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第一篇 U．S．Blacks Hard?hit by Cancer Death rates for cancer are falling for al...
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TheGreatestMysteryOfWhales Thewhaleisawarm-bloodedair-breathinganimalgivingbirthtoitsyoungalivesuckingthem--andlikeallmammalsoriginatedonland．Therearemany frontflippers鳍状肢usedforsteeringandstabilityaretracesoffeet． __________.51ofthis．ItsImmensestrengthis__________.52intothegreatbodyofthebigwhalesandinfactmostofawhale’sbodyisonegiganticmuscle．Thebluewhale’spullingstrengthhasbeenestimated__________.53400horsepower．Onespecimenwasreportedtohavetowed拖awhaling vesselforsevenhoursatthe__________.54ofeightknot节. Anangrywhalewill__________.55AfamousexampleofthiswasthefateofWhalerEssex__________.56wassunkoffthecoastofSouthAmericaearlyinthelastcentury．Morerecentlysteelshipshave__________.57theirplatesbuckled使弯曲inthesameway．Spermwhales抹香鲸wereknowntoseizetheold-timewhaleboatsintheirjawsandcrushThem. Thegreatest__________.58ofwhalesistheirdivingability．ThespermwhaledivestotheBottomforhis__________.59foodtheoctopus章鱼．InthatsearchheisknowntogoasfarDownas3200feetwherethe．__________.60is1400poundstoasquareinch．Doingsohe Will__________.61underwaterlongasonehour．Twospecialskillsareinvolvedinthisstoringupenough__________.62allwhalesareair—breathedandtoleratingthegreatchangeinpressure．Justhowhedoesitscientistshavenot__________.63．Itisbelievedthatsomeoftheoxygenisstoredinaspecial__________.64ofbloodvesselsratherthanjustheldinthelungs．Anditisbelievedthataspecialkindofoilinhisheadissomesortofcompensatingmechanismthat__________.65adjuststheinternalpressureofhisbody．Butsinceyoucan’tbringalivewhaleintothelaboratoryforstudynooneknowsjusthowthesethingswork．
第二篇 ShoppingatSecond-handClothingStores When33-year-oldPeteBarthwasincollegeshoppingatsecond-handclothingstoreswasjustsomethinghedid-likechangingthetiresonhiscar.Helookedathisbudgetanddecidedhecouldsavealotofmoneybyshoppingforclothesatthriftshops. Evennewclothesarefairlydisposable用后即丢掉的andwearoutafteracoupleofyearsBarthsaid.Inthriftshopsyoucanfindsomegreatstuffwhosequalityisbetterthannewclothes. SincethenBarthwhoworksataGoodwillthriftshopintheUSstateofFloridahasfoundthatthereareallkindsofreasonsforshoppingforsecond-handclothing.Somepeoplelikehimshoptosavemoney.Someshopforacrazy-lookingshirt.Andsomehopasameansofconservingenergyandhelpingtheenvironment. PatAkinsanaccountantataFloridaSalvationArmySA救世军thriftshopsaidhatforhershoppingatthriftshopsisawaytohelptheenvironment. WhenmydaughterwaslittlewelookedatitasrecyclingAkinssaid.Alsowhyay30dollarsforanewcoatwhenyoucangetanotheroneforalotless? AkinssaidthattheSAhasshopsallovertheUS-someasbigasdepartmentstores.Alloftheclothesaredonated捐赠andwhentheyhaveasurplus盈余they’llhavestuffabagspecialswherecustomerscanfillagrocerysackwithclothesforonlyor10dollars. JuliaSlocum22pointsouthoweverthatthehugeamountofsecond-handclothingintheUSistheresultofAmericanwastefulness. I’dsaythatsecond-handstoresaretheresultofourwastefulmaterialisticculturesaidSlocumwhoworksforapro-conservationorganizationtheCenterforaNewAmericanDream.Thriftshopspreventthatwastefromgoingtolandfills垃圾填埋场;theygiveclothingasecondlifeprovidecheaperclothingforthosewhocan’taffordtobuynewonesandgenerate生成incomeforcharities.Theyalsoprovideawayforthewealthyandmiddleclassestoshed摆脱someoftheguiltfortheirlevelofconsumption. WhenBarthwasacollegestudentheoftenshoppedatthriftshops
Thecourageousboyhasbeenthesubjectof{{U}}massive{{/U}}mediacoverage.
TheGreatestMysteryOfWhales Thewhaleisawarm-bloodedair-breathinganimalgivingbirthtoitsyoungalivesuckingthem--andlikeallmammalsoriginatedonland．Therearemany frontflippers鳍状肢usedforsteeringandstabilityaretracesoffeet． __________.51ofthis．ItsImmensestrengthis__________.52intothegreatbodyofthebigwhalesandinfactmostofawhale’sbodyisonegiganticmuscle．Thebluewhale’spullingstrengthhasbeenestimated__________.53400horsepower．Onespecimenwasreportedtohavetowed拖awhaling vesselforsevenhoursatthe__________.54ofeightknot节. Anangrywhalewill__________.55AfamousexampleofthiswasthefateofWhalerEssex__________.56wassunkoffthecoastofSouthAmericaearlyinthelastcentury．Morerecentlysteelshipshave__________.57theirplatesbuckled使弯曲inthesameway．Spermwhales抹香鲸wereknowntoseizetheold-timewhaleboatsintheirjawsandcrushThem. Thegreatest__________.58ofwhalesistheirdivingability．ThespermwhaledivestotheBottomforhis__________.59foodtheoctopus章鱼．InthatsearchheisknowntogoasfarDownas3200feetwherethe．__________.60is1400poundstoasquareinch．Doingsohe Will__________.61underwaterlongasonehour．Twospecialskillsareinvolvedinthisstoringupenough__________.62allwhalesareair—breathedandtoleratingthegreatchangeinpressure．Justhowhedoesitscientistshavenot__________.63．Itisbelievedthatsomeoftheoxygenisstoredinaspecial__________.64ofbloodvesselsratherthanjustheldinthelungs．Anditisbelievedthataspecialkindofoilinhisheadissomesortofcompensatingmechanismthat__________.65adjuststheinternalpressureofhisbody．Butsinceyoucan’tbringalivewhaleintothelaboratoryforstudynooneknowsjusthowthesethingswork．
{{U}}Practically{{/U}}allanimalscommunicateeitherthroughsoundsorthroughsoundlesscodes.
