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PassageFour4 Therewasonceamanwhospentallhistimeinhisglasshouse.Flowerswashisnameandflowerswerehismainjoyinlife.Hegrewflowersofeverycolorunderthesun.Hegrewtheseflowersinordertoenterthemforcompetition.HisgreatesthopeinlifewastogrowaroseofanentirelynewcolorthatwouldwinhimthesilvercupfortheRoseoftheYear. Mr.Flowers’glasshousewasclosetoapublicpathwhichwasalwaysusedbychildrenwalkingtoandfromschool.Boyswereoftenattractedtothrowastoneortwoathisglasshouse.SoMr.Flowersdidhisbesttobeinorclosebyhisglasshouseatthebeginningandendoftheschoolday. Howeveritwasnotconvenientorpossibletobeonguardallthetime.Mr.Flowershadtriedinmanywaystopreventharmtohisglass;butnothingthathehaddonehadbeensuccessful. ThenjustashewasgivinguphopeofeverwinningthebattleandofgrowingtheRoseoftheYearhehadatrulywonderfulidea.Heputupalargenoticemadeofgoodstrongwoodsomemetresawayfromtheglasshousewhereitcouldbe’clearlyseenfromthepath.Hehadpaintedontheboardthewords:DONOTTHROWSTONESATTHISNOTICE.AfterthisMr.Flowershadnofurthertrouble.Theboysweremuchmoreattractedtothrowstonesatthenoticethanattheglasshouse. Theboysoftenusedtothrowastoneortwoattheglasshousebecause
PassageThree3 YoucanuseyourBusinessTelecardInternationalatanycardphoneintheUK.Hereissomeinformationaboutmakinginternationalphonecalls. YoucannowphonealmostanycountryintheworldalthoughInsomecasesyoucanonlycallmajorcities.Whenyoucannotmakedirectdialingcallsyoucanasktheinternationaloperatortohelpyou.Thisismoreexpensiveandtakesmoretimebutitmaybehelpfulifyouwanttospeaktoaparticularpersonandnooneelse;inthiscaseyoushouldaskfora"person-to-person"call.Evenmoreexpensiveisareversecharge对方付款callwhenthepersonwhoreceivesthecallpays. Iftheinternationallineisbusyyoucanreserveacall;explainthenumberyouwantandtheoperatorwillcallyoubackwhenthelineisfree. Youcansavemoneybycallingoutsideofficehourse.g.earlyinthemorninglateatnightandonSundays. Rememberthatthetimemaybedifferentinthecountryyouarecalling.InternationaltimeisbasedonGMTGreenwichMeanTime;LondonisonGMTandMoscowforexample3hoursahead. Thereisoneproblem:changetoDSTDaylightSavingTimefortheSummer.IntheUKclocksareputforwardonehourinSpringandputbackinAutumnandsoLondonisactuallyonehouraheadofGMTintheSummer. YoucanuseyourBusinessTelecardInternationalfordomesticcallsaswellbuttherewillbeanadditionalchargeoverthestandardrate. HowmanyhoursisMoscowaheadofLondonduringthesummer
Mostdictionarieswilltellyouanumberof21aboutalanguage.Therearethreethingsinparticularthat22important.Thesethreethingsarespellingpronunciationandmeanings. Thefirstandmostobviousthingisthatadictionarywill23youthespellingofaword.Ifyou’renotsureaboutthespellingofawordyoucantrytofindthecorrectspellinginadictionary.Wordsarelistedinalphabeticalorder--abeandsoon.Forexampleonadictionarypagetheword"poor"--poor--comesbefore"poverty"--povertyandtheword"poverty"comes24theword"power"--power.Thewordsarealwaysgiveninalphabeticalorder. Thesecondthingadictionarywilltellyouis25.Mostdictionariesgivethepronunciationofawordinaspecialkindofalphabet.Thisspecialalphabetiscalledaphoneticorsoundalphabet.Thephoneticspellingwilltellyougenerally26awordispronounced.Thereareafewdifferentphoneticalphabets.ManydictionariesusetheInternationalPhoneticAlphabettoshowpronunciation. The27thingadictionarywilltellyouisthemeaningsofwords.Youcan28awordandfindoutwhatitmeans.Manywordshavemorethanonemeaningandagooddictionarywillexplainalloftheword’smeanings.ForexampleinEnglishthecommonword"get"hasover20differentmeanings.Themeaningofcourse29thesentenceinwhichthewordisused. Thesethreethings--spellingpronunciationandmeanings--aresomeoftheimportant30thatyoulearnfromdictionaries. 25
