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Directions: You are a teacher of English. The editor of Campus News asked you to recommend two Engl...
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HaveyoueverwonderedwhetherwritingandmaintainingyourbusinessblogisawasteoftimeIfyouhaveitprobablyis.Businessblogsarevaluableforsomecompaniesbutformanybloggingtakesuptimeandresourcesbetterspentelsewhere.Ifanyofthefollowingstatementsapplytoyoustoppostingtoyourblogorre-purposewhatyouwouldhavepostedandstartdoingsomethingmoreproductive: 41Youdreadwritinganotherpost. EitherwaywhateveryoupublishwillnotrepresentyourbusinesswellsowhydoitAnytimeyoufeelyoucan’tputyourbestfootforwarddon’ttakethestep. 42Yourpageviewsarestagnant. Unlessofcourseyoucanaccuratelyidentifytangiblebenefitsfromthatreadership. 43Youcan’tquantifyyourreturn. Bloggingislikeanyotherinvestmentintimeandresources:Ifyoudon’tseeareturndon’tdoit. 44Yourgoalistoprovidevaluableresourcestocustomers. Potentialcustomerswhogladlyreadresourcepagesoftenrunscreamingfromthesameinformationwhenitappearsonablog. 45Yourreadersarenotyourcustomers. Buildinganaudienceisusefulonlyiftheaudiencecontainscurrentandpotentialcustomers.Knowwhoisreadingyourbiog.Ifyoucan’tbebotheredtofindoutthat’syetanotherindicationit’stimetostop. [A]Manybusinessownerssay"Idon’thaveanynumberstobackitupbutIknowmyblogispayingoff."ReallyHowIfyourblogisn’tsendingsignificanttraffictoyourwebsiteviasearchenginesisn’tdirectlygeneratingsalesdoesn’tcreateacommunityorcreatesacommunitythatdoesn’tactually benefityourbusinessyourblogisn’tpayingoff. [B]Ifyouaren’texcitedbythethoughtofsittingdowntowriteyournextpostyouhavenothingtosayandwillonceagainborrowideasfromanotherblogoralreadyrealizebloggingisawasteoftimebutwon’tadmitit. [C]Greatgoal.Byallmeansdoit.Butdon’tputhow-toinformationorusefultipsornon-newsinformationonyourblog.Manypeopleareblog-aversebecausemostblogsareterriblesoyourblogmayautomaticallygetpaintedwiththesamebrush.Ifyourmaterialisrelativelyevergreencreateresourcepagesonyourwebsiteinstead. [D]Whennewpostsaveragethesamenumberofpageviewsandonamonthlybasissodoesyourentireblogyou’vestalled.Maybeloyalreaderskeepreturningormaybeyougainsomeandlosesomebuteitherwaynotmuchishappening.Ablogwithasmallstagnantreadershipisablogthatisawasteoftimeatleastforbusinesspurposes. [E]Neverblogbecauseyouthinkithelps;youhavetoknow.Knowingtakeseffort.Ifyou’renotwillingtoputthetimeyouneedintotrackingandanalyzingdatayou’reeitherlazyorafraidtofindoutyou’rewastingyourtimeonyourblog.Sometimesquittingismoreadmirablethanstayingthecourse. [F]Thishappensmoreoftenthanyouthink.Forexampleafriendisanincrediblysuccessfulfinancialplanner.Hewritesablogthatgetsthousandsofuniquevisitorsamonth.Buthewritesabouttopicsofinterestonlytootherfinancialplanners.Thatwouldbefineifhisbloggeneratedmediaopportunitiesorsupportedabookheplanstowriteorhelpshimnetworkandbringinmorebusiness—butitdoesn’t. 41
46Physicalchanges—includingrisingairandseawatertemperaturesanddecreasingseasonalicecover—appeartobethecauseofaseriesofbiologicalchangesinthenorthernBeringSeaecosystemthatcouldhavelong-rangeandirreversibleeffectsontheanimalsthatlivethereandonthepeoplewhodependonthemfortheirlivelihoods.InapaperpublishedMarch10inthejournalScienceateamofU.S.andCanadianresearchersusedatafromlong-termobservationsofphysicalpropertiesandbiologicalcommunitiestoconcludethatpreviouslydocumentedphysicalchangesintheArcticinrecentyearsareprofoundlyaffectingArcticlife. ThenorthernBeringSeaprovidescriticalhabitatforlargepopulationsofsuchasseaducksgraywhalesbeardedsealsandwalrusesandallofthesemammalsdependonsmallbottom-dwellingcreaturesforsustenance.Thesebottom-dwellersinturnareaccustomedtocolderwatertemperaturesandlongperiodsofextensiveseaicecover.47However"achangefromarctictosub-arcticconditionsisunderwayinthenorthernBeringSea"accordingtotheresearchersandiscausingashifttowardconditionsfavoringbothwater-columnandbottom-feedingfishandotheranimalsthatuntilnowhavestayedinmoresoutherlywarmerseawater. 48Asaresulttherangesofregion’stypicalinhabitantscanbeexpectedtomovenorthwardandawayfromthesmallisolatedNativecommunitiesontheBeringSeacoastthatsubsistontheanimals."We’reseeingthatachangeinthephysicalconditionsisdrivingachangeintheecosystems"saidJackie GrebmeieraresearcherattheUniversityofTennessee. GrebmeiersaidthenewreportisunusualinthatitlooksatthepotentialeffectsofchangingclimateintheArcticprimarilythroughalife-scienceslensratherthanananalysisofthephysicsofclimatechange."It’sabiologydrivenintegratedlookatwhat’sgoing"Grebmeiersaid.GrebmeierischiefscientistfortheWesternShelf-BasinInteractionsSBIresearchprojectwhichconductedaseriesofresearchcruisestoobservechangesinthecarbonbalanceoftheoffshoreareasoftheAlaskanArcticandtheireffectsonthefoodchain.ThecruisesincludedanumberofresearcherssupportedbytheNationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministrationNOAAandotherfederalagencies.49NSFandNOAAalsofundedU.S.researcherswhocontributeddatacollectedbytheBeringStraitEnvironmentalObservatorywhichannuallysampleswatersinthenorthernBeringSeatoassessthebiologicalstatusofproductiveanimalcommunitiesontheseafloor. 50Thosehighlyproductivewaterscurrentlyactasspongesforcarbondioxideabsorbingquantitiesofthegasthatotherwisewouldremainintheatmospherewhereitwouldbeexpectedtocontributetowarming.ButtheresearcherssayifthebiologicaltrendstheyobserveinthenorthernBeringSeapersistandarenotreversibletheaccompanyingshiftinspeciesandecosystemstructurecouldhaveimportantimplicationsfortheroleoftheseaasa"carbonsink". 47
HaveyoueverwonderedwhetherwritingandmaintainingyourbusinessblogisawasteoftimeIfyouhaveitprobablyis.Businessblogsarevaluableforsomecompaniesbutformanybloggingtakesuptimeandresourcesbetterspentelsewhere.Ifanyofthefollowingstatementsapplytoyoustoppostingtoyourblogorre-purposewhatyouwouldhavepostedandstartdoingsomethingmoreproductive: 41Youdreadwritinganotherpost. EitherwaywhateveryoupublishwillnotrepresentyourbusinesswellsowhydoitAnytimeyoufeelyoucan’tputyourbestfootforwarddon’ttakethestep. 42Yourpageviewsarestagnant. Unlessofcourseyoucanaccuratelyidentifytangiblebenefitsfromthatreadership. 43Youcan’tquantifyyourreturn. Bloggingislikeanyotherinvestmentintimeandresources:Ifyoudon’tseeareturndon’tdoit. 44Yourgoalistoprovidevaluableresourcestocustomers. Potentialcustomerswhogladlyreadresourcepagesoftenrunscreamingfromthesameinformationwhenitappearsonablog. 45Yourreadersarenotyourcustomers. Buildinganaudienceisusefulonlyiftheaudiencecontainscurrentandpotentialcustomers.Knowwhoisreadingyourbiog.Ifyoucan’tbebotheredtofindoutthat’syetanotherindicationit’stimetostop. [A]Manybusinessownerssay"Idon’thaveanynumberstobackitupbutIknowmyblogispayingoff."ReallyHowIfyourblogisn’tsendingsignificanttraffictoyourwebsiteviasearchenginesisn’tdirectlygeneratingsalesdoesn’tcreateacommunityorcreatesacommunitythatdoesn’tactually benefityourbusinessyourblogisn’tpayingoff. [B]Ifyouaren’texcitedbythethoughtofsittingdowntowriteyournextpostyouhavenothingtosayandwillonceagainborrowideasfromanotherblogoralreadyrealizebloggingisawasteoftimebutwon’tadmitit. [C]Greatgoal.Byallmeansdoit.Butdon’tputhow-toinformationorusefultipsornon-newsinformationonyourblog.Manypeopleareblog-aversebecausemostblogsareterriblesoyourblogmayautomaticallygetpaintedwiththesamebrush.Ifyourmaterialisrelativelyevergreencreateresourcepagesonyourwebsiteinstead. [D]Whennewpostsaveragethesamenumberofpageviewsandonamonthlybasissodoesyourentireblogyou’vestalled.Maybeloyalreaderskeepreturningormaybeyougainsomeandlosesomebuteitherwaynotmuchishappening.Ablogwithasmallstagnantreadershipisablogthatisawasteoftimeatleastforbusinesspurposes. [E]Neverblogbecauseyouthinkithelps;youhavetoknow.Knowingtakeseffort.Ifyou’renotwillingtoputthetimeyouneedintotrackingandanalyzingdatayou’reeitherlazyorafraidtofindoutyou’rewastingyourtimeonyourblog.Sometimesquittingismoreadmirablethanstayingthecourse. [F]Thishappensmoreoftenthanyouthink.Forexampleafriendisanincrediblysuccessfulfinancialplanner.Hewritesablogthatgetsthousandsofuniquevisitorsamonth.Buthewritesabouttopicsofinterestonlytootherfinancialplanners.Thatwouldbefineifhisbloggeneratedmediaopportunitiesorsupportedabookheplanstowriteorhelpshimnetworkandbringinmorebusiness—butitdoesn’t. 45
