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Text 2 The Tuscan town of Vinci, birthplace of Leonardo and home to a museum of his machines, s...
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Withthedevelopmentoftheglobaleconomymanycompaniesstatetheirbasicobjectiveofengaginginaworldwidemanufacturingbusinessandclaimthattheyareorarebecomingamultinationalcompany. Someeconomists1betweentheinternationalfirmandthemultinationalcompanyinthefollowingway:the"internationalfirm"isatermthat2enterpriseswithvariousdegreesofworldorientationintheirbusiness;3the"multinationalcompany"isonetypeofinternationalfirm.Theinternationalfirmengagesinanyactivityor4ofactivitiesfromexportingimportingandlicensingtofullscalemanufacturinginanumberofcountries.Theinternational5ofsuchacompanyvariesfromthepointatwhichoverseassalesandprofitstakeonimportanceandtopmanagementbeginsto6someattentiontothemtothestage7thecompanyisgloballyorientedinitsmarketingproduction8andotherdecisionsandconsidersalternativeopportunitiesaroundtheworld. Whenacompanyreachesthelatterstageitbecomes9.Thusthemultinationalcompanyisonetypeofinternationalcompany.Itisa10developedinternationalcompanywithadeepworldwideinvolvementandaglobal11initsmanagementanddecisionmaking.More12themultinationalcompanyinmanufacturingdoesbusinessinanumberofcountries;ithasasubstantialcommitmentofitsresourcesininternationalbusiness;it13internationalproductioninanumberofcountries;andithasa14perspectiveinitsmanagement.Significant15existamongmultinationalcompanies.Firstsuchacompanymaynot16dobusinessineveryregionandcountryintheworld17itconsidersopportunitiesthroughouttheworld.Secondithasa18portionofitsassetsinvestedininternationalbusiness;19itmakesasubstantialpartofitssalesandearnsaconsiderablepartofits20overseas. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10Points12
Withthedevelopmentoftheglobaleconomymanycompaniesstatetheirbasicobjectiveofengaginginaworldwidemanufacturingbusinessandclaimthattheyareorarebecomingamultinationalcompany. Someeconomists1betweentheinternationalfirmandthemultinationalcompanyinthefollowingway:the"internationalfirm"isatermthat2enterpriseswithvariousdegreesofworldorientationintheirbusiness;3the"multinationalcompany"isonetypeofinternationalfirm.Theinternationalfirmengagesinanyactivityor4ofactivitiesfromexportingimportingandlicensingtofullscalemanufacturinginanumberofcountries.Theinternational5ofsuchacompanyvariesfromthepointatwhichoverseassalesandprofitstakeonimportanceandtopmanagementbeginsto6someattentiontothemtothestage7thecompanyisgloballyorientedinitsmarketingproduction8andotherdecisionsandconsidersalternativeopportunitiesaroundtheworld. Whenacompanyreachesthelatterstageitbecomes9.Thusthemultinationalcompanyisonetypeofinternationalcompany.Itisa10developedinternationalcompanywithadeepworldwideinvolvementandaglobal11initsmanagementanddecisionmaking.More12themultinationalcompanyinmanufacturingdoesbusinessinanumberofcountries;ithasasubstantialcommitmentofitsresourcesininternationalbusiness;it13internationalproductioninanumberofcountries;andithasa14perspectiveinitsmanagement.Significant15existamongmultinationalcompanies.Firstsuchacompanymaynot16dobusinessineveryregionandcountryintheworld17itconsidersopportunitiesthroughouttheworld.Secondithasa18portionofitsassetsinvestedininternationalbusiness;19itmakesasubstantialpartofitssalesandearnsaconsiderablepartofits20overseas. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10Points18
CanthisbetherighttimetoinvestinluxurygoodsMiucciaPradawasobviouslybitinghernails.ThegranddaughterofthefounderoftheItalianfashiongrouphasjustopenedspectacularnewstoresinquicksuccessioninNewYorkandLondon.Withitsmagicmirrorssilverdisplaysandcomputer-controlledchangingroomsPrada’stwo-month-oldshopinManhattancostastaggering＄40msitsjustamilefromGroundZeroandsellspracticallynothing.Theluxury-goodsbusinesshasbeenindespairinhastysuccessionagainstabackgroundofaweakeningglobaleconomyanenduringslumpinJapanesespendingandtheSeptember11thterroristattacks.TheJapanesewhousedtobuyathirdoftheworld’sluxurygoodscuttheirforeigntravelinhalfaftertheattacksandtightenedtheirLouisVuittonpurse-strings.AtthesametimewealthyAmericansstoppedflyingwhichhasadramaticeffectontheluxury-goodspurveyorsofLondonParisandRome.AthometooAmericans’attitudestoluxurychangedatleasttemporarily.Conspicuousabstentionreplacedgreedyconsumerismamongthefast-growingyoungerbreedofnewlyrich.Thedeclineinjobsecuritythelowerbonusesinfinancialservicesandthestockmarketbustthatwipedoutmuchofthepaperwealthgeneratedinthelate1990sbredanewfrugality.Salesofexpensivejewelrywatchesandhandbags—theproductsthatmakethejuiciestprofitsforthebigluxury-goodsgroups—droppedsharply.Theimpacthasbeenmoststrikingamongthehandfuloflargequotedluxury-goodscompanies.France’sLouisVuittonMoetHennessyLVMHtheindustryleaderissuedfourprofitswarningsafterSeptember11thandendedupreportinga20%declineinoperatingprofitfor2001afterhavingrepeatedlypromiseditsinvestorsdouble-digitgrowth;andItaly’sGucciGroupthethirdlargestannouncedthisweekthatsecond-halfprofitsdroppedby33%.MeanwhileprivatelyheldPradahadtopostponeitsstockmarketflotationandwasforcedtosellarecentlyacquiredstakeinFendiaprestigiousItalianbagmakerinordertoreduceitsdebts.Luxuryisanunusualbusiness.Aluxurybrandcannotbeextendedindefinitely:ifitbecomestoocommonitisdevaluedasPierreCardinandRalphLaurenprovedbystickingtheirlabelsoneverythingfromT-shirtstopaint.Equallyabrandnamecanbeunderminedifitisnotadvertisedconsistentlyorifitisdisplayedandsoldpoorly.SagraMaceiradeRosenaluxury-goodsanalystatJ.P.MorganarguesthatLuxurycompaniesareprimarilyretailers.Inretailingthemostimportantthingisexecutionandexecutionisallaboutmanagement.Youmayhavethebestdesign-edproductbutifyoudon’tgetitintotherightkindofshopattherighttimeyouwillfail./Towhichofthefollowingistheauthorlikelytoagree
OnaweekdaynightthisJanuarythousandsofflag-wavingyouthspackedOlayaStreetRiyadh’smainshoppingstriptocheeramemorableSaudivictoryintheGCCCupfootballfinal.Onecarrockmusicblaringfromitsstereosquealedtoastopblockinganintersection.Thepassengersleaptoutclamberedontotheroofanddancedwildlyinfrontofthehonkingcrowd.Havingparalyzedthetrafficacrosshalfthecitytheyspedoffbeforethepolicecouldcatchthem.SuchpublicoccasionwasonceunthinkableintherigidconformistkingdombutnowyoungpeoplethereandinotherGulfstatesareincreasinglywillingtochallengeauthority.Thatdoesnotmakethemrebels:respectforeldersforreligiousdutyandformaintainingfamilybondsremainpre-eminentvaluesandpremaritalsexisgenerallyoutofthequestion.Yetdemographyisbeginningtoputpressureonultra-conservativenorms.Afterall60%oftheGulf’snativepopulationisundertheageof25.Withmanymoreofitscitizensinschoolthanintheworkforcetheregionfacesatleastagenerationofrocketingdemandforemployment.IneverysingleGCCcountrythenativeworkforcewilldoubleby2020.InSaudiArabiaitwillgrowfrom3.3mnowtoover8m.Thetaskofmanagingthissurgewouldbedauntingenoughforanysocietybutisparticularlyforbiddinginthisregionforseveralreasons.ThefirstisthattheGulfsuffersfromalopsidedlaborstructure.Thisgoesbacktothe1970swhenballooningoilincomesallowedgovernmentstoimportmillionsofforeignworkersandtodispensecozyjobstothelocals.Theresultisatwo-tierworkforcewithoutsidersworkingmostlyintheprivatesectorandnativesmonopolizingthestatebureaucracy.Privatefirmsareasproductiveasany.Butwithinthegovernmentclaimsonestudyworkersareworthonlyaquarterofwhattheygetpaid.Similarlyintheeducationsector30yearsspentkeepingpacewithsoaringstudentnumbershastakenaheavytollonstandards.TheSaudischoolsystemforinstancetodayhastocopewith5mstudentseighttimesmorethanin1970.AndmanyGulfcountriesadaptedtheircurriculafromEgyptianmodelsthatarenowthoroughlydiscredited.Theycontinuetofavorrotelearningoffactsintendedtoinstillpatriotismorreligiousvalues.Evenworsethesystemasawholediscouragesintellectualcuriosity.Itchannelsstudentsintoacquiringprestigedegreesratherthangainingmarketableskills.Ofthe120000graduatesthatSaudiuniversitiesproducedbetween1995and1999only10000hadstudiedtechnicalsubjectssuchasarchitectureorengineering.Theyaccountedforonly2%ofthetotalnumberofSaudisenteringthejobmarket.AccordingtotheauthortheSaudieducationsystemischaracterizedbyitsexcessiveemphasison
