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Hollywood and American Movie Industry When we think of Hollywood a term I use loosely to describe A...
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第三部分阅读理解共20小题每小题2分满分40分阅读下列短文从每题所给的四个选项中选出最佳选项并在答题
ManyexpertssaythatBillyWilderchangedthehistoryofAm
阅读理解Ifyouwanttomakesomespendingmoneyyoucantryworki
HollywoodandAmericanMovieIndustryWhenwethinkofHoll
American movies production in general.
films made in Los Angeles.
an area in Los Angeles, famous because many popular films have been produced there.
films aimed at amusing audiences and making money for them.
ManyexpertssaythatBillyWilderchangedthehistoryofAm
MynameisLindaBrown.I’m14yearsold.IamartAmericangir
MostpeoplethinkthatthecapitalofthemovieworldisHoll
任务型阅读Bollywood:theHollywoodofIndiaYoumightbesurpri
LOSANGELES-Chinahasbecometheworld'ssecond-largestm
口语交际情景七选五请阅读下面一段对话根据其情景从方框内七个选项中选出能填入对话的五个选项AndyWe
BillyWilder1906-2002wasaJewishPolish-bornAmericanf
Whereintheworldcanyoutakeanhour’strainrideandpassa
I'vegottwoinvitationticketsforthe_______oftheAmeri
performance
preview
certificate
publication
AstheworldwatchedthetwintowersoftheWorldTradeCente
Youcanfindmany________starsinHollywooD.
movie
basketball
football
table tennis
HollywoodandAmericanMovieIndustryWhenwethinkofHoll
the term Hollywood.
American movie production.
the history and function of the film.
the early films.
NowIwouldliketotalkaboutmovies.Therearemanykindsof
WhenwethinkofHollywoodwethinkofmoviesandfamousmovi
WheneverwethinkofHollywoodwethinkofmoviesandfamous
Whereintheworldcanyoutakeanhour’strainrideandpassa
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WomanworkThoughsomepeoplehavesuggestedthatwomenshouldreturntohouseworkinordertoleave51jobsformentheideahasbeenrejectedbybothwomenandmeninpublic52polls.Latelysomeunionofficialshavesuggestedthattoomanywomenareemployedintypesofworkmore53formenandthatwomenshouldstepasidetomakewayforunemployedyoungmen.Theyarguethatwomenespeciallywomenintheirchildbearingyears54delayeconomicdevelopmentandresultinproductivitypoorqualityandinefficiency.Tosolvetheproblemtheysuggestedthatworkingwomenstayathome55theirhusbandsorbrothersweregivendoublewages.Theyarguethat56thesecircumstancesfamilieswould57theirsamelevelofincomeandwomencouldrunthehouseand58childrenmuchbetter.Thesuggestion59hasbeenflatlyrejectedby9outof10people60Someotherpeoplehavesuggestedanotherway61phasedemploymenttheory.Thetheorysuggeststhatawomanworkertake62fromherjobwhensheissevenmonthspregnantandstayoffthejob63herbabyreachestheageof3.Itsuggestedthatwomenonleavereceive75percentoftheir64.salaryandbeallowedtoreturntoworkafterthethree-yearperiod.Thiswill65childrenwomentheirfamiliesandthesocietyanditdefinitelyseemstobemoreacceptablethanthesuggestionthatwomenreturntotheirhomesforever.
1.MaleandFemalePilotsCauseAccidentsDifferentlyMalepilotsflyinggeneralaviatingprivateaircraftintheUnitedStatesaremorelikelytocrashduetoinattentionorflaweddecision-makingwhilefemalepilotsaremorelikelytocrashfrommishandlingtheaircraft.ThesearetheresultsofastudybyresearchersattheJohnsHopkinsUniversityBloombergSchoolofPublicHealth.Thestudyidentifiesthedifferencesbetweenmaleandfemalepilotsintermsofcircumstancesofthecrashandthetypeofpilotserrorinvolved.Crashesofgeneralaviationaircraftaccountfor85percentofallaviationdeathsintheUnitedStates.ThecrashrateformalepilotsasformotorvehicledriversexceedsthatofcrashesoffemalepilotsexplainsSusanP.Baker.MPHprofessorofhealthpolicyandmanagementattheBloombergSchoolofPublicHealth.Becausepilotyouthandinexperienceareestablishedcontributorstoaviationcrasheswefocusedononlymaturepilotstodeterminethegenderdifferencesinthereasonsforthecrash.Theresearchersextracteddataforthisstudyfromalargeresearchprojectonpilotagingandflightsafety.Thedataweregatheredfromgeneralaviationcrashesofairplanesandhelicoptersbetween1983and1997involving144femalepilotsand267realepilotsaged40-63.Femalepilotswerematchedwithmalepilotsina1:2ratiobyageclassesofmedicalandpilotcertificatesstateorareaofcrashandyearofcrash.Thenthecircumstancesofthecrashesandthepiloterrorinvolvedwerecategorizedandcodedwithoutknowledgeofpilotgender.Theresearchersfoundthatlossofcontrolonlandingortakeoffwasthemostcommoncircumstanceforbothsexesleadingto59percentoffemalepilots’crashesand36percentofmales.Experiencingmechanicalfailurerunningoutoffuelandlandingtheplanewiththelandinggearupwereamongthefactorsmorelikelywithmaleswhilestalling失速wasmorelikelywithfemales.Themajorityofthecrashes-95percentforfemalesand88percentformales-involvedatleastonetypeofpiloterror.Mishandlingaircraftkineticswasthemostcommonerrorforbothsexesbutwasmorecommonamongfemalesaccountingfor81percentofthecrashesthanmalesaccountingfor48percent.Maleshoweverappearedmorelikelytobeguiltyofpoordecision-makingrisk-takingandinattentivenessexamplesofwhichincludemisjudgingweatherandvisibilityorflyinganaircraftwithaknowndefect.Femalesthoughmorelikelytomishandleorlosecontroloftheaircraftweregenerallymorecarefulthantheirmalecounterparts.Theresearchdatainvolvedmorethan400pilotsaged40-63.
