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Directions: You are a teacher of English. The editor of Campus News asked you to recommend two Engl...
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Directions: YouwillhaveanEnglishclassnextFridaybu
Directions: Title:TheTeacher-StudentRelationship
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Directions: YouwillhaveanEnglishclassnextFridaybu
Directions:Title:TheTeacher-StudentRelationshipOut
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Directions:Yesterdayyoufailedtoturnupfortheappoint
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CanadiansliketothinkthatalthoughtheyarethejuniorpartnerintheirtraderelationswiththeUnitedStatesthe174billionbarrelsofprovenreservesintheoilsandsofAlbertaprovideapowerfulaceuptheirsleeveinanydealingswiththeirenergy-hungryneighbor.ThatbeliefhasnowbeenshakenbyanAmericanlawthatappearstoprohibitAmericangovernmentagenciesfrombuyingcrudeproducedintheoilsandsofthewesternprovince. 41.______.Butthatistheeffectofbanningfederalagenciesfrombuyingalternativeorsyntheticfuelincludingthatfromnon-conventionalsourcesiftheirproductionanduseresultinmoregreenhousegasesthanconventionaloil.TransformingAlberta’starrymuckintoabarrelofoilisanenergy-intensiveprocessthatproducesaboutthreetimestheemissionsofabarrelofconventionallightsweetcrude. HavingwokenbelatedlytothedangertheCanadiangovernmentisnowscramblingtosecureanexception.MichaelWilsonCanada’sambassadorinWashingtonhaswrittentoAmerica’ssecretaryofdefenseRobertGateswhosedepartmentisabigpurchaserofCanadianoilstressingAmericandependenceonCanadianoilelectricitynaturalgasanduraniumimportsandnotingthatsomeofthebiggestplayersintheAlbertaoilpatchareAmericancompanies.Mr.WilsonaddedplaintivelythatbothGeorgeBushandhisenergysecretarySamuelBodmanhavepubliclywelcomedexpandedoil-sandsproductiongiventheincreasedcontributiontoAmericanenergysecurity.42.______. ThefearinCanadaisthattheAmericanpurchasingrestrictionwhichatpresentappliesonlytofederalagenciesisthestartofawholesaleshifttogreeneraswellasmoreprotectionistpoliciesunderaCongressandpotentiallyaWhiteHousecontrolledbytheDemocrats.43.______. YetenvironmentalistspointoutthatCanadaisnowpayingforitsownfoot-draggingatthefederallevelongreeninitiatives.HavingsignedtheKyotoagreementunderapreviousLiberalgovernmentCanadadidlittletostopitsemissionsrising.Theyarenowalmost35%abovetheKyototarget.AndalthoughMr.BairdlikestodescribehisplanastoughitwillnotbringCanadaintolinewithKyoto.44.______. ThevaguenessoftheproposedfederalrulesdidnotstopthepremierofAlbertaEdStelmachfromgivingadefiantwarningthathewillstandupfortheinterestsofAlbertansreadoilindustryandwillbeexaminingtheconstitutiontoensurethatthefederalgovernment’sproposedplandoesnotintrudeonprovincialjurisdiction.HisprovincehasoneoftheweakestenvironmentalregimesinCanada. 45.______.ButevenifadealisreachedwiththeoutgoingBushadministrationanyexceptionforCanadamaybeshort-livedifgreeningDemocratstaketheWhiteHouseinNovember. [A]Since1999CanadahasbeenthelargestsupplierofU.S.crudeandrefinedoilimports.In2007Canadiancrudeoilandpetroleumproductsrepresented18%ofU.S.crudeoilimportsatnearly2.5millionbarrelsperday.From2005to2007thevolumeofCanadiancrudeoilexportstotheUnitedStatesincreasedby7.4%peryear. [B]JohnBairdtheCanadianenvironmentministerreferredthisweektotheAmericanmovewhenheunveilednewproposalstoreduceindustrialemissionsinCanadaincludingtheoilsandsby20%by2020. BigstateslikeCaliforniaweremakingsimilarpronouncementshetoldreporters.Theoilsandswereanimportantnationalresourcebuthadtobeexpandedinanenvironmentallyfriendlyway. [C]AsCanada’srepresentativeinWashingtonMr.WilsonisthepointmanonCanada’slobbyingeffortseithertokilltheBuyAmericanclauseortogetaspecialexemptionforCanada. [D]TheEnergyIndependenceandSecurityAct2007didnotsetouttodiscriminateagainstCanadaAmerica’sbiggestsupplierofoil. [E]WithenergyexportsmainlyfromAlbertadrivingtheCanadianeconomythisisnotahappythoughtforCanadians. [F]AlthoughtheCanadianembassysaysthattherehasbeennoofficialresponsetoMr.Wilson’slettertherearereportsoftalksgoingoninWashingtonaimedataddressingCanada’sconcerns. [G]Therulesfortheoilsandsnowthefastestgrowingsourceofgreenhousegaseshaveyettobefinalizedandwillnotcomeintoforceuntil2010.Furthermoretheyrelyoncarboncaptureapromisingbutunproventechnology. 43
46Arecentphenomenoninpresent-dayscienceandtechnologyistheincreasingtrendtoward"directed"or"programmed"research;i.e.researchwhosescopeandobjectivesarepredeterminedbyprivateorgovernmentorganizationsratherthanresearchersthemselves.Anyscientistworkingforsuchorganizationsandinvestigatinginagivenfieldthereforetendstodosoinaccordancewithaplanorprogramdesignedbeforehand. Atthebeginningofthecenturyhoweverthesituationwasquitedifferent.Atthattimetherewerenoindustrialresearchorganizationsinthemodernsensethelaboratoryunitconsistedofafewscientistsatthemostassistedbyoneortwotechnicians.47Neverthelessthescientistoftenworkingwithinadequateequipmentinunsuitableroomswasfreetochooseanysubjectforinvestigationhelikedsincetherewasnopredeterminedprogramtowhichhehadtoconform. 48Asthecenturydevelopedtheincreasingmagnitudeandcomplexityoftheproblemstobesolvedmadeitimpossibleinmanycasesfortheindividualscientisttodealwiththehugemassofnewdatatechniquesandequipmentthatwererequiredforcarryingoutresearchaccuratelyandefficiently.Theincreasingscaleandscopeoftheexperimentsneededtotestnewhypothesesanddevelopnewtechniquesandindustrialprocessesledtothesettingupofresearchgroupsorteamsusinghighly-complicatedequipmentinelaborately-designedlaboratories.49Owingtothelargesumsofmoneyinvolveditwasthenfeltessentialtodirectthesehumanandmaterialresourcesintospecificchannelswithclearly-definedobjectives.Inthiswayitwasconsideredthatthequickestandmostpracticalresultscouldbeobtained.Thisthenwasprogrammedprogrammaticresearch. Oneoftheeffectsofthisorganizedandstandardizedinvestigationistocausethescientisttobecomeincreasinglyinvolvedinappliedresearchdevelopmentespeciallyinthebranchesofsciencewhichseemmostlikelytohaveindustrialapplications.Privateindustryandevengovernmentdepartmentstendtoconcentrateonimmediateresultsandshowcomparativelylittleinterestinlong-rangeinvestigations.50Inconsequencethereisasteadyshiftofscientistsfromthepuretotheappliedfieldwheretherearemorejobsavailablefrequentlymorehighly-paidandwithbettertechnicalfacilitiesthanjobsconnectedwithpureresearchinauniversity. Owingtotheinterdependencebetweenpureandappliedscienceitiseasytoseethatthissystemifextendedtoofarcarriesconsiderabledangersforthefutureofscience--andnotonlypuresciencebutappliedscienceaswell. 47Neverthelessthescientistoftenworkingwithinadequateequipmentinunsuitableroomswasfreetochooseanysubjectforinvestigationhelikedsincetherewasnopredeterminedprogramtowhichhehadtoconform.
Directions:YouareLiMingchairmanoftheHistoryDepartment.YouwanttoinviteProfessorSwiftascholarofChinesehistorytoattendaninternationalconferenceonChinesehistory.Writehimaletterto1invitehimtoattendthemeetingand2askhimtomakeaspeechduringtheconference.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.UseLiMinginstead.Youdon’thavetowritetheaddress.