ThelongandprogressivereignofQueenVictoriacametoaclimaxatatimeofpeaceandplentywhentheBritishEmpireseemedtobeatthesummitofitspowerandsecurity.OfthediscordthatsoonfollowedweshallherenoteonlytwofactorswhichhadlargeinfluenceoncontemporaryEnglishliterature. ThefirstdisturbingfactorwasimperialismthereawakeningofadominatingspiritwhichhadseeminglybeenputtosleepbytheproclamationofanImperialFederation.46ItscomingwasheraldedbytheBoerWarinSouthAfricathroughwhichBritainblunderedtowhatwashopedtobeaneraofpeaceandgoodwill.Othernationspromptlymadesuchhopeavainwhistlinginthewind.JapaneseWarLordsbeganacareerofconquestwhichaimedtomakeJapanmasterofAsiaandEastIndies.Pacificislandsthathadforagessleptpeacefullywereturnedintofrowningnavalstations.47EventheUnitedStatesarousedbyaneasytriumphintheSpanishWarstartedonanimperialisticadventurebytakingcontrolofthePhilippinesthusmakinganimplacableenemyofJapan. Onlyanationthatentersonadangerouscoursewitheyeswideopenhasanychanceofasafewayoutandtheimperialisticnationswereallalikeblind.48AninevitableresultwastheFirstWarandthegreathorrorofaSecondWorldWarthetwodisastersbeingdifferentactsofthesametragedyofimperialismseparatedonlybyabreathingspell. Anotherfactorthatinfluencedliteraturefortheworsewasawidespreaddemandforsocialreformofeverykind;notslowandorderlyreformwhichisprogressbutimmediateanduncontrolledreformwhichbreedsaspiritofrebellionanddespair.BeforetheVictorianagehadcometoanendEnglishliteratureappearedtohavelosttouchwithhealthyEnglishlife.ManywritersechoedthesorrowfulcryofJamesThomsoninhisCityofDreadfulNightorbabbledof"artforart’ssake"withOscarWilde.49GroominhissurveyoftheperiodnotesthatwritershadmostlyacriticalattitudetowardmoralsandreligionChurchandStateasreliesfrom"thedeadhandoftraditionalbeliefs."50SmallwonderthatGermanandJapanesewar-advocatesregardedEnglishmenasadecadentracewhenthesameoraworseopinionwasdailyreadinthenovelsofSamuelButlerandnightlyheardintheplaysofBernardShaw. 50
Text1 Fossilsaretheremainsandtracessuchasfootprintsorothermarksofancientplantandanimallifethataremorethan10000yearsold.Theyrangeinsizefrommicroscopicstructurestodinosaurskeletonsandcompletebodiesofenormousanimals.Skeletonsofextinctspeciesofhumansarealsoconsideredfossils. Anenvironmentfavorabletothegrowthandlaterpreservationoforganismsisrequiredfortheoccurrenceoffossils.Twoconditionsarealmostalwayspresent:1Thepossessionofhardpartseitherinternalorexternalsuchasbonesteethskullsshellsandwood;thesepartsremainaftertherestoftheorganismhasdecayed.Organismsthatlackhardpartssuchaswormsandjellyfishhaveleftfewgeologicrecords.2Quickburialofthedeadorganismsothatprotectionisaffordedagainstweatheringbacterialactionetc. Natureprovidesmanysituationsinwhichtheremainsofanimalsandplantsareprotectedagainstdestruction.Ofthesemarinesedimentisbyfarthemostimportantenvironmentforthepreservationoffossilsowingtotheincrediblerichnessofmarinelife.Thebedsofformerlakesarealsoproductivesourcesoffossils.Therapidlyaccumulatingsedimentsinthechannelsfloodplainsanddeltasofstreamsburyfresh-waterorganismsalongwithlandplantsandanimalsthatfallintothewater.ThebeautifullypreservedfossilfishfromtheGreenRiveroilshaleofWyominginthewesternUnitedStateslivedinavastshallowlake. Thearcticgroundinthefarnorthactsasaremarkablepreservativeforanimalfossils.Thewoollymammothalong-hairedmammalandothermammalshavebeenperiodicallyexposedintheareaofSiberiathehairandredfleshstillfrozenincoldstorage. Volcanoesoftenprovideenvironmentsfavorabletofossilpreservation.Extensivefallsofvolcanicashandcoarserparticlesoverwhelmandburyallformsoflifefromflyinginsectstogreattrees. Caveshavepreservedthebonesofmanyanimalsthatdiedinthemandweresubsequentlyburiedunderablanketofclayoracoverofdripstone.Predatoryanimalsandearlyhumansalikesoughtshelterincavesandbroughtfoodtothemtobeeatenleavingbonesthathavebeendiscovered. Inwhichofthefollowingdoestheauthorpresentthepassage
Atsomepointduringtheireducationbiologystudentsaretoldaboutaconversationinapubthattookplaceover50yearsago.J.B.S.HaldaneaBritishgeneticistwasaskedwhetherhewouldlaydownhislifeforhiscountry.Afterdoingaquickcalculationonthebackofanapkinhesaidhewoulddosofortwobrothersoreightcousins.Inotherwordshewoulddietoprotecttheequivalentofhisgeneticcontributiontothenextgeneration.Thetheoryofkinselection—theideathatanimalscanpassontheirgenesbyhelpingtheircloserelatives—isbiology’sexplanationforseeminglyaltruisticacts.Anindividualcarryinggenesthatpromotealtruismmightbeexpectedtodieyoungerthanonewithselfishgenesandthustohaveareducedcontributiontothenextgeneration’sgeneticpool.Butifthesameindividualactsaltruisticallytoprotectitsrelativesgenesforaltruisticbehaviormightneverthelesspropagate.Actsofapparentaltruismtonon-relativescanalsobeexplainedawayinwhathasbecomeacottageindustrywithinbiology.Ananimalmightcarefortheoffspringofanotherthatitisunrelatedtobecauseithopestoobtainthesamebenefitsforitselflateronaphenomenonknownasreciprocalaltruism.Thehunterwhogenerouslyshareshisspoilswithothersmaybedoingsoinordertosignalhissuperiorstatustofemalesandultimatelyboosthisbreedingsuccess.Theseapparentlyselflessactsarethereforedisguisedactsofselfinterest.Alloftheseexamplesfiteconomists’argumentsthatHomosapiensisalsoHomoeconomicus—maximizingsomethingthateconomistscallutilityandbiologistsfitness.Butthereisaresiduumofhumanactivitythatdefiessuchexplanations:peoplecontributetocharitiesforthehomelessreturnlostwalletsdovoluntaryworkandtipwaitersinrestaurantstowhichtheydonotplantoreturn.Botheconomicrationalismandnaturalselectionofferfewexplanationsforsuchrandomactsofkindness.Norcantheyeasilyexplaintheopposite:spitefulbehaviorwhensomeoneharmshisowninterestinordertodamagethatofanother.Butpeoplearenowtryingtofindanswers.Whenanewphenomenonisrecognizedbyscienceanamealwayshelps.InapaperinHumanNatureDrFehrandhiscolleaguesargueforabehavioralpropensitytheycallstrongreciprocity.Thisnameisintendedtodistinguishitfromreciprocalaltruism.AccordingtoDrFehrapersonisastrongreciprocatorifheiswillingtosacrificeresourcestobekindtothosewhoarebeingkindandtopunishthosewhoarebeingunkind.Significantlystrongreciprocatorswillbehavethiswayevenifdoingsoprovidesnoprospectofmaterialrewardsinthefuture.ThewritementionedthecaseofthehunterwhoshareshisspoilswithothersPara.3todemonstrate
Inascience-fictionmoviecalledSpeciesamysterioussignalfromouterspaceturnsouttodescribethegenomeofanunknownorganism.WhentheinevitablemadscientistsynthesizestheDNAdescribedbytheinstructionsthecreaturehebreedsfromitturnsouttoresembleNatashaHenstridgeanathleticactress.UnfortunatelythealienharborswithinherdelicateformthedestructivepowersofaPanzerdivisionanditallendsbadlyfortherashgeneticistandhislaboratory.GlenEvanschiefexecutiveofEgeaBiosciencesinSanDiegoCaliforniaacknowledgesregretfullythatdespiteseekinghisexpertopinion—inreturnforwhichhewaspresentedwiththeposterofthestrikingMrHenstridgethathangsonhisofficewall—theproducersofSpeciesdidnothewverycloselytohissuggestionsaboutthefeasibilityoftheirscriptideas.Stilltheyhadcometotherightman.DrEvansbelievesthathisfirmwillsoonbeabletocreateifnotanaliensuccubusatleastatinybiologicalmachinemadeofartificialproteinsthatcouldmimicthebehaviorofalivingcell.MakingsuchproteinswillrequiretheabilitytosynthesizelongstretchesofDNA.ExistingtechnologyforsynthesizingDNAcanmanagetomakegenesthatencodeafewdozenaminoacidsbutthisistooshorttoproduceanyinterestingproteins.Egea’stechnologybycontrastwouldallowbiologiststomanufacturegeneswholesale.Thefirm’sscientistscanmakegeneslongenoughtoencode6000aminoacids.Theyaimtosynthesizeagenefor30000aminoacidswithintwoyears.Usingalibraryoftheroughly1500possiblemotifsorfoldsthataproteincanadoptEgea’sscientistsemploycomputerstodesignnewproteinsthatarelikelytohavedesirableshapesandproperties.TosynthesizetheDNAthatencodestheseproteinsEgeausesamachineithasdubbedthegenewriter.DrEvanslikensthisdevicetoaword-processorforDNAonwhichyoucantypeinthesequenceoflettersdefiningapieceofDNAandgetthatmoleculeout.AsEgeaextendsthelengthofDNAitcansynthesizeDrEvansenvisagesencodingnotjustproteinsbutentirebiochemicalpathwayswhichareteamsofproteinsthatconductmetabolicprocesses.Acollectionofsuchmoleculescouldconceivablyfunctionasaminiaturemachinethatwouldoperateinthebodyandattackdiseasejustasthebody’sowndefensivecellsdo.PerhapsDrEvansandhiscolleaguesoughttogetintouchwiththeirfriendsinHollywood.TheDNAdesignedbyEvan’stechnologydiffersstrikinglyfromthatsynthesizedbyexistingtechnologyinthattheformerischaracterizedbyits