Thisweekendmarks25yearssincethepublicationoftheU.S.DepartmentofEducation’sexplosivereportANationatRisk.ItspowerfulindictmentofAmericaneducationlaunchedthelargesteducation-reformmovementinthenation’shistorypavingthewayforstrategiesasdifferentascharterschoolsandthefederalNoChildLeftBehindNCLBAct.Butevenafteravastpoliticalandfinancialinvestmentspanningtwoandahalfdecadeswe’refarfromachievingthereport’sambitiousaims.We’velearnedalotaboutschoolreformin25yearslessonsthatsuggestthatitispossibleeventuallytoachieveANationatRisk’sambitiousaims.We’velearnedthatalotofpublicschoolsrequireincentivestolifttheirsightsfortheirstudents.Thenation’slongtraditionoflettinglocalschoolboardssetstandardsisn’tgoingtogetuswhereweneedtogoeducationally.IfanythingNCLB’srequirementofstatewidestandardsneedstobetakentoitslogicalconclusion—rigorousnationalstandards.Makethemvoluntary.Givestatesandschoolsystemsdifferentwaysofmeasuringtheirprogressagainstthestandardsbysanctioninganumberofdifferentnationalexaminationboards.AndrewardeducatorsformeetingthenewstandardsNCLBonlypunishesschoolsfornotmeetingstatestandardswhichencouragesstatestokeepstandardslowbecausetheydon’twantalotoftheirschoolslabeledasfailures.Butimprovementcan’tmerelybeimposedonschoolsfromtheoutside.Schoolsarecomplexsocialenterprises;theirsuccessdependsonthousandsofdailypersonalinteractions.Theyareintheendonlyasgoodasthepeopleinthemandthecultureinwhichthosepeoplework.Soit’scrucialtogeteveryoneinaschoolcommunityinvestedinaschool’smission.Ownershipiskey.Thatcomesfromgivingschoolsautonomy—instaffingbudgetingandinstruction.Fromgivingfamiliesachancetochoosetheirpublicschools.Andfromschoolleadershipthatpromotesastrongsenseofschoolidentityandclearexpectationsofsuccess.Reformhastocomefromtheinside-outaswellastheoutside-in.There’sahumansideofschoolreformthatweignoreatourperil.ButifachievingANationatRisk’svisionisbecomingincreasinglydifficultthealternativeisreallynoalternative.TheAmericaneconomyhasn’tcollapsedintheabsenceofpublic-schoolreformbecauseitssuccessisdrivenmainlybythesmallsegmentoftheworkforcethatishighlyeducated.Buttheplightofthemiddleclassthatthereformreportsofthe1980swarnedabouthasworsenedasthewagegapbetweenhigh-schoolgraduatesandthecollege-educatedhaswidenedcreatinganincreasinglytwo-tieredsociety—andanever-greaterneedtoarmeveryAmericanwiththehigh-qualityeducationthatANationatRiskenvisioned.TheU.S.DepartmentofEducation’sreport
There’snothingsimpleaboutguncontrolatangleoflegalpoliticalandpublic-healthissuescomplicatedbyculturalpreferencesandregionalbiases.Passionsrunhighonallsides.LifelonghunterswhogrewupwithfirearmsurbanvictimsofgunviolenceSecondAmendmentscholarsNRAlobbyistschiefsofpolice—they’veallgotcasestomakeandtheymakethemwelloftencontentiously.Forthepast15yearsmuchofthedebatehascenteredontheeffectivenessoftheBradyHandgunViolencePreventionActthefederalgun-controlbillthatwaspassedin1993.Criticssaythefocusonlaw-abidinggunbuyersdoesn’taddresstherealissue—badguyswhoacquiretheirweaponsillegally.Supporterssaythatthebillstopsthousandsofillegalgunpurchasesanddeterscrimeandviolence.Nowmedicalresearchhascometotherescuesiftingthroughthedatatofigureoutwhichlegalmeasuresworkbesttoreducefirearmsuicidesandhomicides.InapaperpublishedintheMayissueoftheAmericanJournalofPreventiveMedicineStevenSumnerathird-yearmedstudentandDr.PeterLaydecodirectoroftheInjuryResearchCenterattheMedicalCollegeofWisconsinfoundthatlocalbackgroundcheckswhichareoptionalandusedbyjustahandfulofstatesweremoreeffectivethanthefederalbackgroundchecksmandatedbytheBradylaw.Thereportcomparedthehomicideandsuicideratesinstatesthatperformonlyfederalcheckswithstatesthatdostate-levelchecksandthosethatperformlocal-levelchecks.Thelocal-levelcheckswereassociatedwitha27percentlowerfirearmsuiciderateanda22percentlowerhomiciderateamongadults21andolderthelegalagetopurchaseagun.WhyarelocalcheckssomuchbetterWehypothesizethatit’sduetoaccesstoadditionalinformationthat’snotavailableatthefederalcheckssaysLaydeparticularlyrelatedtomental-healthissuesanddomestic-violenceissues.All50statesusetheNationalInstantCriminalBackgroundCheckSystemNICStheminimumrequiredunderBradywhile17statesalsoperformstate-levelchecksand12doadditionallocal-levelchecks.Thisisthefirststudythat’slookedatthisissuesaysLayde.Ifthemagnitudeofimpactwefoundwereinfacttoapplytoall50statesyouwouldexpectaverysubstantialreductioninsuicidesandhomicideslinkedtofirearmsmanythousands.Howeverbackgroundcheckscanbebothanadministrativeandacostburdenforstrappedandstretchedlocalauthorities.Thereisanotherwaytogetthesameresults.improvetheflowoflocalinformationtotheNICSdatabases.InanidealworldsaysLaydeyoumightnothavetohavethelocalagenciesinvolvedifyoujustreliablygotallthedatatheyhaduptothefederallevel./ConcerningthereductionoffirearmsuicidesandhomicidesSumnerandLayde’sstudyhasfound
Anthropologyisthestudyofhumanbeingsascreaturesofsociety.It1itsattentionuponthose.physicalcharacteristicsandindustrialtechniquesthoseconventionsandvalueswhich2onecommunityfromallothersthatbelongtoadifferenttradition. Thedistinguishingmarkofanthropologyamongthesocialsciencesisthatitincludesforseriousstudyothersocieties3ourown.Foritspurposesanysocial4ofmatingandreproductionisassignificantasourown.TotheanthropologistourcustomsandthoseofaNewGuineatribearetwopossiblesocialschemesfor5acommonproblemandinsofarasheremainsananthropologistheis6toavoidanyweightingofone7theother.Heisinterestedinhumanbehaviornotasitisshapedbyonetraditionourownbutasithasbeenshapedbyanytradition8Heisinterestedinawide9ofcustomthatisfoundinvariousculturesandhisobjectistounderstandthewayinwhichthesecultureschangeand10thedifferentformsthroughwhichtheyexpressthemselvesandthe11inwhichthecustomsofanypeoplesfunctioninthelivesofthe12. Nowcustomhasnotbeencommonlyregardedasa13ofanygreatmoment.Theinnerworkingsofourownbrainswefeeltobeuniquely14ofinvestigationbutcustomwehaveawayofthinkingisbehavioratitsmostcommonplace.15itistheotherwayround.Traditionalcustomisamassofdetailedbehaviormoreastonishingthan16anyonepersoncaneverevolveinindividualactions.Yetthatisarather17aspectofthematter.Thefact18firstrateimportanceisthepredominantrolethatcustom19inexperienceandbeliefandtheverygreatvarietiesitmay20 13