第三篇TheScienceoftheFuture Untilrecentlythescienceofthefuturewassupposedtobeelectronicsandartificialintelligence．TodayitseemsmoreandmorelikelythatthenextgreatbreakthroughsintechnologywillbebroughtthroughacombinationOfthosetwoscienceswithorganicchemistryandgeneticengineering．Thiscombinationisthescienceofbiotechnology． Organicchemistryenablesustoproducemarveloussynthetic合成的materials．Howeveritisstilldifficulttomanufactureanythingthathasthecapacityofwooltoconserveheatandalsotoabsorbmoisture．Nothingthatwehavebeenabletoproducesofarcomesanywherenearthecombinationofstrength．1ightnessandflexibilitythatwefindinthebodiesofordinaryinsects． Nevertheless．scientistsinthelaboratoryhavealreadysucceededingrowingamaterialthathasmanyofthecharacteristicsofhumanskin．Thenextstepmaywellbebiotechheartsandeyeswhichcanreplacediseasedorgansinhumanbeings．Thesewillnotberejectedbythebodyasisthecasewithorgansfromhumans． Theapplicationofbiotechnologytoenergyproductionseemsevenmorepromising．In1996thefamousscience．fictionwriterArthurC．Clarkemanyofwhosepreviouspredictionshavecometruesaidthatwemaysoonbeabletodevelopremarkablycheapandrenewablesourcesofenergy．Someofthesepowersourceswillbebiological．Clarkeandothershavewarnedusrepeatedlythatsoonerorlaterwewillhavetogiveupourdependenceonnon-renewablepowersources．Coaloilandgasareindeedconvenient．Howeverusingthemalsomeanscreatingdangerouslyhighlevelsofpollution．Itwillbeimpossibletomeetthegrowingdemandfor energywithoutincreasingthatpollutiontocatastrophic灾难性的levelsunlesswedeveloppowersourcesthatarebothcheaperandcleaner． Itisattemptingtothinkthatbiotechnologyorsomeotherscienceofthefuturecansolveourproblems．Beforewesurrendertothattemptationweshouldremembernuclearpower．Onlyafewgenerationsagoitseemedtopromiselimitlesscheapandsafeenergy．Todaythosepromises1ieburiedinaconcretegraveinaplacecalledChernobylintheUkraine．Biotechnologyisunlikely．howevertobreakitspromisesinquitethesameorsuchadangerousway． Accordingtothe．passageitmaysoonbepossible
第一篇TechnologyTransferinGermany Whenitcomestotranslatingbasicresearchintoindustrialsuccess．fewnationscanmatch Germany．Sincethe1940s．thenation’svastindustrialbasehasbeenfedwithaconstantstreamofnewideasandexpertisefromscience．AndthoughGermanprosperity繁荣hasfaltered衰退overthepastdecadebecauseofthehugecostofunifyingeastandwestaswellastheglobaleconomicdeclineitstillhasanenviable令人羡慕的recordforturningideasintoprofit． MuchofthereasonforthatsuccessistheFraunhoferSocietyanetworkofresearchinstitutesthatexistssolelytosolveindustrialproblemsandcreatesought．aftertechnologies．ButtodaytheFraunhoferinstituteshavecompetition．Universitiesaretakinganeverlargerroleintechnologytransferandtechnologyparksarespringingupallover．Theseeffortsarebeingcomplementedbythefederalprogrammesforpumpingmoneyintostart-upcompanies． Suchastrategymaysoundlikearecipeforeconomicsuccess．butitisnotwithoutitscritics．Thesepeopleworrythatfavouringappliedresearchwillmeanneglectingbasicscienceeventuallystarvingindustryoffleshideas．Ifeveryscientiststartsthinkinglikeanentrepreneur企业家theargumentgoesthenthetraditionalprinciplesofuniversityresearchbeingcuriosity．drivenfleeandwidelyavailablewillSuffer．Othersclaimthatmanyoftheprogrammestopromotetechnologytransferareawasteofmoneybecausehalfthesmallbusinessesthatarepromotedareboundtogobankruptwithinafewyears． Ⅵmilethisdebatecontinues．newideasflowatasteadyratefromGermany’sresearchnetworkswhichbearfamousnamessuchasHelmholtzMaxPlanckandLeibniz．YetitisthefourthnetworktheFraunhoferSocietythatplaysthegreatestroleintechnologytransfer． Foundedin1949theFraunhoferSocietyisnowEurope’slargestorganisationforappliedtechnologyandhas59institutesemploying12000people．Itcontinuestogrow．LastyearitSwalloweduptheHeinrichHertzInstituteforCommunicationTechnologyinBerlin．TodaythereareevenFraunhofersintheUSandAsia． TheFraunhoferSocietyisthelargestorganisationforappliedtechnologyin
TheGreatestMysteryOfWhales Thewhaleisawarm-bloodedair-breathinganimalgivingbirthtoitsyoungalivesuckingthem--andlikeallmammalsoriginatedonland．Therearemany frontflippers鳍状肢usedforsteeringandstabilityaretracesoffeet． __________.51ofthis．ItsImmensestrengthis__________.52intothegreatbodyofthebigwhalesandinfactmostofawhale’sbodyisonegiganticmuscle．Thebluewhale’spullingstrengthhasbeenestimated__________.53400horsepower．Onespecimenwasreportedtohavetowed拖awhaling vesselforsevenhoursatthe__________.54ofeightknot节. Anangrywhalewill__________.55AfamousexampleofthiswasthefateofWhalerEssex__________.56wassunkoffthecoastofSouthAmericaearlyinthelastcentury．Morerecentlysteelshipshave__________.57theirplatesbuckled使弯曲inthesameway．Spermwhales抹香鲸wereknowntoseizetheold-timewhaleboatsintheirjawsandcrushThem. Thegreatest__________.58ofwhalesistheirdivingability．ThespermwhaledivestotheBottomforhis__________.59foodtheoctopus章鱼．InthatsearchheisknowntogoasfarDownas3200feetwherethe．__________.60is1400poundstoasquareinch．Doingsohe Will__________.61underwaterlongasonehour．Twospecialskillsareinvolvedinthisstoringupenough__________.62allwhalesareair—breathedandtoleratingthegreatchangeinpressure．Justhowhedoesitscientistshavenot__________.63．Itisbelievedthatsomeoftheoxygenisstoredinaspecial__________.64ofbloodvesselsratherthanjustheldinthelungs．Anditisbelievedthataspecialkindofoilinhisheadissomesortofcompensatingmechanismthat__________.65adjuststheinternalpressureofhisbody．Butsinceyoucan’tbringalivewhaleintothelaboratoryforstudynooneknowsjusthowthesethingswork．
Wouldyouplease{{U}}call{{/U}}myhusbandassoonaspossible?