Text2 Britain’srichestpeoplehaveexperiencedthebiggest-everriseintheirwealthaccordingtotheSundayTimesRichList.DrivenbytheneweconomyofInternetandcomputerentrepreneursthewealthofthoseatthetopofthefinancialtreehasincreasedatanunprecedentedrate.The12thannualRichListwillshowthatthecollectiveworthofthecountry’srichest1000peoplereachednearly146billionbyJanuarythecut-offpointforthesurvey.Theyrepresentedanincreaseof31billionor27%injust12months.SincethesurveywascompiledBritain’srichesthaveaddedbillionsmoretotheirwealththankstothecontinuingboomintechnologysharesonthestockmarket.Thishaspushedupthetotalvalueofthewealthoftherichest1000toaprobable160billionaccordingtoDr.PhilipBeresfordBritain’sacknowledgedexpertonpersonalwealthwhocompilestheSundayTimesRichList. ThemillenniumboomexceedsanythinginBritain’seconomichistoryincludingtherailwayboomofthe1840sandtheSouthSeabubbleof1720."IthasmadeMargaretThatcher’sboomseemassluggishasEdwardHeath’sthree-dayweek"saidBeresford."Weareseeingbillionsbeingaddedtothenationalwealtheveryweek."WilliamRubinsteinprofessorofmodemhistoryattheUniversityofWalesAberystwythconfirmedthatthegrowthinwealthwasunprecedented."Almostalloftoday’swealthhasbeencreatedsincetheindustrialrevolutionbutevenbythoseheadystandardsthecurrentboomisextraordinary"hesaid."Thereisnolarge-scaleculturaloppositionorguiltaboutmakingmoney.InmanywaysBritishbusinessattitudescannowchallengetheUnitedStates." AlthoughtheBritain’srichestareexperiencingthesharpestsurgeinwealththerestofthepopulationhasalsobenefitedfromthestockmarketboomandrisinghouseprices.Lastyearwealthroseby16%toarecord4267billionaccordingtocalculationbytheinvestmentbankSalomonSmithBarney.Inrealtermswealthhasincreasedbymorethanathirdsincethelate1980s. Muchofthewealthoftherichestisheldinsharesinstart-upcompanies.Someofthesepaperfortunesanalystsagreecouldeasilybewipedoutalthoughthewealth-generatingeffectsoftheinterestrevolutionseemtobeheretostay. ASundayTimesYoungRichListconfirmsthatpeoplearebecomingwealthieryounger.Itincludesthe60richestmillionairesaged30orunder.Atthetopon600misthe"oldmoney"EarlofIveagh30headoftheGuinnessbrewingfamily.InsecondplaceisCharlesNasseralso30wholaunchedtheClara-NETInternetproviderfouryearsagoandisworth300m.Theremainingeightinthetop10youngmillionairesmadetheirmoneyfromcomputingandtheInternet. Thecut-offpointforthesurveyParagraph1refersto
Withthedevelopmentoftheglobaleconomymanycompaniesstatetheirbasicobjectiveofengaginginaworldwidemanufacturingbusinessandclaimthattheyareorarebecomingamultinationalcompany. Someeconomists1betweentheinternationalfirmandthemultinationalcompanyinthefollowingway:the"internationalfirm"isatermthat2enterpriseswithvariousdegreesofworldorientationintheirbusiness;3the"multinationalcompany"isonetypeofinternationalfirm.Theinternationalfirmengagesinanyactivityor4ofactivitiesfromexportingimportingandlicensingtofullscalemanufacturinginanumberofcountries.Theinternational5ofsuchacompanyvariesfromthepointatwhichoverseassalesandprofitstakeonimportanceandtopmanagementbeginsto6someattentiontothemtothestage7thecompanyisgloballyorientedinitsmarketingproduction8andotherdecisionsandconsidersalternativeopportunitiesaroundtheworld. Whenacompanyreachesthelatterstageitbecomes9.Thusthemultinationalcompanyisonetypeofinternationalcompany.Itisa10developedinternationalcompanywithadeepworldwideinvolvementandaglobal11initsmanagementanddecisionmaking.More12themultinationalcompanyinmanufacturingdoesbusinessinanumberofcountries;ithasasubstantialcommitmentofitsresourcesininternationalbusiness;it13internationalproductioninanumberofcountries;andithasa14perspectiveinitsmanagement.Significant15existamongmultinationalcompanies.Firstsuchacompanymaynot16dobusinessineveryregionandcountryintheworld17itconsidersopportunitiesthroughouttheworld.Secondithasa18portionofitsassetsinvestedininternationalbusiness;19itmakesasubstantialpartofitssalesandearnsaconsiderablepartofits20overseas. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10Points2
Withthedevelopmentoftheglobaleconomymanycompaniesstatetheirbasicobjectiveofengaginginaworldwidemanufacturingbusinessandclaimthattheyareorarebecomingamultinationalcompany. Someeconomists1betweentheinternationalfirmandthemultinationalcompanyinthefollowingway:the"internationalfirm"isatermthat2enterpriseswithvariousdegreesofworldorientationintheirbusiness;3the"multinationalcompany"isonetypeofinternationalfirm.Theinternationalfirmengagesinanyactivityor4ofactivitiesfromexportingimportingandlicensingtofullscalemanufacturinginanumberofcountries.Theinternational5ofsuchacompanyvariesfromthepointatwhichoverseassalesandprofitstakeonimportanceandtopmanagementbeginsto6someattentiontothemtothestage7thecompanyisgloballyorientedinitsmarketingproduction8andotherdecisionsandconsidersalternativeopportunitiesaroundtheworld. Whenacompanyreachesthelatterstageitbecomes9.Thusthemultinationalcompanyisonetypeofinternationalcompany.Itisa10developedinternationalcompanywithadeepworldwideinvolvementandaglobal11initsmanagementanddecisionmaking.More12themultinationalcompanyinmanufacturingdoesbusinessinanumberofcountries;ithasasubstantialcommitmentofitsresourcesininternationalbusiness;it13internationalproductioninanumberofcountries;andithasa14perspectiveinitsmanagement.Significant15existamongmultinationalcompanies.Firstsuchacompanymaynot16dobusinessineveryregionandcountryintheworld17itconsidersopportunitiesthroughouttheworld.Secondithasa18portionofitsassetsinvestedininternationalbusiness;19itmakesasubstantialpartofitssalesandearnsaconsiderablepartofits20overseas. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10Points14
Withthedevelopmentoftheglobaleconomymanycompaniesstatetheirbasicobjectiveofengaginginaworldwidemanufacturingbusinessandclaimthattheyareorarebecomingamultinationalcompany. Someeconomists1betweentheinternationalfirmandthemultinationalcompanyinthefollowingway:the"internationalfirm"isatermthat2enterpriseswithvariousdegreesofworldorientationintheirbusiness;3the"multinationalcompany"isonetypeofinternationalfirm.Theinternationalfirmengagesinanyactivityor4ofactivitiesfromexportingimportingandlicensingtofullscalemanufacturinginanumberofcountries.Theinternational5ofsuchacompanyvariesfromthepointatwhichoverseassalesandprofitstakeonimportanceandtopmanagementbeginsto6someattentiontothemtothestage7thecompanyisgloballyorientedinitsmarketingproduction8andotherdecisionsandconsidersalternativeopportunitiesaroundtheworld. Whenacompanyreachesthelatterstageitbecomes9.Thusthemultinationalcompanyisonetypeofinternationalcompany.Itisa10developedinternationalcompanywithadeepworldwideinvolvementandaglobal11initsmanagementanddecisionmaking.More12themultinationalcompanyinmanufacturingdoesbusinessinanumberofcountries;ithasasubstantialcommitmentofitsresourcesininternationalbusiness;it13internationalproductioninanumberofcountries;andithasa14perspectiveinitsmanagement.Significant15existamongmultinationalcompanies.Firstsuchacompanymaynot16dobusinessineveryregionandcountryintheworld17itconsidersopportunitiesthroughouttheworld.Secondithasa18portionofitsassetsinvestedininternationalbusiness;19itmakesasubstantialpartofitssalesandearnsaconsiderablepartofits20overseas. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10Points10