46HistorytellsusthatinancientBabylonthecradleofourcivilizationthepeopletriedtobuildatowerthatwouldreachtoheaven.ButthetowerbecamethetowerofBabelaccordingtotheOldTestamentwhenthepeopleweresuddenlycausedtospeakdifferentlanguages.InmodernNewYorkCityanewtowerthatoftheUnitedNationsBuildingthrustsitsshiningmassskyward.47ButtherealizationoftheUN’saspirations—andwithitthehopesofthepeoplesoftheworld—isthreatenedbyourcontemporaryBabel:aboutthreethousanddifferentlanguagesarespokenthroughouttheworldtodaywithoutcountingthevariousdialectsthatconfoundcommunicationbetweenpeoplesofthesameland. InChinaforexamplehundredsofdifferentdialectsarespoken;peopleofsomevillageshavetroublepassingthetimeofdaywiththeinhabitantsofthenexttown.InthenewAfricanstateofGhanafivemillionpeoplespeakfiftydifferentdialects.InIndiamorethanonehundredlanguagesarespokenofwhichonlyfourteenarerecognizedasofficial.Toaddtotheconfusionastheoldestablishedempiresarebrokenupandnewstatesareformednewofficialtonguesspringupatanincreasingrate. InaworldmadesmallerbyjettravelmanisstillisolatedfrommanyofhisneighborsbytheBabelbarrierofmultiplyinglanguages.Communicationisblockeddailyinscoresofways.Travelersfinditdifficulttoknowthepeoplesofothernations.Scientistsareoftenunabletoreadandbenefitfromtheworkbeingcarriedonbymenofscienceinothercountries.48Theaimsofinternationaltradeofworldaccordofmeetingsbetweennationsareblockedateveryturn;theworkofscholarstechnologistsandhumanistsishandicapped.EvenintheshiningnewtoweroftheUnitedNationsinNewYorkspeechesanddiscussionshavetobetranslatedandprintedinthefiveofficialUNlanguage—EnglishFrenchSpanishRussianandChinese.ConfusiondelaysuspicionandhardfeelingsaretheproductsofthediplomaticBabel. Thechancesforworldunityarelessenedifintheliteralsenseofthephrasewedonotspeakthesamelanguage.49Westandindireneedofacommontonguealanguagethatwouldcrossnationalbarriersonesimpleenoughtobeuniversallylearnedbytravelersbusinessmengovernmentrepresentativesscholarsandevenbychildrenatschool. Ofcoursethisisn’tanewidea.Justaseveryoneisagainstsinsoeveryoneisforacommonlanguagethatwouldfurthercommunicationbetweennations.50Whatwithonethingandanother—ournaturalstateofdriftashumanbeingsourrivalriesresentmentsandjealousiesasnations—wehaveupuntilnowfailedtotakeanyaction.IproposethatwestopjusttalkingaboutitasMarkTwainsaidoftheweatheranddosomethingaboutit.Wemustmaketheconcertedmassiveeffortittakestoreachagreementontheadoptionofasinglecommonauxiliarytongue. 47
ConservatismGeorgeWilltoldmewhenIinterviewedhimmanyyearsagowasrootedinreality.Itstartednotfromanimaginedsocietybutfromtheworldasitactuallyexists.ButconservativesnowchampionideasdrawnfromabstractprincipleswithlittleregardtotherealitiesofAmerica’spresentorpast.ThisisatragedybecauseconservatismhasanimportantroletoplayinmodernizingtheU.S.Considerthedebatesovertheeconomy.TheRepublicanprescriptionistocuttaxesandslashgovernmentspendingbutwhatistheevidencethattaxcutsarethebestpathtorevivetheU.S.economyTaxesasapercentageofGDPareattheirlowestlevelsince1950.TheU.S.isamongthelowesttaxedofthebigindustrialeconomies.SothecasethatAmericaisgrindingtoahaltbecauseofhightaxationisnotbasedonfactsbutissimplyatheoreticalassertion.TherichcountriesthatareinthebestshaperightnowwithstronggrowthandlowunemploymentareoneslikeGermanyandDenmarkneitheronecharacterizedbylowtaxes.Infactrightnowanydiscussionofgovernmentinvolvementintheeconomy—eventobuildvitalinfrastructure—isimpossiblebecauseitisacardinaltenetofthenewconservatismthatsuchinvolvementisalwaysandforeverbad.MeanwhileacrosstheglobefromSingaporetoSouthKoreatoGermanytoCanadaevidenceaboundsthatsomestrategicactionsbythegovernmentcanactascatalystsforfree-marketgrowth.OfcourseAmericanhistorysuggeststhataswell.Inthe1950s’60sand’70stheU.S.governmentmademassiveinvestmentsinscienceandtechnologyinstateuniversitiesandininfantindustries.ThoseinvestmentstriggeredtwogenerationsofeconomicgrowthandputtheU.S.ontopoftheworldoftechnologyandinnovation.Butthathistoryhasbeenforgotten.WhenconsideringhealthcareforexampleRepublicansconfidentlyassertthattheirideaswilllowercostswhenwesimplydonothavemuchevidenceforthis.Whatwedoknowisthatoftheworld’srichestcountriestheU.S.hasbyfarthegreatestinvolvementoffreemarketsandtheprivatesectorinhealthcare.ItalsoconsumesthelargestshareofGDPwithnosignificantgainsinhealthonanymeasurableoutcome.WeneedmoremarketmechanismstocutmedicalcostsbutRepublicansdon’tbothertostudyexistinghealthcaresystemsanywhereelseintheworld.IknowitworksinpracticetheoldsawgoesbutdoesitworkintheoryConservativesusedtobetheoneswithheadsfirmlybasedinreality.Theirreformswerepowerfulbecausetheyusedthemarketstreamlinedgovernmentandempoweredindividuals.WeneedconservativeideastomodernizetheU.S.economyandreformAmericangovernment.Butwhatwehaveinsteadarepoliciesthatdon’treformbutjustcutandstarvegovernment—astrategythatpayslittleattentiontohistoryorbestpracticesfromaroundtheworldandisbasedinsteadonatheory.ThatheaviertaxesburdentheAmericaneconomy
Anthropologyisthestudyofhumanbeingsascreaturesofsociety.It1itsattentionuponthose.physicalcharacteristicsandindustrialtechniquesthoseconventionsandvalueswhich2onecommunityfromallothersthatbelongtoadifferenttradition. Thedistinguishingmarkofanthropologyamongthesocialsciencesisthatitincludesforseriousstudyothersocieties3ourown.Foritspurposesanysocial4ofmatingandreproductionisassignificantasourown.TotheanthropologistourcustomsandthoseofaNewGuineatribearetwopossiblesocialschemesfor5acommonproblemandinsofarasheremainsananthropologistheis6toavoidanyweightingofone7theother.Heisinterestedinhumanbehaviornotasitisshapedbyonetraditionourownbutasithasbeenshapedbyanytradition8Heisinterestedinawide9ofcustomthatisfoundinvariousculturesandhisobjectistounderstandthewayinwhichthesecultureschangeand10thedifferentformsthroughwhichtheyexpressthemselvesandthe11inwhichthecustomsofanypeoplesfunctioninthelivesofthe12. Nowcustomhasnotbeencommonlyregardedasa13ofanygreatmoment.Theinnerworkingsofourownbrainswefeeltobeuniquely14ofinvestigationbutcustomwehaveawayofthinkingisbehavioratitsmostcommonplace.15itistheotherwayround.Traditionalcustomisamassofdetailedbehaviormoreastonishingthan16anyonepersoncaneverevolveinindividualactions.Yetthatisarather17aspectofthematter.Thefact18firstrateimportanceisthepredominantrolethatcustom19inexperienceandbeliefandtheverygreatvarietiesitmay20 1
Anthropologyisthestudyofhumanbeingsascreaturesofsociety.It1itsattentionuponthose.physicalcharacteristicsandindustrialtechniquesthoseconventionsandvalueswhich2onecommunityfromallothersthatbelongtoadifferenttradition. Thedistinguishingmarkofanthropologyamongthesocialsciencesisthatitincludesforseriousstudyothersocieties3ourown.Foritspurposesanysocial4ofmatingandreproductionisassignificantasourown.TotheanthropologistourcustomsandthoseofaNewGuineatribearetwopossiblesocialschemesfor5acommonproblemandinsofarasheremainsananthropologistheis6toavoidanyweightingofone7theother.Heisinterestedinhumanbehaviornotasitisshapedbyonetraditionourownbutasithasbeenshapedbyanytradition8Heisinterestedinawide9ofcustomthatisfoundinvariousculturesandhisobjectistounderstandthewayinwhichthesecultureschangeand10thedifferentformsthroughwhichtheyexpressthemselvesandthe11inwhichthecustomsofanypeoplesfunctioninthelivesofthe12. Nowcustomhasnotbeencommonlyregardedasa13ofanygreatmoment.Theinnerworkingsofourownbrainswefeeltobeuniquely14ofinvestigationbutcustomwehaveawayofthinkingisbehavioratitsmostcommonplace.15itistheotherwayround.Traditionalcustomisamassofdetailedbehaviormoreastonishingthan16anyonepersoncaneverevolveinindividualactions.Yetthatisarather17aspectofthematter.Thefact18firstrateimportanceisthepredominantrolethatcustom19inexperienceandbeliefandtheverygreatvarietiesitmay20 17
