistorymeansnothingbutthethoughtfulconsiderationofit.Thoughtisindeedessentialtohumanity.46Itisthisthatdistinguishesusfromthebrutes.Insensationcognitionandintellection;inourinstinctsandwillsasfarastheyaretrulyhumanThoughtisaninvariableelement. TheonlyThoughtwhichPhilosophybringswithittothecontemplationofHistoryisthesimpleconceptionofReason;thatReasonistheSovereignoftheWorld;47thatthehistoryoftheworldthereforepresentsuswitharationalprocess.Thisconvictionandintuitionisahypothesisinthedomainofhistoryassuch.InthatofPhilosophyitisnohypothesis.ItisthereprovedbyspeculativecognitionthatReason--andthistermmayheresufficeuswithoutinvestigatingtherelationsustainedbytheUniversetotheDivineBeingisSubstanceaswellasInfinitePower;itsownInfiniteMaterialunderlyingallthenaturalandspirituallifewhichitoriginatesasalsotheInfiniteForm--thatwhichsetsthisMaterialinmotion.OntheonehandReasonisthesubstanceoftheUniverse;viz.thatbywhichandinwhichallrealityhasitsbeingandsubsistence.48OntheotherhanditistheInfiniteEnergyoftheUniverse;sinceReasonisnotsopowerlessastobeincapableofproducinganythingbutamereidealamereintention--havingitsplaceoutsiderealitynobodyknowswhere;somethingseparateandabstractintheheadsofcertainhumanbeings.ItistheinfinitecomplexofthingstheirentireEssenceandTruth.49ItisitsownmaterialwhichitcommitstoitsownActiveEnergytoworkup;notneedingasfiniteactiondoestheconditionsofanexternalmaterialofgivenmeansfromwhichitmayobtainitssupportandtheobjectsofitsactivity.Itsuppliesitsownnourishmentandistheobjectofitsownoperations.Whileitisexclusivelyitsownbasisofexistenceandabsolutefinalaimitisalsotheenergizingpowerrealizingthisaim;developingitnotonlyinthephenomenaoftheNaturalbutalsooftheSpiritualUniverse--theHistoryoftheWorld.50Thatthis"Idea"or"Reason"istheTruetheEternaltheabsolutelypowerfulessence;thatitrevealsitselfintheWorldandthatinthatWorldnothingelseisrevealedbutthisanditshonorandglory--isthethesiswhichaswehavesaidhasbeenprovedinPhilosophyandishereregardedasdemonstrated. ThatthisIdeaorReasonistheTruetheEternaltheabsolutelypowerfulessence;thatitrevealsitselfintheWorldandthatinthatWorldnothingelseisrevealedbutthisanditshonorandglory--isthethesis
WhatWillBeisanimpressiveandvisionaryguidetothefuturefilledwithinsightsonhowinformationtechnologywilltransformourlivesandourworldinthenewcentury. TheauthorMichaelDertouzosstands1frommanyoftheforecastersandcommentatorswhobombardusdailywith2ofthisfuture.Fortwentyyearshehasledoneoftheworld’s3researchlaboratorieswhosemembershavebroughttheworld4computerstheEtherNetandstart-upcompanies. Asavisionaryhis5havebeenonthemark:In1981hedescribedthe6ofanInformationMarketplaceas"atwenty-first-centuryvillagemarketplacewherepeopleandcomputersbuysellandfreelyexchangeinformationandinformationservices."That’sa7descriptionoftheInternetasweknowittoday. Naturallywedonotagreeonallthe8waysthenewworldwill9oraffectus.Thisisasitshouldbe.Thereisplentyofroomfor10ideasanddebateconcerningtherichandpromisingsettingahead.What’smoreimportantisthatpeoplebecome11andformtheirownopinionsaboutthechanges12. Whenit13tothatfutureworldwhatwedo14faroutweighsourdifferencesNewbusinesseswillbecreatedandnew15willbemadeinthe16areasofactivitythisbookdescribes.Moreimportantradicalchangesinhardwaresoftwareandinfrastructurewill17inwayslargeandsmalloursociallivesourfamiliesourjobsourhealthourenvironmentoureconomyandeventhe18weseeforourselvesintheuniverse.Whoever19thecomingInformationRevolution—dthat’s20allofus--needstoknowWhatWillBe. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