Ifyousmokeyou’dbetterhurry.FromJuly1stpubsalloverEnglandwillbylawbeno-smokingareas.Sowillrestaurantsofficesandevencompanycarsifmorethanonepersonusesthem.England’ssmokersarefollowingawell-troddenpath.TheotherthreebitsoftheUnitedKingdomhavealreadybannedsmokinginalmostallenclosedpublicspacesandthereareanti-smokinglawsofvaryingstrictnessovermostofWesternEurope.Thesmoker’sjourneyfromglamourthroughtolerationtosuspicionisfinallyreachingitsendinpariahstatus. Butbehindthispubhc-healthsuccessstoryliesadarkertale.Poorerpeoplearemuchmorelikelytosmokethanricherones--achangefromthe1950swhenprofessionalsandlaborerswereequallykeen.Todayonly15%ofmeninthehighestprofessionalclassessmokebut42%ofunskilledworkersdo.Despitepunitivetaxation--20cigarettescostaround￡5.00$10.00three-quartersofwhichistax--55%ofsinglemothersonbenefitssmoke.Thefigureforhomelessmenisevenhigher;forhard-drugusersitispractically100%.Themessagethatsmokingkillshasbeenhearditseemsbutnotbyall. Havingdefeatedthebigkillersofthepast--wantexposurepoorsanitation--governmentsalloverthedevelopedworldareturningtheirattentiontodiseasesthatstemmostlyfromhowindividualschoosetolivetheirlives.Butthesamedeafnessafflictsthesamepeoplewhentheyarestronglyencouragedtogiveupothersortsofunhealthybehavior.Thelowerdowntheyareonpracticallyanypeckingorder--jobprestigeincomeeducationbackground-themorelikelypeoplearetobefatandunfitandtodrinktoomuch. Thattemptsgovernmentstoshouteverlouderinanattempttogetthepublictolisten-andnowheredotheydosomoreaggressivelythaninBritain.Onereasonisthatpeckingordersmattermorethaninmostotherrichcountries:incomedistributionisveryunequalandtheunemployeddisaffectedill-educatedrumpiscomparativelylarge.Anotherreasonisthefrustrationofagovernmentaddictedtotargetswhichoftenaimnotonlytoimprovesomethingbuttolesseninequalityintheprocess.AthirdisthattheNationalHealthServiceisfreetopatientsandpayingforthosewhohavearguablybroughttheirill-healthonthemselvesgrowsalarminglycostly. Britain’saggressivenesshowevermaybepointlessevencounter-productive.Thereisnoreasontobelievethatthosewhoignoremeasuredvoiceswilllistentoshouting.Itirritatesthemajoritywhoarealreadybehavingresponsiblyanditmayalsoundermineallgovernmentpronouncementsonhealthbyconvincingpeoplethattheyhaveanultra-cautiousmarginoferrorbuiltin. Suchhectoringmayalsobemissingtherootcauseoftheproblem.AccordingtoMr.MarmotwhocitesresearchongroupsasdiverseasbaboonsincaptivityBritishcivilservantsandOscarnomineesthehigherratesofillhealthamongthoseinmoremodestwalksoflifecanbeattributedtowhathecallsthe"statussyndrome".Peopleinprivilegedpositionsthinktheyareworththeeffortofbehavinghealthilyandfindthewill-powertodoso.Theimplicationisthatitiseasiertoimproveaperson’shealthbyweakeningtheconnectionbetweensocialpositionandhealththanbytargetingbehaviordirectly.Somepublic-healthexpertsspeakofsocialcohesionsupportforfamiliesandbettereducationforall.Thesearebiggerundertakingsthanabossycampaign;butmoreeffectiveandquieter. Theauthorseemstobesuspiciousofthepublic-healthsuccessbecause
RealpolicemenhardlyrecognizeanyresemblancebetweentheirlivesandwhattheyseeonTV. Thefirstdifferenceisthatapoliceman’srealliferevolvesfoundcriminallaw.Hehastoknowexactlywhatactionsarecrimesandwhatevidencecanbeusedtoprovethemincourt.Hehastoknownearlyasmuchlawasaprofessionallawyerandwhatismorehehastoapplyitonhisfeetinthedarkand-rainrunningdownastreetaftersomeonehewantstotalkto. Littleofhistimeisspentinchattinghewillspendmostofhisworkinglifetypingmillionsofwordsonthousandsofformsabouthundredsofsadunimportantpeoplewhoareguiltyofstupidpettycrimes. Mosttelevisioncrimedramaisaboutfindingthecriminal:assoonashe’sarrestedthestoryisover.Inreallifefindingcriminalsisseldommuchofaproblem.Exceptinveryseriouscaseslikemurdersandterroristattackslittleeffortisspentonsearching. Havingmadeanarrestadetectivereallystartstowork.Hehastoprovehiscaseincourtandtodothatheoftenhastogatheralotofdifferenceevidence. Thethirdbigdifferencebetweenthedramadetectiveandtherealoneistheunpleasantpressuresfirstasmembersofapoliceforcetheyalwayshavetobehaveabsolutelyinaccordancewiththelaw~secondlyasexpensivepublicservantstheyhavetogetresults.Theycanhardlyeverdoboth.Mostofthetimesomeofthemhavetobreaktherulesinsmallways. Ifthedetectivehastodeceivetheworldtheworldoftendeceiveshim.Hardlyanyonehemeetstellshimthetruth.Andthisseparationthedetectivefeelsbetweenhimselfandtherestoftheworldisdeepenedbythesimple-mindedness--asheseesit--ofcitizenssocialworkersdoctorslaw-makersandjudgeswhoinsteadofeliminatingcrimepunishthecriminalslessseverelyinthehopethatthiswillmakethemreform.Theresultdetectivesfeelisthatnine-tenthsoftheirworkisrecatchingpeoplewhoshouldhavestayedbehindbars.Thismakesthemrathercynical. Accordingtothepassagepolicemenspendmostoftheirtimeandefforts
SomeoftheconcernssurroundingTurkey’sapplicationtojointheEuropeanUniontobe1onbytheEU’sCouncilofMinistersonDecember17thareeconomic--inparticularthecountry’srelativepoverty.ItsGDPperheadislessthanathirdoftheaverageforthe15pre-2004membersoftheEU.2itisnotfaroffthatofLatvia--oneofthetennewmemberswhich3onMay1st2004anditismuchthesameas4oftwocountriesBulgariaandRomaniawhichthisweekconcluded5talkswiththeEUthatcouldmakethemfullmembersonJanuary1st2007. 6thecountry’srecenteconomicprogresshasbeenaccordingtoDonaldJohnstonthesecretary-generaloftheOECDstunning.GDPinthesecondquarteroftheyearwas13.4%higherthanayearearliera7ofgrowththatnoEUcountrycomescloseto8.Turkey’s9ratehasjustfallenintosinglefiguresforthefirsttimesince1972andthisweekthecountry10agreementwiththeIMFonanewthree-year$10billioneconomicprogramthatwillhelpTurkey11inflationtowardEuropeanlevelsandenhancetheeconomy’sresilience. Resiliencehasnothistoricallybeenthecountry’seconomicstrongpoint.12throughoutthe1990sgrowthoscillatedlikeanelectrocardiogram13aviolentheartattack.This14hasbeenoneofthemainreasonswhythecountryhasfaileddismallytoattractmuch-neededforeigndirectinvestment.Itsstockofsuchinvestmentislowernowthanitwasinthe1980sandannual15havescarcelyeverreached$1billion. Onedeterrenttoforeigninvestorsisdueto16onJanuary1st2005.OnthatdayTurkeywilltakeawaytherightofvirtuallyeveryoneofitscitizenstocallthemselvesamillionaire.Sixzeroswillberemovedfromthefacevalueofthelira里拉土耳其货币单位;oneunitofthelocal17willhenceforthbeworthwhat1millionarenow--ieabout￡0.530.53欧元.Goodswillhavetobe18inboththenewandoldliraforthewholeoftheyear19foreignbankersand20canbegintolookforwardtoatimeinTurkeywhentheywillnolongerhavetojugglementallywithindeterminatestringsofzeros. 7
WhenRupertMurdochseesbeamsoflightintheAmericanadvertisingmarketitisnotnecessarilytimetoreachforthesunglasses.LastOctoberwhentheimpactofSeptember11thwasonlybeginningtotellthebossofNASCARamediagrouphadalreadyidentified"strongraysofsunshine".WithadsalesstilllanguishingMr.Murdochdeclaredlastmonththat"therearesomehintsofamodestupswingintileUSadvertisingmarket".Hisearlyoptimismturnedouttobemisplaced.Nowhoweverotherindustryobserversarebeginningtoagreewithhim. Advertisingusuallyexaggeratestheeconomiccyclefallingsharplyandearlyinadownturnandreboundingstronglyoncetheeconomyhasbeguntorecover.Thisisbecausemostmanagersprefertotrimtheiradbudgetsratherthantheirpayrollsandrestoresuchspendingonlyoncetheyfeelsurethatthingsarelookingup.LastyearAmerica’sadmarketshrankby9.8%accordingtoCMIRaresearchfirm.Althoughadspendinghasnotyetrecoveredacrossallmediasomeanalystsnowexpectoveralladspendingtostarttogrowinthethirdquarter. Thesignsofimprovementarepatchyhowever.Adspendingonradioandtelevisionseemstobeinchingup—advertisingonAmericanNationalRadiowasup2%inJanuaryonthesameperiodlastyearaccordingtoAegis—whilespendingonmagazinesandnewspapersisstillweak.Evenwithinanyonemarkettherearehugedifferences;justpickupacopyofoneofthenow-slimlinehigh-teehmagazinesthatoncebulgedwithadsandcompareitwiththeheftycelebrityorwomen’stitles.Advertisersinsomecategoriessuchasthetravelindustryarestillreluctanttobuyspaceorairtimewhileotherssuchasthecarandmoviebusinesseshavebeenbolder.ThewinterOlympicsheldlastmonthinSaltLakeCityhasalsodistortedthespendingonbroadcastadvertisinginthefirstquarter. Nonethelessthereisanunderlyingpattern.Onemeasureisthebookingofadspotsfornationalbrandsonlocaltelevision.ByearlyMarchaccordingtoMr.Westerfield’sanalysissuchbookingsweregrowingfastacrosseightoutofthetoptenadvertisingsectorsledbythefinancialandmotorindustries.UBSWarburgnowexpectsthe"upfront"marketwhichstartsinMaywhenadvertisersbookadvanceadspotsontheTVnetworksforthenewseasoninSeptembertobeup4%onlastyear.Onsomeestimatesevenonlineadvertisingcouldpickupbytheendoftheyear. Whatistheauthor’sviewoftheprospectofUSadvertisingmarket