There’snothingsimpleaboutguncontrolatangleoflegalpoliticalandpublic-healthissuescomplicatedbyculturalpreferencesandregionalbiases.Passionsrunhighonallsides.LifelonghunterswhogrewupwithfirearmsurbanvictimsofgunviolenceSecondAmendmentscholarsNRAlobbyistschiefsofpolice—they’veallgotcasestomakeandtheymakethemwelloftencontentiously.Forthepast15yearsmuchofthedebatehascenteredontheeffectivenessoftheBradyHandgunViolencePreventionActthefederalgun-controlbillthatwaspassedin1993.Criticssaythefocusonlaw-abidinggunbuyersdoesn’taddresstherealissue—badguyswhoacquiretheirweaponsillegally.Supporterssaythatthebillstopsthousandsofillegalgunpurchasesanddeterscrimeandviolence.Nowmedicalresearchhascometotherescuesiftingthroughthedatatofigureoutwhichlegalmeasuresworkbesttoreducefirearmsuicidesandhomicides.InapaperpublishedintheMayissueoftheAmericanJournalofPreventiveMedicineStevenSumnerathird-yearmedstudentandDr.PeterLaydecodirectoroftheInjuryResearchCenterattheMedicalCollegeofWisconsinfoundthatlocalbackgroundcheckswhichareoptionalandusedbyjustahandfulofstatesweremoreeffectivethanthefederalbackgroundchecksmandatedbytheBradylaw.Thereportcomparedthehomicideandsuicideratesinstatesthatperformonlyfederalcheckswithstatesthatdostate-levelchecksandthosethatperformlocal-levelchecks.Thelocal-levelcheckswereassociatedwitha27percentlowerfirearmsuiciderateanda22percentlowerhomiciderateamongadults21andolderthelegalagetopurchaseagun.WhyarelocalcheckssomuchbetterWehypothesizethatit’sduetoaccesstoadditionalinformationthat’snotavailableatthefederalcheckssaysLaydeparticularlyrelatedtomental-healthissuesanddomestic-violenceissues.All50statesusetheNationalInstantCriminalBackgroundCheckSystemNICStheminimumrequiredunderBradywhile17statesalsoperformstate-levelchecksand12doadditionallocal-levelchecks.Thisisthefirststudythat’slookedatthisissuesaysLayde.Ifthemagnitudeofimpactwefoundwereinfacttoapplytoall50statesyouwouldexpectaverysubstantialreductioninsuicidesandhomicideslinkedtofirearmsmanythousands.Howeverbackgroundcheckscanbebothanadministrativeandacostburdenforstrappedandstretchedlocalauthorities.Thereisanotherwaytogetthesameresults.improvetheflowoflocalinformationtotheNICSdatabases.InanidealworldsaysLaydeyoumightnothavetohavethelocalagenciesinvolvedifyoujustreliablygotallthedatatheyhaduptothefederallevel./InlightoftheirfindingsLaydeproposesthat
Directions: ReadthefollowingChinesetextandwriteanabstractofitin80～100Englishwords 教育的社会责任 教育与老百姓的生存发展息息相关无论是国家民族还是人民大众对教育的重视都达到了一个空前的高度在这种情形之下教育尤其应当肩负起应有的社会责任对国家和民族负责对人民大众负责 教育的对象是人人只有通过教育才能成为人因此教育首先必须对人负责对受教育者负责教育是人学教育要对受教育者负责就是首先要把学生作为人来对待应当充满人性关怀始终闪耀人性光辉教育对人负责就是应当关注人的能力培养开启学生的智力培养学生的能力发展学生的潜力传道授业解惑也但是决不能把学生当作盛装知识的容器当作考试做题的工具一切为了分数一切为了考试一切为了升学揠苗助长削足适履这些做法都是对人的极端不负责任人民教育家陶行知先生深恶痛绝的就是那种教育等于读书读书等于赶考的消灭民族生存力的恶行有教无类因材施教循循善诱诲人不倦先哲的这些金玉之言不仅道出了教育的真谛更体现了对人性的尊重 真正的教育是照料人的心魄是促进人的灵魂的转向是使心灵的和谐达到完善的境地因此教育对人负责应当更多地关注人的灵魂塑造真正的教育应当是爱的濡染是美的熏陶是善的弘扬是真的追求陶行知先生曾说千教万教教人求真千学万学学做真人这句话不仅指明了育人的方向更阐释了教育的责任所在所以成功的教育首先体现在走出校门的教育对象应当是对社会对民族对集体对家庭有积极性而无消极性有建设性而无破坏性有促进性而无倒逆性的人 教育应当是向善的应当是向上的应当是向好的有偿家教违规补课甚至教师教学生作弊还向学生兜售高考__这种种行为是对学生也是对社会的严重不负责任所以为人师者不仅要学高为师更应身正为范捧着一颗心来不带半根草去为一大事来做一大事去 人的生命是鲜活的真正的教育不应是压抑生命禁锢生命而应是珍惜生命滋养生命激扬生命舒展生命让生命更加灿烂更加生龙活虎更加朝气蓬勃宋代程颐说有文采以养其目声音以养其耳威仪以养其四体歌舞以养其血气义理以养其心苏霍姆林斯基也曾说美是道德纯洁精神丰富和体魄健全的有力源泉教育如果没有美没有艺术那是不可思议的因为忽视体育锻炼学生学业负担过重体质普遍下降因为忽视心理呵护学生心理疾患日渐增多因为忽视人文熏陶学生的内心冷漠所以学校的教育活动应当坚持健康第一要通过体育教学让学生掌握一至两种伴随终生的体育技能提振学生的精气神养乎吾身乐乎吾心健康生活一辈子学校的教育活动应当具有浓郁的美育氛围要通过音乐美术书法等教学活动教育和培养青少年拥有完美的人格健康的情感美好的心灵 教育是社会意志的体现者肩负着按照社会要求塑造人的使命教育对社会负责就必须体现社会意志必须为社会发展服务这既是教育的根本宗旨也是教育的根本任务毋庸讳言在当前经济社会快速发展的进程中教育存在着许多值得反思的现象出现了过分功利化的倾向忽视了必要的社会价值追求比如对学校发展的商业化运作学校之间的不正当竞争办学效果评价的简单化师生关系的物质化这些功利化的做法不仅影响了人才培养的质量更为危险的是给社会埋下了一个又一个毒瘤始终坚守社会核心价值成为社会伦理的向导人类良知的灯塔充分发挥教育的引领和示范作用这不仅是教育的责任也是教育的良知 为社会发展与变革服务为社会进步与繁荣作贡献是教育义不容辞的责任维护社会和谐稳定减少愚昧与迷信消除贫困与落后减少犯罪消除不平等不公正是教育不可替代的重要功能教育公平是社会公平的重要基础教育对社会负责就是要以教育的公平公正促进社会的公平公正教育不公必然祸及土会教育的效果既具有现实性更具有未来性教育对社会负责就是要通过对人的培养从而实现为社会现实与长远利益服务不能一味追求眼前效果急功近利而忽视未来效果当前切实解决教育的热点难点问题．如促进城乡教育均衡发展提高教育质量促进大学毕业生就业等等都是教育对社会尽责的重要内容 优先发展教育建设人力资源强国是党的十七大提出的重大战略目标教育唯有肩负责任方能不辱使命
Directions:YourfriendXiaoWenfailedthejobinterviewofalargeenterprise.Writealettertoherwiththefollowinginformation.1wordsofcomforting;2encouragement;and3youradvice.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.UseLiMinginstead.
46Physicalchanges—includingrisingairandseawatertemperaturesanddecreasingseasonalicecover—appeartobethecauseofaseriesofbiologicalchangesinthenorthernBeringSeaecosystemthatcouldhavelong-rangeandirreversibleeffectsontheanimalsthatlivethereandonthepeoplewhodependonthemfortheirlivelihoods.InapaperpublishedMarch10inthejournalScienceateamofU.S.andCanadianresearchersusedatafromlong-termobservationsofphysicalpropertiesandbiologicalcommunitiestoconcludethatpreviouslydocumentedphysicalchangesintheArcticinrecentyearsareprofoundlyaffectingArcticlife. ThenorthernBeringSeaprovidescriticalhabitatforlargepopulationsofsuchasseaducksgraywhalesbeardedsealsandwalrusesandallofthesemammalsdependonsmallbottom-dwellingcreaturesforsustenance.Thesebottom-dwellersinturnareaccustomedtocolderwatertemperaturesandlongperiodsofextensiveseaicecover.47However"achangefromarctictosub-arcticconditionsisunderwayinthenorthernBeringSea"accordingtotheresearchersandiscausingashifttowardconditionsfavoringbothwater-columnandbottom-feedingfishandotheranimalsthatuntilnowhavestayedinmoresoutherlywarmerseawater. 48Asaresulttherangesofregion’stypicalinhabitantscanbeexpectedtomovenorthwardandawayfromthesmallisolatedNativecommunitiesontheBeringSeacoastthatsubsistontheanimals."We’reseeingthatachangeinthephysicalconditionsisdrivingachangeintheecosystems"saidJackie GrebmeieraresearcherattheUniversityofTennessee. GrebmeiersaidthenewreportisunusualinthatitlooksatthepotentialeffectsofchangingclimateintheArcticprimarilythroughalife-scienceslensratherthanananalysisofthephysicsofclimatechange."It’sabiologydrivenintegratedlookatwhat’sgoing"Grebmeiersaid.GrebmeierischiefscientistfortheWesternShelf-BasinInteractionsSBIresearchprojectwhichconductedaseriesofresearchcruisestoobservechangesinthecarbonbalanceoftheoffshoreareasoftheAlaskanArcticandtheireffectsonthefoodchain.ThecruisesincludedanumberofresearcherssupportedbytheNationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministrationNOAAandotherfederalagencies.49NSFandNOAAalsofundedU.S.researcherswhocontributeddatacollectedbytheBeringStraitEnvironmentalObservatorywhichannuallysampleswatersinthenorthernBeringSeatoassessthebiologicalstatusofproductiveanimalcommunitiesontheseafloor. 50Thosehighlyproductivewaterscurrentlyactasspongesforcarbondioxideabsorbingquantitiesofthegasthatotherwisewouldremainintheatmospherewhereitwouldbeexpectedtocontributetowarming.ButtheresearcherssayifthebiologicaltrendstheyobserveinthenorthernBeringSeapersistandarenotreversibletheaccompanyingshiftinspeciesandecosystemstructurecouldhaveimportantimplicationsfortheroleoftheseaasa"carbonsink". 49