RadiocarbonDating Nowadaysscientistscananswermanyquestionsaboutthepastthroughatechniquecalledradiocarbon放射性碳orcarbon-14dating.Onekeytounderstandinghowandbysomethinghappenedistodiscoverwhenithappened. Radiocarbondatingwasdevelopedinthelate1940sbyphysicistWillardF.LibbyatheUniversityofChicago.Anatomofordinarycarboncalledcarbon-12hassixprotons质子andsixneutrons中子initsnucleus原子核.Carbon-14orC-14isaradioactiveunstableformofcarbonthathastwoextraneutrons.Itreturnstoamorestableformofcarbonthroughaprocesscalleddecay衰减.Thisprocessinvolvesthelossofheextraneutronsandenergyfromthenucleus. InLibby’sradiocarbondatingtechniquetheweakradioactiveemissions放射fromthisdecayprocessarecountedbyinstrumentssuchasaradiationdetectorandcounter.ThedecayrateisusedtodeterminetheproportionofC-14atomsinthesamplebeingdated. Carbon-14isproducedintheEarth’satmospherewhennitrogen氮-14orN-14interactswithcosmicrays宇宙射线.ScientistsbelievesincetheEarthwasformedthemountofnitrogenintheatmospherehasremainedconstant.ConsequentlyC-14formationisthoughttooccurataconstantrate.NowtheratioofC-14toothercarbontomsintheatmosphereisknown.Mostscientistsagreethatthisratioisusefulfordatingitemsbacktoatleast50000years. AlllifeonEarthismadeoforganicmolecules分子thatcontaincarbonatomscomingfromtheatmosphere.SoalllivingthingshaveaboutthesameratioofC-14atomstoothercarbonatomsintheirtissues组织.Onceanorganism有机体diesitstopstakingincarboninanyformandtheC-14alreadypresentbeginstodecay.OvertimetheamountofC-14inthematerialdecreasesandtheratioofC-14toothercarbonatomsgoesdown.IntermsofradiocarbondatingthefewerC-14atomsinasampletheolderthatsampleis. Radarisusedtodeterminethecharacteristicsofradiocarbon.
RadiocarbonDating Nowadaysscientistscananswermanyquestionsaboutthepastthroughatechniquecalledradiocarbon放射性碳orcarbon-14dating.Onekeytounderstandinghowandbysomethinghappenedistodiscoverwhenithappened. Radiocarbondatingwasdevelopedinthelate1940sbyphysicistWillardF.LibbyatheUniversityofChicago.Anatomofordinarycarboncalledcarbon-12hassixprotons质子andsixneutrons中子initsnucleus原子核.Carbon-14orC-14isaradioactiveunstableformofcarbonthathastwoextraneutrons.Itreturnstoamorestableformofcarbonthroughaprocesscalleddecay衰减.Thisprocessinvolvesthelossofheextraneutronsandenergyfromthenucleus. InLibby’sradiocarbondatingtechniquetheweakradioactiveemissions放射fromthisdecayprocessarecountedbyinstrumentssuchasaradiationdetectorandcounter.ThedecayrateisusedtodeterminetheproportionofC-14atomsinthesamplebeingdated. Carbon-14isproducedintheEarth’satmospherewhennitrogen氮-14orN-14interactswithcosmicrays宇宙射线.ScientistsbelievesincetheEarthwasformedthemountofnitrogenintheatmospherehasremainedconstant.ConsequentlyC-14formationisthoughttooccurataconstantrate.NowtheratioofC-14toothercarbontomsintheatmosphereisknown.Mostscientistsagreethatthisratioisusefulfordatingitemsbacktoatleast50000years. AlllifeonEarthismadeoforganicmolecules分子thatcontaincarbonatomscomingfromtheatmosphere.SoalllivingthingshaveaboutthesameratioofC-14atomstoothercarbonatomsintheirtissues组织.Onceanorganism有机体diesitstopstakingincarboninanyformandtheC-14alreadypresentbeginstodecay.OvertimetheamountofC-14inthematerialdecreasesandtheratioofC-14toothercarbonatomsgoesdown.IntermsofradiocarbondatingthefewerC-14atomsinasampletheolderthatsampleis. Theradiocarbondatingtechniqueisonlyabout40yearsold
TheGreatestMysteryOfWhales Thewhaleisawarm-bloodedair-breathinganimalgivingbirthtoitsyoungalivesuckingthem--andlikeallmammalsoriginatedonland．Therearemany frontflippers鳍状肢usedforsteeringandstabilityaretracesoffeet． __________.51ofthis．ItsImmensestrengthis__________.52intothegreatbodyofthebigwhalesandinfactmostofawhale’sbodyisonegiganticmuscle．Thebluewhale’spullingstrengthhasbeenestimated__________.53400horsepower．Onespecimenwasreportedtohavetowed拖awhaling vesselforsevenhoursatthe__________.54ofeightknot节. Anangrywhalewill__________.55AfamousexampleofthiswasthefateofWhalerEssex__________.56wassunkoffthecoastofSouthAmericaearlyinthelastcentury．Morerecentlysteelshipshave__________.57theirplatesbuckled使弯曲inthesameway．Spermwhales抹香鲸wereknowntoseizetheold-timewhaleboatsintheirjawsandcrushThem. Thegreatest__________.58ofwhalesistheirdivingability．ThespermwhaledivestotheBottomforhis__________.59foodtheoctopus章鱼．InthatsearchheisknowntogoasfarDownas3200feetwherethe．__________.60is1400poundstoasquareinch．Doingsohe Will__________.61underwaterlongasonehour．Twospecialskillsareinvolvedinthisstoringupenough__________.62allwhalesareair—breathedandtoleratingthegreatchangeinpressure．Justhowhedoesitscientistshavenot__________.63．Itisbelievedthatsomeoftheoxygenisstoredinaspecial__________.64ofbloodvesselsratherthanjustheldinthelungs．Anditisbelievedthataspecialkindofoilinhisheadissomesortofcompensatingmechanismthat__________.65adjuststheinternalpressureofhisbody．Butsinceyoucan’tbringalivewhaleintothelaboratoryforstudynooneknowsjusthowthesethingswork．