Younggirlsathighriskfordepressionappeartohaveamalfunctioningrewardsystemintheirbrainsanewstudysuggests.Thefindingcomesfromresearchthat1ahigh-riskgroupof13girlsaged10to14whowerenotdepressedbuthadmotherswho2recurrentdepressionandalow-riskgroupof13girlswithno3orfamilyhistoryofdepression.BothgroupsweregivenMRIbrain4whilecompletingataskthatcould5eitherrewardorpunishment. 6withgirlsinthelow-riskgroupthoseinthehigh-riskgrouphad7neuralresponsesduringbothanticipationandreceiptofthereward.8thehigh-riskgirlsshowedno9inanareaofthebraincalledthedorsalanteriorcingulatedcortex背侧前扣带皮质believedtoplayarolein10pastexperiencestoassistlearning. Thehigh-riskgirlsdidhavegreateractivationofthisbrainarea11receivingpunishmentcomparedwiththeothergirls.Theresearcherssaidthatthissuggeststhathigh-riskgirlshaveeasiertime12informationaboutlossandpunishmentthaninformationaboutrewardandpleasure. "Consideredtogetherwithreducedactivationinthestriatal纹状体的areascommonlyobserved13rewarditseemsthatthereward-processingsystemiscritically14indaughterswhoareatelevatedriskfordepression15theyhavenotyetexperiencedadepressive16"wroteIanH.GotlibofStanfordUniversityandhiscolleagues."17longitudinalstudiesareneededtodeterminewhethertheanomalousactivations18inthisstudyduringtheprocessingof19andlossesareassociatedwiththe20onsetofdepression"theyconcluded.ThestudywaspublishedintheApriloftheArchivesofGeneralPsychiatry. 1
Mostmarketingoperationspaycloseattentiontowhatyoungpeoplearebuyingandthinking.NotBritain’spoliticalpartieshoweverforthesimplereasonthattheunder-30sareunlikelytogoanywherenearapollingbooth.In196411%ofthoseaged18to24claimednottovoteaccordingtotheBritishElectionStudy.Atthegeneralelectionlastyearthatfigureroseto55%.46.AreportthisweekbyReformathink-tanksuggeststhatthisreticenceiscostingthemdearly.Changesingovernmentpolicyitargueshaveturnedbeingyoungintoaterriblebore. 47.Therearealreadytwopowerfuleconomicforcesworkingagainsttheso-called"IPODgeneration"thatarebeyondthegovernment’scontrol.Firsttheageingofthepopulationisfastincreasingtheratioofpeopleinretirementtothoseofworkingage.Sotheyoungcanlookforwardtohandingoverarisingproportionoftheirpaytosupporttheoldiesintheirdecline.Secondthecostofbuyingahouseinplaceswherepeoplewanttolivehasshotupbeyondthereachoftheyoung.In199524%ofallfirst-timehomebuyerswereunder25;todaylessthan15%areaccordingtotheHalifaxabank. Thismuchisuncontroversial.ButthereportalsoarguesthattheLabourgovernmenthasmadelifeworseforyoungpeopleinthreeways.Firstincreasedspendingonhealthcarehastendedtobenefittheoldwho’usetheNHSmorethantheyoung.Secondtiltingthetaxandbenefitsystemtowardspeoplewithchildrenhastransferredmoneyfromtheyoungtothemiddle-aged.Thirdhighertuitionfeesarelandinguniversitygraduateswithheftydebts.48．Andthefuturedoesn’tlookmuchbetter:thegovernment’sproposedpensionreformsalongwiththedeclineofdefined-benefitcompany-pensionschemesmakegrimreadingfortheunder-30stoo. "Thesechangesoughttohavebroughtaboutare-examinationoftheburdenoftaxationonthisagegroup"saysNickBosanquetofImperialCollegeLondononeoftheauthorsofthereporttiereckonsthatafterpayingvarioustaxmenandlendersgraduatestakehomeonlyaroundhalfoftheirsalaries.Theaverageforallsalariedworkersisaboutthree-fifths. ArethingsreallythatbadWhenexaminedinafreeze-framebeingyoungdoesnotlookmuchfunfinancially.Butwelfarestatesaremeanttotransferresourcesfromthevigoroustothefragile.Somebenefitsaremerelydeferred:today’s25-year-oldswillhavebabiesandhipreplacementsoneday.49．Andalthoughpeopleintheir20sand30stendtobeheavilyindebtedthispasseswhentheysinkintotheir40sand50ssaysRichardDisneyofNottinghamUniversity. Evensothefeelingthatyoungpeoplearebeingsqueezedpresentsapoliticalopportunityfortheoppositionparties.50．DavidWillettstheConservativeshadoweducationsecretarysaidinaspeechlastyearthattheyoung"couldbeforgivenforbelievingthatthewayinwhicheconomicandsocialpolicyisnowconductedislittlelessthanaconspiracybythemiddle-aged"againstthem_.TheLiberalDemocratcommissionontaxpolicyworriedinAugustaboutinter-generationalunfairnesstoo. Therewillbemoreofsuchtalk.FortheToriesitoffersawaytodiscussreducingspendingwithoutsoundingasiftheyaremerelythemouthpieceofthewealthy.ItgivesLibDemleadersawaytoargueactivistsoutofpromisingtoout-spendLabour.Anditmightevenpersuadesomeofthosegloomy25-year-oldstovote. 49．Andalthoughpeopleintheir20sand30stendtobeheavilyindebtedthispasseswhentheysinkintotheir40sand50ssaysRichardDisneyofNottinghamUniversity.
SomeoftheconcernssurroundingTurkey’sapplicationtojointheEuropeanUniontobe1onbytheEU’sCouncilofMinistersonDecember17thareeconomic--inparticularthecountry’srelativepoverty.ItsGDPperheadislessthanathirdoftheaverageforthe15pre-2004membersoftheEU.2itisnotfaroffthatofLatvia--oneofthetennewmemberswhich3onMay1st2004anditismuchthesameas4oftwocountriesBulgariaandRomaniawhichthisweekconcluded5talkswiththeEUthatcouldmakethemfullmembersonJanuary1st2007. 6thecountry’srecenteconomicprogresshasbeenaccordingtoDonaldJohnstonthesecretary-generaloftheOECDstunning.GDPinthesecondquarteroftheyearwas13.4%higherthanayearearliera7ofgrowththatnoEUcountrycomescloseto8.Turkey’s9ratehasjustfallenintosinglefiguresforthefirsttimesince1972andthisweekthecountry10agreementwiththeIMFonanewthree-year$10billioneconomicprogramthatwillhelpTurkey11inflationtowardEuropeanlevelsandenhancetheeconomy’sresilience. Resiliencehasnothistoricallybeenthecountry’seconomicstrongpoint.12throughoutthe1990sgrowthoscillatedlikeanelectrocardiogram13aviolentheartattack.This14hasbeenoneofthemainreasonswhythecountryhasfaileddismallytoattractmuch-neededforeigndirectinvestment.Itsstockofsuchinvestmentislowernowthanitwasinthe1980sandannual15havescarcelyeverreached$1billion. Onedeterrenttoforeigninvestorsisdueto16onJanuary1st2005.OnthatdayTurkeywilltakeawaytherightofvirtuallyeveryoneofitscitizenstocallthemselvesamillionaire.Sixzeroswillberemovedfromthefacevalueofthelira里拉土耳其货币单位;oneunitofthelocal17willhenceforthbeworthwhat1millionarenow--ieabout￡0.530.53欧元.Goodswillhavetobe18inboththenewandoldliraforthewholeoftheyear19foreignbankersand20canbegintolookforwardtoatimeinTurkeywhentheywillnolongerhavetojugglementallywithindeterminatestringsofzeros. 5
Ifyousmokeyou’dbetterhurry.FromJuly1stpubsalloverEnglandwillbylawbeno-smokingareas.Sowillrestaurantsofficesandevencompanycarsifmorethanonepersonusesthem.England’ssmokersarefollowingawell-troddenpath.TheotherthreebitsoftheUnitedKingdomhavealreadybannedsmokinginalmostallenclosedpublicspacesandthereareanti-smokinglawsofvaryingstrictnessovermostofWesternEurope.Thesmoker’sjourneyfromglamourthroughtolerationtosuspicionisfinallyreachingitsendinpariahstatus. Butbehindthispubhc-healthsuccessstoryliesadarkertale.Poorerpeoplearemuchmorelikelytosmokethanricherones--achangefromthe1950swhenprofessionalsandlaborerswereequallykeen.Todayonly15%ofmeninthehighestprofessionalclassessmokebut42%ofunskilledworkersdo.Despitepunitivetaxation--20cigarettescostaround￡5.00$10.00three-quartersofwhichistax--55%ofsinglemothersonbenefitssmoke.Thefigureforhomelessmenisevenhigher;forhard-drugusersitispractically100%.Themessagethatsmokingkillshasbeenhearditseemsbutnotbyall. Havingdefeatedthebigkillersofthepast--wantexposurepoorsanitation--governmentsalloverthedevelopedworldareturningtheirattentiontodiseasesthatstemmostlyfromhowindividualschoosetolivetheirlives.Butthesamedeafnessafflictsthesamepeoplewhentheyarestronglyencouragedtogiveupothersortsofunhealthybehavior.Thelowerdowntheyareonpracticallyanypeckingorder--jobprestigeincomeeducationbackground-themorelikelypeoplearetobefatandunfitandtodrinktoomuch. Thattemptsgovernmentstoshouteverlouderinanattempttogetthepublictolisten-andnowheredotheydosomoreaggressivelythaninBritain.Onereasonisthatpeckingordersmattermorethaninmostotherrichcountries:incomedistributionisveryunequalandtheunemployeddisaffectedill-educatedrumpiscomparativelylarge.Anotherreasonisthefrustrationofagovernmentaddictedtotargetswhichoftenaimnotonlytoimprovesomethingbuttolesseninequalityintheprocess.AthirdisthattheNationalHealthServiceisfreetopatientsandpayingforthosewhohavearguablybroughttheirill-healthonthemselvesgrowsalarminglycostly. Britain’saggressivenesshowevermaybepointlessevencounter-productive.Thereisnoreasontobelievethatthosewhoignoremeasuredvoiceswilllistentoshouting.Itirritatesthemajoritywhoarealreadybehavingresponsiblyanditmayalsoundermineallgovernmentpronouncementsonhealthbyconvincingpeoplethattheyhaveanultra-cautiousmarginoferrorbuiltin. Suchhectoringmayalsobemissingtherootcauseoftheproblem.AccordingtoMr.MarmotwhocitesresearchongroupsasdiverseasbaboonsincaptivityBritishcivilservantsandOscarnomineesthehigherratesofillhealthamongthoseinmoremodestwalksoflifecanbeattributedtowhathecallsthe"statussyndrome".Peopleinprivilegedpositionsthinktheyareworththeeffortofbehavinghealthilyandfindthewill-powertodoso.Theimplicationisthatitiseasiertoimproveaperson’shealthbyweakeningtheconnectionbetweensocialpositionandhealththanbytargetingbehaviordirectly.Somepublic-healthexpertsspeakofsocialcohesionsupportforfamiliesandbettereducationforall.Thesearebiggerundertakingsthanabossycampaign;butmoreeffectiveandquieter. WhichofthefollowingisNOTareasonforBritain’saggressivenessinthepublic-healthcampaign