WhatWillBeisanimpressiveandvisionaryguidetothefuturefilledwithinsightsonhowinformationtechnologywilltransformourlivesandourworldinthenewcentury. TheauthorMichaelDertouzosstands1frommanyoftheforecastersandcommentatorswhobombardusdailywith2ofthisfuture.Fortwentyyearshehasledoneoftheworld’s3researchlaboratorieswhosemembershavebroughttheworld4computerstheEtherNetandstart-upcompanies. Asavisionaryhis5havebeenonthemark:In1981hedescribedthe6ofanInformationMarketplaceas"atwenty-first-centuryvillagemarketplacewherepeopleandcomputersbuysellandfreelyexchangeinformationandinformationservices."That’sa7descriptionoftheInternetasweknowittoday. Naturallywedonotagreeonallthe8waysthenewworldwill9oraffectus.Thisisasitshouldbe.Thereisplentyofroomfor10ideasanddebateconcerningtherichandpromisingsettingahead.What’smoreimportantisthatpeoplebecome11andformtheirownopinionsaboutthechanges12. Whenit13tothatfutureworldwhatwedo14faroutweighsourdifferencesNewbusinesseswillbecreatedandnew15willbemadeinthe16areasofactivitythisbookdescribes.Moreimportantradicalchangesinhardwaresoftwareandinfrastructurewill17inwayslargeandsmalloursociallivesourfamiliesourjobsourhealthourenvironmentoureconomyandeventhe18weseeforourselvesintheuniverse.Whoever19thecomingInformationRevolution—dthat’s20allofus--needstoknowWhatWillBe. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
Text1 Itmayturnoutthatthe"digitaldivide"--oneofthemostfashionablepoliticalslogansofrecentyearsislargelyfiction.Asyouwillrecalltheargumentwentwellbeyondtheunsurprisingnotionthattherichwouldownmorecomputersthanthepoor.Thedisturbingpartofthetheorywasthatsocietywasdividingitselfintogroupsoftechnology"haves"and"have-nots"andthatthissegregationwouldinturnworsenalreadylargeeconomicinequalities.Itisthisargumentthatiseitheruntrueorwildlyexaggerated. Weshouldalwayshavebeensuspicious.Afterallcomputershavespreadquicklybecausetheyhavebecomecheapertobuyandeasiertouse.Fallingpricesandskillrequirementssuggestthatthedigitaldividewouldspontaneouslyshrink--andsoithas.Nowanewstudyfurtherdiscreditsthedigitaldivide.ThestudybyeconomistsDavidCardoftheUniversityofCaliforniaBerkeleychallengesthenotionthatcomputershavesignificantlyworsenedwageinequality.Thelogicofhowthissupposedlyhappensisstraightforward:computersraisethedemandforhigh-skilledworkersincreasingtheirwages.Meanwhilecomputerization—byautomatingmanyroutinetasks—reducesthedemandforlowskilledworkersandtherebytheirwages.Thegapbetweenthetwowidens. Superficiallywagestatisticssupportthetheory.Considertheratiobetweenworkersnearthetopofthewagedistributionandthosenearthebottom.Computerizationincreased;sodidthewagegap. ButwaitpointoutCardandDiNardo.Thetroublewithblamingcomputersisthattheworseningofinequalityoccurredprimarilyintheearly1980s.Withcomputerusegrowingthewagegapshouldhavecontinuedtoexpandifitwasbeingdrivenbyashiftingdemandforskills.IndeedCardandDiNardofindmuchdetailedevidencethatcontradictsthetheory.Theyconcludethatcomputerizationdoesnotexplain"theriseinU.S.wageinequalityinthelastquarterofthe20thcentury." Thepopularperceptionofcomputers’impactonwagesishugelyoverblown.Lotsofotherinfluencescountforasmuchormore.Theworseningofwageinequalityintheearly1980sforexamplealmostcertainlyreflectedthedeep19811982recessionandthefallofinflation.Companiesfoundithardertoraiseprices.Tosurvivetheyconcludedthattheyhadtoholddownthewagesoftheirleastskilledleastmobileandyoungestworkers. The"digitaldivide"suggestedasimplesolutioncomputersforacomplexproblempoverty.Withmorecomputeraccessthepoorcouldescapetheirlot.Butcomputersneverwerethesourceofanyone’spovertyandasforescapingwhatpeopledoforthemselvesmattersmorethanwhattechnologycandoforthem. Theauthor'sattitudetowardtheopinionheldbyCardandDiNardoisoneof
Text1 Itmayturnoutthatthe"digitaldivide"--oneofthemostfashionablepoliticalslogansofrecentyearsislargelyfiction.Asyouwillrecalltheargumentwentwellbeyondtheunsurprisingnotionthattherichwouldownmorecomputersthanthepoor.Thedisturbingpartofthetheorywasthatsocietywasdividingitselfintogroupsoftechnology"haves"and"have-nots"andthatthissegregationwouldinturnworsenalreadylargeeconomicinequalities.Itisthisargumentthatiseitheruntrueorwildlyexaggerated. Weshouldalwayshavebeensuspicious.Afterallcomputershavespreadquicklybecausetheyhavebecomecheapertobuyandeasiertouse.Fallingpricesandskillrequirementssuggestthatthedigitaldividewouldspontaneouslyshrink--andsoithas.Nowanewstudyfurtherdiscreditsthedigitaldivide.ThestudybyeconomistsDavidCardoftheUniversityofCaliforniaBerkeleychallengesthenotionthatcomputershavesignificantlyworsenedwageinequality.Thelogicofhowthissupposedlyhappensisstraightforward:computersraisethedemandforhigh-skilledworkersincreasingtheirwages.Meanwhilecomputerization—byautomatingmanyroutinetasks—reducesthedemandforlowskilledworkersandtherebytheirwages.Thegapbetweenthetwowidens. Superficiallywagestatisticssupportthetheory.Considertheratiobetweenworkersnearthetopofthewagedistributionandthosenearthebottom.Computerizationincreased;sodidthewagegap. ButwaitpointoutCardandDiNardo.Thetroublewithblamingcomputersisthattheworseningofinequalityoccurredprimarilyintheearly1980s.Withcomputerusegrowingthewagegapshouldhavecontinuedtoexpandifitwasbeingdrivenbyashiftingdemandforskills.IndeedCardandDiNardofindmuchdetailedevidencethatcontradictsthetheory.Theyconcludethatcomputerizationdoesnotexplain"theriseinU.S.wageinequalityinthelastquarterofthe20thcentury." Thepopularperceptionofcomputers’impactonwagesishugelyoverblown.Lotsofotherinfluencescountforasmuchormore.Theworseningofwageinequalityintheearly1980sforexamplealmostcertainlyreflectedthedeep19811982recessionandthefallofinflation.Companiesfoundithardertoraiseprices.Tosurvivetheyconcludedthattheyhadtoholddownthewagesoftheirleastskilledleastmobileandyoungestworkers. The"digitaldivide"suggestedasimplesolutioncomputersforacomplexproblempoverty.Withmorecomputeraccessthepoorcouldescapetheirlot.Butcomputersneverwerethesourceofanyone’spovertyandasforescapingwhatpeopledoforthemselvesmattersmorethanwhattechnologycandoforthem. Thepurposeoftheauthorinwritingthetextis