TheDrivefortheFutureDriverlessearsProfessorSebastianThrundirectoroftheStanfordArtificialIntelligenceLaboratorywantstocutthenumberofearsonplanetearthby50%.Hesaid:It’sahugewasteofmoneyandresourcestodoso—weuseearsabout3%ofthetime.ProfessorThrunisaleaderinthefieldofdriverlessCarsandhasbuilttworoboticvehiclescalledStanleyandJunior.Thecarshavenohumandriverandnoremotecontrolsystem—everythingfromsensorstonavigationishandledbyanonboardcomputer.TheywerebothenteredintotheDARPAGrandChallenge—araceforautonomousvehicles.Stanleywonin2004andJuniortooksecondplacein2007.Buttheultimategoalistocreateaworldwhereself-awarevehiclescandrivepassengersaroundwithouthittingpedestriansorbumpingintoothervehicles.Tobeabletounderstandtheenvironmentasdeepashumansdoistheholygrailofartificialintelligence.It’sahugeamountofworktomakecomputersunderstandwhatisthebehaviourofthetwopeopleontherightbothwaitingatanintersection—willtheywalkornotItisareallyhardquestion.PerfectmissionsResearchersatStanfordaretryingtoprogramhelicopterstoflyperfectmissionseverytimeincludingloops.Imagineforexampleasearchandrescuechopperthatcandescendintoanarrowcanyoncountlesstimeswithoutitsrotorsevertouchingtheedges.AndrewNganassociateprofessorintheComputerScienceDepartmentsaiditwouldbeverydifficulttowritesoftwaretomakeahelicopterearlyoutstuntsintheair.Insteadresearchersaskedaexperthumanpilottodemonstratethestunts.Thecomputerlearnedfromthedemonstrationshowtoflybyitself.Itiscalledapprenticeshiplearning—thecomputerfiguresoutwhatthehumanpilotistryingtodoandthenusesalgorithmstocorrectorperfecttheoperations.ProfessorNgsaid:Theaccelerometersofthehelicopterwillfeeltheforceofthewindpushingthehelicopterasideandwhatthehelicopterhaslearnedtodoishowtoadjustthecontrolstomoveitselfbackontothedesiredflightpath./Whatisthekeytocreateaself-awarevehicle
Paris1ParisthecapitalandthelargestcityofthecountryisinnorthcentralFrance.TheParismetropolitanareacontainsnearly20%ofthenation’spopulationandistheeconomicculturalandpoliticalcenterofFrance.TheFrenchgovernmentshavehistoricallyfavoredthecityasthesiteforalldecisionmakingthuspowerfullyattractingnearlyallofthenation’sactivities.2Parishasgrownsteadilysinceitwaschosenasthenationalcapitalinthelate10thcentury.WiththeintroductionoftheIndustrialRevolutionagreatnumberofpeoplemovedtothecityfromthecountryduringthe19thcentury.Themigrationwasespeciallystimulatedbytheconstructionofrailroadswhichprovidedeasyaccesstothecapital.AfterWorldWarIImoreandmoreimmigrantsarrived.3Thecityisthecentralizedcontrolpointofmostnationalradioandtelevisionbroadcasting.Itisaplaceofpublicationofthemostprestigiousnewspapersandmagazinesandaninternationalbookpublishingcenter.Withmorethan100museumsParishastrulybeenoneofthegreatestconcentrationsofarttreasuresintheworld.TheLouveropenedasamuseumin1793isoneofthelargestmuseumsintheworld.4Inthelate1980sabout4.lmillionpupilsannuallyattendedabout47000elementaryschools.Inadditionabout5.4millionstudentsattendedsome11200secondaryschools.Approximately1.2millionstudentswereenrolledannuallyatuniversitiesandcollegesinFranceinthelate1980s.Frenchcentersoflearninghaveservedasacademicmodelsthroughouttheworld.5ParisistheleadingindustrialcenterofFrancewithaboutonequarterofthenation’smanufacturingconcentratedinthemetropolitanarea.IndustriesofconsumergoodshavealwaysbeendrawntoParisbytheenormousmarketofthebigpopulationandmodernhigh-technologyindustriesalsohavebecomenumeroussinceWorldWarII.Chiefmanufacturesaremachineryautomobileschemicalsandelectricalequipment.A.HistoryofthecityB.IndustriesofthecityC.PopulationgrownD.EducationE.CulturalcenterF.ImmigrationParagraph3______
BrainTrainMillionsofcopiesofconsoleandcomputer-basedbraintrainersaresoldworldwideeveryyearclaimingtomakepeoples’brainsyoungerbetterfasterorbigger.Thetheoryseemstomakesense:regularlyexercisingthebrainwithtestsandpuzzlescanimprovebrainskillsandhelppeoplebecomebetterateverydaythinkingtasks.Butrecentresearchsuggestsscientificevidenceislacking.TheBBC’sBrainTestBritainexperimentwantstofindoutifbraintrainingreallyworksandisaimingtogetthousandsofmembersofthepublictotrainfor10minutesadaythreetimesaweekforatleastsixweeks.Scientificexperimentsandtheirfindingsshouldbeevaluatedbyindependentexpertsinaprocesscalledpeerreview.Thisistheminimumstandardbywhichthequalityofanyresearchisjudged.Verylittleresearchoncommercialbraintrainershasbeenpeerreviewed.Insteadmanufacturersoftenquoteunsupportedtestimonialsfromsatisfiedusers.Noneoftheseareacceptablesubstitutesforpeerreview.Apropercontrolgroupisthebackboneofanyvalidscientificstudy.Withabraintrainingstudythecontrolgroupofparticipantsshoulddothesameamountofamentalactivityasthebrain-traininggroupbutusinganon-braintrainingactivitysuchasacrossword.Scientistsshouldthenbeabletocomparetheresultsfromthetwogroupstoseehowgenuinelyeffectivethebraintrainingtaskswere.Studiesthathavebeenusedtosupporttheclaimsmadebycommercialbraintrainersoftenhavenocontrolgroupatalloracontrolgroupthatisnotasmentallyactiveasthetrainedgroup.Inordertoseehowmuchyouhaveimprovedyouneedtoknowwhereyouwereatthestart.Todothis.scientistsuseabenchmarkingtest—thesametesttakenatthebeginningandendofanexperiment.Benchmarkingtestsshouldhedifferentfromthebraintrainingtasks.Thiswayscientistscanseeiftheeffectsofbraintrainingaretransferabletoothermentaltasks.Studiesusedtosupporttheclaimsmadebycommercialbraintrainersoftenusetestsforbenchmarkingthatareidentical—orverysimilar—-tothetestsusedduringtrainingWhatisthewriter’sattitudetowardsthebraintrainers
TooDangerousforCollegeOnTuesdaytheAssociatedPressreportedthatbeermakerAnheuser-BuschhasscaledbackapromotioncalledFanCansinwhichthecompanytargetedcollegestudentsbypaintingcansofBudLightinschoolcolors.46Inresponsethecompanyagreedtostopsellingthespecial-editioncanswherecollegesobjected.Anumberofcollegeshadcomplainedaboutthecampaignonthegroundsthatamongotherthingsitsendsthewrongmessageaboutdrinking.Wethinkit’sanill-conceivedandinappropriatecampaignthatrunscountertoourcollectiveeffortstocombatunderagedrinking.aspokesmanforBostonCollegetoldtheAssociatedPress.Onitsfacerestrictingtheabilityofbeermakerstotargetcollegestudentsdirectlyseemslikeafineidea.Afterallthelogicseemstogothesepeopleareoldenoughtobeawayfromhomebutnotquiteoldenoughtomakeresponsibledecisions.47Ifwe’regoingtotreatcollegekidslikekidsthenbeerisn’ttheonlyproductthatoughttohaveitsmarketingwingsclippedbythosewhoknowwhat’sbest.Actuallythereisalistofproductsthatgetmarketedtocollegestudentseverydayallacrossthecountrysuchascigarettes.LastyeartheAmericanLungAssociationreportedthatafter1998whenthetobaccoindustrysignedanagreementwith46statesthatrestrictedtobaccoadvertisingtheindustrybegantargetingcollegestudentsbyspendingmoremoneyonpromotionsinbarsandnightclubswherethosestudentsspendtime.48Moreoverthosepromotionsseemtowork.49ShouldsocietybeconcernedaboutBigTobaccotargetingcollegekidsYoubet:accordingtotheAIAfullyhalfofoccasionalcollegesmokerswerestillsmokingfouryearslater.Smokingisarguablyasdangeroustostudents’well-beingasalcohol.50Ifwe’regoingtobepaternalistic家长式作风的let’satleastbeconsistent.A.Butifcollegestudentsaren’tquick-witted机敏的enoughtoseepastcoloredbeercanscallwereallytrustthemtonavigatetheslick狡猾的marketingcampaignsofotherdangerousproductsB.Yetallofthemaremarketedatcollegestudents.C.Anheuser-BuschgotapushfromtheFederalTradeCommissionwhichwasconcernedthatcanswillbemarketedtofansunderthelegalageof21.D.Itismoredangerousforcollegestudentsnowadaysthanpreviousyears.E.Accordingtoa2004paperbyresearchersatHarvardstudentswhowereexposedtothosepromotionsweremorelikelytosmokethanthosewhodidn’t.F.Ina2000-2001surveystudentsat115ofthe119schoolsstudiedsaidtheysawtobaccopromotionsatabarornightclu
Thegovernmenthasprotectedfarmersfromdamagingdropsingrainprices.
Weshouldneversatisfyourselveswithwhatwehavelearned.
TheteacheraskedustosubmitthereportsbeforenextMonday.
A.canbefoundinParisB.themajoreventsofthenationC.ofthecountry’sindustriesD.alotofcinemasandtheatersE.hasbeengrowingsteadilyF.hasbeendecreasingrapidlyParisisnotonlythecenterofeducationofFrancebutalsothecenter______.
WomanworkThoughsomepeoplehavesuggestedthatwomenshouldreturntohouseworkinordertoleave51jobsformentheideahasbeenrejectedbybothwomenandmeninpublic52polls.Latelysomeunionofficialshavesuggestedthattoomanywomenareemployedintypesofworkmore53formenandthatwomenshouldstepasidetomakewayforunemployedyoungmen.Theyarguethatwomenespeciallywomenintheirchildbearingyears54delayeconomicdevelopmentandresultinproductivitypoorqualityandinefficiency.Tosolvetheproblemtheysuggestedthatworkingwomenstayathome55theirhusbandsorbrothersweregivendoublewages.Theyarguethat56thesecircumstancesfamilieswould57theirsamelevelofincomeandwomencouldrunthehouseand58childrenmuchbetter.Thesuggestion59hasbeenflatlyrejectedby9outof10people60Someotherpeoplehavesuggestedanotherway61phasedemploymenttheory.Thetheorysuggeststhatawomanworkertake62fromherjobwhensheissevenmonthspregnantandstayoffthejob63herbabyreachestheageof3.Itsuggestedthatwomenonleavereceive75percentoftheir64.salaryandbeallowedtoreturntoworkafterthethree-yearperiod.Thiswill65childrenwomentheirfamiliesandthesocietyanditdefinitelyseemstobemoreacceptablethanthesuggestionthatwomenreturntotheirhomesforever.
PeoplenamethisstreetBillStreetinhonorofthefamousgeneral.