SomeoftheconcernssurroundingTurkey’sapplicationtojointheEuropeanUniontobe1onbytheEU’sCouncilofMinistersonDecember17thareeconomic--inparticularthecountry’srelativepoverty.ItsGDPperheadislessthanathirdoftheaverageforthe15pre-2004membersoftheEU.2itisnotfaroffthatofLatvia--oneofthetennewmemberswhich3onMay1st2004anditismuchthesameas4oftwocountriesBulgariaandRomaniawhichthisweekconcluded5talkswiththeEUthatcouldmakethemfullmembersonJanuary1st2007. 6thecountry’srecenteconomicprogresshasbeenaccordingtoDonaldJohnstonthesecretary-generaloftheOECDstunning.GDPinthesecondquarteroftheyearwas13.4%higherthanayearearliera7ofgrowththatnoEUcountrycomescloseto8.Turkey’s9ratehasjustfallenintosinglefiguresforthefirsttimesince1972andthisweekthecountry10agreementwiththeIMFonanewthree-year$10billioneconomicprogramthatwillhelpTurkey11inflationtowardEuropeanlevelsandenhancetheeconomy’sresilience. Resiliencehasnothistoricallybeenthecountry’seconomicstrongpoint.12throughoutthe1990sgrowthoscillatedlikeanelectrocardiogram13aviolentheartattack.This14hasbeenoneofthemainreasonswhythecountryhasfaileddismallytoattractmuch-neededforeigndirectinvestment.Itsstockofsuchinvestmentislowernowthanitwasinthe1980sandannual15havescarcelyeverreached$1billion. Onedeterrenttoforeigninvestorsisdueto16onJanuary1st2005.OnthatdayTurkeywilltakeawaytherightofvirtuallyeveryoneofitscitizenstocallthemselvesamillionaire.Sixzeroswillberemovedfromthefacevalueofthelira里拉土耳其货币单位;oneunitofthelocal17willhenceforthbeworthwhat1millionarenow--ieabout￡0.530.53欧元.Goodswillhavetobe18inboththenewandoldliraforthewholeoftheyear19foreignbankersand20canbegintolookforwardtoatimeinTurkeywhentheywillnolongerhavetojugglementallywithindeterminatestringsofzeros. 1
Directions: ReadthefollowingChinesetextandwriteanabstractofitin80～100Englishwords. 现代化要求教师角色重新定位 中国教育现代化的最终达成相当程度上取决于作为教育主体力量的教师富于创新智慧的开拓性教育实践全球化教育语境迫切要求教师角色的历史性创新 全球化已经并将继续催生教育基本理念的诸多深刻转换在知识观方面全球化知识经济的新环境使知识的创新和文明的传播出现了基于知识注重更新追求升级换代并且知识更新换代周期短数量大的新特征这样知识的传授从传统的过去时转向新颖的未来时在学习观方面突破空间阻隔的国际互联网正在并终将把全球的学校研究所图书馆和其他种种信息资源联结起来构成一个庞大和复杂的资源库以教师为中心的灌输式教学将被以学习者为中心的自主式学习所取代个体的志向兴趣和精神发展的种种需求将上升为学习的主导性力量在教师观方而随着全球化语境中学生个人的知识来源多元化教师不再被视作知识的唯一拥有者和化身其功能主要不是传授知识而是引导和激励学生探寻发现和创造性地运用知识并与之和谐共享教师工作由传授知识变为开发学生智慧和精神资源职责更为全面使命更加重要 这些教育理念的诸多变化必然对教师传统角色形成新的挑战以全球化视角来看教师所关注的并不是通常所谓的灌输条理分明的知识而是保护使每个学生找到适合自己道路的环境条件由此可以管窥教师因其职责转换而引发的一系列角色创新 首先教师要成为学生教育学意义上的交往者以平等的人格除伪的语言同步实行与学生的人际交往与心灵交流教师以平等的姿态接纳交互主体的差异性独特性甚至是局限性并将这些视作极其珍贵极其重要的教育资源而不是以严密预设的目标来封闭开放性对话的“边界”因此教师全方位超越了知识提供者人生设计者之类传统的“权威”角色 其次教师要成为学生可持续自主化学习的有力促进者一方面教师的教育价值在于引导和促进学生积极主动地去求知这样教师帮学生主动“要学”显然远比被动“学好”更为重要因为前者才是促进学生坚韧不拔穿越坎坷有望建树的“可持续学习”后者只是复制既往重在守成的“维持性学习”而重要的另一方面在于教师通过平等和诚挚的对话促进学生不断地寻找发现那条开发自我更新旧我的独特道路从而赋予其学习活动以个体生命的情感体验和深沉意义正因如此教师促进学生“会学”显然远比“学会”更重要所谓“会学”即教师要促进学生养成开放性思维品格弹性化价值尺度和变通性发展方向故“会学”具有指向未来超越和创新的展开性而“学会”则往往局限于既定和既有的知识与义理难免带有一定的滞后性 再次教师要成为学生智慧和情意等精神资源的深度开发者所谓开发者即教师要以忘我奉献的精神去珍爱和维持教育学意义上的诸多“环境条件”以利于教师不仅释放出青春的智慧而且高扬起崇高的理想精神坚定的意志品格和纯洁的道德力量从而通过一生可持续发展走出属于自己的那条创新性和建树性道路 展望全球化所引导的新时代学校作为多元化文明的集散地将在创造新人的过程中发挥更为重要的作用为了适应未来社会和未来教育发展对教师角色的新需求教师应努力把握自身素质结构发展的基本价值取向重铸自身的人格和精神结构 一是发展面向全球多元文化选择融合有机统一的开放性和创新性思维素质全球教育竞争在相当程度上取决于教师的思维素质和其思辨力的广度和深度教师应着力追求以开放性和创新性为基本特征的思维品格由于网络能够及时迅速完整地提供一个真实的全球语境学生已拥有个性和求异思维的发展空间故教师能否以开放性眼光评估和引导学生们五彩缤纷的心智流向客观对待母体文化和异质文化无疑是对教师“教育文明”的一种严峻考验 二是发展适应全球交际需要有力促进学生精神健康发育的世界性和现代性人格素质生命的品位灵魂的境界取决于人格素质面对信息多元化思维自由化的全球语境下时代新特征面对克隆羊的诞生使人的批量生产在技术上成为可能黑客的袭击可以摧毁一个国家的金融甚至防卫系统等这些对人类传统价值观的新挑战教师的教育范畴显然存在着从单一的认知领域向情感道德意志和行为等非认知领域扩展的现实问题势必要求教师自觉主动地优化作为一门隐蔽课程而存在并发挥着重大潜教育价值的自身人格素质教师要有对全人类对未来生活的超越性理想精神及其敬业态度要有以爱心为内核的博大情怀要有堪为表率的道德品格还要敢于对学生不耻下问以期达到教学相长学海无涯的美好境界 三是发展符合全球化新时代潮流的教育理论素质在人类文明的发展中文字的出现与印刷术的诞生引发了教育两次质的飞跃新世纪以来高新科技正以前所未有的加速度推进着教育的又一次重大变革尤其是多媒体和信息高速公路成为人类步入全球化网络时代的重要标志极为深刻地影响着学校教育理念和模式教师理当优化自身教育理论素质从而把原本缺乏人的活力的现代教育技术融入以人为主体的活生生的教育进程中去
SomeoftheconcernssurroundingTurkey’sapplicationtojointheEuropeanUniontobe1onbytheEU’sCouncilofMinistersonDecember17thareeconomic--inparticularthecountry’srelativepoverty.ItsGDPperheadislessthanathirdoftheaverageforthe15pre-2004membersoftheEU.2itisnotfaroffthatofLatvia--oneofthetennewmemberswhich3onMay1st2004anditismuchthesameas4oftwocountriesBulgariaandRomaniawhichthisweekconcluded5talkswiththeEUthatcouldmakethemfullmembersonJanuary1st2007. 6thecountry’srecenteconomicprogresshasbeenaccordingtoDonaldJohnstonthesecretary-generaloftheOECDstunning.GDPinthesecondquarteroftheyearwas13.4%higherthanayearearliera7ofgrowththatnoEUcountrycomescloseto8.Turkey’s9ratehasjustfallenintosinglefiguresforthefirsttimesince1972andthisweekthecountry10agreementwiththeIMFonanewthree-year$10billioneconomicprogramthatwillhelpTurkey11inflationtowardEuropeanlevelsandenhancetheeconomy’sresilience. Resiliencehasnothistoricallybeenthecountry’seconomicstrongpoint.12throughoutthe1990sgrowthoscillatedlikeanelectrocardiogram13aviolentheartattack.This14hasbeenoneofthemainreasonswhythecountryhasfaileddismallytoattractmuch-neededforeigndirectinvestment.Itsstockofsuchinvestmentislowernowthanitwasinthe1980sandannual15havescarcelyeverreached$1billion. Onedeterrenttoforeigninvestorsisdueto16onJanuary1st2005.OnthatdayTurkeywilltakeawaytherightofvirtuallyeveryoneofitscitizenstocallthemselvesamillionaire.Sixzeroswillberemovedfromthefacevalueofthelira里拉土耳其货币单位;oneunitofthelocal17willhenceforthbeworthwhat1millionarenow--ieabout￡0.530.53欧元.Goodswillhavetobe18inboththenewandoldliraforthewholeoftheyear19foreignbankersand20canbegintolookforwardtoatimeinTurkeywhentheywillnolongerhavetojugglementallywithindeterminatestringsofzeros. 11
Mostmarketingoperationspaycloseattentiontowhatyoungpeoplearebuyingandthinking.NotBritain’spoliticalpartieshoweverforthesimplereasonthattheunder-30sareunlikelytogoanywherenearapollingbooth.In196411%ofthoseaged18to24claimednottovoteaccordingtotheBritishElectionStudy.Atthegeneralelectionlastyearthatfigureroseto55%.46.AreportthisweekbyReformathink-tanksuggeststhatthisreticenceiscostingthemdearly.Changesingovernmentpolicyitargueshaveturnedbeingyoungintoaterriblebore. 47.Therearealreadytwopowerfuleconomicforcesworkingagainsttheso-called"IPODgeneration"thatarebeyondthegovernment’scontrol.Firsttheageingofthepopulationisfastincreasingtheratioofpeopleinretirementtothoseofworkingage.Sotheyoungcanlookforwardtohandingoverarisingproportionoftheirpaytosupporttheoldiesintheirdecline.Secondthecostofbuyingahouseinplaceswherepeoplewanttolivehasshotupbeyondthereachoftheyoung.In199524%ofallfirst-timehomebuyerswereunder25;todaylessthan15%areaccordingtotheHalifaxabank. Thismuchisuncontroversial.ButthereportalsoarguesthattheLabourgovernmenthasmadelifeworseforyoungpeopleinthreeways.Firstincreasedspendingonhealthcarehastendedtobenefittheoldwho’usetheNHSmorethantheyoung.Secondtiltingthetaxandbenefitsystemtowardspeoplewithchildrenhastransferredmoneyfromtheyoungtothemiddle-aged.Thirdhighertuitionfeesarelandinguniversitygraduateswithheftydebts.48．Andthefuturedoesn’tlookmuchbetter:thegovernment’sproposedpensionreformsalongwiththedeclineofdefined-benefitcompany-pensionschemesmakegrimreadingfortheunder-30stoo. "Thesechangesoughttohavebroughtaboutare-examinationoftheburdenoftaxationonthisagegroup"saysNickBosanquetofImperialCollegeLondononeoftheauthorsofthereporttiereckonsthatafterpayingvarioustaxmenandlendersgraduatestakehomeonlyaroundhalfoftheirsalaries.Theaverageforallsalariedworkersisaboutthree-fifths. ArethingsreallythatbadWhenexaminedinafreeze-framebeingyoungdoesnotlookmuchfunfinancially.Butwelfarestatesaremeanttotransferresourcesfromthevigoroustothefragile.Somebenefitsaremerelydeferred:today’s25-year-oldswillhavebabiesandhipreplacementsoneday.49．Andalthoughpeopleintheir20sand30stendtobeheavilyindebtedthispasseswhentheysinkintotheir40sand50ssaysRichardDisneyofNottinghamUniversity. Evensothefeelingthatyoungpeoplearebeingsqueezedpresentsapoliticalopportunityfortheoppositionparties.50．DavidWillettstheConservativeshadoweducationsecretarysaidinaspeechlastyearthattheyoung"couldbeforgivenforbelievingthatthewayinwhicheconomicandsocialpolicyisnowconductedislittlelessthanaconspiracybythemiddle-aged"againstthem_.TheLiberalDemocratcommissionontaxpolicyworriedinAugustaboutinter-generationalunfairnesstoo. Therewillbemoreofsuchtalk.FortheToriesitoffersawaytodiscussreducingspendingwithoutsoundingasiftheyaremerelythemouthpieceofthewealthy.ItgivesLibDemleadersawaytoargueactivistsoutofpromisingtoout-spendLabour.Anditmightevenpersuadesomeofthosegloomy25-year-oldstovote. 47.Therearealreadytwopowerfuleconomicforcesworkingagainsttheso-calledIPODgenerationthatarebeyondthegovernment’scontrol.