Manystateshavegoneonprison-buildingspreesyetthepenalsystemischokedtobursting.Toeasethepressurenearlyallconvictedfelonsarereleasedearly—ornotlockedupatall.AboutthreeofeveryfourconvictedcriminalssaysJohnDiIulioanotedPrincetoncriminologistareonthestreetswithoutmeaningfulprobationorparolesupervision.Andwhileeveryoneknowsthatamateurthugsshouldbedeterredbeforetheybecomecareercriminalsitisalmostunheard-offorjudgestosendfirst-orsecond-timeoffenderstoprison.Meanwhilethepriceofkeepingcriminalsincagesisappalling—acommonestimateis$30000perinmateperyear.Tobesurethecosttosocietyofturningmanyinmatesloosewouldbeevenhigher.Fortensofthousandsofconvictsprisonisagraduateschoolofcriminalstudies:Theyemergemoreruthlessandsavvythanwhentheyentered.Andformanyoffendersthereisevenacertaincachettodoingtime—astintinprisonbecomesasignofmanhoodastatussymbol.Buttherewouldbenocachetinchainingacriminaltoanoutdoorpostandflogginghim.Ifyoungpunkswerehorsewhippedinpublicaftertheirfirstconvictionfewerofthemwouldhardenintolifelongfelons.Ahumiliatingandpainfulpaddlingcanbeappliedtotherearendofacrookforalotlessthan$30000—andprovealotmoreeducationalthan10years’worthofprisonmealsandlockdowns.ArewequitecertainthePuritanshavenothingtoteachusaboutdealingwithcriminalsOfcoursetheircrimesarenotourcrimes:WedonotarrestblasphemersoradulterersandonlyguncontrolfanaticswouldcriminalizethesaleofweaponstoIndians.Theywouldcriminalizethesaleofweaponstoanybody.NorwouldtheordealsufferedbypoorJosephGatchell—thetonguepiercethroughwithahotpoker—beregardedtodayasanythinglessthantorture.Butwhatistheobjectiontocorporalpunishmentthatdoesn’tmaimormutilateInsteadofaprisontermwhynotsentenceatleastsomecriminals—saythievesanddrunkdrivers—toapublicwhippingToodegradingsomewillsay.Toobrutal.ButwhereisitwrittenthatbeingwhippedismoredegradingthanbeingcagedWhyisitmorebrutaltoflogawrongdoerthantothrowhiminprison—wheretheriskofbeingbeatenrapedormurderedisterrifyinglyhighTheGlobereportedin1994thatmorethan200000prisoninmatesarerapedeachyearusuallytotheindifferenceoftheguards.Thehorrorsexperiencedbymanyyounginmatesparticularlythosewho...areconvictedofnonviolentoffensesformerSupremeCourtJusticeHarryBlackmunhaswrittenborderontheunimaginable.ArethosehorrorspreferabletotheshortsharpshameofcorporalpunishmentPerhapsthePuritansweremoreenlightenedthanwethinkatleastonthesubjectofpunishment.Theirsanctionswerehumiliatingandpainfulbutquickandcheap.Maybeweshouldreadoptafew.Theauthorofthepassageisinfavorof
Manystateshavegoneonprison-buildingspreesyetthepenalsystemischokedtobursting.Toeasethepressurenearlyallconvictedfelonsarereleasedearly—ornotlockedupatall.AboutthreeofeveryfourconvictedcriminalssaysJohnDiIulioanotedPrincetoncriminologistareonthestreetswithoutmeaningfulprobationorparolesupervision.Andwhileeveryoneknowsthatamateurthugsshouldbedeterredbeforetheybecomecareercriminalsitisalmostunheard-offorjudgestosendfirst-orsecond-timeoffenderstoprison.Meanwhilethepriceofkeepingcriminalsincagesisappalling—acommonestimateis$30000perinmateperyear.Tobesurethecosttosocietyofturningmanyinmatesloosewouldbeevenhigher.Fortensofthousandsofconvictsprisonisagraduateschoolofcriminalstudies:Theyemergemoreruthlessandsavvythanwhentheyentered.Andformanyoffendersthereisevenacertaincachettodoingtime—astintinprisonbecomesasignofmanhoodastatussymbol.Buttherewouldbenocachetinchainingacriminaltoanoutdoorpostandflogginghim.Ifyoungpunkswerehorsewhippedinpublicaftertheirfirstconvictionfewerofthemwouldhardenintolifelongfelons.Ahumiliatingandpainfulpaddlingcanbeappliedtotherearendofacrookforalotlessthan$30000—andprovealotmoreeducationalthan10years’worthofprisonmealsandlockdowns.ArewequitecertainthePuritanshavenothingtoteachusaboutdealingwithcriminalsOfcoursetheircrimesarenotourcrimes:WedonotarrestblasphemersoradulterersandonlyguncontrolfanaticswouldcriminalizethesaleofweaponstoIndians.Theywouldcriminalizethesaleofweaponstoanybody.NorwouldtheordealsufferedbypoorJosephGatchell—thetonguepiercethroughwithahotpoker—beregardedtodayasanythinglessthantorture.Butwhatistheobjectiontocorporalpunishmentthatdoesn’tmaimormutilateInsteadofaprisontermwhynotsentenceatleastsomecriminals—saythievesanddrunkdrivers—toapublicwhippingToodegradingsomewillsay.Toobrutal.ButwhereisitwrittenthatbeingwhippedismoredegradingthanbeingcagedWhyisitmorebrutaltoflogawrongdoerthantothrowhiminprison—wheretheriskofbeingbeatenrapedormurderedisterrifyinglyhighTheGlobereportedin1994thatmorethan200000prisoninmatesarerapedeachyearusuallytotheindifferenceoftheguards.Thehorrorsexperiencedbymanyyounginmatesparticularlythosewho...areconvictedofnonviolentoffensesformerSupremeCourtJusticeHarryBlackmunhaswrittenborderontheunimaginable.ArethosehorrorspreferabletotheshortsharpshameofcorporalpunishmentPerhapsthePuritansweremoreenlightenedthanwethinkatleastonthesubjectofpunishment.Theirsanctionswerehumiliatingandpainfulbutquickandcheap.Maybeweshouldreadoptafew.Fromthefirstsentenceweknowthat
Thisweekendmarks25yearssincethepublicationoftheU.S.DepartmentofEducation’sexplosivereportANationatRisk.ItspowerfulindictmentofAmericaneducationlaunchedthelargesteducation-reformmovementinthenation’shistorypavingthewayforstrategiesasdifferentascharterschoolsandthefederalNoChildLeftBehindNCLBAct.Butevenafteravastpoliticalandfinancialinvestmentspanningtwoandahalfdecadeswe’refarfromachievingthereport’sambitiousaims.We’velearnedalotaboutschoolreformin25yearslessonsthatsuggestthatitispossibleeventuallytoachieveANationatRisk’sambitiousaims.We’velearnedthatalotofpublicschoolsrequireincentivestolifttheirsightsfortheirstudents.Thenation’slongtraditionoflettinglocalschoolboardssetstandardsisn’tgoingtogetuswhereweneedtogoeducationally.IfanythingNCLB’srequirementofstatewidestandardsneedstobetakentoitslogicalconclusion—rigorousnationalstandards.Makethemvoluntary.Givestatesandschoolsystemsdifferentwaysofmeasuringtheirprogressagainstthestandardsbysanctioninganumberofdifferentnationalexaminationboards.AndrewardeducatorsformeetingthenewstandardsNCLBonlypunishesschoolsfornotmeetingstatestandardswhichencouragesstatestokeepstandardslowbecausetheydon’twantalotoftheirschoolslabeledasfailures.Butimprovementcan’tmerelybeimposedonschoolsfromtheoutside.Schoolsarecomplexsocialenterprises;theirsuccessdependsonthousandsofdailypersonalinteractions.Theyareintheendonlyasgoodasthepeopleinthemandthecultureinwhichthosepeoplework.Soit’scrucialtogeteveryoneinaschoolcommunityinvestedinaschool’smission.Ownershipiskey.Thatcomesfromgivingschoolsautonomy—instaffingbudgetingandinstruction.Fromgivingfamiliesachancetochoosetheirpublicschools.Andfromschoolleadershipthatpromotesastrongsenseofschoolidentityandclearexpectationsofsuccess.Reformhastocomefromtheinside-outaswellastheoutside-in.There’sahumansideofschoolreformthatweignoreatourperil.ButifachievingANationatRisk’svisionisbecomingincreasinglydifficultthealternativeisreallynoalternative.TheAmericaneconomyhasn’tcollapsedintheabsenceofpublic-schoolreformbecauseitssuccessisdrivenmainlybythesmallsegmentoftheworkforcethatishighlyeducated.Buttheplightofthemiddleclassthatthereformreportsofthe1980swarnedabouthasworsenedasthewagegapbetweenhigh-schoolgraduatesandthecollege-educatedhaswidenedcreatinganincreasinglytwo-tieredsociety—andanever-greaterneedtoarmeveryAmericanwiththehigh-qualityeducationthatANationatRiskenvisioned.Theauthorsuggeststhattheaimsoftheeducationreform
Humansareuniqueintheextenttowhichtheycanreflectonthemselvesandothers.Humansareableto1tothinkinabstracttermstoreflectonthefuture.Ameaningless2worldisaninsecureworld.Wedonotlikeextensiveinsecurity.Whenit3tohumanbehaviorweinfermeaningand4tomakethebehaviorunderstandable.Whatallthismeansisthatpeopledevelop"quasitheories"ofhumanbehaviorthatistheoriesthatarenotdevelopedinanobjectivescientific5.Whendoingsopeoplebelievetheyknow6humansdothethingstheydo. Let’sconsideranexample.IntheUnitedStatespeoplehavebeen7withtheincreasingamountofcrimeforseveralyears.Theextentofcrimebothersus;weourselvescouldbe8Butwhatalsobothersusisthatpeoplebehaveinsuchways.WhycansuchthingshappenWedevelopquasitheories.We9concernedaboutthehighcrimeratebutwenowbelievewe10it:ourcriminaljusticesystemis11;peoplehavegrownselfishandinconsiderateasourmoralvalues12fromtheinfluenceofliberalideas;toomanypeopleare13drugs.Theseexplanationssuggestpossiblesolutions.14thecourts;putmorepeopleinjailas15tootherlawbreakers.Thereishopethattheproblemofcrimecanbesolvedifonlywe16thesesolutions.Againtheworldisnolongermeaninglessnor17sothreatening. Thesequasitheories18serveaveryimportantfunctionforus.ButhowaccuratearetheyHow19willthesuggestedsolutionsbeThesequestionsmustbeanswered20howpeoplenormallygoaboutdevelopingorattainingtheirquasitheoriesofhumanbehavior. 1
Anthropologyisthestudyofhumanbeingsascreaturesofsociety.It1itsattentionuponthose.physicalcharacteristicsandindustrialtechniquesthoseconventionsandvalueswhich2onecommunityfromallothersthatbelongtoadifferenttradition. Thedistinguishingmarkofanthropologyamongthesocialsciencesisthatitincludesforseriousstudyothersocieties3ourown.Foritspurposesanysocial4ofmatingandreproductionisassignificantasourown.TotheanthropologistourcustomsandthoseofaNewGuineatribearetwopossiblesocialschemesfor5acommonproblemandinsofarasheremainsananthropologistheis6toavoidanyweightingofone7theother.Heisinterestedinhumanbehaviornotasitisshapedbyonetraditionourownbutasithasbeenshapedbyanytradition8Heisinterestedinawide9ofcustomthatisfoundinvariousculturesandhisobjectistounderstandthewayinwhichthesecultureschangeand10thedifferentformsthroughwhichtheyexpressthemselvesandthe11inwhichthecustomsofanypeoplesfunctioninthelivesofthe12. Nowcustomhasnotbeencommonlyregardedasa13ofanygreatmoment.Theinnerworkingsofourownbrainswefeeltobeuniquely14ofinvestigationbutcustomwehaveawayofthinkingisbehavioratitsmostcommonplace.15itistheotherwayround.Traditionalcustomisamassofdetailedbehaviormoreastonishingthan16anyonepersoncaneverevolveinindividualactions.Yetthatisarather17aspectofthematter.Thefact18firstrateimportanceisthepredominantrolethatcustom19inexperienceandbeliefandtheverygreatvarietiesitmay20 7
Anthropologyisthestudyofhumanbeingsascreaturesofsociety.It1itsattentionuponthose.physicalcharacteristicsandindustrialtechniquesthoseconventionsandvalueswhich2onecommunityfromallothersthatbelongtoadifferenttradition. Thedistinguishingmarkofanthropologyamongthesocialsciencesisthatitincludesforseriousstudyothersocieties3ourown.Foritspurposesanysocial4ofmatingandreproductionisassignificantasourown.TotheanthropologistourcustomsandthoseofaNewGuineatribearetwopossiblesocialschemesfor5acommonproblemandinsofarasheremainsananthropologistheis6toavoidanyweightingofone7theother.Heisinterestedinhumanbehaviornotasitisshapedbyonetraditionourownbutasithasbeenshapedbyanytradition8Heisinterestedinawide9ofcustomthatisfoundinvariousculturesandhisobjectistounderstandthewayinwhichthesecultureschangeand10thedifferentformsthroughwhichtheyexpressthemselvesandthe11inwhichthecustomsofanypeoplesfunctioninthelivesofthe12. Nowcustomhasnotbeencommonlyregardedasa13ofanygreatmoment.Theinnerworkingsofourownbrainswefeeltobeuniquely14ofinvestigationbutcustomwehaveawayofthinkingisbehavioratitsmostcommonplace.15itistheotherwayround.Traditionalcustomisamassofdetailedbehaviormoreastonishingthan16anyonepersoncaneverevolveinindividualactions.Yetthatisarather17aspectofthematter.Thefact18firstrateimportanceisthepredominantrolethatcustom19inexperienceandbeliefandtheverygreatvarietiesitmay20 19
Thisweekendmarks25yearssincethepublicationoftheU.S.DepartmentofEducation’sexplosivereportANationatRisk.ItspowerfulindictmentofAmericaneducationlaunchedthelargesteducation-reformmovementinthenation’shistorypavingthewayforstrategiesasdifferentascharterschoolsandthefederalNoChildLeftBehindNCLBAct.Butevenafteravastpoliticalandfinancialinvestmentspanningtwoandahalfdecadeswe’refarfromachievingthereport’sambitiousaims.We’velearnedalotaboutschoolreformin25yearslessonsthatsuggestthatitispossibleeventuallytoachieveANationatRisk’sambitiousaims.We’velearnedthatalotofpublicschoolsrequireincentivestolifttheirsightsfortheirstudents.Thenation’slongtraditionoflettinglocalschoolboardssetstandardsisn’tgoingtogetuswhereweneedtogoeducationally.IfanythingNCLB’srequirementofstatewidestandardsneedstobetakentoitslogicalconclusion—rigorousnationalstandards.Makethemvoluntary.Givestatesandschoolsystemsdifferentwaysofmeasuringtheirprogressagainstthestandardsbysanctioninganumberofdifferentnationalexaminationboards.AndrewardeducatorsformeetingthenewstandardsNCLBonlypunishesschoolsfornotmeetingstatestandardswhichencouragesstatestokeepstandardslowbecausetheydon’twantalotoftheirschoolslabeledasfailures.Butimprovementcan’tmerelybeimposedonschoolsfromtheoutside.Schoolsarecomplexsocialenterprises;theirsuccessdependsonthousandsofdailypersonalinteractions.Theyareintheendonlyasgoodasthepeopleinthemandthecultureinwhichthosepeoplework.Soit’scrucialtogeteveryoneinaschoolcommunityinvestedinaschool’smission.Ownershipiskey.Thatcomesfromgivingschoolsautonomy—instaffingbudgetingandinstruction.Fromgivingfamiliesachancetochoosetheirpublicschools.Andfromschoolleadershipthatpromotesastrongsenseofschoolidentityandclearexpectationsofsuccess.Reformhastocomefromtheinside-outaswellastheoutside-in.There’sahumansideofschoolreformthatweignoreatourperil.ButifachievingANationatRisk’svisionisbecomingincreasinglydifficultthealternativeisreallynoalternative.TheAmericaneconomyhasn’tcollapsedintheabsenceofpublic-schoolreformbecauseitssuccessisdrivenmainlybythesmallsegmentoftheworkforcethatishighlyeducated.Buttheplightofthemiddleclassthatthereformreportsofthe1980swarnedabouthasworsenedasthewagegapbetweenhigh-schoolgraduatesandthecollege-educatedhaswidenedcreatinganincreasinglytwo-tieredsociety—andanever-greaterneedtoarmeveryAmericanwiththehigh-qualityeducationthatANationatRiskenvisioned.NCLBmightfailitsambitiousgoalsif
Anthropologyisthestudyofhumanbeingsascreaturesofsociety.It1itsattentionuponthose.physicalcharacteristicsandindustrialtechniquesthoseconventionsandvalueswhich2onecommunityfromallothersthatbelongtoadifferenttradition. Thedistinguishingmarkofanthropologyamongthesocialsciencesisthatitincludesforseriousstudyothersocieties3ourown.Foritspurposesanysocial4ofmatingandreproductionisassignificantasourown.TotheanthropologistourcustomsandthoseofaNewGuineatribearetwopossiblesocialschemesfor5acommonproblemandinsofarasheremainsananthropologistheis6toavoidanyweightingofone7theother.Heisinterestedinhumanbehaviornotasitisshapedbyonetraditionourownbutasithasbeenshapedbyanytradition8Heisinterestedinawide9ofcustomthatisfoundinvariousculturesandhisobjectistounderstandthewayinwhichthesecultureschangeand10thedifferentformsthroughwhichtheyexpressthemselvesandthe11inwhichthecustomsofanypeoplesfunctioninthelivesofthe12. Nowcustomhasnotbeencommonlyregardedasa13ofanygreatmoment.Theinnerworkingsofourownbrainswefeeltobeuniquely14ofinvestigationbutcustomwehaveawayofthinkingisbehavioratitsmostcommonplace.15itistheotherwayround.Traditionalcustomisamassofdetailedbehaviormoreastonishingthan16anyonepersoncaneverevolveinindividualactions.Yetthatisarather17aspectofthematter.Thefact18firstrateimportanceisthepredominantrolethatcustom19inexperienceandbeliefandtheverygreatvarietiesitmay20 15
Anthropologyisthestudyofhumanbeingsascreaturesofsociety.It1itsattentionuponthose.physicalcharacteristicsandindustrialtechniquesthoseconventionsandvalueswhich2onecommunityfromallothersthatbelongtoadifferenttradition. Thedistinguishingmarkofanthropologyamongthesocialsciencesisthatitincludesforseriousstudyothersocieties3ourown.Foritspurposesanysocial4ofmatingandreproductionisassignificantasourown.TotheanthropologistourcustomsandthoseofaNewGuineatribearetwopossiblesocialschemesfor5acommonproblemandinsofarasheremainsananthropologistheis6toavoidanyweightingofone7theother.Heisinterestedinhumanbehaviornotasitisshapedbyonetraditionourownbutasithasbeenshapedbyanytradition8Heisinterestedinawide9ofcustomthatisfoundinvariousculturesandhisobjectistounderstandthewayinwhichthesecultureschangeand10thedifferentformsthroughwhichtheyexpressthemselvesandthe11inwhichthecustomsofanypeoplesfunctioninthelivesofthe12. Nowcustomhasnotbeencommonlyregardedasa13ofanygreatmoment.Theinnerworkingsofourownbrainswefeeltobeuniquely14ofinvestigationbutcustomwehaveawayofthinkingisbehavioratitsmostcommonplace.15itistheotherwayround.Traditionalcustomisamassofdetailedbehaviormoreastonishingthan16anyonepersoncaneverevolveinindividualactions.Yetthatisarather17aspectofthematter.Thefact18firstrateimportanceisthepredominantrolethatcustom19inexperienceandbeliefandtheverygreatvarietiesitmay20 9