LonelyPlanetSometimesitseemslikewe’reallfriendsonFacebook.ButthesadtruthisthatAmericansarelonelierthanever.Between1985and2004thenumberofpeoplewhosaidtheyfeltlonelytripledto25percentaccordingtoDukeUniversityresearchers.SocialisolationinalladultshasbeenlinkedtosleepdisordershighbloodpressureandanincreasedriskofdepressionandsuicidesaysJohnT.CacioppoaneuroscientistattheUniversityofChicago.ThoughmoreAmericansthaneverarelivingalonetheconnectionbetweensingle-livingandlonelinessisinfactquiteweak.SomeofthemostprofoundlonelinesscanhappenwhenotherpeoplearepresentsaysHarryReisprofessorofpsychologyattheUniversityofRochester.Takecollegefreshmen:eventhoughthey’resurroundedbypeoplealmostallthetimemanyfeelincrediblyisolatedduringthefirstquarteroftheschoolyearCaciopposays.Bythesecondquarterhowevermostfreshmenhavefoundsocialreplacementsfortheirhigh-schoolfriends.SohowmanyfriendsdoyouneedtoavoidlonelinessThereisnomagicnumber.Anintrovertmightneedoneconfidantenottofeellonelywhereasanextrovertmightrequirethreeorfourbosombuddies.Expertssayit’snotthequantityofsocialrelationshipsbutthequalitythatreallymatters.ThemostpopularkidinschoolmaystillfeellonelyCaciopposays.Thereorealotofstarswhohavebeenidolsandlivedlonelylives.Lonelinesscanberelative:ithasbeendefinedasanemotionalresponsetoaperceiveddiscrepancybetweenaperson’sdesiredlevelsofsocialinteractionandthecontactthey’reactuallyreceiving.Peopletendtomeasurethemselvesagainstothersfeelingparticularlyaloneincommunitieswheresocialconnectionisthenorm.Social-networkingsiteslikeFacebookandMySpacemayprovidepeoplewithafalsesenseofconnectionthatultimatelyincreaseslonelinessinpeoplewhofeelalone.Thesesitesshouldserveasasupplementbutnotreplacementforface-to-faceinteraction.Justbeingabletoengagegenuinelyandpolitelywithyourneighborsisabetterfixthantextingcouldevereffectformentalstability.Caciopposays.AccordingtothepassagewhatisCacioppo’sideasaboutonlinesocial-networking
A.canbefoundinParisB.themajoreventsofthenationC.ofthecountry’sindustriesD.alotofcinemasandtheatersE.hasbeengrowingsteadilyF.hasbeendecreasingrapidlySincethe10thcenturythepopulationofParis______.
BrainTrainMillionsofcopiesofconsoleandcomputer-basedbraintrainersaresoldworldwideeveryyearclaimingtomakepeoples’brainsyoungerbetterfasterorbigger.Thetheoryseemstomakesense:regularlyexercisingthebrainwithtestsandpuzzlescanimprovebrainskillsandhelppeoplebecomebetterateverydaythinkingtasks.Butrecentresearchsuggestsscientificevidenceislacking.TheBBC’sBrainTestBritainexperimentwantstofindoutifbraintrainingreallyworksandisaimingtogetthousandsofmembersofthepublictotrainfor10minutesadaythreetimesaweekforatleastsixweeks.Scientificexperimentsandtheirfindingsshouldbeevaluatedbyindependentexpertsinaprocesscalledpeerreview.Thisistheminimumstandardbywhichthequalityofanyresearchisjudged.Verylittleresearchoncommercialbraintrainershasbeenpeerreviewed.Insteadmanufacturersoftenquoteunsupportedtestimonialsfromsatisfiedusers.Noneoftheseareacceptablesubstitutesforpeerreview.Apropercontrolgroupisthebackboneofanyvalidscientificstudy.Withabraintrainingstudythecontrolgroupofparticipantsshoulddothesameamountofamentalactivityasthebrain-traininggroupbutusinganon-braintrainingactivitysuchasacrossword.Scientistsshouldthenbeabletocomparetheresultsfromthetwogroupstoseehowgenuinelyeffectivethebraintrainingtaskswere.Studiesthathavebeenusedtosupporttheclaimsmadebycommercialbraintrainersoftenhavenocontrolgroupatalloracontrolgroupthatisnotasmentallyactiveasthetrainedgroup.Inordertoseehowmuchyouhaveimprovedyouneedtoknowwhereyouwereatthestart.Todothis.scientistsuseabenchmarkingtest—thesametesttakenatthebeginningandendofanexperiment.Benchmarkingtestsshouldhedifferentfromthebraintrainingtasks.Thiswayscientistscanseeiftheeffectsofbraintrainingaretransferabletoothermentaltasks.Studiesusedtosupporttheclaimsmadebycommercialbraintrainersoftenusetestsforbenchmarkingthatareidentical—orverysimilar—-tothetestsusedduringtrainingHowdotheresearchersknowthebrain-trainingactivityisuseful
1.MaleandFemalePilotsCauseAccidentsDifferentlyMalepilotsflyinggeneralaviatingprivateaircraftintheUnitedStatesaremorelikelytocrashduetoinattentionorflaweddecision-makingwhilefemalepilotsaremorelikelytocrashfrommishandlingtheaircraft.ThesearetheresultsofastudybyresearchersattheJohnsHopkinsUniversityBloombergSchoolofPublicHealth.Thestudyidentifiesthedifferencesbetweenmaleandfemalepilotsintermsofcircumstancesofthecrashandthetypeofpilotserrorinvolved.Crashesofgeneralaviationaircraftaccountfor85percentofallaviationdeathsintheUnitedStates.ThecrashrateformalepilotsasformotorvehicledriversexceedsthatofcrashesoffemalepilotsexplainsSusanP.Baker.MPHprofessorofhealthpolicyandmanagementattheBloombergSchoolofPublicHealth.Becausepilotyouthandinexperienceareestablishedcontributorstoaviationcrasheswefocusedononlymaturepilotstodeterminethegenderdifferencesinthereasonsforthecrash.Theresearchersextracteddataforthisstudyfromalargeresearchprojectonpilotagingandflightsafety.Thedataweregatheredfromgeneralaviationcrashesofairplanesandhelicoptersbetween1983and1997involving144femalepilotsand267realepilotsaged40-63.Femalepilotswerematchedwithmalepilotsina1:2ratiobyageclassesofmedicalandpilotcertificatesstateorareaofcrashandyearofcrash.Thenthecircumstancesofthecrashesandthepiloterrorinvolvedwerecategorizedandcodedwithoutknowledgeofpilotgender.Theresearchersfoundthatlossofcontrolonlandingortakeoffwasthemostcommoncircumstanceforbothsexesleadingto59percentoffemalepilots’crashesand36percentofmales.Experiencingmechanicalfailurerunningoutoffuelandlandingtheplanewiththelandinggearupwereamongthefactorsmorelikelywithmaleswhilestalling失速wasmorelikelywithfemales.Themajorityofthecrashes-95percentforfemalesand88percentformales-involvedatleastonetypeofpiloterror.Mishandlingaircraftkineticswasthemostcommonerrorforbothsexesbutwasmorecommonamongfemalesaccountingfor81percentofthecrashesthanmalesaccountingfor48percent.Maleshoweverappearedmorelikelytobeguiltyofpoordecision-makingrisk-takingandinattentivenessexamplesofwhichincludemisjudgingweatherandvisibilityorflyinganaircraftwithaknowndefect.Femalesthoughmorelikelytomishandleorlosecontroloftheaircraftweregenerallymorecarefulthantheirmalecounterparts.Lossofcontrolonlandingortakeoffandstallingisthemostcommonerrorofcrashwithfemalepilots.