WhenRupertMurdochseesbeamsoflightintheAmericanadvertisingmarketitisnotnecessarilytimetoreachforthesunglasses.LastOctoberwhentheimpactofSeptember11thwasonlybeginningtotellthebossofNASCARamediagrouphadalreadyidentified"strongraysofsunshine".WithadsalesstilllanguishingMr.Murdochdeclaredlastmonththat"therearesomehintsofamodestupswingintileUSadvertisingmarket".Hisearlyoptimismturnedouttobemisplaced.Nowhoweverotherindustryobserversarebeginningtoagreewithhim. Advertisingusuallyexaggeratestheeconomiccyclefallingsharplyandearlyinadownturnandreboundingstronglyoncetheeconomyhasbeguntorecover.Thisisbecausemostmanagersprefertotrimtheiradbudgetsratherthantheirpayrollsandrestoresuchspendingonlyoncetheyfeelsurethatthingsarelookingup.LastyearAmerica’sadmarketshrankby9.8%accordingtoCMIRaresearchfirm.Althoughadspendinghasnotyetrecoveredacrossallmediasomeanalystsnowexpectoveralladspendingtostarttogrowinthethirdquarter. Thesignsofimprovementarepatchyhowever.Adspendingonradioandtelevisionseemstobeinchingup—advertisingonAmericanNationalRadiowasup2%inJanuaryonthesameperiodlastyearaccordingtoAegis—whilespendingonmagazinesandnewspapersisstillweak.Evenwithinanyonemarkettherearehugedifferences;justpickupacopyofoneofthenow-slimlinehigh-teehmagazinesthatoncebulgedwithadsandcompareitwiththeheftycelebrityorwomen’stitles.Advertisersinsomecategoriessuchasthetravelindustryarestillreluctanttobuyspaceorairtimewhileotherssuchasthecarandmoviebusinesseshavebeenbolder.ThewinterOlympicsheldlastmonthinSaltLakeCityhasalsodistortedthespendingonbroadcastadvertisinginthefirstquarter. Nonethelessthereisanunderlyingpattern.Onemeasureisthebookingofadspotsfornationalbrandsonlocaltelevision.ByearlyMarchaccordingtoMr.Westerfield’sanalysissuchbookingsweregrowingfastacrosseightoutofthetoptenadvertisingsectorsledbythefinancialandmotorindustries.UBSWarburgnowexpectsthe"upfront"marketwhichstartsinMaywhenadvertisersbookadvanceadspotsontheTVnetworksforthenewseasoninSeptembertobeup4%onlastyear.Onsomeestimatesevenonlineadvertisingcouldpickupbytheendoftheyear. WhatdoestheauthormeanbyitisnotnecessarilytimetoreachforthesunglassesPara.1
SomeoftheconcernssurroundingTurkey’sapplicationtojointheEuropeanUniontobe1onbytheEU’sCouncilofMinistersonDecember17thareeconomic--inparticularthecountry’srelativepoverty.ItsGDPperheadislessthanathirdoftheaverageforthe15pre-2004membersoftheEU.2itisnotfaroffthatofLatvia--oneofthetennewmemberswhich3onMay1st2004anditismuchthesameas4oftwocountriesBulgariaandRomaniawhichthisweekconcluded5talkswiththeEUthatcouldmakethemfullmembersonJanuary1st2007. 6thecountry’srecenteconomicprogresshasbeenaccordingtoDonaldJohnstonthesecretary-generaloftheOECDstunning.GDPinthesecondquarteroftheyearwas13.4%higherthanayearearliera7ofgrowththatnoEUcountrycomescloseto8.Turkey’s9ratehasjustfallenintosinglefiguresforthefirsttimesince1972andthisweekthecountry10agreementwiththeIMFonanewthree-year$10billioneconomicprogramthatwillhelpTurkey11inflationtowardEuropeanlevelsandenhancetheeconomy’sresilience. Resiliencehasnothistoricallybeenthecountry’seconomicstrongpoint.12throughoutthe1990sgrowthoscillatedlikeanelectrocardiogram13aviolentheartattack.This14hasbeenoneofthemainreasonswhythecountryhasfaileddismallytoattractmuch-neededforeigndirectinvestment.Itsstockofsuchinvestmentislowernowthanitwasinthe1980sandannual15havescarcelyeverreached$1billion. Onedeterrenttoforeigninvestorsisdueto16onJanuary1st2005.OnthatdayTurkeywilltakeawaytherightofvirtuallyeveryoneofitscitizenstocallthemselvesamillionaire.Sixzeroswillberemovedfromthefacevalueofthelira里拉土耳其货币单位;oneunitofthelocal17willhenceforthbeworthwhat1millionarenow--ieabout￡0.530.53欧元.Goodswillhavetobe18inboththenewandoldliraforthewholeoftheyear19foreignbankersand20canbegintolookforwardtoatimeinTurkeywhentheywillnolongerhavetojugglementallywithindeterminatestringsofzeros. 9
WhenRupertMurdochseesbeamsoflightintheAmericanadvertisingmarketitisnotnecessarilytimetoreachforthesunglasses.LastOctoberwhentheimpactofSeptember11thwasonlybeginningtotellthebossofNASCARamediagrouphadalreadyidentified"strongraysofsunshine".WithadsalesstilllanguishingMr.Murdochdeclaredlastmonththat"therearesomehintsofamodestupswingintileUSadvertisingmarket".Hisearlyoptimismturnedouttobemisplaced.Nowhoweverotherindustryobserversarebeginningtoagreewithhim. Advertisingusuallyexaggeratestheeconomiccyclefallingsharplyandearlyinadownturnandreboundingstronglyoncetheeconomyhasbeguntorecover.Thisisbecausemostmanagersprefertotrimtheiradbudgetsratherthantheirpayrollsandrestoresuchspendingonlyoncetheyfeelsurethatthingsarelookingup.LastyearAmerica’sadmarketshrankby9.8%accordingtoCMIRaresearchfirm.Althoughadspendinghasnotyetrecoveredacrossallmediasomeanalystsnowexpectoveralladspendingtostarttogrowinthethirdquarter. Thesignsofimprovementarepatchyhowever.Adspendingonradioandtelevisionseemstobeinchingup—advertisingonAmericanNationalRadiowasup2%inJanuaryonthesameperiodlastyearaccordingtoAegis—whilespendingonmagazinesandnewspapersisstillweak.Evenwithinanyonemarkettherearehugedifferences;justpickupacopyofoneofthenow-slimlinehigh-teehmagazinesthatoncebulgedwithadsandcompareitwiththeheftycelebrityorwomen’stitles.Advertisersinsomecategoriessuchasthetravelindustryarestillreluctanttobuyspaceorairtimewhileotherssuchasthecarandmoviebusinesseshavebeenbolder.ThewinterOlympicsheldlastmonthinSaltLakeCityhasalsodistortedthespendingonbroadcastadvertisinginthefirstquarter. Nonethelessthereisanunderlyingpattern.Onemeasureisthebookingofadspotsfornationalbrandsonlocaltelevision.ByearlyMarchaccordingtoMr.Westerfield’sanalysissuchbookingsweregrowingfastacrosseightoutofthetoptenadvertisingsectorsledbythefinancialandmotorindustries.UBSWarburgnowexpectsthe"upfront"marketwhichstartsinMaywhenadvertisersbookadvanceadspotsontheTVnetworksforthenewseasoninSeptembertobeup4%onlastyear.Onsomeestimatesevenonlineadvertisingcouldpickupbytheendoftheyear. Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothetext
CanadiansliketothinkthatalthoughtheyarethejuniorpartnerintheirtraderelationswiththeUnitedStatesthe174billionbarrelsofprovenreservesintheoilsandsofAlbertaprovideapowerfulaceuptheirsleeveinanydealingswiththeirenergy-hungryneighbor.ThatbeliefhasnowbeenshakenbyanAmericanlawthatappearstoprohibitAmericangovernmentagenciesfrombuyingcrudeproducedintheoilsandsofthewesternprovince. 41.______.Butthatistheeffectofbanningfederalagenciesfrombuyingalternativeorsyntheticfuelincludingthatfromnon-conventionalsourcesiftheirproductionanduseresultinmoregreenhousegasesthanconventionaloil.TransformingAlberta’starrymuckintoabarrelofoilisanenergy-intensiveprocessthatproducesaboutthreetimestheemissionsofabarrelofconventionallightsweetcrude. HavingwokenbelatedlytothedangertheCanadiangovernmentisnowscramblingtosecureanexception.MichaelWilsonCanada’sambassadorinWashingtonhaswrittentoAmerica’ssecretaryofdefenseRobertGateswhosedepartmentisabigpurchaserofCanadianoilstressingAmericandependenceonCanadianoilelectricitynaturalgasanduraniumimportsandnotingthatsomeofthebiggestplayersintheAlbertaoilpatchareAmericancompanies.Mr.WilsonaddedplaintivelythatbothGeorgeBushandhisenergysecretarySamuelBodmanhavepubliclywelcomedexpandedoil-sandsproductiongiventheincreasedcontributiontoAmericanenergysecurity.42.______. ThefearinCanadaisthattheAmericanpurchasingrestrictionwhichatpresentappliesonlytofederalagenciesisthestartofawholesaleshifttogreeneraswellasmoreprotectionistpoliciesunderaCongressandpotentiallyaWhiteHousecontrolledbytheDemocrats.43.______. YetenvironmentalistspointoutthatCanadaisnowpayingforitsownfoot-draggingatthefederallevelongreeninitiatives.HavingsignedtheKyotoagreementunderapreviousLiberalgovernmentCanadadidlittletostopitsemissionsrising.Theyarenowalmost35%abovetheKyototarget.AndalthoughMr.BairdlikestodescribehisplanastoughitwillnotbringCanadaintolinewithKyoto.44.