第一篇 LightNightDarkStars Thousandsofpeoplearoundtheglobestepoutsidetogazeattheirnightsky.Onaclearnightwithnocloudsmoonlightorartificiallightstoblocktheviewpeoplecanseemorethan14000starsintheskysaysDennisWardanastronomer天文学家withtheUniversityCorporationforAtmosphericResearchUCARinBoulderColo.Butwhenpeoplearesurroundedbycitylightshesaysthey’reluckytosee150stars. Ifyou’veeverdriventowardabigcityatnightandseenitsglowfromagreatdistanceyou’vewitnessedlightpollution.Itoccurswhenlightfromstreetlightsofficebuildingssignsandothersourcesstreamsintospaceandilluminates照亮thenightsky.Thishaze薄雾oflightmakesmanystarsinvisibletopeopleonEarth.EvenatnightbigcitieslikeNewYorkglowfromlightpollutionmakingstargazingdifficult. Dustandparticlesofpollutionfromfactoriesandindustriesworsentheeffectsoflightpollution.IfonecityhasalotmorelightpollutionthananotherWardsaysthatcitywillsuffertheeffectsoflightpollutiononamuchgreaterscale. Hazyskiesalsomakeitfarmoredifficultforastronomerstodotheirjobs. Citiesaregettinglarger.Suburbsaregrowinginoncedarkruralareas.Lightfromallthisnewdevelopmentisincreasinglyobscuring使变模糊thefaint微弱的lightgivenoffbydistantstars.Andifscientistscan’tlocatetheseobjectstheycan’tlearnmoreaboutthem. Lightpollutiondoesn’tonlyaffectstarvisibility.Itcanharmwildlifetoo.It’sclearthatartificiallightcanattractanimalsmakingthemgooffcourse.There’sincreasingevidenceforexamplethatmigrating迁徙birdsusesunsetsandsunrisestohelpfindtheirwaysaysSydneyGauthreauxJr.ascientistatClemsonUniversityinSouthCarolina.Whenlightoccursatnighthesaysithasaverydisruptive破坏性的influence.Sometimesbirdsflyintolightedtowershigh-risesandcablesfromradioandtelevisiontowers.Expertsestimatethatmillionsofbirdsdiethiswayeveryyear. Nowadaysevensuburbsarebecomingunsuitableforscientiststodotheirjobsbecause
I’dverymuchliketoknowwhatyour{{U}}aim{{/U}}inlifeis.
第一篇 LightNightDarkStars Thousandsofpeoplearoundtheglobestepoutsidetogazeattheirnightsky.Onaclearnightwithnocloudsmoonlightorartificiallightstoblocktheviewpeoplecanseemorethan14000starsintheskysaysDennisWardanastronomer天文学家withtheUniversityCorporationforAtmosphericResearchUCARinBoulderColo.Butwhenpeoplearesurroundedbycitylightshesaysthey’reluckytosee150stars. Ifyou’veeverdriventowardabigcityatnightandseenitsglowfromagreatdistanceyou’vewitnessedlightpollution.Itoccurswhenlightfromstreetlightsofficebuildingssignsandothersourcesstreamsintospaceandilluminates照亮thenightsky.Thishaze薄雾oflightmakesmanystarsinvisibletopeopleonEarth.EvenatnightbigcitieslikeNewYorkglowfromlightpollutionmakingstargazingdifficult. Dustandparticlesofpollutionfromfactoriesandindustriesworsentheeffectsoflightpollution.IfonecityhasalotmorelightpollutionthananotherWardsaysthatcitywillsuffertheeffectsoflightpollutiononamuchgreaterscale. Hazyskiesalsomakeitfarmoredifficultforastronomerstodotheirjobs. Citiesaregettinglarger.Suburbsaregrowinginoncedarkruralareas.Lightfromallthisnewdevelopmentisincreasinglyobscuring使变模糊thefaint微弱的lightgivenoffbydistantstars.Andifscientistscan’tlocatetheseobjectstheycan’tlearnmoreaboutthem. Lightpollutiondoesn’tonlyaffectstarvisibility.Itcanharmwildlifetoo.It’sclearthatartificiallightcanattractanimalsmakingthemgooffcourse.There’sincreasingevidenceforexamplethatmigrating迁徙birdsusesunsetsandsunrisestohelpfindtheirwaysaysSydneyGauthreauxJr.ascientistatClemsonUniversityinSouthCarolina.Whenlightoccursatnighthesaysithasaverydisruptive破坏性的influence.Sometimesbirdsflyintolightedtowershigh-risesandcablesfromradioandtelevisiontowers.Expertsestimatethatmillionsofbirdsdiethiswayeveryyear. Onaclearnightpeoplecansee