Withthedevelopmentoftheglobaleconomymanycompaniesstatetheirbasicobjectiveofengaginginaworldwidemanufacturingbusinessandclaimthattheyareorarebecomingamultinationalcompany. Someeconomists1betweentheinternationalfirmandthemultinationalcompanyinthefollowingway:the"internationalfirm"isatermthat2enterpriseswithvariousdegreesofworldorientationintheirbusiness;3the"multinationalcompany"isonetypeofinternationalfirm.Theinternationalfirmengagesinanyactivityor4ofactivitiesfromexportingimportingandlicensingtofullscalemanufacturinginanumberofcountries.Theinternational5ofsuchacompanyvariesfromthepointatwhichoverseassalesandprofitstakeonimportanceandtopmanagementbeginsto6someattentiontothemtothestage7thecompanyisgloballyorientedinitsmarketingproduction8andotherdecisionsandconsidersalternativeopportunitiesaroundtheworld. Whenacompanyreachesthelatterstageitbecomes9.Thusthemultinationalcompanyisonetypeofinternationalcompany.Itisa10developedinternationalcompanywithadeepworldwideinvolvementandaglobal11initsmanagementanddecisionmaking.More12themultinationalcompanyinmanufacturingdoesbusinessinanumberofcountries;ithasasubstantialcommitmentofitsresourcesininternationalbusiness;it13internationalproductioninanumberofcountries;andithasa14perspectiveinitsmanagement.Significant15existamongmultinationalcompanies.Firstsuchacompanymaynot16dobusinessineveryregionandcountryintheworld17itconsidersopportunitiesthroughouttheworld.Secondithasa18portionofitsassetsinvestedininternationalbusiness;19itmakesasubstantialpartofitssalesandearnsaconsiderablepartofits20overseas. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10Points8
Text1 Fossilsaretheremainsandtracessuchasfootprintsorothermarksofancientplantandanimallifethataremorethan10000yearsold.Theyrangeinsizefrommicroscopicstructurestodinosaurskeletonsandcompletebodiesofenormousanimals.Skeletonsofextinctspeciesofhumansarealsoconsideredfossils. Anenvironmentfavorabletothegrowthandlaterpreservationoforganismsisrequiredfortheoccurrenceoffossils.Twoconditionsarealmostalwayspresent:1Thepossessionofhardpartseitherinternalorexternalsuchasbonesteethskullsshellsandwood;thesepartsremainaftertherestoftheorganismhasdecayed.Organismsthatlackhardpartssuchaswormsandjellyfishhaveleftfewgeologicrecords.2Quickburialofthedeadorganismsothatprotectionisaffordedagainstweatheringbacterialactionetc. Natureprovidesmanysituationsinwhichtheremainsofanimalsandplantsareprotectedagainstdestruction.Ofthesemarinesedimentisbyfarthemostimportantenvironmentforthepreservationoffossilsowingtotheincrediblerichnessofmarinelife.Thebedsofformerlakesarealsoproductivesourcesoffossils.Therapidlyaccumulatingsedimentsinthechannelsfloodplainsanddeltasofstreamsburyfresh-waterorganismsalongwithlandplantsandanimalsthatfallintothewater.ThebeautifullypreservedfossilfishfromtheGreenRiveroilshaleofWyominginthewesternUnitedStateslivedinavastshallowlake. Thearcticgroundinthefarnorthactsasaremarkablepreservativeforanimalfossils.Thewoollymammothalong-hairedmammalandothermammalshavebeenperiodicallyexposedintheareaofSiberiathehairandredfleshstillfrozenincoldstorage. Volcanoesoftenprovideenvironmentsfavorabletofossilpreservation.Extensivefallsofvolcanicashandcoarserparticlesoverwhelmandburyallformsoflifefromflyinginsectstogreattrees. Caveshavepreservedthebonesofmanyanimalsthatdiedinthemandweresubsequentlyburiedunderablanketofclayoracoverofdripstone.Predatoryanimalsandearlyhumansalikesoughtshelterincavesandbroughtfoodtothemtobeeatenleavingbonesthathavebeendiscovered. Whichofthefollowingistrueoftheenvironmentsinwhichfossilsarefound
Withthedevelopmentoftheglobaleconomymanycompaniesstatetheirbasicobjectiveofengaginginaworldwidemanufacturingbusinessandclaimthattheyareorarebecomingamultinationalcompany. Someeconomists1betweentheinternationalfirmandthemultinationalcompanyinthefollowingway:the"internationalfirm"isatermthat2enterpriseswithvariousdegreesofworldorientationintheirbusiness;3the"multinationalcompany"isonetypeofinternationalfirm.Theinternationalfirmengagesinanyactivityor4ofactivitiesfromexportingimportingandlicensingtofullscalemanufacturinginanumberofcountries.Theinternational5ofsuchacompanyvariesfromthepointatwhichoverseassalesandprofitstakeonimportanceandtopmanagementbeginsto6someattentiontothemtothestage7thecompanyisgloballyorientedinitsmarketingproduction8andotherdecisionsandconsidersalternativeopportunitiesaroundtheworld. Whenacompanyreachesthelatterstageitbecomes9.Thusthemultinationalcompanyisonetypeofinternationalcompany.Itisa10developedinternationalcompanywithadeepworldwideinvolvementandaglobal11initsmanagementanddecisionmaking.More12themultinationalcompanyinmanufacturingdoesbusinessinanumberofcountries;ithasasubstantialcommitmentofitsresourcesininternationalbusiness;it13internationalproductioninanumberofcountries;andithasa14perspectiveinitsmanagement.Significant15existamongmultinationalcompanies.Firstsuchacompanymaynot16dobusinessineveryregionandcountryintheworld17itconsidersopportunitiesthroughouttheworld.Secondithasa18portionofitsassetsinvestedininternationalbusiness;19itmakesasubstantialpartofitssalesandearnsaconsiderablepartofits20overseas. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10Points20
Inascience-fictionmoviecalledSpeciesamysterioussignalfromouterspaceturnsouttodescribethegenomeofanunknownorganism.WhentheinevitablemadscientistsynthesizestheDNAdescribedbytheinstructionsthecreaturehebreedsfromitturnsouttoresembleNatashaHenstridgeanathleticactress.UnfortunatelythealienharborswithinherdelicateformthedestructivepowersofaPanzerdivisionanditallendsbadlyfortherashgeneticistandhislaboratory.GlenEvanschiefexecutiveofEgeaBiosciencesinSanDiegoCaliforniaacknowledgesregretfullythatdespiteseekinghisexpertopinion—inreturnforwhichhewaspresentedwiththeposterofthestrikingMrHenstridgethathangsonhisofficewall—theproducersofSpeciesdidnothewverycloselytohissuggestionsaboutthefeasibilityoftheirscriptideas.Stilltheyhadcometotherightman.DrEvansbelievesthathisfirmwillsoonbeabletocreateifnotanaliensuccubusatleastatinybiologicalmachinemadeofartificialproteinsthatcouldmimicthebehaviorofalivingcell.MakingsuchproteinswillrequiretheabilitytosynthesizelongstretchesofDNA.ExistingtechnologyforsynthesizingDNAcanmanagetomakegenesthatencodeafewdozenaminoacidsbutthisistooshorttoproduceanyinterestingproteins.Egea’stechnologybycontrastwouldallowbiologiststomanufacturegeneswholesale.Thefirm’sscientistscanmakegeneslongenoughtoencode6000aminoacids.Theyaimtosynthesizeagenefor30000aminoacidswithintwoyears.Usingalibraryoftheroughly1500possiblemotifsorfoldsthataproteincanadoptEgea’sscientistsemploycomputerstodesignnewproteinsthatarelikelytohavedesirableshapesandproperties.TosynthesizetheDNAthatencodestheseproteinsEgeausesamachineithasdubbedthegenewriter.DrEvanslikensthisdevicetoaword-processorforDNAonwhichyoucantypeinthesequenceoflettersdefiningapieceofDNAandgetthatmoleculeout.AsEgeaextendsthelengthofDNAitcansynthesizeDrEvansenvisagesencodingnotjustproteinsbutentirebiochemicalpathwayswhichareteamsofproteinsthatconductmetabolicprocesses.Acollectionofsuchmoleculescouldconceivablyfunctionasaminiaturemachinethatwouldoperateinthebodyandattackdiseasejustasthebody’sowndefensivecellsdo.PerhapsDrEvansandhiscolleaguesoughttogetintouchwiththeirfriendsinHollywood.Thepassageisprimarily______inthedevelopmentofthethesis.