Text3 ThetitleofthebiographyTheAmericanCivilWarFightingfortheLadycouldhardlybemoreprovocative.ThomasKeneallyanAustralianwriterisunapologetic.InlabelingaherooftheAmericancivilwaranotoriousscoundrelheswitchesthespotlightfromthebraveactionsofDanSicklesatthebattleofGettysburgtohisearlierpre-meditatedmurderoftheloverofhisyoungandprettyItalian-AmericanwifeTeresa.ItisnotthemurderitselfthatdisgustsMr.KeneallybutSickles’streatmentofhiswifeafterwards andhowhisbehaviormirroredthehypocriticalmisogynyof19th-centuryAmerica. ThemurdervictimPhilipBartonKeyTeresaSickles’slovercamefromafamousoldsouthernfamily.HewasthenephewofthechiefjusticeoftheAmericanSupremeCourtandthesonofthewriterofthecountry’snationalanthem.SicklesaTammanyHallpoliticianinNewYorkturnedDemocraticcongressmaninWashingtonshotKeydeadin1859atacornerofLafayetteSquarewithinshoutingdistanceoftheWhiteHouse.Butthemurdertrialwasmelodramaticevenbythestandardsoftheday.WiththehelpofeightlawyersSickleswasfoundnotguiltyafterusingthenovelpleaof"temporaryinsanity".ThecountryatlargewasjustasforgivingviewingKey’smurderasagallantcrimeofpassion.WithinthreeyearsSickleswasageneralontheUnionistsideintheAmericancivilWarandasanewfriendofAbrahamandMaryLincolnafrequentsleepoverguestattheWhiteHouse. Mrs.Sickleswaslessfortunate.Shewasshunnedbyfriendsshehadmadeasthewifeofarisingpolitician.HerhusbandaserialadultererwhosemanymistressesincludedQueenIsabellaⅡofSpainandthemadamofanindustrializedNewYorkwhorehouserefusedtobeseeninhercompany.LauratheSickles’sdaughterwasaninnocentvictimofherfather’svindictivenessandeventuallydiedofdrinkintheBowerydistrictofNewYork. Sickles’sboldactionsatGettysburgareintheirownwayjustascontroversial.ArgumentcontinuestorageamongscholarsastowhetherhehelpedtheUniontovictoryornearlycauseditsdefeatwhenhemovedhisforcesoutoflinetooccupywhathethoughtwasbetterground.JamesLongstreettheConfederategeneralwholedtheattackagainstthenewpositionwasinnodoubtaboutthebrillianceofthemove. Mr.Keneallyisbetterknownasanovelist.Hereheshowshimselfjustasadeptatbiographyandachievesbothhismainaims.HerestoresthereputationofTeresaSickles"thisbeautifulpleasantandintelligentgirl"andbreathesfullandcontroversiallifeintoafamousmilitaryengagement. TheauthorisoftheopinionthatKeneally'sperspectivesare
ThemostgeneraldefinitionthatcanbegivenisthatthePhilosophyofHistorymeansnothingbutthethoughtfulconsiderationofit.Thoughtisindeedessentialtohumanity.46Itisthisthatdistinguishesusfromthebrutes.Insensationcognitionandintellection;inourinstinctsandwillsasfarastheyaretrulyhumanThoughtisaninvariableelement. TheonlyThoughtwhichPhilosophybringswithittothecontemplationofHistoryisthesimpleconceptionofReason;thatReasonistheSovereignoftheWorld;47thatthehistoryoftheworldthereforepresentsuswitharationalprocess.Thisconvictionandintuitionisahypothesisinthedomainofhistoryassuch.InthatofPhilosophyitisnohypothesis.ItisthereprovedbyspeculativecognitionthatReason--andthistermmayheresufficeuswithoutinvestigatingtherelationsustainedbytheUniversetotheDivineBeingisSubstanceaswellasInfinitePower;itsownInfiniteMaterialunderlyingallthenaturalandspirituallifewhichitoriginatesasalsotheInfiniteForm--thatwhichsetsthisMaterialinmotion.OntheonehandReasonisthesubstanceoftheUniverse;viz.thatbywhichandinwhichallrealityhasitsbeingandsubsistence.48OntheotherhanditistheInfiniteEnergyoftheUniverse;sinceReasonisnotsopowerlessastobeincapableofproducinganythingbutamereidealamereintention--havingitsplaceoutsiderealitynobodyknowswhere;somethingseparateandabstractintheheadsofcertainhumanbeings.ItistheinfinitecomplexofthingstheirentireEssenceandTruth.49ItisitsownmaterialwhichitcommitstoitsownActiveEnergytoworkup;notneedingasfiniteactiondoestheconditionsofanexternalmaterialofgivenmeansfromwhichitmayobtainitssupportandtheobjectsofitsactivity.Itsuppliesitsownnourishmentandistheobjectofitsownoperations.Whileitisexclusivelyitsownbasisofexistenceandabsolutefinalaimitisalsotheenergizingpowerrealizingthisaim;developingitnotonlyinthephenomenaoftheNaturalbutalsooftheSpiritualUniverse--theHistoryoftheWorld.50Thatthis"Idea"or"Reason"istheTruetheEternaltheabsolutelypowerfulessence;thatitrevealsitselfintheWorldandthatinthatWorldnothingelseisrevealedbutthisanditshonorandglory--isthethesiswhichaswehavesaidhasbeenprovedinPhilosophyandishereregardedasdemonstrated. Itisthisthatdistinguishesusfromthebrutes.Insensationcognitionandintellection;inourinstinctsandwillsasfarastheyaretrulyhumanThoughtisaninvariableelement.
Text2 TheTuscantownofVincibirthplaceofLeonardoandhometoamuseumofhismachinesshouldfittinglyputonashowofthetelevision-robotsculpturesofNamJunPaik.ThisKorean-bornAmericanartistandtheRenaissancemasterarekindredspirits:LeonardosawhumanisticpotentialinhisscientificexperimentsMr.Paikendeavorstoharnessmediatechnologyforartisticpurposes.Apioneerofvideoartinthelate1960shetreatstelevisionasaspaceforartimagesandasmaterialforrobotsandinteractivesculptures. Mr.Paikwasnotalone.Heandfellowartistspickedonthevideocamerasbecausetheyofferedaneasywaytorecordtheirperformanceart.Nowtomarkvideoart’scomingofageNewYork’sMuseumofModernArtislookingbackattheireffortsinafilmseriescalled"TheFirstDecade".ItcelebratestheearlydaysofvideobyscreeningthearchivesofElectronicArtsIntermixEAIoneoftheworld’sleadingdistributorsofvideoandnewmediaartfounded30yearsago. OneofEAI’smostfamousalumniisBillViola.Partofthesecondgenerationofvideoartistswhoemergedinthe1970sMr.Violaexperimentedwithvideo’sexpressivepotentialHiscameraexploresreligiousritualanduniversalideas.TheViolashowattheDeutscheGuggenheiminBerlinshowsusmoving-imagefrescoesthatcoverthegallerywallsandenveloptheviewerinall-embracingcyclesoflifeanddeath. OnenewstarisaCalifornianDougAitkenwhotookoverLondon’sSerpentineGallerylastOctoberwithaninstallationcalled"NewOcean".SomesayMr.AitkenistovideowhatJacksonPollockwastopainting.Hedripshisimagesfromfloortoceilingcreatingsequencesofroomsinwhichthespacesurroundstheviewerinhallucinatoryimagesofsoundandlight. AttheSerpentineMr.Aitkencreatedacollageofmovingimagesonthethemeofwater’sflowaroundtheplanetasaforceoflife."Iwantedtocreateanewtopographyinthisworkaliquidimagetoshowaworldthatneverstandsstill"hesays.Theboundarybetweenthephysicalworldandtheworldofimagesandinformationhethinksisblurring. Theinterplayofillusionandrealitysoundandimagereferencestoarthistorypoliticsfilmandtelevisioninthisartformthatisbarely30yearsoldcanmakevideoartdifficulttodefine.Manycallitfilm-basedormoving-imagearttoincludeartistswhoworkwithothercinematicmedia.Atitsbesttheappealofvideoartliesinitsversatilityitspowertocapturethepassingoftimeandonitsabilitytocommunicatebothinsideandoutsidegallerywalls. Aspointedoutinthetextthevideoarttechnologyischaracterizedbyits