PassageOne1 ThereisanEnglishsaying"Laughteristhebestmedicine."Untilrecentlyfewpeopletookthesayingseriously.Nowhoweverdoctorshavebeguntolookintolaughterandtheeffectsitbasonthehumanbody.Theyhavefoundthatlaughterreallycanimprovepeople’shealth. Testswerecarriedouttostudytheeffectsoflaughteronthebody.Peoplewatchedfunnyfilmswhiledoctorscheckedtheirheartbloodpressurebreathingandmuscles.Itwasfoundthatlaughterhassimilareffectstophysicalexercise.Itincreasesbloodpressuretheheartbeatingandbreathing;italsoworksseveralgroupsofmusclesinthefacethestomachandeventhefeet.Iflaughterexercisesthebodyitmustbebeneficial. Othertestshaveshownthatlaughterappearstobeabletoreducetheeffectofpainonthebody..Inoneexperimentdoctorsproducedpainingroupsofstudentswholistened-todifferentradioprograms.Thegroupthattoleratedthepainforthelongesttimewasthegroupwhichlistenedtoafunnyprogram.Thereasonwhylaughtercanreducepainseemstobethatithelpstoproduceakindofchemicalsinthebrainwhichdiminishbothstressandpain. AsaresultofthesediscoveriessomedoctorsintheUnitedStatesnowholdlaughterclinicsinwhichtheyhelptoimprovetheirpatients’conditionbyencouragingthemtolaugh.Theyhavefoundthateveniftheirpatientsdonotreallyfeellikelaughingmakingthemsmileisenoughtoproducebeneficialeffectssimilartothosecausedbylaughter. Themainideaofthepassageis
ThisisNewsontheHourEdWilsonreporting.ThePresidentandFirstLadywillvisitAfricaonagoodwilltourinMay.TheyplantovisiteightAfricancountries.ReportsfromChinasaytheChinesewantclosertiesbetweenChinaandtheU.S.andWesternEurope.AgroupofChinesescientistswillstartitsten-nationtournextmonth.HereinMiamithemayorisstillmeetingwiththeleadersoftheteachers’uniontotrytofindawaytoendthestrike.Cityschoolsarestillclosedaftertwoweeks.InnewsabouthealthscientistsinCaliforniareportfindingsofarelationshipbetweenthedrinkingofcoffeeandtheincreaseofheartdiseaseamongwomen.AccordingtothereportintheAmericanMedicalJournal=magazinethefive-yearstudyshowsthis:Womenwhodrinkmorethantwocupsofcoffeeadayhaveagreaterchanceofhavingheartdiseasethanwomenwhodonot.InsportstheChargerslostagainlastnight.TheBBSbeatthem1tonothing.TheWingershadbetterresults.TheybeattheRifles7to3.Itwastheirfirstwinintheirlastfivematches.That’stheNewsontheHour.AndnowbacktomoreeasylisteningwithJanSinger AgroupoftopChinesescientistswill
PassageFive5 Whenyouspeakwritealetterormakeatelephonecallyourwordscarryamessage.Peoplecommunicatewithwords.ButdoyouthinkyoucancommunicatewithoutwordsAsmileonyourfaceshowsyouarehappyorfriendly.Tearsinyoureyestellothersthatyouaresad.Whenyouputupyourhandinclasstheteacherknowsyouwanttosaysomethingoraskaquestion.Youshakeyourheadandpeopleknowyouaresaying"no".Younodandpeopleknowyouaresaying"yea".Otherthingscanalsocarrymessages.Forexampleasignatthebusstophelpsyoutoknowwhichbustotake.Asignonthedoortellsyouwheretogoinorout.Haveyouevernoticedthattherearealotofsignsaroundyouandthatyougetmessagesfromthemallthetime Peoplecancommunicateinmanyotherways.Anartistcanusehisdrawingstotellaboutbeautifulmountainsabouttheblueseaandmanyotherthings.Booksarewrittentotellaboutallthethingsintheworldandalsoaboutpeopleandtheirideas. BooksnewspapersTVradioandfilmscanallhelpustocommunicatewithothers.Theyallhelpustoknowwhatisgoingonintheworldandwhatotherpeoplearethinkingabout. Howdoyouknowwhichbustotakeifonegoessomewhere