第一篇TechnologyTransferinGermany Whenitcomestotranslatingbasicresearchintoindustrialsuccess．fewnationscanmatch Germany．Sincethe1940s．thenation’svastindustrialbasehasbeenfedwithaconstantstreamofnewideasandexpertisefromscience．AndthoughGermanprosperity繁荣hasfaltered衰退overthepastdecadebecauseofthehugecostofunifyingeastandwestaswellastheglobaleconomicdeclineitstillhasanenviable令人羡慕的recordforturningideasintoprofit． MuchofthereasonforthatsuccessistheFraunhoferSocietyanetworkofresearchinstitutesthatexistssolelytosolveindustrialproblemsandcreatesought．aftertechnologies．ButtodaytheFraunhoferinstituteshavecompetition．Universitiesaretakinganeverlargerroleintechnologytransferandtechnologyparksarespringingupallover．Theseeffortsarebeingcomplementedbythefederalprogrammesforpumpingmoneyintostart-upcompanies． Suchastrategymaysoundlikearecipeforeconomicsuccess．butitisnotwithoutitscritics．Thesepeopleworrythatfavouringappliedresearchwillmeanneglectingbasicscienceeventuallystarvingindustryoffleshideas．Ifeveryscientiststartsthinkinglikeanentrepreneur企业家theargumentgoesthenthetraditionalprinciplesofuniversityresearchbeingcuriosity．drivenfleeandwidelyavailablewillSuffer．Othersclaimthatmanyoftheprogrammestopromotetechnologytransferareawasteofmoneybecausehalfthesmallbusinessesthatarepromotedareboundtogobankruptwithinafewyears． Ⅵmilethisdebatecontinues．newideasflowatasteadyratefromGermany’sresearchnetworkswhichbearfamousnamessuchasHelmholtzMaxPlanckandLeibniz．YetitisthefourthnetworktheFraunhoferSocietythatplaysthegreatestroleintechnologytransfer． Foundedin1949theFraunhoferSocietyisnowEurope’slargestorganisationforappliedtechnologyandhas59institutesemploying12000people．Itcontinuestogrow．LastyearitSwalloweduptheHeinrichHertzInstituteforCommunicationTechnologyinBerlin．TodaythereareevenFraunhofersintheUSandAsia． Thewordexpertise’’inline3couldbebestreplacedby
Thechairman{{U}}proposed{{/U}}thatwestopthemeeting.
第一篇 LightNightDarkStars Thousandsofpeoplearoundtheglobestepoutsidetogazeattheirnightsky.Onaclearnightwithnocloudsmoonlightorartificiallightstoblocktheviewpeoplecanseemorethan14000starsintheskysaysDennisWardanastronomer天文学家withtheUniversityCorporationforAtmosphericResearchUCARinBoulderColo.Butwhenpeoplearesurroundedbycitylightshesaysthey’reluckytosee150stars. Ifyou’veeverdriventowardabigcityatnightandseenitsglowfromagreatdistanceyou’vewitnessedlightpollution.Itoccurswhenlightfromstreetlightsofficebuildingssignsandothersourcesstreamsintospaceandilluminates照亮thenightsky.Thishaze薄雾oflightmakesmanystarsinvisibletopeopleonEarth.EvenatnightbigcitieslikeNewYorkglowfromlightpollutionmakingstargazingdifficult. Dustandparticlesofpollutionfromfactoriesandindustriesworsentheeffectsoflightpollution.IfonecityhasalotmorelightpollutionthananotherWardsaysthatcitywillsuffertheeffectsoflightpollutiononamuchgreaterscale. Hazyskiesalsomakeitfarmoredifficultforastronomerstodotheirjobs. Citiesaregettinglarger.Suburbsaregrowinginoncedarkruralareas.Lightfromallthisnewdevelopmentisincreasinglyobscuring使变模糊thefaint微弱的lightgivenoffbydistantstars.Andifscientistscan’tlocatetheseobjectstheycan’tlearnmoreaboutthem. Lightpollutiondoesn’tonlyaffectstarvisibility.Itcanharmwildlifetoo.It’sclearthatartificiallightcanattractanimalsmakingthemgooffcourse.There’sincreasingevidenceforexamplethatmigrating迁徙birdsusesunsetsandsunrisestohelpfindtheirwaysaysSydneyGauthreauxJr.ascientistatClemsonUniversityinSouthCarolina.Whenlightoccursatnighthesaysithasaverydisruptive破坏性的influence.Sometimesbirdsflyintolightedtowershigh-risesandcablesfromradioandtelevisiontowers.Expertsestimatethatmillionsofbirdsdiethiswayeveryyear. ThetitleLightNightDarkStarsmeans
TheGreatestMysteryOfWhales Thewhaleisawarm-bloodedair-breathinganimalgivingbirthtoitsyoungalivesuckingthem--andlikeallmammalsoriginatedonland．Therearemany frontflippers鳍状肢usedforsteeringandstabilityaretracesoffeet． __________.51ofthis．ItsImmensestrengthis__________.52intothegreatbodyofthebigwhalesandinfactmostofawhale’sbodyisonegiganticmuscle．Thebluewhale’spullingstrengthhasbeenestimated__________.53400horsepower．Onespecimenwasreportedtohavetowed拖awhaling vesselforsevenhoursatthe__________.54ofeightknot节. Anangrywhalewill__________.55AfamousexampleofthiswasthefateofWhalerEssex__________.56wassunkoffthecoastofSouthAmericaearlyinthelastcentury．Morerecentlysteelshipshave__________.57theirplatesbuckled使弯曲inthesameway．Spermwhales抹香鲸wereknowntoseizetheold-timewhaleboatsintheirjawsandcrushThem. Thegreatest__________.58ofwhalesistheirdivingability．ThespermwhaledivestotheBottomforhis__________.59foodtheoctopus章鱼．InthatsearchheisknowntogoasfarDownas3200feetwherethe．__________.60is1400poundstoasquareinch．Doingsohe Will__________.61underwaterlongasonehour．Twospecialskillsareinvolvedinthisstoringupenough__________.62allwhalesareair—breathedandtoleratingthegreatchangeinpressure．Justhowhedoesitscientistshavenot__________.63．Itisbelievedthatsomeoftheoxygenisstoredinaspecial__________.64ofbloodvesselsratherthanjustheldinthelungs．Anditisbelievedthataspecialkindofoilinhisheadissomesortofcompensatingmechanismthat__________.65adjuststheinternalpressureofhisbody．Butsinceyoucan’tbringalivewhaleintothelaboratoryforstudynooneknowsjusthowthesethingswork．