Inascience-fictionmoviecalledSpeciesamysterioussignalfromouterspaceturnsouttodescribethegenomeofanunknownorganism.WhentheinevitablemadscientistsynthesizestheDNAdescribedbytheinstructionsthecreaturehebreedsfromitturnsouttoresembleNatashaHenstridgeanathleticactress.UnfortunatelythealienharborswithinherdelicateformthedestructivepowersofaPanzerdivisionanditallendsbadlyfortherashgeneticistandhislaboratory.GlenEvanschiefexecutiveofEgeaBiosciencesinSanDiegoCaliforniaacknowledgesregretfullythatdespiteseekinghisexpertopinion—inreturnforwhichhewaspresentedwiththeposterofthestrikingMrHenstridgethathangsonhisofficewall—theproducersofSpeciesdidnothewverycloselytohissuggestionsaboutthefeasibilityoftheirscriptideas.Stilltheyhadcometotherightman.DrEvansbelievesthathisfirmwillsoonbeabletocreateifnotanaliensuccubusatleastatinybiologicalmachinemadeofartificialproteinsthatcouldmimicthebehaviorofalivingcell.MakingsuchproteinswillrequiretheabilitytosynthesizelongstretchesofDNA.ExistingtechnologyforsynthesizingDNAcanmanagetomakegenesthatencodeafewdozenaminoacidsbutthisistooshorttoproduceanyinterestingproteins.Egea’stechnologybycontrastwouldallowbiologiststomanufacturegeneswholesale.Thefirm’sscientistscanmakegeneslongenoughtoencode6000aminoacids.Theyaimtosynthesizeagenefor30000aminoacidswithintwoyears.Usingalibraryoftheroughly1500possiblemotifsorfoldsthataproteincanadoptEgea’sscientistsemploycomputerstodesignnewproteinsthatarelikelytohavedesirableshapesandproperties.TosynthesizetheDNAthatencodestheseproteinsEgeausesamachineithasdubbedthegenewriter.DrEvanslikensthisdevicetoaword-processorforDNAonwhichyoucantypeinthesequenceoflettersdefiningapieceofDNAandgetthatmoleculeout.AsEgeaextendsthelengthofDNAitcansynthesizeDrEvansenvisagesencodingnotjustproteinsbutentirebiochemicalpathwayswhichareteamsofproteinsthatconductmetabolicprocesses.Acollectionofsuchmoleculescouldconceivablyfunctionasaminiaturemachinethatwouldoperateinthebodyandattackdiseasejustasthebody’sowndefensivecellsdo.PerhapsDrEvansandhiscolleaguesoughttogetintouchwiththeirfriendsinHollywood.Thispassageismainly
Withthedevelopmentoftheglobaleconomymanycompaniesstatetheirbasicobjectiveofengaginginaworldwidemanufacturingbusinessandclaimthattheyareorarebecomingamultinationalcompany. Someeconomists1betweentheinternationalfirmandthemultinationalcompanyinthefollowingway:the"internationalfirm"isatermthat2enterpriseswithvariousdegreesofworldorientationintheirbusiness;3the"multinationalcompany"isonetypeofinternationalfirm.Theinternationalfirmengagesinanyactivityor4ofactivitiesfromexportingimportingandlicensingtofullscalemanufacturinginanumberofcountries.Theinternational5ofsuchacompanyvariesfromthepointatwhichoverseassalesandprofitstakeonimportanceandtopmanagementbeginsto6someattentiontothemtothestage7thecompanyisgloballyorientedinitsmarketingproduction8andotherdecisionsandconsidersalternativeopportunitiesaroundtheworld. Whenacompanyreachesthelatterstageitbecomes9.Thusthemultinationalcompanyisonetypeofinternationalcompany.Itisa10developedinternationalcompanywithadeepworldwideinvolvementandaglobal11initsmanagementanddecisionmaking.More12themultinationalcompanyinmanufacturingdoesbusinessinanumberofcountries;ithasasubstantialcommitmentofitsresourcesininternationalbusiness;it13internationalproductioninanumberofcountries;andithasa14perspectiveinitsmanagement.Significant15existamongmultinationalcompanies.Firstsuchacompanymaynot16dobusinessineveryregionandcountryintheworld17itconsidersopportunitiesthroughouttheworld.Secondithasa18portionofitsassetsinvestedininternationalbusiness;19itmakesasubstantialpartofitssalesandearnsaconsiderablepartofits20overseas. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10Points4
Text2 Britain’srichestpeoplehaveexperiencedthebiggest-everriseintheirwealthaccordingtotheSundayTimesRichList.DrivenbytheneweconomyofInternetandcomputerentrepreneursthewealthofthoseatthetopofthefinancialtreehasincreasedatanunprecedentedrate.The12thannualRichListwillshowthatthecollectiveworthofthecountry’srichest1000peoplereachednearly146billionbyJanuarythecut-offpointforthesurvey.Theyrepresentedanincreaseof31billionor27%injust12months.SincethesurveywascompiledBritain’srichesthaveaddedbillionsmoretotheirwealththankstothecontinuingboomintechnologysharesonthestockmarket.Thishaspushedupthetotalvalueofthewealthoftherichest1000toaprobable160billionaccordingtoDr.PhilipBeresfordBritain’sacknowledgedexpertonpersonalwealthwhocompilestheSundayTimesRichList. ThemillenniumboomexceedsanythinginBritain’seconomichistoryincludingtherailwayboomofthe1840sandtheSouthSeabubbleof1720."IthasmadeMargaretThatcher’sboomseemassluggishasEdwardHeath’sthree-dayweek"saidBeresford."Weareseeingbillionsbeingaddedtothenationalwealtheveryweek."WilliamRubinsteinprofessorofmodemhistoryattheUniversityofWalesAberystwythconfirmedthatthegrowthinwealthwasunprecedented."Almostalloftoday’swealthhasbeencreatedsincetheindustrialrevolutionbutevenbythoseheadystandardsthecurrentboomisextraordinary"hesaid."Thereisnolarge-scaleculturaloppositionorguiltaboutmakingmoney.InmanywaysBritishbusinessattitudescannowchallengetheUnitedStates." AlthoughtheBritain’srichestareexperiencingthesharpestsurgeinwealththerestofthepopulationhasalsobenefitedfromthestockmarketboomandrisinghouseprices.Lastyearwealthroseby16%toarecord4267billionaccordingtocalculationbytheinvestmentbankSalomonSmithBarney.Inrealtermswealthhasincreasedbymorethanathirdsincethelate1980s. Muchofthewealthoftherichestisheldinsharesinstart-upcompanies.Someofthesepaperfortunesanalystsagreecouldeasilybewipedoutalthoughthewealth-generatingeffectsoftheinterestrevolutionseemtobeheretostay. ASundayTimesYoungRichListconfirmsthatpeoplearebecomingwealthieryounger.Itincludesthe60richestmillionairesaged30orunder.Atthetopon600misthe"oldmoney"EarlofIveagh30headoftheGuinnessbrewingfamily.InsecondplaceisCharlesNasseralso30wholaunchedtheClara-NETInternetproviderfouryearsagoandisworth300m.Theremainingeightinthetop10youngmillionairesmadetheirmoneyfromcomputingandtheInternet. ThemillenniumeconomicboominBritain
ThelongandprogressivereignofQueenVictoriacametoaclimaxatatimeofpeaceandplentywhentheBritishEmpireseemedtobeatthesummitofitspowerandsecurity.OfthediscordthatsoonfollowedweshallherenoteonlytwofactorswhichhadlargeinfluenceoncontemporaryEnglishliterature. ThefirstdisturbingfactorwasimperialismthereawakeningofadominatingspiritwhichhadseeminglybeenputtosleepbytheproclamationofanImperialFederation.46ItscomingwasheraldedbytheBoerWarinSouthAfricathroughwhichBritainblunderedtowhatwashopedtobeaneraofpeaceandgoodwill.Othernationspromptlymadesuchhopeavainwhistlinginthewind.JapaneseWarLordsbeganacareerofconquestwhichaimedtomakeJapanmasterofAsiaandEastIndies.Pacificislandsthathadforagessleptpeacefullywereturnedintofrowningnavalstations.47EventheUnitedStatesarousedbyaneasytriumphintheSpanishWarstartedonanimperialisticadventurebytakingcontrolofthePhilippinesthusmakinganimplacableenemyofJapan. Onlyanationthatentersonadangerouscoursewitheyeswideopenhasanychanceofasafewayoutandtheimperialisticnationswereallalikeblind.48AninevitableresultwastheFirstWarandthegreathorrorofaSecondWorldWarthetwodisastersbeingdifferentactsofthesametragedyofimperialismseparatedonlybyabreathingspell. Anotherfactorthatinfluencedliteraturefortheworsewasawidespreaddemandforsocialreformofeverykind;notslowandorderlyreformwhichisprogressbutimmediateanduncontrolledreformwhichbreedsaspiritofrebellionanddespair.BeforetheVictorianagehadcometoanendEnglishliteratureappearedtohavelosttouchwithhealthyEnglishlife.ManywritersechoedthesorrowfulcryofJamesThomsoninhisCityofDreadfulNightorbabbledof"artforart’ssake"withOscarWilde.49GroominhissurveyoftheperiodnotesthatwritershadmostlyacriticalattitudetowardmoralsandreligionChurchandStateasreliesfrom"thedeadhandoftraditionalbeliefs."50SmallwonderthatGermanandJapanesewar-advocatesregardedEnglishmenasadecadentracewhenthesameoraworseopinionwasdailyreadinthenovelsofSamuelButlerandnightlyheardintheplaysofBernardShaw. 46