LonelyPlanetSometimesitseemslikewe’reallfriendsonFacebook.ButthesadtruthisthatAmericansarelonelierthanever.Between1985and2004thenumberofpeoplewhosaidtheyfeltlonelytripledto25percentaccordingtoDukeUniversityresearchers.SocialisolationinalladultshasbeenlinkedtosleepdisordershighbloodpressureandanincreasedriskofdepressionandsuicidesaysJohnT.CacioppoaneuroscientistattheUniversityofChicago.ThoughmoreAmericansthaneverarelivingalonetheconnectionbetweensingle-livingandlonelinessisinfactquiteweak.SomeofthemostprofoundlonelinesscanhappenwhenotherpeoplearepresentsaysHarryReisprofessorofpsychologyattheUniversityofRochester.Takecollegefreshmen:eventhoughthey’resurroundedbypeoplealmostallthetimemanyfeelincrediblyisolatedduringthefirstquarteroftheschoolyearCaciopposays.Bythesecondquarterhowevermostfreshmenhavefoundsocialreplacementsfortheirhigh-schoolfriends.SohowmanyfriendsdoyouneedtoavoidlonelinessThereisnomagicnumber.Anintrovertmightneedoneconfidantenottofeellonelywhereasanextrovertmightrequirethreeorfourbosombuddies.Expertssayit’snotthequantityofsocialrelationshipsbutthequalitythatreallymatters.ThemostpopularkidinschoolmaystillfeellonelyCaciopposays.Thereorealotofstarswhohavebeenidolsandlivedlonelylives.Lonelinesscanberelative:ithasbeendefinedasanemotionalresponsetoaperceiveddiscrepancybetweenaperson’sdesiredlevelsofsocialinteractionandthecontactthey’reactuallyreceiving.Peopletendtomeasurethemselvesagainstothersfeelingparticularlyaloneincommunitieswheresocialconnectionisthenorm.Social-networkingsiteslikeFacebookandMySpacemayprovidepeoplewithafalsesenseofconnectionthatultimatelyincreaseslonelinessinpeoplewhofeelalone.Thesesitesshouldserveasasupplementbutnotreplacementforface-to-faceinteraction.Justbeingabletoengagegenuinelyandpolitelywithyourneighborsisabetterfixthantextingcouldevereffectformentalstability.Caciopposays.Accordingtothepassagewhichoneofthefollowingisnotmentionedasailmentconnectedtosocialisolation
WomanworkThoughsomepeoplehavesuggestedthatwomenshouldreturntohouseworkinordertoleave51jobsformentheideahasbeenrejectedbybothwomenandmeninpublic52polls.Latelysomeunionofficialshavesuggestedthattoomanywomenareemployedintypesofworkmore53formenandthatwomenshouldstepasidetomakewayforunemployedyoungmen.Theyarguethatwomenespeciallywomenintheirchildbearingyears54delayeconomicdevelopmentandresultinproductivitypoorqualityandinefficiency.Tosolvetheproblemtheysuggestedthatworkingwomenstayathome55theirhusbandsorbrothersweregivendoublewages.Theyarguethat56thesecircumstancesfamilieswould57theirsamelevelofincomeandwomencouldrunthehouseand58childrenmuchbetter.Thesuggestion59hasbeenflatlyrejectedby9outof10people60Someotherpeoplehavesuggestedanotherway61phasedemploymenttheory.Thetheorysuggeststhatawomanworkertake62fromherjobwhensheissevenmonthspregnantandstayoffthejob63herbabyreachestheageof3.Itsuggestedthatwomenonleavereceive75percentoftheir64.salaryandbeallowedtoreturntoworkafterthethree-yearperiod.Thiswill65childrenwomentheirfamiliesandthesocietyanditdefinitelyseemstobemoreacceptablethanthesuggestionthatwomenreturntotheirhomesforever.