Todayanyonewillacceptmoneyinexchangeforgoodsandservices.Peopleusemoneytobuyfoodfurniturebooksbicyclesandhundredsofotherstheyneedorwant.Whentheyworktheyusuallygetpaidinmoney.Mostofthemoneytodayismadeofmetalorpaper.Butpeopleusedtouseallkindsofthingsasmoney.Oneofthefirstkindsofmoneywasshells.Shellswerenottheonlythingsusedasmoney.InChinaclothand’kniveswereused.InthePhilippineIslandsricewasusedasmoney.InsomepartsofAfricacattlewereoneoftheearliestkindsofmoney.Otheranimalswereusedasmoneytoo.ThefirstmetalcoinsweremadeinChina.Theywereroundandhadasquareholeinthecenter.Peoplestrungthemtogetherandcarriedthemfromplacetoplace.Differentcountrieshaveuseddifferentmetalsanddesignsfortheirmoney.ThefirstcoinsinEnglandweremadeoftin.SwedenandRussiausedcoppertomaketheirmoney.Laterothercountriesbegantomakecoinsofgoldandsilver.Butevengoldandsilverwereinconvenientifyouhadtobuysomethingexpensive.AgaintheChinesethoughtofawaytoimprovemoney.Theybegantousepapermoney.80Thefirstpapermoneylookedmorelikeanotefromonepersontoanotherthanpapermoneyusedtoday.Moneyhashadaninterestinghistoryfromthedaysofshellmoneyuntiltoday.Wherewereshellsusedasmoneyinhistory
Mostdictionarieswilltellyouanumberof21aboutalanguage.Therearethreethingsinparticularthat22important.Thesethreethingsarespellingpronunciationandmeanings. Thefirstandmostobviousthingisthatadictionarywill23youthespellingofaword.Ifyou’renotsureaboutthespellingofawordyoucantrytofindthecorrectspellinginadictionary.Wordsarelistedinalphabeticalorder--abeandsoon.Forexampleonadictionarypagetheword"poor"--poor--comesbefore"poverty"--povertyandtheword"poverty"comes24theword"power"--power.Thewordsarealwaysgiveninalphabeticalorder. Thesecondthingadictionarywilltellyouis25.Mostdictionariesgivethepronunciationofawordinaspecialkindofalphabet.Thisspecialalphabetiscalledaphoneticorsoundalphabet.Thephoneticspellingwilltellyougenerally26awordispronounced.Thereareafewdifferentphoneticalphabets.ManydictionariesusetheInternationalPhoneticAlphabettoshowpronunciation. The27thingadictionarywilltellyouisthemeaningsofwords.Youcan28awordandfindoutwhatitmeans.Manywordshavemorethanonemeaningandagooddictionarywillexplainalloftheword’smeanings.ForexampleinEnglishthecommonword"get"hasover20differentmeanings.Themeaningofcourse29thesentenceinwhichthewordisused. Thesethreethings--spellingpronunciationandmeanings--aresomeoftheimportant30thatyoulearnfromdictionaries. 21
Itisdifficulttoimaginewhatlifewouldbelikewithoutmemory.78Themeaningsofthou-sandsofeverydayperceptionsthebasesforthedecisionswemakeandtherootsofourhabitsandskillsaretobefoundinourpastexperienceswhicharebroughtintothepresentbymemory. Memorycanbedefinedasthecapacitytokeepinformationavailableforlateruse.Itincludesnotonly"remembering"thingslikearithmeticorhistoricalfactsbutalsoinvolvinganychangeinthewayananimaltypicallybehaves.79Memoryisinvolvedwhenaratgivesupeatinggrainbe-causehehassniffedsomethingsuspiciousinthegrainpile.Memoryisalsoinvolvedwhenasix-year-oldchildlearnstoswingabaseballbat. Memoryexistsnotonlyinhumansandanimalsbutalsoinsomephysicalobjectsandmachines.Computersforexamplecontaindevicesforstoringdataforlateruse.Itisinterestingtocomparethememory-storagecapacityofacomputerwiththatofahumanbeing.Theinstant-accessmemoryofalargecomputermayholdupto100000"words"—readyforinstantuse.AnaverageU.S.teenagerprobablyrecognizesthemeaningofabout100000wordsofEnglish.Howeverthisisbutafractionofthetotalamountofinformationwhichtheteenagerhasstored.Considerforex-amplethenumberoffacesandplacesthattheteenagercanrecognizeonsight. Theuseofwordsisthebasisoftheadvancedproblem-solvingintelligenceofhumanbeings.Alargepartofaperson’smemoryisintermsofwordsandcombinationsofwords. Thetopicofthepassageis:
A.Yeswedo. B.Forameal. C.Sorry.I’mastrangerhere. D.Sorry.Ihavetostudyforatest. E.Gotuplate. F.Assoonaspossible. G.Yesheis. H.Justbehindtherestaurant. John:Let’sgoandseeafilmtonight.Rose:
Somepsychologists心理学家maintainthatmentalactssuchasthinkingarenotperformedinthebrainalonebutthatone’smusclesalsoparticipate.76Itmaybesaidthatwethinkwithourmusclesinsomewhatthesamewaythatwelistentomusicwithourbodies. Yousurelyarenotsurprisedtobetoldthatyouusuallylistentomusicnotonlywithyourearsbutwithyourwholebody.Fewpeoplecanlistentomusicwithoutmovingtheirbodyormorespecificallysomepartoftheirbody.Oftenwhenonelistenstoasymphonicconcertontheradioheisattractedtodirecttheorchestra乐队eventhoughheknowsthereisagoodconductoronthejob. Strangeasthisbehaviormaybethereisaverygoodreasonforit.Onecannotderiveallpossibleenjoymentfrommusicunlessheparticipatessotospeakinitsperformance.Thelistener"feels"himselfintothemusicwithmoreorlessnoticeablemotionsofhisbody. 77Themusclesofthebodyactuallyparticipateinthementalprocessofthinkinginthesamewaybutthisparticipationislessobviousbecauseitislessnoticeable. Thelistener’swayoffeelingthemusicis
Mostdictionarieswilltellyouanumberof21aboutalanguage.Therearethreethingsinparticularthat22important.Thesethreethingsarespellingpronunciationandmeanings. Thefirstandmostobviousthingisthatadictionarywill23youthespellingofaword.Ifyou’renotsureaboutthespellingofawordyoucantrytofindthecorrectspellinginadictionary.Wordsarelistedinalphabeticalorder--abeandsoon.Forexampleonadictionarypagetheword"poor"--poor--comesbefore"poverty"--povertyandtheword"poverty"comes24theword"power"--power.Thewordsarealwaysgiveninalphabeticalorder. Thesecondthingadictionarywilltellyouis25.Mostdictionariesgivethepronunciationofawordinaspecialkindofalphabet.Thisspecialalphabetiscalledaphoneticorsoundalphabet.Thephoneticspellingwilltellyougenerally26awordispronounced.Thereareafewdifferentphoneticalphabets.ManydictionariesusetheInternationalPhoneticAlphabettoshowpronunciation. The27thingadictionarywilltellyouisthemeaningsofwords.Youcan28awordandfindoutwhatitmeans.Manywordshavemorethanonemeaningandagooddictionarywillexplainalloftheword’smeanings.ForexampleinEnglishthecommonword"get"hasover20differentmeanings.Themeaningofcourse29thesentenceinwhichthewordisused. Thesethreethings--spellingpronunciationandmeanings--aresomeoftheimportant30thatyoulearnfromdictionaries. 23
Idon'treallyknowwhatto______Johnwhoissodifficulttoplease.
Mostdictionarieswilltellyouanumberof21aboutalanguage.Therearethreethingsinparticularthat22important.Thesethreethingsarespellingpronunciationandmeanings. Thefirstandmostobviousthingisthatadictionarywill23youthespellingofaword.Ifyou’renotsureaboutthespellingofawordyoucantrytofindthecorrectspellinginadictionary.Wordsarelistedinalphabeticalorder--abeandsoon.Forexampleonadictionarypagetheword"poor"--poor--comesbefore"poverty"--povertyandtheword"poverty"comes24theword"power"--power.Thewordsarealwaysgiveninalphabeticalorder. Thesecondthingadictionarywilltellyouis25.Mostdictionariesgivethepronunciationofawordinaspecialkindofalphabet.Thisspecialalphabetiscalledaphoneticorsoundalphabet.Thephoneticspellingwilltellyougenerally26awordispronounced.Thereareafewdifferentphoneticalphabets.ManydictionariesusetheInternationalPhoneticAlphabettoshowpronunciation. The27thingadictionarywilltellyouisthemeaningsofwords.Youcan28awordandfindoutwhatitmeans.Manywordshavemorethanonemeaningandagooddictionarywillexplainalloftheword’smeanings.ForexampleinEnglishthecommonword"get"hasover20differentmeanings.Themeaningofcourse29thesentenceinwhichthewordisused. Thesethreethings--spellingpronunciationandmeanings--aresomeoftheimportant30thatyoulearnfromdictionaries. 29