Text2 Britain’srichestpeoplehaveexperiencedthebiggest-everriseintheirwealthaccordingtotheSundayTimesRichList.DrivenbytheneweconomyofInternetandcomputerentrepreneursthewealthofthoseatthetopofthefinancialtreehasincreasedatanunprecedentedrate.The12thannualRichListwillshowthatthecollectiveworthofthecountry’srichest1000peoplereachednearly146billionbyJanuarythecut-offpointforthesurvey.Theyrepresentedanincreaseof31billionor27%injust12months.SincethesurveywascompiledBritain’srichesthaveaddedbillionsmoretotheirwealththankstothecontinuingboomintechnologysharesonthestockmarket.Thishaspushedupthetotalvalueofthewealthoftherichest1000toaprobable160billionaccordingtoDr.PhilipBeresfordBritain’sacknowledgedexpertonpersonalwealthwhocompilestheSundayTimesRichList. ThemillenniumboomexceedsanythinginBritain’seconomichistoryincludingtherailwayboomofthe1840sandtheSouthSeabubbleof1720."IthasmadeMargaretThatcher’sboomseemassluggishasEdwardHeath’sthree-dayweek"saidBeresford."Weareseeingbillionsbeingaddedtothenationalwealtheveryweek."WilliamRubinsteinprofessorofmodemhistoryattheUniversityofWalesAberystwythconfirmedthatthegrowthinwealthwasunprecedented."Almostalloftoday’swealthhasbeencreatedsincetheindustrialrevolutionbutevenbythoseheadystandardsthecurrentboomisextraordinary"hesaid."Thereisnolarge-scaleculturaloppositionorguiltaboutmakingmoney.InmanywaysBritishbusinessattitudescannowchallengetheUnitedStates." AlthoughtheBritain’srichestareexperiencingthesharpestsurgeinwealththerestofthepopulationhasalsobenefitedfromthestockmarketboomandrisinghouseprices.Lastyearwealthroseby16%toarecord4267billionaccordingtocalculationbytheinvestmentbankSalomonSmithBarney.Inrealtermswealthhasincreasedbymorethanathirdsincethelate1980s. Muchofthewealthoftherichestisheldinsharesinstart-upcompanies.Someofthesepaperfortunesanalystsagreecouldeasilybewipedoutalthoughthewealth-generatingeffectsoftheinterestrevolutionseemtobeheretostay. ASundayTimesYoungRichListconfirmsthatpeoplearebecomingwealthieryounger.Itincludesthe60richestmillionairesaged30orunder.Atthetopon600misthe"oldmoney"EarlofIveagh30headoftheGuinnessbrewingfamily.InsecondplaceisCharlesNasseralso30wholaunchedtheClara-NETInternetproviderfouryearsagoandisworth300m.Theremainingeightinthetop10youngmillionairesmadetheirmoneyfromcomputingandtheInternet. Theauthorcallsthewealthoftherichestpaperfortunesbecause
Atsomepointduringtheireducationbiologystudentsaretoldaboutaconversationinapubthattookplaceover50yearsago.J.B.S.HaldaneaBritishgeneticistwasaskedwhetherhewouldlaydownhislifeforhiscountry.Afterdoingaquickcalculationonthebackofanapkinhesaidhewoulddosofortwobrothersoreightcousins.Inotherwordshewoulddietoprotecttheequivalentofhisgeneticcontributiontothenextgeneration.Thetheoryofkinselection—theideathatanimalscanpassontheirgenesbyhelpingtheircloserelatives—isbiology’sexplanationforseeminglyaltruisticacts.Anindividualcarryinggenesthatpromotealtruismmightbeexpectedtodieyoungerthanonewithselfishgenesandthustohaveareducedcontributiontothenextgeneration’sgeneticpool.Butifthesameindividualactsaltruisticallytoprotectitsrelativesgenesforaltruisticbehaviormightneverthelesspropagate.Actsofapparentaltruismtonon-relativescanalsobeexplainedawayinwhathasbecomeacottageindustrywithinbiology.Ananimalmightcarefortheoffspringofanotherthatitisunrelatedtobecauseithopestoobtainthesamebenefitsforitselflateronaphenomenonknownasreciprocalaltruism.Thehunterwhogenerouslyshareshisspoilswithothersmaybedoingsoinordertosignalhissuperiorstatustofemalesandultimatelyboosthisbreedingsuccess.Theseapparentlyselflessactsarethereforedisguisedactsofselfinterest.Alloftheseexamplesfiteconomists’argumentsthatHomosapiensisalsoHomoeconomicus—maximizingsomethingthateconomistscallutilityandbiologistsfitness.Butthereisaresiduumofhumanactivitythatdefiessuchexplanations:peoplecontributetocharitiesforthehomelessreturnlostwalletsdovoluntaryworkandtipwaitersinrestaurantstowhichtheydonotplantoreturn.Botheconomicrationalismandnaturalselectionofferfewexplanationsforsuchrandomactsofkindness.Norcantheyeasilyexplaintheopposite:spitefulbehaviorwhensomeoneharmshisowninterestinordertodamagethatofanother.Butpeoplearenowtryingtofindanswers.Whenanewphenomenonisrecognizedbyscienceanamealwayshelps.InapaperinHumanNatureDrFehrandhiscolleaguesargueforabehavioralpropensitytheycallstrongreciprocity.Thisnameisintendedtodistinguishitfromreciprocalaltruism.AccordingtoDrFehrapersonisastrongreciprocatorifheiswillingtosacrificeresourcestobekindtothosewhoarebeingkindandtopunishthosewhoarebeingunkind.Significantlystrongreciprocatorswillbehavethiswayevenifdoingsoprovidesnoprospectofmaterialrewardsinthefuture.Accordingthetheoryofkinselectionhumanstendtoactaltruistically
Withthedevelopmentoftheglobaleconomymanycompaniesstatetheirbasicobjectiveofengaginginaworldwidemanufacturingbusinessandclaimthattheyareorarebecomingamultinationalcompany. Someeconomists1betweentheinternationalfirmandthemultinationalcompanyinthefollowingway:the"internationalfirm"isatermthat2enterpriseswithvariousdegreesofworldorientationintheirbusiness;3the"multinationalcompany"isonetypeofinternationalfirm.Theinternationalfirmengagesinanyactivityor4ofactivitiesfromexportingimportingandlicensingtofullscalemanufacturinginanumberofcountries.Theinternational5ofsuchacompanyvariesfromthepointatwhichoverseassalesandprofitstakeonimportanceandtopmanagementbeginsto6someattentiontothemtothestage7thecompanyisgloballyorientedinitsmarketingproduction8andotherdecisionsandconsidersalternativeopportunitiesaroundtheworld. Whenacompanyreachesthelatterstageitbecomes9.Thusthemultinationalcompanyisonetypeofinternationalcompany.Itisa10developedinternationalcompanywithadeepworldwideinvolvementandaglobal11initsmanagementanddecisionmaking.More12themultinationalcompanyinmanufacturingdoesbusinessinanumberofcountries;ithasasubstantialcommitmentofitsresourcesininternationalbusiness;it13internationalproductioninanumberofcountries;andithasa14perspectiveinitsmanagement.Significant15existamongmultinationalcompanies.Firstsuchacompanymaynot16dobusinessineveryregionandcountryintheworld17itconsidersopportunitiesthroughouttheworld.Secondithasa18portionofitsassetsinvestedininternationalbusiness;19itmakesasubstantialpartofitssalesandearnsaconsiderablepartofits20overseas. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10Points6