Text2 TheTuscantownofVincibirthplaceofLeonardoandhometoamuseumofhismachinesshouldfittinglyputonashowofthetelevision-robotsculpturesofNamJunPaik.ThisKorean-bornAmericanartistandtheRenaissancemasterarekindredspirits:LeonardosawhumanisticpotentialinhisscientificexperimentsMr.Paikendeavorstoharnessmediatechnologyforartisticpurposes.Apioneerofvideoartinthelate1960shetreatstelevisionasaspaceforartimagesandasmaterialforrobotsandinteractivesculptures. Mr.Paikwasnotalone.Heandfellowartistspickedonthevideocamerasbecausetheyofferedaneasywaytorecordtheirperformanceart.Nowtomarkvideoart’scomingofageNewYork’sMuseumofModernArtislookingbackattheireffortsinafilmseriescalled"TheFirstDecade".ItcelebratestheearlydaysofvideobyscreeningthearchivesofElectronicArtsIntermixEAIoneoftheworld’sleadingdistributorsofvideoandnewmediaartfounded30yearsago. OneofEAI’smostfamousalumniisBillViola.Partofthesecondgenerationofvideoartistswhoemergedinthe1970sMr.Violaexperimentedwithvideo’sexpressivepotentialHiscameraexploresreligiousritualanduniversalideas.TheViolashowattheDeutscheGuggenheiminBerlinshowsusmoving-imagefrescoesthatcoverthegallerywallsandenveloptheviewerinall-embracingcyclesoflifeanddeath. OnenewstarisaCalifornianDougAitkenwhotookoverLondon’sSerpentineGallerylastOctoberwithaninstallationcalled"NewOcean".SomesayMr.AitkenistovideowhatJacksonPollockwastopainting.Hedripshisimagesfromfloortoceilingcreatingsequencesofroomsinwhichthespacesurroundstheviewerinhallucinatoryimagesofsoundandlight. AttheSerpentineMr.Aitkencreatedacollageofmovingimagesonthethemeofwater’sflowaroundtheplanetasaforceoflife."Iwantedtocreateanewtopographyinthisworkaliquidimagetoshowaworldthatneverstandsstill"hesays.Theboundarybetweenthephysicalworldandtheworldofimagesandinformationhethinksisblurring. Theinterplayofillusionandrealitysoundandimagereferencestoarthistorypoliticsfilmandtelevisioninthisartformthatisbarely30yearsoldcanmakevideoartdifficulttodefine.Manycallitfilm-basedormoving-imagearttoincludeartistswhoworkwithothercinematicmedia.Atitsbesttheappealofvideoartliesinitsversatilityitspowertocapturethepassingoftimeandonitsabilitytocommunicatebothinsideandoutsidegallerywalls. ThevideoscreatedbyDoughAitkenisusedtoshowacombinationof
WhatWillBeisanimpressiveandvisionaryguidetothefuturefilledwithinsightsonhowinformationtechnologywilltransformourlivesandourworldinthenewcentury. TheauthorMichaelDertouzosstands1frommanyoftheforecastersandcommentatorswhobombardusdailywith2ofthisfuture.Fortwentyyearshehasledoneoftheworld’s3researchlaboratorieswhosemembershavebroughttheworld4computerstheEtherNetandstart-upcompanies. Asavisionaryhis5havebeenonthemark:In1981hedescribedthe6ofanInformationMarketplaceas"atwenty-first-centuryvillagemarketplacewherepeopleandcomputersbuysellandfreelyexchangeinformationandinformationservices