ThisisNewsontheHourEdWilsonreporting.ThePresidentandFirstLadywillvisitAfricaonagoodwilltourinMay.TheyplantovisiteightAfricancountries.ReportsfromChinasaytheChinesewantclosertiesbetweenChinaandtheU.S.andWesternEurope.AgroupofChinesescientistswillstartitsten-nationtournextmonth.HereinMiamithemayorisstillmeetingwiththeleadersoftheteachers’uniontotrytofindawaytoendthestrike.Cityschoolsarestillclosedaftertwoweeks.InnewsabouthealthscientistsinCaliforniareportfindingsofarelationshipbetweenthedrinkingofcoffeeandtheincreaseofheartdiseaseamongwomen.AccordingtothereportintheAmericanMedicalJournal=magazinethefive-yearstudyshowsthis:Womenwhodrinkmorethantwocupsofcoffeeadayhaveagreaterchanceofhavingheartdiseasethanwomenwhodonot.InsportstheChargerslostagainlastnight.TheBBSbeatthem1tonothing.TheWingershadbetterresults.TheybeattheRifles7to3.Itwastheirfirstwinintheirlastfivematches.That’stheNewsontheHour.AndnowbacktomoreeasylisteningwithJanSinger FromthenewsinMiamiweknow
你是王蒙你的邻居太吵了你实在是受不了了写信给公寓楼管理员内容包括1什么使你受不了2你受到了什么影响3希望他做些什么
Somepsychologists心理学家maintainthatmentalactssuchasthinkingarenotperformedinthebrainalonebutthatone’smusclesalsoparticipate.76Itmaybesaidthatwethinkwithourmusclesinsomewhatthesamewaythatwelistentomusicwithourbodies. Yousurelyarenotsurprisedtobetoldthatyouusuallylistentomusicnotonlywithyourearsbutwithyourwholebody.Fewpeoplecanlistentomusicwithoutmovingtheirbodyormorespecificallysomepartoftheirbody.Oftenwhenonelistenstoasymphonicconcertontheradioheisattractedtodirecttheorchestra乐队eventhoughheknowsthereisagoodconductoronthejob. Strangeasthisbehaviormaybethereisaverygoodreasonforit.Onecannotderiveallpossibleenjoymentfrommusicunlessheparticipatessotospeakinitsperformance.Thelistener"feels"himselfintothemusicwithmoreorlessnoticeablemotionsofhisbody. 77Themusclesofthebodyactuallyparticipateinthementalprocessofthinkinginthesamewaybutthisparticipationislessobviousbecauseitislessnoticeable. Theprocessofthinkingandthatoflisteningtomusicaresimilarinthat
Todayanyonewillacceptmoneyinexchangeforgoodsandservices.Peopleusemoneytobuyfoodfurniturebooksbicyclesandhundredsofotherstheyneedorwant.Whentheyworktheyusuallygetpaidinmoney.Mostofthemoneytodayismadeofmetalorpaper.Butpeopleusedtouseallkindsofthingsasmoney.Oneofthefirstkindsofmoneywasshells.Shellswerenottheonlythingsusedasmoney.InChinaclothand’kniveswereused.InthePhilippineIslandsricewasusedasmoney.InsomepartsofAfricacattlewereoneoftheearliestkindsofmoney.Otheranimalswereusedasmoneytoo.ThefirstmetalcoinsweremadeinChina.Theywereroundandhadasquareholeinthecenter.Peoplestrungthemtogetherandcarriedthemfromplacetoplace.Differentcountrieshaveuseddifferentmetalsanddesignsfortheirmoney.ThefirstcoinsinEnglandweremadeoftin.SwedenandRussiausedcoppertomaketheirmoney.Laterothercountriesbegantomakecoinsofgoldandsilver.Butevengoldandsilverwereinconvenientifyouhadtobuysomethingexpensive.AgaintheChinesethoughtofawaytoimprovemoney.Theybegantousepapermoney.80Thefirstpapermoneylookedmorelikeanotefromonepersontoanotherthanpapermoneyusedtoday.Moneyhashadaninterestinghistoryfromthedaysofshellmoneyuntiltoday.Whydoestheauthorsaythatevengoldandsilverwereinconvenientifyouhadtobuysomethingexpensive