第三篇TheScienceoftheFuture Untilrecentlythescienceofthefuturewassupposedtobeelectronicsandartificialintelligence．TodayitseemsmoreandmorelikelythatthenextgreatbreakthroughsintechnologywillbebroughtthroughacombinationOfthosetwoscienceswithorganicchemistryandgeneticengineering．Thiscombinationisthescienceofbiotechnology． Organicchemistryenablesustoproducemarveloussynthetic合成的materials．Howeveritisstilldifficulttomanufactureanythingthathasthecapacityofwooltoconserveheatandalsotoabsorbmoisture．Nothingthatwehavebeenabletoproducesofarcomesanywherenearthecombinationofstrength．1ightnessandflexibilitythatwefindinthebodiesofordinaryinsects． Nevertheless．scientistsinthelaboratoryhavealreadysucceededingrowingamaterialthathasmanyofthecharacteristicsofhumanskin．Thenextstepmaywellbebiotechheartsandeyeswhichcanreplacediseasedorgansinhumanbeings．Thesewillnotberejectedbythebodyasisthecasewithorgansfromhumans． Theapplicationofbiotechnologytoenergyproductionseemsevenmorepromising．In1996thefamousscience．fictionwriterArthurC．Clarkemanyofwhosepreviouspredictionshavecometruesaidthatwemaysoonbeabletodevelopremarkablycheapandrenewablesourcesofenergy．Someofthesepowersourceswillbebiological．Clarkeandothershavewarnedusrepeatedlythatsoonerorlaterwewillhavetogiveupourdependenceonnon-renewablepowersources．Coaloilandgasareindeedconvenient．Howeverusingthemalsomeanscreatingdangerouslyhighlevelsofpollution．Itwillbeimpossibletomeetthegrowingdemandfor energywithoutincreasingthatpollutiontocatastrophic灾难性的levelsunlesswedeveloppowersourcesthatarebothcheaperandcleaner． Itisattemptingtothinkthatbiotechnologyorsomeotherscienceofthefuturecansolveourproblems．Beforewesurrendertothattemptationweshouldremembernuclearpower．Onlyafewgenerationsagoitseemedtopromiselimitlesscheapandsafeenergy．Todaythosepromises1ieburiedinaconcretegraveinaplacecalledChernobylintheUkraine．Biotechnologyisunlikely．howevertobreakitspromisesinquitethesameorsuchadangerousway． Whatdowelearnfromthelastparagraph?
第一篇TechnologyTransferinGermany Whenitcomestotranslatingbasicresearchintoindustrialsuccess．fewnationscanmatch Germany．Sincethe1940s．thenation’svastindustrialbasehasbeenfedwithaconstantstreamofnewideasandexpertisefromscience．AndthoughGermanprosperity繁荣hasfaltered衰退overthepastdecadebecauseofthehugecostofunifyingeastandwestaswellastheglobaleconomicdeclineitstillhasanenviable令人羡慕的recordforturningideasintoprofit． MuchofthereasonforthatsuccessistheFraunhoferSocietyanetworkofresearchinstitutesthatexistssolelytosolveindustrialproblemsandcreatesought．aftertechnologies．ButtodaytheFraunhoferinstituteshavecompetition．Universitiesaretakinganeverlargerroleintechnologytransferandtechnologyparksarespringingupallover．Theseeffortsarebeingcomplementedbythefederalprogrammesforpumpingmoneyintostart-upcompanies． Suchastrategymaysoundlikearecipeforeconomicsuccess．butitisnotwithoutitscritics．Thesepeopleworrythatfavouringappliedresearchwillmeanneglectingbasicscienceeventuallystarvingindustryoffleshideas．Ifeveryscientiststartsthinkinglikeanentrepreneur企业家theargumentgoesthenthetraditionalprinciplesofuniversityresearchbeingcuriosity．drivenfleeandwidelyavailablewillSuffer．Othersclaimthatmanyoftheprogrammestopromotetechnologytransferareawasteofmoneybecausehalfthesmallbusinessesthatarepromotedareboundtogobankruptwithinafewyears． Ⅵmilethisdebatecontinues．newideasflowatasteadyratefromGermany’sresearchnetworkswhichbearfamousnamessuchasHelmholtzMaxPlanckandLeibniz．YetitisthefourthnetworktheFraunhoferSocietythatplaysthegreatestroleintechnologytransfer． Foundedin1949theFraunhoferSocietyisnowEurope’slargestorganisationforappliedtechnologyandhas59institutesemploying12000people．Itcontinuestogrow．LastyearitSwalloweduptheHeinrichHertzInstituteforCommunicationTechnologyinBerlin．TodaythereareevenFraunhofersintheUSandAsia． WhatfactorcanbeattributedtoGermanprosperity?