Anthropologyisthestudyofhumanbeingsascreaturesofsociety.It1itsattentionuponthose.physicalcharacteristicsandindustrialtechniquesthoseconventionsandvalueswhich2onecommunityfromallothersthatbelongtoadifferenttradition. Thedistinguishingmarkofanthropologyamongthesocialsciencesisthatitincludesforseriousstudyothersocieties3ourown.Foritspurposesanysocial4ofmatingandreproductionisassignificantasourown.TotheanthropologistourcustomsandthoseofaNewGuineatribearetwopossiblesocialschemesfor5acommonproblemandinsofarasheremainsananthropologistheis6toavoidanyweightingofone7theother.Heisinterestedinhumanbehaviornotasitisshapedbyonetraditionourownbutasithasbeenshapedbyanytradition8Heisinterestedinawide9ofcustomthatisfoundinvariousculturesandhisobjectistounderstandthewayinwhichthesecultureschangeand10thedifferentformsthroughwhichtheyexpressthemselvesandthe11inwhichthecustomsofanypeoplesfunctioninthelivesofthe12. Nowcustomhasnotbeencommonlyregardedasa13ofanygreatmoment.Theinnerworkingsofourownbrainswefeeltobeuniquely14ofinvestigationbutcustomwehaveawayofthinkingisbehavioratitsmostcommonplace.15itistheotherwayround.Traditionalcustomisamassofdetailedbehaviormoreastonishingthan16anyonepersoncaneverevolveinindividualactions.Yetthatisarather17aspectofthematter.Thefact18firstrateimportanceisthepredominantrolethatcustom19inexperienceandbeliefandtheverygreatvarietiesitmay20 5
HaveyoueverwonderedwhetherwritingandmaintainingyourbusinessblogisawasteoftimeIfyouhaveitprobablyis.Businessblogsarevaluableforsomecompaniesbutformanybloggingtakesuptimeandresourcesbetterspentelsewhere.Ifanyofthefollowingstatementsapplytoyoustoppostingtoyourblogorre-purposewhatyouwouldhavepostedandstartdoingsomethingmoreproductive: 41Youdreadwritinganotherpost. EitherwaywhateveryoupublishwillnotrepresentyourbusinesswellsowhydoitAnytimeyoufeelyoucan’tputyourbestfootforwarddon’ttakethestep. 42Yourpageviewsarestagnant. Unlessofcourseyoucanaccuratelyidentifytangiblebenefitsfromthatreadership. 43Youcan’tquantifyyourreturn. Bloggingislikeanyotherinvestmentintimeandresources:Ifyoudon’tseeareturndon’tdoit. 44Yourgoalistoprovidevaluableresourcestocustomers. Potentialcustomerswhogladlyreadresourcepagesoftenrunscreamingfromthesameinformationwhenitappearsonablog. 45Yourreadersarenotyourcustomers. Buildinganaudienceisusefulonlyiftheaudiencecontainscurrentandpotentialcustomers.Knowwhoisreadingyourbiog.Ifyoucan’tbebotheredtofindoutthat’syetanotherindicationit’stimetostop. [A]Manybusinessownerssay"Idon’thaveanynumberstobackitupbutIknowmyblogispayingoff."ReallyHowIfyourblogisn’tsendingsignificanttraffictoyourwebsiteviasearchenginesisn’tdirectlygeneratingsalesdoesn’tcreateacommunityorcreatesacommunitythatdoesn’tactually benefityourbusinessyourblogisn’tpayingoff. [B]Ifyouaren’texcitedbythethoughtofsittingdowntowriteyournextpostyouhavenothingtosayandwillonceagainborrowideasfromanotherblogoralreadyrealizebloggingisawasteoftimebutwon’tadmitit. [C]Greatgoal.Byallmeansdoit.Butdon’tputhow-toinformationorusefultipsornon-newsinformationonyourblog.Manypeopleareblog-aversebecausemostblogsareterriblesoyourblogmayautomaticallygetpaintedwiththesamebrush.Ifyourmaterialisrelativelyevergreencreateresourcepagesonyourwebsiteinstead. [D]Whennewpostsaveragethesamenumberofpageviewsandonamonthlybasissodoesyourentireblogyou’vestalled.Maybeloyalreaderskeepreturningormaybeyougainsomeandlosesomebuteitherwaynotmuchishappening.Ablogwithasmallstagnantreadershipisablogthatisawasteoftimeatleastforbusinesspurposes. [E]Neverblogbecauseyouthinkithelps;youhavetoknow.Knowingtakeseffort.Ifyou’renotwillingtoputthetimeyouneedintotrackingandanalyzingdatayou’reeitherlazyorafraidtofindoutyou’rewastingyourtimeonyourblog.Sometimesquittingismoreadmirablethanstayingthecourse. [F]Thishappensmoreoftenthanyouthink.Forexampleafriendisanincrediblysuccessfulfinancialplanner.Hewritesablogthatgetsthousandsofuniquevisitorsamonth.Buthewritesabouttopicsofinterestonlytootherfinancialplanners.Thatwouldbefineifhisbloggeneratedmediaopportunitiesorsupportedabookheplanstowriteorhelpshimnetworkandbringinmorebusiness—butitdoesn’t. 43
ConservatismGeorgeWilltoldmewhenIinterviewedhimmanyyearsagowasrootedinreality.Itstartednotfromanimaginedsocietybutfromtheworldasitactuallyexists.ButconservativesnowchampionideasdrawnfromabstractprincipleswithlittleregardtotherealitiesofAmerica’spresentorpast.ThisisatragedybecauseconservatismhasanimportantroletoplayinmodernizingtheU.S.Considerthedebatesovertheeconomy.TheRepublicanprescriptionistocuttaxesandslashgovernmentspendingbutwhatistheevidencethattaxcutsarethebestpathtorevivetheU.S.economyTaxesasapercentageofGDPareattheirlowestlevelsince1950.TheU.S.isamongthelowesttaxedofthebigindustrialeconomies.SothecasethatAmericaisgrindingtoahaltbecauseofhightaxationisnotbasedonfactsbutissimplyatheoreticalassertion.TherichcountriesthatareinthebestshaperightnowwithstronggrowthandlowunemploymentareoneslikeGermanyandDenmarkneitheronecharacterizedbylowtaxes.Infactrightnowanydiscussionofgovernmentinvolvementintheeconomy—eventobuildvitalinfrastructure—isimpossiblebecauseitisacardinaltenetofthenewconservatismthatsuchinvolvementisalwaysandforeverbad.MeanwhileacrosstheglobefromSingaporetoSouthKoreatoGermanytoCanadaevidenceaboundsthatsomestrategicactionsbythegovernmentcanactascatalystsforfree-marketgrowth.OfcourseAmericanhistorysuggeststhataswell.Inthe1950s’60sand’70stheU.S.governmentmademassiveinvestmentsinscienceandtechnologyinstateuniversitiesandininfantindustries.ThoseinvestmentstriggeredtwogenerationsofeconomicgrowthandputtheU.S.ontopoftheworldoftechnologyandinnovation.Butthathistoryhasbeenforgotten.WhenconsideringhealthcareforexampleRepublicansconfidentlyassertthattheirideaswilllowercostswhenwesimplydonothavemuchevidenceforthis.Whatwedoknowisthatoftheworld’srichestcountriestheU.S.hasbyfarthegreatestinvolvementoffreemarketsandtheprivatesectorinhealthcare.ItalsoconsumesthelargestshareofGDPwithnosignificantgainsinhealthonanymeasurableoutcome.WeneedmoremarketmechanismstocutmedicalcostsbutRepublicansdon’tbothertostudyexistinghealthcaresystemsanywhereelseintheworld.IknowitworksinpracticetheoldsawgoesbutdoesitworkintheoryConservativesusedtobetheoneswithheadsfirmlybasedinreality.Theirreformswerepowerfulbecausetheyusedthemarketstreamlinedgovernmentandempoweredindividuals.WeneedconservativeideastomodernizetheU.S.economyandreformAmericangovernment.Butwhatwehaveinsteadarepoliciesthatdon’treformbutjustcutandstarvegovernment—astrategythatpayslittleattentiontohistoryorbestpracticesfromaroundtheworldandisbasedinsteadonatheory.ItisimpliedthattheAmericanhealthcaresystem