ThelongandprogressivereignofQueenVictoriacametoaclimaxatatimeofpeaceandplentywhentheBritishEmpireseemedtobeatthesummitofitspowerandsecurity.OfthediscordthatsoonfollowedweshallherenoteonlytwofactorswhichhadlargeinfluenceoncontemporaryEnglishliterature. ThefirstdisturbingfactorwasimperialismthereawakeningofadominatingspiritwhichhadseeminglybeenputtosleepbytheproclamationofanImperialFederation.46ItscomingwasheraldedbytheBoerWarinSouthAfricathroughwhichBritainblunderedtowhatwashopedtobeaneraofpeaceandgoodwill.Othernationspromptlymadesuchhopeavainwhistlinginthewind.JapaneseWarLordsbeganacareerofconquestwhichaimedtomakeJapanmasterofAsiaandEastIndies.Pacificislandsthathadforagessleptpeacefullywereturnedintofrowningnavalstations.47EventheUnitedStatesarousedbyaneasytriumphintheSpanishWarstartedonanimperialisticadventurebytakingcontrolofthePhilippinesthusmakinganimplacableenemyofJapan. Onlyanationthatentersonadangerouscoursewitheyeswideopenhasanychanceofasafewayoutandtheimperialisticnationswereallalikeblind.48AninevitableresultwastheFirstWarandthegreathorrorofaSecondWorldWarthetwodisastersbeingdifferentactsofthesametragedyofimperialismseparatedonlybyabreathingspell. Anotherfactorthatinfluencedliteraturefortheworsewasawidespreaddemandforsocialreformofeverykind;notslowandorderlyreformwhichisprogressbutimmediateanduncontrolledreformwhichbreedsaspiritofrebellionanddespair.BeforetheVictorianagehadcometoanendEnglishliteratureappearedtohavelosttouchwithhealthyEnglishlife.ManywritersechoedthesorrowfulcryofJamesThomsoninhisCityofDreadfulNightorbabbledof"artforart’ssake"withOscarWilde.49GroominhissurveyoftheperiodnotesthatwritershadmostlyacriticalattitudetowardmoralsandreligionChurchandStateasreliesfrom"thedeadhandoftraditionalbeliefs."50SmallwonderthatGermanandJapanesewar-advocatesregardedEnglishmenasadecadentracewhenthesameoraworseopinionwasdailyreadinthenovelsofSamuelButlerandnightlyheardintheplaysofBernardShaw. 48
CanthisbetherighttimetoinvestinluxurygoodsMiucciaPradawasobviouslybitinghernails.ThegranddaughterofthefounderoftheItalianfashiongrouphasjustopenedspectacularnewstoresinquicksuccessioninNewYorkandLondon.Withitsmagicmirrorssilverdisplaysandcomputer-controlledchangingroomsPrada’stwo-month-oldshopinManhattancostastaggering＄40msitsjustamilefromGroundZeroandsellspracticallynothing.Theluxury-goodsbusinesshasbeenindespairinhastysuccessionagainstabackgroundofaweakeningglobaleconomyanenduringslumpinJapanesespendingandtheSeptember11thterroristattacks.TheJapanesewhousedtobuyathirdoftheworld’sluxurygoodscuttheirforeigntravelinhalfaftertheattacksandtightenedtheirLouisVuittonpurse-strings.AtthesametimewealthyAmericansstoppedflyingwhichhasadramaticeffectontheluxury-goodspurveyorsofLondonParisandRome.AthometooAmericans’attitudestoluxurychangedatleasttemporarily.Conspicuousabstentionreplacedgreedyconsumerismamongthefast-growingyoungerbreedofnewlyrich.Thedeclineinjobsecuritythelowerbonusesinfinancialservicesandthestockmarketbustthatwipedoutmuchofthepaperwealthgeneratedinthelate1990sbredanewfrugality.Salesofexpensivejewelrywatchesandhandbags—theproductsthatmakethejuiciestprofitsforthebigluxury-goodsgroups—droppedsharply.Theimpacthasbeenmoststrikingamongthehandfuloflargequotedluxury-goodscompanies.France’sLouisVuittonMoetHennessyLVMHtheindustryleaderissuedfourprofitswarningsafterSeptember11thandendedupreportinga20%declineinoperatingprofitfor2001afterhavingrepeatedlypromiseditsinvestorsdouble-digitgrowth;andItaly’sGucciGroupthethirdlargestannouncedthisweekthatsecond-halfprofitsdroppedby33%.MeanwhileprivatelyheldPradahadtopostponeitsstockmarketflotationandwasforcedtosellarecentlyacquiredstakeinFendiaprestigiousItalianbagmakerinordertoreduceitsdebts.Luxuryisanunusualbusiness.Aluxurybrandcannotbeextendedindefinitely:ifitbecomestoocommonitisdevaluedasPierreCardinandRalphLaurenprovedbystickingtheirlabelsoneverythingfromT-shirtstopaint.Equallyabrandnamecanbeunderminedifitisnotadvertisedconsistentlyorifitisdisplayedandsoldpoorly.SagraMaceiradeRosenaluxury-goodsanalystatJ.P.MorganarguesthatLuxurycompaniesareprimarilyretailers.Inretailingthemostimportantthingisexecutionandexecutionisallaboutmanagement.Youmayhavethebestdesign-edproductbutifyoudon’tgetitintotherightkindofshopattherighttimeyouwillfail./Itcaninferredfromthetextthat
[A]ThestrainofHIVthatwasdiscoveredinSydneyintriguesscientistsbecauseitcontainsstrikingabnormalitiesinagenethatisbelievedtostimulateviralduplication.Infactthevirusismissingsomuchofthisparticulargene-knownasneffornegativefactor—thatitishardtoimaginehowthegenecouldperformanyusefulfunction.AndsureenoughwhiletheSydneyvirusretainstheabilitytoinfectTcells—whitebloodcellsthatarecriticaltotheimmunesystem’sabilitytowardoffinfection—itmakessofewcopiesofitselfthatthemostpowerfulmoleculartoolscanbarelydetectitspresence. [B]Ifthisspeculationprovesrightitwillmarkamilestoneinthebattletocontainthelate-20thcentury’smostterribleepidemic.ForinadditiontoexplainingwhythissmallgroupofpeopleinfectedwithHIVhasnotbecomesickthediscoveryofaviralstrainthatworkslikeavaccinewouldhavefarreachingimplications."Whattheseresultssuggest"saysDr.BarneyGrahamofTennessee’sVanderbiltUniversity"isthatHIVisvulnerableandthatitispossibletostimulateeffectiveimmunityagainstit." [C]Butassixyearsstretchedto10thento14theanxietyofhealthofficialsgavewaytoastonishment.Althoughtwooftherecipientshavediedfromothercausesnotoneoftheman’scontaminatedbloodhascomedownwithAIDS.Moretellingstillthedonorisalsohealthy.InfacthisimmunesystemremainsasrobustasifhehadnevertangledwithHIVatall.Whatcouldexplainsuchunexpectedgoodfortune [D]Attheveryleastthenefgeneoffersanattractivetargetfordrugdevelopers.IfitsactivitycanbeblockedsuggestsDeaconresearchersmightbeabletobringtheprogressionofdiseaseundercontroleveninpeoplewhohavedevelopedfullblownAIDS.TheneedforbetterAIDS-fightingdrugswasunderscoredlastweekbytheactionsofaU.S.FoodandDrugAdministrationadvisorypanelwhichrecommendedspeedyapprovaloftwonewAIDSdrugs.AlthoughFDAcommissionerDavidKesslerwasquicktopraisethenewdrugsneithermedicationcanpreventorcureAIDSonceithastakenhold.Whatscientistsreallywantisavaccinethatcanpreventinfectionaltogether.Andthat’swhatmakestheSydneyvirussopromisingandsocontroversial. [E]AteamofAustralianscientistshasfinallysolvedthemystery.ThevirusthatthedonorcontractedandthenpassedontheteamreportedlastweekinthejournalSciencecontainsflawsinitsgeneticscriptthatappeartohaverendereditharmless."Notonlyhavetherecipientsandthedonornotprogressedtodiseasefor15years"marvelsmolecularbiologistNicholasDeaconofAustralia’sMacfarlaneBurnetCentreforMedicalResearch"butthepredictionisthattheyneverwill."Deaconspeculatesthatthis"impotent"HIVmayevenbeanaturalinoculantthatprotectsitscarriersagainstmorevirulentstrainsofthevirus. [F]ButfewscientistsareenthusiasticabouttestingthepropositionbyinjectingHIVhoweverweakened—intomillionsofpeoplewhohaveneverbeeninfected.AfteralltheynoteHIVisaretrovirusaclassofinfectiousagentsknownfortheiralarmingabilitytointegratetheirowngenesintotheDNAofthecellstheyinfect.Thusonceittakeseffectaretrovirusinfectionispermanent. [G]About15yearsagoawell-meaningmandonatedbloodtotheRedCrossinSydneyAustralianotknowinghehasbeenexposedtoHIV-1thevirusthatcausesAIDS.Muchlaterpublichealthofficialslearnedthatsomeofthepeoplewhogottransfusionscontaininghisbloodhadbecomeinfectedwiththesamevirus;presumablytheywerealmostsuretodie. Order: 44