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TheGreatestMysteryOfWhales Thewhaleisawarm-bloodedair-breathinganimalgivingbirthtoitsyoungalivesuckingthem--andlikeallmammalsoriginatedonland．Therearemany frontflippers鳍状肢usedforsteeringandstabilityaretracesoffeet． __________.51ofthis．ItsImmensestrengthis__________.52intothegreatbodyofthebigwhalesandinfactmostofawhale’sbodyisonegiganticmuscle．Thebluewhale’spullingstrengthhasbeenestimated__________.53400horsepower．Onespecimenwasreportedtohavetowed拖awhaling vesselforsevenhoursatthe__________.54ofeightknot节. Anangrywhalewill__________.55AfamousexampleofthiswasthefateofWhalerEssex__________.56wassunkoffthecoastofSouthAmericaearlyinthelastcentury．Morerecentlysteelshipshave__________.57theirplatesbuckled使弯曲inthesameway．Spermwhales抹香鲸wereknowntoseizetheold-timewhaleboatsintheirjawsandcrushThem. Thegreatest__________.58ofwhalesistheirdivingability．ThespermwhaledivestotheBottomforhis__________.59foodtheoctopus章鱼．InthatsearchheisknowntogoasfarDownas3200feetwherethe．__________.60is1400poundstoasquareinch．Doingsohe Will__________.61underwaterlongasonehour．Twospecialskillsareinvolvedinthisstoringupenough__________.62allwhalesareair—breathedandtoleratingthegreatchangeinpressure．Justhowhedoesitscientistshavenot__________.63．Itisbelievedthatsomeoftheoxygenisstoredinaspecial__________.64ofbloodvesselsratherthanjustheldinthelungs．Anditisbelievedthataspecialkindofoilinhisheadissomesortofcompensatingmechanismthat__________.65adjuststheinternalpressureofhisbody．Butsinceyoucan’tbringalivewhaleintothelaboratoryforstudynooneknowsjusthowthesethingswork．
第二篇SuperconductorCeramic陶瓷 Anundergroundrevolutionbeginsthiswinter．withtheflip轻击ofaswitch30000homesinonepartofDetroitwillsoonbecomethefirstinthecountrytoreceiveelectricitytransmittedbyice．coldhigh．performancecables．OtherAmericancitiesareexpectedtofollowDetroit’sexampleintheyearsahead．whichcouldconserveenormousamountsofpower． ThenewelectricalcablesattheFrisbiepowerstationinDetroitarerevolutionarybecausetheyaremadeofsuperconductors．Asuperconductorisamaterialthattransmitselectricitywithlittleornoresistance．Resistanceisthedegreetowhichasubstanceresistselectriccurrent．Allcommonelectricalconductorshaveacertainamountofelectricalresistance．Theyconvertatleastsomeoftheelectricalenergypassingthroughthemintowasteheat．Superconductorsdon’t?Nooneunderstandshowsuperconductivityworks．Itjustdoes． Makingsuperconductorsisn’teasy．Asuperconductormaterialhastobecooledtoanextremelylowtemperatureto10seitsresistance．Thefirstsuperconductorsmademorethan50yearsagohadtobecooledto-263degreesCelsiusbeforetheylosttheirresistance．Newersuperconductingmaterials10setheirresistanceat-143degreesCelsius． ThesuperconductorscableinstalledattheFrisbiestationismadeofaceramicmaterialthatcontainscopper．oxygen．bismuth铋strontium锶．andcalcium钙．Aceramicisahard．strongcompoundmadefromclayorminerals．Thesuperconductingceramichasbeenfashionedintoatapethatiswrappedlengthwisearoundalongtubefilledwithliquidnitrogen．Liquidnitrogenissupercoldandlowersthetemperatureoftheceramictapetothepointwhereitconveyselectricitywithzeroresistance． TheUnitedStateslosesanenormousamountofelectricityeachyeartoresistance．Becausecooledsuperconductorshavenoresistance．theywastemuchlesspower．0thercitiesarewatchingtheFrisbieexperimentinthehopethattheymightswitchtosuperconductingcableandconservepower．too． Comparedtocommonelectricalconductorssuperconductors
RadiocarbonDating Nowadaysscientistscananswermanyquestionsaboutthepastthroughatechniquecalledradiocarbon放射性碳orcarbon-14dating.Onekeytounderstandinghowandbysomethinghappenedistodiscoverwhenithappened. Radiocarbondatingwasdevelopedinthelate1940sbyphysicistWillardF.LibbyatheUniversityofChicago.Anatomofordinarycarboncalledcarbon-12hassixprotons质子andsixneutrons中子initsnucleus原子核.Carbon-14orC-14isaradioactiveunstableformofcarbonthathastwoextraneutrons.Itreturnstoamorestableformofcarbonthroughaprocesscalleddecay衰减.Thisprocessinvolvesthelossofheextraneutronsandenergyfromthenucleus. InLibby’sradiocarbondatingtechniquetheweakradioactiveemissions放射fromthisdecayprocessarecountedbyinstrumentssuchasaradiationdetectorandcounter.ThedecayrateisusedtodeterminetheproportionofC-14atomsinthesamplebeingdated. Carbon-14isproducedintheEarth’satmospherewhennitrogen氮-14orN-14interactswithcosmicrays宇宙射线.ScientistsbelievesincetheEarthwasformedthemountofnitrogenintheatmospherehasremainedconstant.ConsequentlyC-14formationisthoughttooccurataconstantrate.NowtheratioofC-14toothercarbontomsintheatmosphereisknown.Mostscientistsagreethatthisratioisusefulfordatingitemsbacktoatleast50000years. AlllifeonEarthismadeoforganicmolecules分子thatcontaincarbonatomscomingfromtheatmosphere.SoalllivingthingshaveaboutthesameratioofC-14atomstoothercarbonatomsintheirtissues组织.Onceanorganism有机体diesitstopstakingincarboninanyformandtheC-14alreadypresentbeginstodecay.OvertimetheamountofC-14inthematerialdecreasesandtheratioofC-14toothercarbonatomsgoesdown.IntermsofradiocarbondatingthefewerC-14atomsinasampletheolderthatsampleis. WhenanorganismdiestheC-14initbeginstodecay.