PassageThree3 YoucanuseyourBusinessTelecardInternationalatanycardphoneintheUK.Hereissomeinformationaboutmakinginternationalphonecalls. YoucannowphonealmostanycountryintheworldalthoughInsomecasesyoucanonlycallmajorcities.Whenyoucannotmakedirectdialingcallsyoucanasktheinternationaloperatortohelpyou.Thisismoreexpensiveandtakesmoretimebutitmaybehelpfulifyouwanttospeaktoaparticularpersonandnooneelse;inthiscaseyoushouldaskfora"person-to-person"call.Evenmoreexpensiveisareversecharge对方付款callwhenthepersonwhoreceivesthecallpays. Iftheinternationallineisbusyyoucanreserveacall;explainthenumberyouwantandtheoperatorwillcallyoubackwhenthelineisfree. Youcansavemoneybycallingoutsideofficehourse.g.earlyinthemorninglateatnightandonSundays. Rememberthatthetimemaybedifferentinthecountryyouarecalling.InternationaltimeisbasedonGMTGreenwichMeanTime;LondonisonGMTandMoscowforexample3hoursahead. Thereisoneproblem:changetoDSTDaylightSavingTimefortheSummer.IntheUKclocksareputforwardonehourinSpringandputbackinAutumnandsoLondonisactuallyonehouraheadofGMTintheSummer. YoucanuseyourBusinessTelecardInternationalfordomesticcallsaswellbuttherewillbeanadditionalchargeoverthestandardrate. Whatisthemostexpensivetypeofcall
A.Yeswedo. B.Forameal. C.Sorry.I’mastrangerhere. D.Sorry.Ihavetostudyforatest. E.Gotuplate. F.Assoonaspossible. G.Yesheis. H.Justbehindtherestaurant. Steven:WherecanIparkmyearNancy:
PassageOne1 ThereisanEnglishsaying"Laughteristhebestmedicine."Untilrecentlyfewpeopletookthesayingseriously.Nowhoweverdoctorshavebeguntolookintolaughterandtheeffectsitbasonthehumanbody.Theyhavefoundthatlaughterreallycanimprovepeople’shealth. Testswerecarriedouttostudytheeffectsoflaughteronthebody.Peoplewatchedfunnyfilmswhiledoctorscheckedtheirheartbloodpressurebreathingandmuscles.Itwasfoundthatlaughterhassimilareffectstophysicalexercise.Itincreasesbloodpressuretheheartbeatingandbreathing;italsoworksseveralgroupsofmusclesinthefacethestomachandeventhefeet.Iflaughterexercisesthebodyitmustbebeneficial. Othertestshaveshownthatlaughterappearstobeabletoreducetheeffectofpainonthebody..Inoneexperimentdoctorsproducedpainingroupsofstudentswholistened-todifferentradioprograms.Thegroupthattoleratedthepainforthelongesttimewasthegroupwhichlistenedtoafunnyprogram.Thereasonwhylaughtercanreducepainseemstobethatithelpstoproduceakindofchemicalsinthebrainwhichdiminishbothstressandpain. AsaresultofthesediscoveriessomedoctorsintheUnitedStatesnowholdlaughterclinicsinwhichtheyhelptoimprovetheirpatients’conditionbyencouragingthemtolaugh.Theyhavefoundthateveniftheirpatientsdonotreallyfeellikelaughingmakingthemsmileisenoughtoproducebeneficialeffectssimilartothosecausedbylaughter. Thisunderlinedworddiminishissimilarto
Itisdifficulttoimaginewhatlifewouldbelikewithoutmemory.78Themeaningsofthou-sandsofeverydayperceptionsthebasesforthedecisionswemakeandtherootsofourhabitsandskillsaretobefoundinourpastexperienceswhicharebroughtintothepresentbymemory. Memorycanbedefinedasthecapacitytokeepinformationavailableforlateruse.Itincludesnotonly"remembering"thingslikearithmeticorhistoricalfactsbutalsoinvolvinganychangeinthewayananimaltypicallybehaves.79Memoryisinvolvedwhenaratgivesupeatinggrainbe-causehehassniffedsomethingsuspiciousinthegrainpile.Memoryisalsoinvolvedwhenasix-year-oldchildlearnstoswingabaseballbat. Memoryexistsnotonlyinhumansandanimalsbutalsoinsomephysicalobjectsandmachines.Computersforexamplecontaindevicesforstoringdataforlateruse.Itisinterestingtocomparethememory-storagecapacityofacomputerwiththatofahumanbeing.Theinstant-accessmemoryofalargecomputermayholdupto100000"words"—readyforinstantuse.AnaverageU.S.teenagerprobablyrecognizesthemeaningofabout100000wordsofEnglish.Howeverthisisbutafractionofthetotalamountofinformationwhichtheteenagerhasstored.Considerforex-amplethenumberoffacesandplacesthattheteenagercanrecognizeonsight. Theuseofwordsisthebasisoftheadvancedproblem-solvingintelligenceofhumanbeings.Alargepartofaperson’smemoryisintermsofwordsandcombinationsofwords. Thewholepassageimpliesthat
Pleasereturninanhour.I'llbeready______then.