______. ThevaguenessoftheproposedfederalrulesdidnotstopthepremierofAlbertaEdStelmachfromgivingadefiantwarningthathewillstandupfortheinterestsofAlbertansreadoilindustryandwillbeexaminingtheconstitutiontoensurethatthefederalgovernment’sproposedplandoesnotintrudeonprovincialjurisdiction.HisprovincehasoneoftheweakestenvironmentalregimesinCanada. 45.______.ButevenifadealisreachedwiththeoutgoingBushadministrationanyexceptionforCanadamaybeshort-livedifgreeningDemocratstaketheWhiteHouseinNovember. [A]Since1999CanadahasbeenthelargestsupplierofU.S.crudeandrefinedoilimports.In2007Canadiancrudeoilandpetroleumproductsrepresented18%ofU.S.crudeoilimportsatnearly2.5millionbarrelsperday.From2005to2007thevolumeofCanadiancrudeoilexportstotheUnitedStatesincreasedby7.4%peryear. [B]JohnBairdtheCanadianenvironmentministerreferredthisweektotheAmericanmovewhenheunveilednewproposalstoreduceindustrialemissionsinCanadaincludingtheoilsandsby20%by2020. BigstateslikeCaliforniaweremakingsimilarpronouncementshetoldreporters.Theoilsandswereanimportantnationalresourcebuthadtobeexpandedinanenvironmentallyfriendlyway. [C]AsCanada’srepresentativeinWashingtonMr.WilsonisthepointmanonCanada’slobbyingeffortseithertokilltheBuyAmericanclauseortogetaspecialexemptionforCanada. [D]TheEnergyIndependenceandSecurityAct2007didnotsetouttodiscriminateagainstCanadaAmerica’sbiggestsupplierofoil. [E]WithenergyexportsmainlyfromAlbertadrivingtheCanadianeconomythisisnotahappythoughtforCanadians. [F]AlthoughtheCanadianembassysaysthattherehasbeennoofficialresponsetoMr.Wilson’slettertherearereportsoftalksgoingoninWashingtonaimedataddressingCanada’sconcerns. [G]Therulesfortheoilsandsnowthefastestgrowingsourceofgreenhousegaseshaveyettobefinalizedandwillnotcomeintoforceuntil2010.Furthermoretheyrelyoncarboncaptureapromisingbutunproventechnology. 45
SomeoftheconcernssurroundingTurkey’sapplicationtojointheEuropeanUniontobe1onbytheEU’sCouncilofMinistersonDecember17thareeconomic--inparticularthecountry’srelativepoverty.ItsGDPperheadislessthanathirdoftheaverageforthe15pre-2004membersoftheEU.2itisnotfaroffthatofLatvia--oneofthetennewmemberswhich3onMay1st2004anditismuchthesameas4oftwocountriesBulgariaandRomaniawhichthisweekconcluded5talkswiththeEUthatcouldmakethemfullmembersonJanuary1st2007. 6thecountry’srecenteconomicprogresshasbeenaccordingtoDonaldJohnstonthesecretary-generaloftheOECDstunning.GDPinthesecondquarteroftheyearwas13.4%higherthanayearearliera7ofgrowththatnoEUcountrycomescloseto8.Turkey’s9ratehasjustfallenintosinglefiguresforthefirsttimesince1972andthisweekthecountry10agreementwiththeIMFonanewthree-year$10billioneconomicprogramthatwillhelpTurkey11inflationtowardEuropeanlevelsandenhancetheeconomy’sresilience. Resiliencehasnothistoricallybeenthecountry’seconomicstrongpoint.12throughoutthe1990sgrowthoscillatedlikeanelectrocardiogram13aviolentheartattack.This14hasbeenoneofthemainreasonswhythecountryhasfaileddismallytoattractmuch-neededforeigndirectinvestment.Itsstockofsuchinvestmentislowernowthanitwasinthe1980sandannual15havescarcelyeverreached$1billion. Onedeterrenttoforeigninvestorsisdueto16onJanuary1st2005.OnthatdayTurkeywilltakeawaytherightofvirtuallyeveryoneofitscitizenstocallthemselvesamillionaire.Sixzeroswillberemovedfromthefacevalueofthelira里拉土耳其货币单位;oneunitofthelocal17willhenceforthbeworthwhat1millionarenow--ieabout￡0.530.53欧元.Goodswillhavetobe18inboththenewandoldliraforthewholeoftheyear19foreignbankersand20canbegintolookforwardtoatimeinTurkeywhentheywillnolongerhavetojugglementallywithindeterminatestringsofzeros. 17
Mourningthedeathofoneofitsownisperhapstheentertainmentindustry’smosttime-honoredtraditions.Afteranagonizingandprolongeddeclinethelong-sufferingVerticallyIntegratedMediaConglomeratepassedaway. It’sanideathatwasbornwhenTimeInc.mergedwithWarnerCommunicationsCorp.in1989toformTimeWarner.Itenduredastheindustry’sprevailingbusinessmodelfornearlyagenerationspawningsuchclonesandmongrelbreedsasViacomNewsCorpandGE’sNBCUniversal.Theverticallyintegratedmediaconglomeratewas—orwassupposedtobe—manyamazingthingsgivingahandfulofcompaniesunprecedentedpoweroverthemedia—andthechancetoearnoutsizedprofitsintheprocess.Butitsdefiningcharacteristicwasitssheersizeearningitafittingnickname.BigMedia. Butthetheorybehindthestrategyreliedonmorethansize.HousedunderoneroofasingleBigMediaentitywouldcontrolthemeansofproducinganddistributingmediacontentfrommagazineandbookstotelevisionshowsandmoviesfromcartoonsandthemeparkstosportsfranchisesandthecablenetworksthatcarrythegamestorecordedmusiclabelsandmusicpublishers.InTimeWarner’sprototypeofthemodelitwouldcontroleverythingfromthefirstletterofaTimemagazinestoryorWarnerBooksnoveltothelastalphabetofthecreditsattheendofaWarnerBrothersflickorHBOseriesbasedonthemagazinestoryorthebookdivision’sfiction.ForatimeTimeWarnerboastedawidearrayofmediaassets. Nomore.OnApril29inafilingwiththeSecuritiesandExchangeCommissionTimeWarnerCEOJeffBewkesofficiallyannouncedthedeathofBigMedia.HavingslicedoffWarnerMusicGroupafewyearsagoandTimeWarnerCablethisyearBewkesnotifiedtheSECthatheintendedtosoonspinoffAOL—itsgreatestexpansionaryefforttoachievemediagreatnessamovethatprovedlethal.AndnoweventhecorporatenamesakethemagazinecompanyTimeInc.hasafunerealatmosphereaboutit. Theentertainmentindustryisonlythelatestinwhichtheideaofverticalintegrationfailedtoliveuptoitspromise.Considertheexperiencesoftheautoindustry.HenryFordwasahugebelieverintheconcept.HisRiverRougeplantwhichoncebuilttheModelAhaditsownelectricityplantanditsownmillforturningironoreintosteel;thevastmajorityofthecomponentsthatwentintoitscarsweremadeonsite.Overtimehoweverthissoup-to-nutsstrategycametobeseenasinefficientcompaniescouldobtainbetterpricesandmoreflexibilitybydealingwithacompetingbandofoutsidesuppliers.Overtimeoncevertically-integratedcompanieslikeFordandGeneralMotorshavespunofftheirinternalsupplydivisiontoformstandalonecompaniesinanattempttotrytocreatetheflexibleleanersupplychainscreatedbyHondaandToyota. SowhatwasBigMedia’slegacyIt’sbadformofcoursetospeakillofthedepartedbutthemodelhasleftmostlyanegativemarkonthemedialandscapeandcorporateAmerica. TheauthormentionsGeneralMotorstomakethepointthat
SomeoftheconcernssurroundingTurkey’sapplicationtojointheEuropeanUniontobe1onbytheEU’sCouncilofMinistersonDecember17thareeconomic--inparticularthecountry’srelativepoverty.ItsGDPperheadislessthanathirdoftheaverageforthe15pre-2004membersoftheEU.2itisnotfaroffthatofLatvia--oneofthetennewmemberswhich3onMay1st2004anditismuchthesameas4oftwocountriesBulgariaandRomaniawhichthisweekconcluded5talkswiththeEUthatcouldmakethemfullmembersonJanuary1st2007. 6thecountry’srecenteconomicprogresshasbeenaccordingtoDonaldJohnstonthesecretary-generaloftheOECDstunning.GDPinthesecondquarteroftheyearwas13.4%higherthanayearearliera7ofgrowththatnoEUcountrycomescloseto8.Turkey’s9ratehasjustfallenintosinglefiguresforthefirsttimesince1972andthisweekthecountry10agreementwiththeIMFonanewthree-year$10billioneconomicprogramthatwillhelpTurkey11inflationtowardEuropeanlevelsandenhancetheeconomy’sresilience. Resiliencehasnothistoricallybeenthecountry’seconomicstrongpoint.12throughoutthe1990sgrowthoscillatedlikeanelectrocardiogram13aviolentheartattack.This14hasbeenoneofthemainreasonswhythecountryhasfaileddismallytoattractmuch-neededforeigndirectinvestment.Itsstockofsuchinvestmentislowernowthanitwasinthe1980sandannual15havescarcelyeverreached$1billion. Onedeterrenttoforeigninvestorsisdueto16onJanuary1st2005.OnthatdayTurkeywilltakeawaytherightofvirtuallyeveryoneofitscitizenstocallthemselvesamillionaire.Sixzeroswillberemovedfromthefacevalueofthelira里拉土耳其货币单位;oneunitofthelocal17willhenceforthbeworthwhat1millionarenow--ieabout￡0.530.53欧元.Goodswillhavetobe18inboththenewandoldliraforthewholeoftheyear19foreignbankersand20canbegintolookforwardtoatimeinTurkeywhentheywillnolongerhavetojugglementallywithindeterminatestringsofzeros. 3