1.MaleandFemalePilotsCauseAccidentsDifferentlyMalepilotsflyinggeneralaviatingprivateaircraftintheUnitedStatesaremorelikelytocrashduetoinattentionorflaweddecision-makingwhilefemalepilotsaremorelikelytocrashfrommishandlingtheaircraft.ThesearetheresultsofastudybyresearchersattheJohnsHopkinsUniversityBloombergSchoolofPublicHealth.Thestudyidentifiesthedifferencesbetweenmaleandfemalepilotsintermsofcircumstancesofthecrashandthetypeofpilotserrorinvolved.Crashesofgeneralaviationaircraftaccountfor85percentofallaviationdeathsintheUnitedStates.ThecrashrateformalepilotsasformotorvehicledriversexceedsthatofcrashesoffemalepilotsexplainsSusanP.Baker.MPHprofessorofhealthpolicyandmanagementattheBloombergSchoolofPublicHealth.Becausepilotyouthandinexperienceareestablishedcontributorstoaviationcrasheswefocusedononlymaturepilotstodeterminethegenderdifferencesinthereasonsforthecrash.Theresearchersextracteddataforthisstudyfromalargeresearchprojectonpilotagingandflightsafety.Thedataweregatheredfromgeneralaviationcrashesofairplanesandhelicoptersbetween1983and1997involving144femalepilotsand267realepilotsaged40-63.Femalepilotswerematchedwithmalepilotsina1:2ratiobyageclassesofmedicalandpilotcertificatesstateorareaofcrashandyearofcrash.Thenthecircumstancesofthecrashesandthepiloterrorinvolvedwerecategorizedandcodedwithoutknowledgeofpilotgender.Theresearchersfoundthatlossofcontrolonlandingortakeoffwasthemostcommoncircumstanceforbothsexesleadingto59percentoffemalepilots’crashesand36percentofmales.Experiencingmechanicalfailurerunningoutoffuelandlandingtheplanewiththelandinggearupwereamongthefactorsmorelikelywithmaleswhilestalling失速wasmorelikelywithfemales.Themajorityofthecrashes-95percentforfemalesand88percentformales-involvedatleastonetypeofpiloterror.Mishandlingaircraftkineticswasthemostcommonerrorforbothsexesbutwasmorecommonamongfemalesaccountingfor81percentofthecrashesthanmalesaccountingfor48percent.Maleshoweverappearedmorelikelytobeguiltyofpoordecision-makingrisk-takingandinattentivenessexamplesofwhichincludemisjudgingweatherandvisibilityorflyinganaircraftwithaknowndefect.Femalesthoughmorelikelytomishandleorlosecontroloftheaircraftweregenerallymorecarefulthantheirmalecounterparts.Itisalreadyknownthataircraftcrashesaremostlycausedbyyoungandinexperiencedpilots.