Itisdifficulttoimaginewhatlifewouldbelikewithoutmemory.78Themeaningsofthou-sandsofeverydayperceptionsthebasesforthedecisionswemakeandtherootsofourhabitsandskillsaretobefoundinourpastexperienceswhicharebroughtintothepresentbymemory. Memorycanbedefinedasthecapacitytokeepinformationavailableforlateruse.Itincludesnotonly"remembering"thingslikearithmeticorhistoricalfactsbutalsoinvolvinganychangeinthewayananimaltypicallybehaves.79Memoryisinvolvedwhenaratgivesupeatinggrainbe-causehehassniffedsomethingsuspiciousinthegrainpile.Memoryisalsoinvolvedwhenasix-year-oldchildlearnstoswingabaseballbat. Memoryexistsnotonlyinhumansandanimalsbutalsoinsomephysicalobjectsandmachines.Computersforexamplecontaindevicesforstoringdataforlateruse.Itisinterestingtocomparethememory-storagecapacityofacomputerwiththatofahumanbeing.Theinstant-accessmemoryofalargecomputermayholdupto100000"words"—readyforinstantuse.AnaverageU.S.teenagerprobablyrecognizesthemeaningofabout100000wordsofEnglish.Howeverthisisbutafractionofthetotalamountofinformationwhichtheteenagerhasstored.Considerforex-amplethenumberoffacesandplacesthattheteenagercanrecognizeonsight. Theuseofwordsisthebasisoftheadvancedproblem-solvingintelligenceofhumanbeings.Alargepartofaperson’smemoryisintermsofwordsandcombinationsofwords. Accordingtothepassagememoryisconsideredtobe
PassageOne1 ThereisanEnglishsaying"Laughteristhebestmedicine."Untilrecentlyfewpeopletookthesayingseriously.Nowhoweverdoctorshavebeguntolookintolaughterandtheeffectsitbasonthehumanbody.Theyhavefoundthatlaughterreallycanimprovepeople’shealth. Testswerecarriedouttostudytheeffectsoflaughteronthebody.Peoplewatchedfunnyfilmswhiledoctorscheckedtheirheartbloodpressurebreathingandmuscles.Itwasfoundthatlaughterhassimilareffectstophysicalexercise.Itincreasesbloodpressuretheheartbeatingandbreathing;italsoworksseveralgroupsofmusclesinthefacethestomachandeventhefeet.Iflaughterexercisesthebodyitmustbebeneficial. Othertestshaveshownthatlaughterappearstobeabletoreducetheeffectofpainonthebody..Inoneexperimentdoctorsproducedpainingroupsofstudentswholistened-todifferentradioprograms.Thegroupthattoleratedthepainforthelongesttimewasthegroupwhichlistenedtoafunnyprogram.Thereasonwhylaughtercanreducepainseemstobethatithelpstoproduceakindofchemicalsinthebrainwhichdiminishbothstressandpain. AsaresultofthesediscoveriessomedoctorsintheUnitedStatesnowholdlaughterclinicsinwhichtheyhelptoimprovetheirpatients’conditionbyencouragingthemtolaugh.Theyhavefoundthateveniftheirpatientsdonotreallyfeellikelaughingmakingthemsmileisenoughtoproducebeneficialeffectssimilartothosecausedbylaughter. Doctorsholdlaughterclinics
PassageFive5 Whenyouspeakwritealetterormakeatelephonecallyourwordscarryamessage.Peoplecommunicatewithwords.ButdoyouthinkyoucancommunicatewithoutwordsAsmileonyourfaceshowsyouarehappyorfriendly.Tearsinyoureyestellothersthatyouaresad.Whenyouputupyourhandinclasstheteacherknowsyouwanttosaysomethingoraskaquestion.Youshakeyourheadandpeopleknowyouaresaying"no".Younodandpeopleknowyouaresaying"yea".Otherthingscanalsocarrymessages.Forexampleasignatthebusstophelpsyoutoknowwhichbustotake.Asignonthedoortellsyouwheretogoinorout.Haveyouevernoticedthattherearealotofsignsaroundyouandthatyougetmessagesfromthemallthetime Peoplecancommunicateinmanyotherways.Anartistcanusehisdrawingstotellaboutbeautifulmountainsabouttheblueseaandmanyotherthings.Booksarewrittentotellaboutallthethingsintheworldandalsoaboutpeopleandtheirideas. BooksnewspapersTVradioandfilmscanallhelpustocommunicatewithothers.Theyallhelpustoknowwhatisgoingonintheworldandwhatotherpeoplearethinkingabout. Thebesttitleforthisshortpassageis