RealpolicemenhardlyrecognizeanyresemblancebetweentheirlivesandwhattheyseeonTV. Thefirstdifferenceisthatapoliceman’srealliferevolvesfoundcriminallaw.Hehastoknowexactlywhatactionsarecrimesandwhatevidencecanbeusedtoprovethemincourt.Hehastoknownearlyasmuchlawasaprofessionallawyerandwhatismorehehastoapplyitonhisfeetinthedarkand-rainrunningdownastreetaftersomeonehewantstotalkto. Littleofhistimeisspentinchattinghewillspendmostofhisworkinglifetypingmillionsofwordsonthousandsofformsabouthundredsofsadunimportantpeoplewhoareguiltyofstupidpettycrimes. Mosttelevisioncrimedramaisaboutfindingthecriminal:assoonashe’sarrestedthestoryisover.Inreallifefindingcriminalsisseldommuchofaproblem.Exceptinveryseriouscaseslikemurdersandterroristattackslittleeffortisspentonsearching. Havingmadeanarrestadetectivereallystartstowork.Hehastoprovehiscaseincourtandtodothatheoftenhastogatheralotofdifferenceevidence. Thethirdbigdifferencebetweenthedramadetectiveandtherealoneistheunpleasantpressuresfirstasmembersofapoliceforcetheyalwayshavetobehaveabsolutelyinaccordancewiththelaw~secondlyasexpensivepublicservantstheyhavetogetresults.Theycanhardlyeverdoboth.Mostofthetimesomeofthemhavetobreaktherulesinsmallways. Ifthedetectivehastodeceivetheworldtheworldoftendeceiveshim.Hardlyanyonehemeetstellshimthetruth.Andthisseparationthedetectivefeelsbetweenhimselfandtherestoftheworldisdeepenedbythesimple-mindedness--asheseesit--ofcitizenssocialworkersdoctorslaw-makersandjudgeswhoinsteadofeliminatingcrimepunishthecriminalslessseverelyinthehopethatthiswillmakethemreform.Theresultdetectivesfeelisthatnine-tenthsoftheirworkisrecatchingpeoplewhoshouldhavestayedbehindbars.Thismakesthemrathercynical. Whydopolicemenfeelseparatedfromtherestoftheworld
SomeoftheconcernssurroundingTurkey’sapplicationtojointheEuropeanUniontobe1onbytheEU’sCouncilofMinistersonDecember17thareeconomic--inparticularthecountry’srelativepoverty.ItsGDPperheadislessthanathirdoftheaverageforthe15pre-2004membersoftheEU.2itisnotfaroffthatofLatvia--oneofthetennewmemberswhich3onMay1st2004anditismuchthesameas4oftwocountriesBulgariaandRomaniawhichthisweekconcluded5talkswiththeEUthatcouldmakethemfullmembersonJanuary1st2007. 6thecountry’srecenteconomicprogresshasbeenaccordingtoDonaldJohnstonthesecretary-generaloftheOECDstunning.GDPinthesecondquarteroftheyearwas13.4%higherthanayearearliera7ofgrowththatnoEUcountrycomescloseto8.Turkey’s9ratehasjustfallenintosinglefiguresforthefirsttimesince1972andthisweekthecountry10agreementwiththeIMFonanewthree-year$10billioneconomicprogramthatwillhelpTurkey11inflationtowardEuropeanlevelsandenhancetheeconomy’sresilience. Resiliencehasnothistoricallybeenthecountry’seconomicstrongpoint.12throughoutthe1990sgrowthoscillatedlikeanelectrocardiogram13aviolentheartattack.This14hasbeenoneofthemainreasonswhythecountryhasfaileddismallytoattractmuch-neededforeigndirectinvestment.Itsstockofsuchinvestmentislowernowthanitwasinthe1980sandannual15havescarcelyeverreached$1billion. Onedeterrenttoforeigninvestorsisdueto16onJanuary1st2005.OnthatdayTurkeywilltakeawaytherightofvirtuallyeveryoneofitscitizenstocallthemselvesamillionaire.Sixzeroswillberemovedfromthefacevalueofthelira里拉土耳其货币单位;oneunitofthelocal17willhenceforthbeworthwhat1millionarenow--ieabout￡0.530.53欧元.Goodswillhavetobe18inboththenewandoldliraforthewholeoftheyear19foreignbankersand20canbegintolookforwardtoatimeinTurkeywhentheywillnolongerhavetojugglementallywithindeterminatestringsofzeros. 15
SomeoftheconcernssurroundingTurkey’sapplicationtojointheEuropeanUniontobe1onbytheEU’sCouncilofMinistersonDecember17thareeconomic--inparticularthecountry’srelativepoverty.ItsGDPperheadislessthanathirdoftheaverageforthe15pre-2004membersoftheEU.2itisnotfaroffthatofLatvia--oneofthetennewmemberswhich3onMay1st2004anditismuchthesameas4oftwocountriesBulgariaandRomaniawhichthisweekconcluded5talkswiththeEUthatcouldmakethemfullmembersonJanuary1st2007. 6thecountry’srecenteconomicprogresshasbeenaccordingtoDonaldJohnstonthesecretary-generaloftheOECDstunning.GDPinthesecondquarteroftheyearwas13.4%higherthanayearearliera7ofgrowththatnoEUcountrycomescloseto8.Turkey’s9ratehasjustfallenintosinglefiguresforthefirsttimesince1972andthisweekthecountry10agreementwiththeIMFonanewthree-year$10billioneconomicprogramthatwillhelpTurkey11inflationtowardEuropeanlevelsandenhancetheeconomy’sresilience. Resiliencehasnothistoricallybeenthecountry’seconomicstrongpoint.12throughoutthe1990sgrowthoscillatedlikeanelectrocardiogram13aviolentheartattack.This14hasbeenoneofthemainreasonswhythecountryhasfaileddismallytoattractmuch-neededforeigndirectinvestment.Itsstockofsuchinvestmentislowernowthanitwasinthe1980sandannual15havescarcelyeverreached$1billion. Onedeterrenttoforeigninvestorsisdueto16onJanuary1st2005.OnthatdayTurkeywilltakeawaytherightofvirtuallyeveryoneofitscitizenstocallthemselvesamillionaire.Sixzeroswillberemovedfromthefacevalueofthelira里拉土耳其货币单位;oneunitofthelocal17willhenceforthbeworthwhat1millionarenow--ieabout￡0.530.53欧元.Goodswillhavetobe18inboththenewandoldliraforthewholeoftheyear19foreignbankersand20canbegintolookforwardtoatimeinTurkeywhentheywillnolongerhavetojugglementallywithindeterminatestringsofzeros. 19
46Arecentphenomenoninpresent-dayscienceandtechnologyistheincreasingtrendtoward"directed"or"programmed"research;i.e.researchwhosescopeandobjectivesarepredeterminedbyprivateorgovernmentorganizationsratherthanresearchersthemselves.Anyscientistworkingforsuchorganizationsandinvestigatinginagivenfieldthereforetendstodosoinaccordancewithaplanorprogramdesignedbeforehand. Atthebeginningofthecenturyhoweverthesituationwasquitedifferent.Atthattimetherewerenoindustrialresearchorganizationsinthemodernsensethelaboratoryunitconsistedofafewscientistsatthemostassistedbyoneortwotechnicians.47Neverthelessthescientistoftenworkingwithinadequateequipmentinunsuitableroomswasfreetochooseanysubjectforinvestigationhelikedsincetherewasnopredeterminedprogramtowhichhehadtoconform. 48Asthecenturydevelopedtheincreasingmagnitudeandcomplexityoftheproblemstobesolvedmadeitimpossibleinmanycasesfortheindividualscientisttodealwiththehugemassofnewdatatechniquesandequipmentthatwererequiredforcarryingoutresearchaccuratelyandefficiently.Theincreasingscaleandscopeoftheexperimentsneededtotestnewhypothesesanddevelopnewtechniquesandindustrialprocessesledtothesettingupofresearchgroupsorteamsusinghighly-complicatedequipmentinelaborately-designedlaboratories.49Owingtothelargesumsofmoneyinvolveditwasthenfeltessentialtodirectthesehumanandmaterialresourcesintospecificchannelswithclearly-definedobjectives.Inthiswayitwasconsideredthatthequickestandmostpracticalresultscouldbeobtained.Thisthenwasprogrammedprogrammaticresearch. Oneoftheeffectsofthisorganizedandstandardizedinvestigationistocausethescientisttobecomeincreasinglyinvolvedinappliedresearchdevelopmentespeciallyinthebranchesofsciencewhichseemmostlikelytohaveindustrialapplications.Privateindustryandevengovernmentdepartmentstendtoconcentrateonimmediateresultsandshowcomparativelylittleinterestinlong-rangeinvestigations.50Inconsequencethereisasteadyshiftofscientistsfromthepuretotheappliedfieldwheretherearemorejobsavailablefrequentlymorehighly-paidandwithbettertechnicalfacilitiesthanjobsconnectedwithpureresearchinauniversity. Owingtotheinterdependencebetweenpureandappliedscienceitiseasytoseethatthissystemifextendedtoofarcarriesconsiderabledangersforthefutureofscience--andnotonlypuresciencebutappliedscienceaswell. 49Owingtothelargesumsofmoneyinvolveditwasthenfeltessentialtodirectthesehumanandmaterialresourcesintospecificchannelswithclearly-definedobjectives.