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第二篇SuperconductorCeramic陶瓷 Anundergroundrevolutionbeginsthiswinter．withtheflip轻击ofaswitch30000homesinonepartofDetroitwillsoonbecomethefirstinthecountrytoreceiveelectricitytransmittedbyice．coldhigh．performancecables．OtherAmericancitiesareexpectedtofollowDetroit’sexampleintheyearsahead．whichcouldconserveenormousamountsofpower． ThenewelectricalcablesattheFrisbiepowerstationinDetroitarerevolutionarybecausetheyaremadeofsuperconductors．Asuperconductorisamaterialthattransmitselectricitywithlittleornoresistance．Resistanceisthedegreetowhichasubstanceresistselectriccurrent．Allcommonelectricalconductorshaveacertainamountofelectricalresistance．Theyconvertatleastsomeoftheelectricalenergypassingthroughthemintowasteheat．Superconductorsdon’t?Nooneunderstandshowsuperconductivityworks．Itjustdoes． Makingsuperconductorsisn’teasy．Asuperconductormaterialhastobecooledtoanextremelylowtemperatureto10seitsresistance．Thefirstsuperconductorsmademorethan50yearsagohadtobecooledto-263degreesCelsiusbeforetheylosttheirresistance．Newersuperconductingmaterials10setheirresistanceat-143degreesCelsius． ThesuperconductorscableinstalledattheFrisbiestationismadeofaceramicmaterialthatcontainscopper．oxygen．bismuth铋strontium锶．andcalcium钙．Aceramicisahard．strongcompoundmadefromclayorminerals．Thesuperconductingceramichasbeenfashionedintoatapethatiswrappedlengthwisearoundalongtubefilledwithliquidnitrogen．Liquidnitrogenissupercoldandlowersthetemperatureoftheceramictapetothepointwhereitconveyselectricitywithzeroresistance． TheUnitedStateslosesanenormousamountofelectricityeachyeartoresistance．Becausecooledsuperconductorshavenoresistance．theywastemuchlesspower．0thercitiesarewatchingtheFrisbieexperimentinthehopethattheymightswitchtosuperconductingcableandconservepower．too． Whatelementenablestheceramictapetoloweritstemperature?
TheGreatestMysteryOfWhales Thewhaleisawarm-bloodedair-breathinganimalgivingbirthtoitsyoungalivesuckingthem--andlikeallmammalsoriginatedonland．Therearemany frontflippers鳍状肢usedforsteeringandstabilityaretracesoffeet． __________.51ofthis．ItsImmensestrengthis__________.52intothegreatbodyofthebigwhalesandinfactmostofawhale’sbodyisonegiganticmuscle．Thebluewhale’spullingstrengthhasbeenestimated__________.53400horsepower．Onespecimenwasreportedtohavetowed拖awhaling vesselforsevenhoursatthe__________.54ofeightknot节. Anangrywhalewill__________.55AfamousexampleofthiswasthefateofWhalerEssex__________.56wassunkoffthecoastofSouthAmericaearlyinthelastcentury．Morerecentlysteelshipshave__________.57theirplatesbuckled使弯曲inthesameway．Spermwhales抹香鲸wereknowntoseizetheold-timewhaleboatsintheirjawsandcrushThem. Thegreatest__________.58ofwhalesistheirdivingability．ThespermwhaledivestotheBottomforhis__________.59foodtheoctopus章鱼．InthatsearchheisknowntogoasfarDownas3200feetwherethe．__________.60is1400poundstoasquareinch．Doingsohe Will__________.61underwaterlongasonehour．Twospecialskillsareinvolvedinthisstoringupenough__________.62allwhalesareair—breathedandtoleratingthegreatchangeinpressure．Justhowhedoesitscientistshavenot__________.63．Itisbelievedthatsomeoftheoxygenisstoredinaspecial__________.64ofbloodvesselsratherthanjustheldinthelungs．Anditisbelievedthataspecialkindofoilinhisheadissomesortofcompensatingmechanismthat__________.65adjuststheinternalpressureofhisbody．Butsinceyoucan’tbringalivewhaleintothelaboratoryforstudynooneknowsjusthowthesethingswork．
第三篇TheScienceoftheFuture Untilrecentlythescienceofthefuturewassupposedtobeelectronicsandartificialintelligence．TodayitseemsmoreandmorelikelythatthenextgreatbreakthroughsintechnologywillbebroughtthroughacombinationOfthosetwoscienceswithorganicchemistryandgeneticengineering．Thiscombinationisthescienceofbiotechnology． Organicchemistryenablesustoproducemarveloussynthetic合成的materials．Howeveritisstilldifficulttomanufactureanythingthathasthecapacityofwooltoconserveheatandalsotoabsorbmoisture．Nothingthatwehavebeenabletoproducesofarcomesanywherenearthecombinationofstrength．1ightnessandflexibilitythatwefindinthebodiesofordinaryinsects． Nevertheless．scientistsinthelaboratoryhavealreadysucceededingrowingamaterialthathasmanyofthecharacteristicsofhumanskin．Thenextstepmaywellbebiotechheartsandeyeswhichcanreplacediseasedorgansinhumanbeings．Thesewillnotberejectedbythebodyasisthecasewithorgansfromhumans． Theapplicationofbiotechnologytoenergyproductionseemsevenmorepromising．In1996thefamousscience．fictionwriterArthurC．Clarkemanyofwhosepreviouspredictionshavecometruesaidthatwemaysoonbeabletodevelopremarkablycheapandrenewablesourcesofenergy．Someofthesepowersourceswillbebiological．Clarkeandothershavewarnedusrepeatedlythatsoonerorlaterwewillhavetogiveupourdependenceonnon-renewablepowersources．Coaloilandgasareindeedconvenient．Howeverusingthemalsomeanscreatingdangerouslyhighlevelsofpollution．Itwillbeimpossibletomeetthegrowingdemandfor energywithoutincreasingthatpollutiontocatastrophic灾难性的levelsunlesswedeveloppowersourcesthatarebothcheaperandcleaner． Itisattemptingtothinkthatbiotechnologyorsomeotherscienceofthefuturecansolveourproblems．Beforewesurrendertothattemptationweshouldremembernuclearpower．Onlyafewgenerationsagoitseemedtopromiselimitlesscheapandsafeenergy．Todaythosepromises1ieburiedinaconcretegraveinaplacecalledChernobylintheUkraine．Biotechnologyisunlikely．howevertobreakitspromisesinquitethesameorsuchadangerousway． Accordingtothepassagethescienceofthefutureislikelytobe
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