Mostdictionarieswilltellyouanumberof21aboutalanguage.Therearethreethingsinparticularthat22important.Thesethreethingsarespellingpronunciationandmeanings. Thefirstandmostobviousthingisthatadictionarywill23youthespellingofaword.Ifyou’renotsureaboutthespellingofawordyoucantrytofindthecorrectspellinginadictionary.Wordsarelistedinalphabeticalorder--abeandsoon.Forexampleonadictionarypagetheword"poor"--poor--comesbefore"poverty"--povertyandtheword"poverty"comes24theword"power"--power.Thewordsarealwaysgiveninalphabeticalorder. Thesecondthingadictionarywilltellyouis25.Mostdictionariesgivethepronunciationofawordinaspecialkindofalphabet.Thisspecialalphabetiscalledaphoneticorsoundalphabet.Thephoneticspellingwilltellyougenerally26awordispronounced.Thereareafewdifferentphoneticalphabets.ManydictionariesusetheInternationalPhoneticAlphabettoshowpronunciation. The27thingadictionarywilltellyouisthemeaningsofwords.Youcan28awordandfindoutwhatitmeans.Manywordshavemorethanonemeaningandagooddictionarywillexplainalloftheword’smeanings.ForexampleinEnglishthecommonword"get"hasover20differentmeanings.Themeaningofcourse29thesentenceinwhichthewordisused. Thesethreethings--spellingpronunciationandmeanings--aresomeoftheimportant30thatyoulearnfromdictionaries. 27
PassageThree3 YoucanuseyourBusinessTelecardInternationalatanycardphoneintheUK.Hereissomeinformationaboutmakinginternationalphonecalls. YoucannowphonealmostanycountryintheworldalthoughInsomecasesyoucanonlycallmajorcities.Whenyoucannotmakedirectdialingcallsyoucanasktheinternationaloperatortohelpyou.Thisismoreexpensiveandtakesmoretimebutitmaybehelpfulifyouwanttospeaktoaparticularpersonandnooneelse;inthiscaseyoushouldaskfora"person-to-person"call.Evenmoreexpensiveisareversecharge对方付款callwhenthepersonwhoreceivesthecallpays. Iftheinternationallineisbusyyoucanreserveacall;explainthenumberyouwantandtheoperatorwillcallyoubackwhenthelineisfree. Youcansavemoneybycallingoutsideofficehourse.g.earlyinthemorninglateatnightandonSundays. Rememberthatthetimemaybedifferentinthecountryyouarecalling.InternationaltimeisbasedonGMTGreenwichMeanTime;LondonisonGMTandMoscowforexample3hoursahead. Thereisoneproblem:changetoDSTDaylightSavingTimefortheSummer.IntheUKclocksareputforwardonehourinSpringandputbackinAutumnandsoLondonisactuallyonehouraheadofGMTintheSummer. YoucanuseyourBusinessTelecardInternationalfordomesticcallsaswellbuttherewillbeanadditionalchargeoverthestandardrate. Whatcanyoudoiftheinternationallineisengaged
PassageFive5 Whenyouspeakwritealetterormakeatelephonecallyourwordscarryamessage.Peoplecommunicatewithwords.ButdoyouthinkyoucancommunicatewithoutwordsAsmileonyourfaceshowsyouarehappyorfriendly.Tearsinyoureyestellothersthatyouaresad.Whenyouputupyourhandinclasstheteacherknowsyouwanttosaysomethingoraskaquestion.Youshakeyourheadandpeopleknowyouaresaying"no".Younodandpeopleknowyouaresaying"yea".Otherthingscanalsocarrymessages.Forexampleasignatthebusstophelpsyoutoknowwhichbustotake.Asignonthedoortellsyouwheretogoinorout.Haveyouevernoticedthattherearealotofsignsaroundyouandthatyougetmessagesfromthemallthetime Peoplecancommunicateinmanyotherways.Anartistcanusehisdrawingstotellaboutbeautifulmountainsabouttheblueseaandmanyotherthings.Booksarewrittentotellaboutallthethingsintheworldandalsoaboutpeopleandtheirideas. BooksnewspapersTVradioandfilmscanallhelpustocommunicatewithothers.Theyallhelpustoknowwhatisgoingonintheworldandwhatotherpeoplearethinkingabout. Peoplecancommunicate
PassageFour4 Therewasonceamanwhospentallhistimeinhisglasshouse.Flowerswashisnameandflowerswerehismainjoyinlife.Hegrewflowersofeverycolorunderthesun.Hegrewtheseflowersinordertoenterthemforcompetition.HisgreatesthopeinlifewastogrowaroseofanentirelynewcolorthatwouldwinhimthesilvercupfortheRoseoftheYear. Mr.Flowers’glasshousewasclosetoapublicpathwhichwasalwaysusedbychildrenwalkingtoandfromschool.Boyswereoftenattractedtothrowastoneortwoathisglasshouse.SoMr.Flowersdidhisbesttobeinorclosebyhisglasshouseatthebeginningandendoftheschoolday. Howeveritwasnotconvenientorpossibletobeonguardallthetime.Mr.Flowershadtriedinmanywaystopreventharmtohisglass;butnothingthathehaddonehadbeensuccessful. ThenjustashewasgivinguphopeofeverwinningthebattleandofgrowingtheRoseoftheYearhehadatrulywonderfulidea.Heputupalargenoticemadeofgoodstrongwoodsomemetresawayfromtheglasshousewhereitcouldbe’clearlyseenfromthepath.Hehadpaintedontheboardthewords:DONOTTHROWSTONESATTHISNOTICE.AfterthisMr.Flowershadnofurthertrouble.Theboysweremuchmoreattractedtothrowstonesatthenoticethanattheglasshouse. TheboysthrewstonesatMr.Flowers'noticebecause
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