."That’sa7descriptionoftheInternetasweknowittoday. Naturallywedonotagreeonallthe8waysthenewworldwill9oraffectus.Thisisasitshouldbe.Thereisplentyofroomfor10ideasanddebateconcerningtherichandpromisingsettingahead.What’smoreimportantisthatpeoplebecome11andformtheirownopinionsaboutthechanges12. Whenit13tothatfutureworldwhatwedo14faroutweighsourdifferencesNewbusinesseswillbecreatedandnew15willbemadeinthe16areasofactivitythisbookdescribes.Moreimportantradicalchangesinhardwaresoftwareandinfrastructurewill17inwayslargeandsmalloursociallivesourfamiliesourjobsourhealthourenvironmentoureconomyandeventhe18weseeforourselvesintheuniverse.Whoever19thecomingInformationRevolution—dthat’s20allofus--needstoknowWhatWillBe. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
[A]Themarketingofthenovel [B]Thevalueofthenovel [C]Thesuccessfuldistributionchannelisahelper [D]Thespecialwritingstyleattractsthereadersuccessfully [E]Feedbackfromtheseller [F]Chainreactionofthenovel TwoyearsagothismonthDoubledaypublishedahistoricalthrillerwithanannouncedfirstprintingof85000andhighhopesthatalittle-knownwriternamedDanBrownwouldcatchonwiththegeneralpublic."WesurelyexpectedtohaveahugesuccessbutIdon’tthinkanyonedreameditwouldbecomeahistoricpublication"saysStephenRubinpresidentandpublisheroftheDoubledayBroadwayPublishingGroup. 41____________. Ifthe"HarryPotter"booksstandastheessentialpopularreadforyoungpeoplethen"TheDaVinciCode"hascapturedthecrownforgrown-ups.Aword-of-mouthsensationfromthemomentitcameoutBrown’scontroversialmixofstorytellingandspeculationremainshighonbest-sellerlistsevenasitbeginsitsthirdyearsincepublication. 42____________. Twenty-fivemillionbooksin44languagesareinprintworldwideandnoendisinsight.Booksellersexpect"TheDaVinciCode"toremainabest-sellerwellinto2005.AplannedfilmversionbyOscar-winningdirectorRonHowardshouldbringinevenmorereaders.Andatatimewhenconsumersaresupposedlymindingtheirbudgetssalesforthe$24.95hardcoverhavebeensogoodthatDoubledaystillhassetnodateforapaperback. 43____________. "It’sbeenourNo.1fictionbookfortwoyearsinarowandIcan’trememberanothertimethathappened"saidBobWietrakvicepresidentofmerchandisingforBarnes&NobleInc."Peoplecomeintoourstoreallthetimeandaskforitoraskforbooksthatarelikeit." 44____________. Thanksto"TheDaVinciCode"abouttheonlybooksthatseemabletokeepupareBrown’spreviousnovels."DeceptionPoint"firstreleasedin2001nowhas3.7millioncopiesinprintaccordingtoSimon&SchusterBrown’spreviouspublisher."Angelsanddemons"publishedin2000andfeaturing"DaVinci"protagonistRobertLangdonhasmorethan8millioncopiesinprint. 45____________. Theunprecedentedsuccessof"TheDaVinciCode"hasbeenhelpedbywideaccesswiththebookonsaleeverywherefromWal-Marttoairportstosupermarketsoftenprovingmorepopularthanthemassmarketpaperbacksavailableatthesameoutlets. "TheDaVinciCode"hasalsothrivedduringatimewhenbothliteraryandcommercialnovelsstruggledwhenatighteconomycompetitionfromothermediaandelectionyeartensionsdrovethepublictononfictionworksorawayfrombooksaltogether.PublishersandbooksellerssayBrown’snovelhasworkedbycombiningnarrativeexcitementandprovocative--anddisputed-historicaldetail. 44
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