CanthisbetherighttimetoinvestinluxurygoodsMiucciaPradawasobviouslybitinghernails.ThegranddaughterofthefounderoftheItalianfashiongrouphasjustopenedspectacularnewstoresinquicksuccessioninNewYorkandLondon.Withitsmagicmirrorssilverdisplaysandcomputer-controlledchangingroomsPrada’stwo-month-oldshopinManhattancostastaggering＄40msitsjustamilefromGroundZeroandsellspracticallynothing.Theluxury-goodsbusinesshasbeenindespairinhastysuccessionagainstabackgroundofaweakeningglobaleconomyanenduringslumpinJapanesespendingandtheSeptember11thterroristattacks.TheJapanesewhousedtobuyathirdoftheworld’sluxurygoodscuttheirforeigntravelinhalfaftertheattacksandtightenedtheirLouisVuittonpurse-strings.AtthesametimewealthyAmericansstoppedflyingwhichhasadramaticeffectontheluxury-goodspurveyorsofLondonParisandRome.AthometooAmericans’attitudestoluxurychangedatleasttemporarily.Conspicuousabstentionreplacedgreedyconsumerismamongthefast-growingyoungerbreedofnewlyrich.Thedeclineinjobsecuritythelowerbonusesinfinancialservicesandthestockmarketbustthatwipedoutmuchofthepaperwealthgeneratedinthelate1990sbredanewfrugality.Salesofexpensivejewelrywatchesandhandbags—theproductsthatmakethejuiciestprofitsforthebigluxury-goodsgroups—droppedsharply.Theimpacthasbeenmoststrikingamongthehandfuloflargequotedluxury-goodscompanies.France’sLouisVuittonMoetHennessyLVMHtheindustryleaderissuedfourprofitswarningsafterSeptember11thandendedupreportinga20%declineinoperatingprofitfor2001afterhavingrepeatedlypromiseditsinvestorsdouble-digitgrowth;andItaly’sGucciGroupthethirdlargestannouncedthisweekthatsecond-halfprofitsdroppedby33%.MeanwhileprivatelyheldPradahadtopostponeitsstockmarketflotationandwasforcedtosellarecentlyacquiredstakeinFendiaprestigiousItalianbagmakerinordertoreduceitsdebts.Luxuryisanunusualbusiness.Aluxurybrandcannotbeextendedindefinitely:ifitbecomestoocommonitisdevaluedasPierreCardinandRalphLaurenprovedbystickingtheirlabelsoneverythingfromT-shirtstopaint.Equallyabrandnamecanbeunderminedifitisnotadvertisedconsistentlyorifitisdisplayedandsoldpoorly.SagraMaceiradeRosenaluxury-goodsanalystatJ.P.MorganarguesthatLuxurycompaniesareprimarilyretailers.Inretailingthemostimportantthingisexecutionandexecutionisallaboutmanagement.Youmayhavethebestdesign-edproductbutifyoudon’tgetitintotherightkindofshopattherighttimeyouwillfail./ByMiucciaPradawasobviouslybitinghernailsParagraph1theauthormeans
[A]ThestrainofHIVthatwasdiscoveredinSydneyintriguesscientistsbecauseitcontainsstrikingabnormalitiesinagenethatisbelievedtostimulateviralduplication.Infactthevirusismissingsomuchofthisparticulargene-knownasneffornegativefactor—thatitishardtoimaginehowthegenecouldperformanyusefulfunction.AndsureenoughwhiletheSydneyvirusretainstheabilitytoinfectTcells—whitebloodcellsthatarecriticaltotheimmunesystem’sabilitytowardoffinfection—itmakessofewcopiesofitselfthatthemostpowerfulmoleculartoolscanbarelydetectitspresence. [B]Ifthisspeculationprovesrightitwillmarkamilestoneinthebattletocontainthelate-20thcentury’smostterribleepidemic.ForinadditiontoexplainingwhythissmallgroupofpeopleinfectedwithHIVhasnotbecomesickthediscoveryofaviralstrainthatworkslikeavaccinewouldhavefarreachingimplications."Whattheseresultssuggest"saysDr.BarneyGrahamofTennessee’sVanderbiltUniversity"isthatHIVisvulnerableandthatitispossibletostimulateeffectiveimmunityagainstit." [C]Butassixyearsstretchedto10thento14theanxietyofhealthofficialsgavewaytoastonishment.Althoughtwooftherecipientshavediedfromothercausesnotoneoftheman’scontaminatedbloodhascomedownwithAIDS.Moretellingstillthedonorisalsohealthy.InfacthisimmunesystemremainsasrobustasifhehadnevertangledwithHIVatall.Whatcouldexplainsuchunexpectedgoodfortune [D]Attheveryleastthenefgeneoffersanattractivetargetfordrugdevelopers.IfitsactivitycanbeblockedsuggestsDeaconresearchersmightbeabletobringtheprogressionofdiseaseundercontroleveninpeoplewhohavedevelopedfullblownAIDS.TheneedforbetterAIDS-fightingdrugswasunderscoredlastweekbytheactionsofaU.S.FoodandDrugAdministrationadvisorypanelwhichrecommendedspeedyapprovaloftwonewAIDSdrugs.AlthoughFDAcommissionerDavidKesslerwasquicktopraisethenewdrugsneithermedicationcanpreventorcureAIDSonceithastakenhold.Whatscientistsreallywantisavaccinethatcanpreventinfectionaltogether.Andthat’swhatmakestheSydneyvirussopromisingandsocontroversial. [E]AteamofAustralianscientistshasfinallysolvedthemystery.ThevirusthatthedonorcontractedandthenpassedontheteamreportedlastweekinthejournalSciencecontainsflawsinitsgeneticscriptthatappeartohaverendereditharmless."Notonlyhavetherecipientsandthedonornotprogressedtodiseasefor15years"marvelsmolecularbiologistNicholasDeaconofAustralia’sMacfarlaneBurnetCentreforMedicalResearch"butthepredictionisthattheyneverwill."Deaconspeculatesthatthis"impotent"HIVmayevenbeanaturalinoculantthatprotectsitscarriersagainstmorevirulentstrainsofthevirus. [F]ButfewscientistsareenthusiasticabouttestingthepropositionbyinjectingHIVhoweverweakened—intomillionsofpeoplewhohaveneverbeeninfected.AfteralltheynoteHIVisaretrovirusaclassofinfectiousagentsknownfortheiralarmingabilitytointegratetheirowngenesintotheDNAofthecellstheyinfect.Thusonceittakeseffectaretrovirusinfectionispermanent. [G]About15yearsagoawell-meaningmandonatedbloodtotheRedCrossinSydneyAustralianotknowinghehasbeenexposedtoHIV-1thevirusthatcausesAIDS.Muchlaterpublichealthofficialslearnedthatsomeofthepeoplewhogottransfusionscontaininghisbloodhadbecomeinfectedwiththesamevirus;presumablytheywerealmostsuretodie. Order: 42
Withthedevelopmentoftheglobaleconomymanycompaniesstatetheirbasicobjectiveofengaginginaworldwidemanufacturingbusinessandclaimthattheyareorarebecomingamultinationalcompany. Someeconomists1betweentheinternationalfirmandthemultinationalcompanyinthefollowingway:the"internationalfirm"isatermthat2enterpriseswithvariousdegreesofworldorientationintheirbusiness;3the"multinationalcompany"isonetypeofinternationalfirm.Theinternationalfirmengagesinanyactivityor4ofactivitiesfromexportingimportingandlicensingtofullscalemanufacturinginanumberofcountries.Theinternational5ofsuchacompanyvariesfromthepointatwhichoverseassalesandprofitstakeonimportanceandtopmanagementbeginsto6someattentiontothemtothestage7thecompanyisgloballyorientedinitsmarketingproduction8andotherdecisionsandconsidersalternativeopportunitiesaroundtheworld. Whenacompanyreachesthelatterstageitbecomes9.Thusthemultinationalcompanyisonetypeofinternationalcompany.Itisa10developedinternationalcompanywithadeepworldwideinvolvementandaglobal11initsmanagementanddecisionmaking.More12themultinationalcompanyinmanufacturingdoesbusinessinanumberofcountries;ithasasubstantialcommitmentofitsresourcesininternationalbusiness;it13internationalproductioninanumberofcountries;andithasa14perspectiveinitsmanagement.Significant15existamongmultinationalcompanies.Firstsuchacompanymaynot16dobusinessineveryregionandcountryintheworld17itconsidersopportunitiesthroughouttheworld.Secondithasa18portionofitsassetsinvestedininternationalbusiness;19itmakesasubstantialpartofitssalesandearnsaconsiderablepartofits20overseas. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10Points16
A.Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayinnolessthan160—200words. B.YouressaymustbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2. C.Youressayshouldmeettherequirementsbelow: 1Describethefollowingdrawinginterpretitsmeaningand 2Giveyourcomments.
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