RealpolicemenhardlyrecognizeanyresemblancebetweentheirlivesandwhattheyseeonTV. Thefirstdifferenceisthatapoliceman’srealliferevolvesfoundcriminallaw.Hehastoknowexactlywhatactionsarecrimesandwhatevidencecanbeusedtoprovethemincourt.Hehastoknownearlyasmuchlawasaprofessionallawyerandwhatismorehehastoapplyitonhisfeetinthedarkand-rainrunningdownastreetaftersomeonehewantstotalkto. Littleofhistimeisspentinchattinghewillspendmostofhisworkinglifetypingmillionsofwordsonthousandsofformsabouthundredsofsadunimportantpeoplewhoareguiltyofstupidpettycrimes. Mosttelevisioncrimedramaisaboutfindingthecriminal:assoonashe’sarrestedthestoryisover.Inreallifefindingcriminalsisseldommuchofaproblem.Exceptinveryseriouscaseslikemurdersandterroristattackslittleeffortisspentonsearching. Havingmadeanarrestadetectivereallystartstowork.Hehastoprovehiscaseincourtandtodothatheoftenhastogatheralotofdifferenceevidence. Thethirdbigdifferencebetweenthedramadetectiveandtherealoneistheunpleasantpressuresfirstasmembersofapoliceforcetheyalwayshavetobehaveabsolutelyinaccordancewiththelaw~secondlyasexpensivepublicservantstheyhavetogetresults.Theycanhardlyeverdoboth.Mostofthetimesomeofthemhavetobreaktherulesinsmallways. Ifthedetectivehastodeceivetheworldtheworldoftendeceiveshim.Hardlyanyonehemeetstellshimthetruth.Andthisseparationthedetectivefeelsbetweenhimselfandtherestoftheworldisdeepenedbythesimple-mindedness--asheseesit--ofcitizenssocialworkersdoctorslaw-makersandjudgeswhoinsteadofeliminatingcrimepunishthecriminalslessseverelyinthehopethatthiswillmakethemreform.Theresultdetectivesfeelisthatnine-tenthsoftheirworkisrecatchingpeoplewhoshouldhavestayedbehindbars.Thismakesthemrathercynical. Apolicemanhastobetrainedincriminallawbecause
Mourningthedeathofoneofitsownisperhapstheentertainmentindustry’smosttime-honoredtraditions.Afteranagonizingandprolongeddeclinethelong-sufferingVerticallyIntegratedMediaConglomeratepassedaway. It’sanideathatwasbornwhenTimeInc.mergedwithWarnerCommunicationsCorp.in1989toformTimeWarner.Itenduredastheindustry’sprevailingbusinessmodelfornearlyagenerationspawningsuchclonesandmongrelbreedsasViacomNewsCorpandGE’sNBCUniversal.Theverticallyintegratedmediaconglomeratewas—orwassupposedtobe—manyamazingthingsgivingahandfulofcompaniesunprecedentedpoweroverthemedia—andthechancetoearnoutsizedprofitsintheprocess.Butitsdefiningcharacteristicwasitssheersizeearningitafittingnickname.BigMedia. Butthetheorybehindthestrategyreliedonmorethansize.HousedunderoneroofasingleBigMediaentitywouldcontrolthemeansofproducinganddistributingmediacontentfrommagazineandbookstotelevisionshowsandmoviesfromcartoonsandthemeparkstosportsfranchisesandthecablenetworksthatcarrythegamestorecordedmusiclabelsandmusicpublishers.InTimeWarner’sprototypeofthemodelitwouldcontroleverythingfromthefirstletterofaTimemagazinestoryorWarnerBooksnoveltothelastalphabetofthecreditsattheendofaWarnerBrothersflickorHBOseriesbasedonthemagazinestoryorthebookdivision’sfiction.ForatimeTimeWarnerboastedawidearrayofmediaassets. Nomore.OnApril29inafilingwiththeSecuritiesandExchangeCommissionTimeWarnerCEOJeffBewkesofficiallyannouncedthedeathofBigMedia.HavingslicedoffWarnerMusicGroupafewyearsagoandTimeWarnerCablethisyearBewkesnotifiedtheSECthatheintendedtosoonspinoffAOL—itsgreatestexpansionaryefforttoachievemediagreatnessamovethatprovedlethal.AndnoweventhecorporatenamesakethemagazinecompanyTimeInc.hasafunerealatmosphereaboutit. Theentertainmentindustryisonlythelatestinwhichtheideaofverticalintegrationfailedtoliveuptoitspromise.Considertheexperiencesoftheautoindustry.HenryFordwasahugebelieverintheconcept.HisRiverRougeplantwhichoncebuilttheModelAhaditsownelectricityplantanditsownmillforturningironoreintosteel;thevastmajorityofthecomponentsthatwentintoitscarsweremadeonsite.Overtimehoweverthissoup-to-nutsstrategycametobeseenasinefficientcompaniescouldobtainbetterpricesandmoreflexibilitybydealingwithacompetingbandofoutsidesuppliers.Overtimeoncevertically-integratedcompanieslikeFordandGeneralMotorshavespunofftheirinternalsupplydivisiontoformstandalonecompaniesinanattempttotrytocreatetheflexibleleanersupplychainscreatedbyHondaandToyota. SowhatwasBigMedia’slegacyIt’sbadformofcoursetospeakillofthedepartedbutthemodelhasleftmostlyanegativemarkonthemedialandscapeandcorporateAmerica. AccordingtotheauthorBigMedia
SomeoftheconcernssurroundingTurkey’sapplicationtojointheEuropeanUniontobe1onbytheEU’sCouncilofMinistersonDecember17thareeconomic--inparticularthecountry’srelativepoverty.ItsGDPperheadislessthanathirdoftheaverageforthe15pre-2004membersoftheEU.2itisnotfaroffthatofLatvia--oneofthetennewmemberswhich3onMay1st2004anditismuchthesameas4oftwocountriesBulgariaandRomaniawhichthisweekconcluded5talkswiththeEUthatcouldmakethemfullmembersonJanuary1st2007. 6thecountry’srecenteconomicprogresshasbeenaccordingtoDonaldJohnstonthesecretary-generaloftheOECDstunning.GDPinthesecondquarteroftheyearwas13.4%higherthanayearearliera7ofgrowththatnoEUcountrycomescloseto8.Turkey’s9ratehasjustfallenintosinglefiguresforthefirsttimesince1972andthisweekthecountry10agreementwiththeIMFonanewthree-year$10billioneconomicprogramthatwillhelpTurkey11inflationtowardEuropeanlevelsandenhancetheeconomy’sresilience. Resiliencehasnothistoricallybeenthecountry’seconomicstrongpoint.12throughoutthe1990sgrowthoscillatedlikeanelectrocardiogram13aviolentheartattack.This14hasbeenoneofthemainreasonswhythecountryhasfaileddismallytoattractmuch-neededforeigndirectinvestment.Itsstockofsuchinvestmentislowernowthanitwasinthe1980sandannual15havescarcelyeverreached$1billion. Onedeterrenttoforeigninvestorsisdueto16onJanuary1st2005.OnthatdayTurkeywilltakeawaytherightofvirtuallyeveryoneofitscitizenstocallthemselvesamillionaire.Sixzeroswillberemovedfromthefacevalueofthelira里拉土耳其货币单位;oneunitofthelocal17willhenceforthbeworthwhat1millionarenow--ieabout￡0.530.53欧元.Goodswillhavetobe18inboththenewandoldliraforthewholeoftheyear19foreignbankersand20canbegintolookforwardtoatimeinTurkeywhentheywillnolongerhavetojugglementallywithindeterminatestringsofzeros. 13
CanadiansliketothinkthatalthoughtheyarethejuniorpartnerintheirtraderelationswiththeUnitedStatesthe174billionbarrelsofprovenreservesintheoilsandsofAlbertaprovideapowerfulaceuptheirsleeveinanydealingswiththeirenergy-hungryneighbor.ThatbeliefhasnowbeenshakenbyanAmericanlawthatappearstoprohibitAmericangovernmentagenciesfrombuyingcrudeproducedintheoilsandsofthewesternprovince. 41.______.Butthatistheeffectofbanningfederalagenciesfrombuyingalternativeorsyntheticfuelincludingthatfromnon-conventionalsourcesiftheirproductionanduseresultinmoregreenhousegasesthanconventionaloil.TransformingAlberta’starrymuckintoabarrelofoilisanenergy-intensiveprocessthatproducesaboutthreetimestheemissionsofabarrelofconventionallightsweetcrude. HavingwokenbelatedlytothedangertheCanadiangovernmentisnowscramblingtosecureanexception.MichaelWilsonCanada’sambassadorinWashingtonhaswrittentoAmerica’ssecretaryofdefenseRobertGateswhosedepartmentisabigpurchaserofCanadianoilstressingAmericandependenceonCanadianoilelectricitynaturalgasanduraniumimportsandnotingthatsomeofthebiggestplayersintheAlbertaoilpatchareAmericancompanies.Mr.WilsonaddedplaintivelythatbothGeorgeBushandhisenergysecretarySamuelBodmanhavepubliclywelcomedexpandedoil-sandsproductiongiventheincreasedcontributiontoAmericanenergysecurity.42.______. ThefearinCanadaisthattheAmericanpurchasingrestrictionwhichatpresentappliesonlytofederalagenciesisthestartofawholesaleshifttogreeneraswellasmoreprotectionistpoliciesunderaCongressandpotentiallyaWhiteHousecontrolledbytheDemocrats.43.______. YetenvironmentalistspointoutthatCanadaisnowpayingforitsownfoot-draggingatthefederallevelongreeninitiatives.HavingsignedtheKyotoagreementunderapreviousLiberalgovernmentCanadadidlittletostopitsemissionsrising.Theyarenowalmost35%abovetheKyototarget.AndalthoughMr.BairdlikestodescribehisplanastoughitwillnotbringCanadaintolinewithKyoto.44.______. ThevaguenessoftheproposedfederalrulesdidnotstopthepremierofAlbertaEdStelmachfromgivingadefiantwarningthathewillstandupfortheinterestsofAlbertansreadoilindustryandwillbeexaminingtheconstitutiontoensurethatthefederalgovernment’sproposedplandoesnotintrudeonprovincialjurisdiction.HisprovincehasoneoftheweakestenvironmentalregimesinCanada. 45.______.ButevenifadealisreachedwiththeoutgoingBushadministrationanyexceptionforCanadamaybeshort-livedifgreeningDemocratstaketheWhiteHouseinNovember. [A]Since1999CanadahasbeenthelargestsupplierofU.S.crudeandrefinedoilimports.In2007Canadiancrudeoilandpetroleumproductsrepresented18%ofU.S.crudeoilimportsatnearly2.5millionbarrelsperday.From2005to2007thevolumeofCanadiancrudeoilexportstotheUnitedStatesincreasedby7.4%peryear. [B]JohnBairdtheCanadianenvironmentministerreferredthisweektotheAmericanmovewhenheunveilednewproposalstoreduceindustrialemissionsinCanadaincludingtheoilsandsby20%by2020. BigstateslikeCaliforniaweremakingsimilarpronouncementshetoldreporters.Theoilsandswereanimportantnationalresourcebuthadtobeexpandedinanenvironmentallyfriendlyway. [C]AsCanada’srepresentativeinWashingtonMr.WilsonisthepointmanonCanada’slobbyingeffortseithertokilltheBuyAmericanclauseortogetaspecialexemptionforCanada. [D]TheEnergyIndependenceandSecurityAct2007didnotsetouttodiscriminateagainstCanadaAmerica’sbiggestsupplierofoil. [E]WithenergyexportsmainlyfromAlbertadrivingtheCanadianeconomythisisnotahappythoughtforCanadians. [F]AlthoughtheCanadianembassysaysthattherehasbeennoofficialresponsetoMr.Wilson’slettertherearereportsoftalksgoingoninWashingtonaimedataddressingCanada’sconcerns. [G]Therulesfortheoilsandsnowthefastestgrowingsourceofgreenhousegaseshaveyettobefinalizedandwillnotcomeintoforceuntil2010.Furthermoretheyrelyoncarboncaptureapromisingbutunproventechnology. 41
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