Anthropologyisthestudyofhumanbeingsascreaturesofsociety.It1itsattentionuponthose.physicalcharacteristicsandindustrialtechniquesthoseconventionsandvalueswhich2onecommunityfromallothersthatbelongtoadifferenttradition. Thedistinguishingmarkofanthropologyamongthesocialsciencesisthatitincludesforseriousstudyothersocieties3ourown.Foritspurposesanysocial4ofmatingandreproductionisassignificantasourown.TotheanthropologistourcustomsandthoseofaNewGuineatribearetwopossiblesocialschemesfor5acommonproblemandinsofarasheremainsananthropologistheis6toavoidanyweightingofone7theother.Heisinterestedinhumanbehaviornotasitisshapedbyonetraditionourownbutasithasbeenshapedbyanytradition8Heisinterestedinawide9ofcustomthatisfoundinvariousculturesandhisobjectistounderstandthewayinwhichthesecultureschangeand10thedifferentformsthroughwhichtheyexpressthemselvesandthe11inwhichthecustomsofanypeoplesfunctioninthelivesofthe12. Nowcustomhasnotbeencommonlyregardedasa13ofanygreatmoment.Theinnerworkingsofourownbrainswefeeltobeuniquely14ofinvestigationbutcustomwehaveawayofthinkingisbehavioratitsmostcommonplace.15itistheotherwayround.Traditionalcustomisamassofdetailedbehaviormoreastonishingthan16anyonepersoncaneverevolveinindividualactions.Yetthatisarather17aspectofthematter.Thefact18firstrateimportanceisthepredominantrolethatcustom19inexperienceandbeliefandtheverygreatvarietiesitmay20 3
46HistorytellsusthatinancientBabylonthecradleofourcivilizationthepeopletriedtobuildatowerthatwouldreachtoheaven.ButthetowerbecamethetowerofBabelaccordingtotheOldTestamentwhenthepeopleweresuddenlycausedtospeakdifferentlanguages.InmodernNewYorkCityanewtowerthatoftheUnitedNationsBuildingthrustsitsshiningmassskyward.47ButtherealizationoftheUN’saspirations—andwithitthehopesofthepeoplesoftheworld—isthreatenedbyourcontemporaryBabel:aboutthreethousanddifferentlanguagesarespokenthroughouttheworldtodaywithoutcountingthevariousdialectsthatconfoundcommunicationbetweenpeoplesofthesameland. InChinaforexamplehundredsofdifferentdialectsarespoken;peopleofsomevillageshavetroublepassingthetimeofdaywiththeinhabitantsofthenexttown.InthenewAfricanstateofGhanafivemillionpeoplespeakfiftydifferentdialects.InIndiamorethanonehundredlanguagesarespokenofwhichonlyfourteenarerecognizedasofficial.Toaddtotheconfusionastheoldestablishedempiresarebrokenupandnewstatesareformednewofficialtonguesspringupatanincreasingrate. InaworldmadesmallerbyjettravelmanisstillisolatedfrommanyofhisneighborsbytheBabelbarrierofmultiplyinglanguages.Communicationisblockeddailyinscoresofways.Travelersfinditdifficulttoknowthepeoplesofothernations.Scientistsareoftenunabletoreadandbenefitfromtheworkbeingcarriedonbymenofscienceinothercountries.48Theaimsofinternationaltradeofworldaccordofmeetingsbetweennationsareblockedateveryturn;theworkofscholarstechnologistsandhumanistsishandicapped.EvenintheshiningnewtoweroftheUnitedNationsinNewYorkspeechesanddiscussionshavetobetranslatedandprintedinthefiveofficialUNlanguage—EnglishFrenchSpanishRussianandChinese.ConfusiondelaysuspicionandhardfeelingsaretheproductsofthediplomaticBabel. Thechancesforworldunityarelessenedifintheliteralsenseofthephrasewedonotspeakthesamelanguage.49Westandindireneedofacommontonguealanguagethatwouldcrossnationalbarriersonesimpleenoughtobeuniversallylearnedbytravelersbusinessmengovernmentrepresentativesscholarsandevenbychildrenatschool. Ofcoursethisisn’tanewidea.Justaseveryoneisagainstsinsoeveryoneisforacommonlanguagethatwouldfurthercommunicationbetweennations.50Whatwithonethingandanother—ournaturalstateofdriftashumanbeingsourrivalriesresentmentsandjealousiesasnations—wehaveupuntilnowfailedtotakeanyaction.IproposethatwestopjusttalkingaboutitasMarkTwainsaidoftheweatheranddosomethingaboutit.Wemustmaketheconcertedmassiveeffortittakestoreachagreementontheadoptionofasinglecommonauxiliarytongue. 49
Manystateshavegoneonprison-buildingspreesyetthepenalsystemischokedtobursting.Toeasethepressurenearlyallconvictedfelonsarereleasedearly—ornotlockedupatall.AboutthreeofeveryfourconvictedcriminalssaysJohnDiIulioanotedPrincetoncriminologistareonthestreetswithoutmeaningfulprobationorparolesupervision.Andwhileeveryoneknowsthatamateurthugsshouldbedeterredbeforetheybecomecareercriminalsitisalmostunheard-offorjudgestosendfirst-orsecond-timeoffenderstoprison.Meanwhilethepriceofkeepingcriminalsincagesisappalling—acommonestimateis$30000perinmateperyear.Tobesurethecosttosocietyofturningmanyinmatesloosewouldbeevenhigher.Fortensofthousandsofconvictsprisonisagraduateschoolofcriminalstudies:Theyemergemoreruthlessandsavvythanwhentheyentered.Andformanyoffendersthereisevenacertaincachettodoingtime—astintinprisonbecomesasignofmanhoodastatussymbol.Buttherewouldbenocachetinchainingacriminaltoanoutdoorpostandflogginghim.Ifyoungpunkswerehorsewhippedinpublicaftertheirfirstconvictionfewerofthemwouldhardenintolifelongfelons.Ahumiliatingandpainfulpaddlingcanbeappliedtotherearendofacrookforalotlessthan$30000—andprovealotmoreeducationalthan10years’worthofprisonmealsandlockdowns.ArewequitecertainthePuritanshavenothingtoteachusaboutdealingwithcriminalsOfcoursetheircrimesarenotourcrimes:WedonotarrestblasphemersoradulterersandonlyguncontrolfanaticswouldcriminalizethesaleofweaponstoIndians.Theywouldcriminalizethesaleofweaponstoanybody.NorwouldtheordealsufferedbypoorJosephGatchell—thetonguepiercethroughwithahotpoker—beregardedtodayasanythinglessthantorture.Butwhatistheobjectiontocorporalpunishmentthatdoesn’tmaimormutilateInsteadofaprisontermwhynotsentenceatleastsomecriminals—saythievesanddrunkdrivers—toapublicwhippingToodegradingsomewillsay.Toobrutal.ButwhereisitwrittenthatbeingwhippedismoredegradingthanbeingcagedWhyisitmorebrutaltoflogawrongdoerthantothrowhiminprison—wheretheriskofbeingbeatenrapedormurderedisterrifyinglyhighTheGlobereportedin1994thatmorethan200000prisoninmatesarerapedeachyearusuallytotheindifferenceoftheguards.Thehorrorsexperiencedbymanyyounginmatesparticularlythosewho...areconvictedofnonviolentoffensesformerSupremeCourtJusticeHarryBlackmunhaswrittenborderontheunimaginable.ArethosehorrorspreferabletotheshortsharpshameofcorporalpunishmentPerhapsthePuritansweremoreenlightenedthanwethinkatleastonthesubjectofpunishment.Theirsanctionswerehumiliatingandpainfulbutquickandcheap.Maybeweshouldreadoptafew.Acachetis
Anthropologyisthestudyofhumanbeingsascreaturesofsociety.It1itsattentionuponthose.physicalcharacteristicsandindustrialtechniquesthoseconventionsandvalueswhich2onecommunityfromallothersthatbelongtoadifferenttradition. Thedistinguishingmarkofanthropologyamongthesocialsciencesisthatitincludesforseriousstudyothersocieties3ourown.Foritspurposesanysocial4ofmatingandreproductionisassignificantasourown.TotheanthropologistourcustomsandthoseofaNewGuineatribearetwopossiblesocialschemesfor5acommonproblemandinsofarasheremainsananthropologistheis6toavoidanyweightingofone7theother.Heisinterestedinhumanbehaviornotasitisshapedbyonetraditionourownbutasithasbeenshapedbyanytradition8Heisinterestedinawide9ofcustomthatisfoundinvariousculturesandhisobjectistounderstandthewayinwhichthesecultureschangeand10thedifferentformsthroughwhichtheyexpressthemselvesandthe11inwhichthecustomsofanypeoplesfunctioninthelivesofthe12. Nowcustomhasnotbeencommonlyregardedasa13ofanygreatmoment.Theinnerworkingsofourownbrainswefeeltobeuniquely14ofinvestigationbutcustomwehaveawayofthinkingisbehavioratitsmostcommonplace.15itistheotherwayround.Traditionalcustomisamassofdetailedbehaviormoreastonishingthan16anyonepersoncaneverevolveinindividualactions.Yetthatisarather17aspectofthematter.Thefact18firstrateimportanceisthepredominantrolethatcustom19inexperienceandbeliefandtheverygreatvarietiesitmay20 11
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