1.MaleandFemalePilotsCauseAccidentsDifferentlyMalepilotsflyinggeneralaviatingprivateaircraftintheUnitedStatesaremorelikelytocrashduetoinattentionorflaweddecision-makingwhilefemalepilotsaremorelikelytocrashfrommishandlingtheaircraft.ThesearetheresultsofastudybyresearchersattheJohnsHopkinsUniversityBloombergSchoolofPublicHealth.Thestudyidentifiesthedifferencesbetweenmaleandfemalepilotsintermsofcircumstancesofthecrashandthetypeofpilotserrorinvolved.Crashesofgeneralaviationaircraftaccountfor85percentofallaviationdeathsintheUnitedStates.ThecrashrateformalepilotsasformotorvehicledriversexceedsthatofcrashesoffemalepilotsexplainsSusanP.Baker.MPHprofessorofhealthpolicyandmanagementattheBloombergSchoolofPublicHealth.Becausepilotyouthandinexperienceareestablishedcontributorstoaviationcrasheswefocusedononlymaturepilotstodeterminethegenderdifferencesinthereasonsforthecrash.Theresearchersextracteddataforthisstudyfromalargeresearchprojectonpilotagingandflightsafety.Thedataweregatheredfromgeneralaviationcrashesofairplanesandhelicoptersbetween1983and1997involving144femalepilotsand267realepilotsaged40-63.Femalepilotswerematchedwithmalepilotsina1:2ratiobyageclassesofmedicalandpilotcertificatesstateorareaofcrashandyearofcrash.Thenthecircumstancesofthecrashesandthepiloterrorinvolvedwerecategorizedandcodedwithoutknowledgeofpilotgender.Theresearchersfoundthatlossofcontrolonlandingortakeoffwasthemostcommoncircumstanceforbothsexesleadingto59percentoffemalepilots’crashesand36percentofmales.Experiencingmechanicalfailurerunningoutoffuelandlandingtheplanewiththelandinggearupwereamongthefactorsmorelikelywithmaleswhilestalling失速wasmorelikelywithfemales.Themajorityofthecrashes-95percentforfemalesand88percentformales-involvedatleastonetypeofpiloterror.Mishandlingaircraftkineticswasthemostcommonerrorforbothsexesbutwasmorecommonamongfemalesaccountingfor81percentofthecrashesthanmalesaccountingfor48percent.Maleshoweverappearedmorelikelytobeguiltyofpoordecision-makingrisk-takingandinattentivenessexamplesofwhichincludemisjudgingweatherandvisibilityorflyinganaircraftwithaknowndefect.Femalesthoughmorelikelytomishandleorlosecontroloftheaircraftweregenerallymorecarefulthantheirmalecounterparts.Malepilotsaremorelikelytocrastlthanfemalepilots.
Paris1ParisthecapitalandthelargestcityofthecountryisinnorthcentralFrance.TheParismetropolitanareacontainsnearly20%ofthenation’spopulationandistheeconomicculturalandpoliticalcenterofFrance.TheFrenchgovernmentshavehistoricallyfavoredthecityasthesiteforalldecisionmakingthuspowerfullyattractingnearlyallofthenation’sactivities.2Parishasgrownsteadilysinceitwaschosenasthenationalcapitalinthelate10thcentury.WiththeintroductionoftheIndustrialRevolutionagreatnumberofpeoplemovedtothecityfromthecountryduringthe19thcentury.Themigrationwasespeciallystimulatedbytheconstructionofrailroadswhichprovidedeasyaccesstothecapital.AfterWorldWarIImoreandmoreimmigrantsarrived.3Thecityisthecentralizedcontrolpointofmostnationalradioandtelevisionbroadcasting.Itisaplaceofpublicationofthemostprestigiousnewspapersandmagazinesandaninternationalbookpublishingcenter.Withmorethan100museumsParishastrulybeenoneofthegreatestconcentrationsofarttreasuresintheworld.TheLouveropenedasamuseumin1793isoneofthelargestmuseumsintheworld.4Inthelate1980sabout4.lmillionpupilsannuallyattendedabout47000elementaryschools.Inadditionabout5.4millionstudentsattendedsome11200secondaryschools.Approximately1.2millionstudentswereenrolledannuallyatuniversitiesandcollegesinFranceinthelate1980s.Frenchcentersoflearninghaveservedasacademicmodelsthroughouttheworld.5ParisistheleadingindustrialcenterofFrancewithaboutonequarterofthenation’smanufacturingconcentratedinthemetropolitanarea.IndustriesofconsumergoodshavealwaysbeendrawntoParisbytheenormousmarketofthebigpopulationandmodernhigh-technologyindustriesalsohavebecomenumeroussinceWorldWarII.Chiefmanufacturesaremachineryautomobileschemicalsandelectricalequipment.A.HistoryofthecityB.IndustriesofthecityC.PopulationgrownD.EducationE.CulturalcenterF.ImmigrationParagraph5______
WomanworkThoughsomepeoplehavesuggestedthatwomenshouldreturntohouseworkinordertoleave51jobsformentheideahasbeenrejectedbybothwomenandmeninpublic52polls.Latelysomeunionofficialshavesuggestedthattoomanywomenareemployedintypesofworkmore53formenandthatwomenshouldstepasidetomakewayforunemployedyoungmen.Theyarguethatwomenespeciallywomenintheirchildbearingyears54delayeconomicdevelopmentandresultinproductivitypoorqualityandinefficiency.Tosolvetheproblemtheysuggestedthatworkingwomenstayathome55theirhusbandsorbrothersweregivendoublewages.Theyarguethat56thesecircumstancesfamilieswould57theirsamelevelofincomeandwomencouldrunthehouseand58childrenmuchbetter.Thesuggestion59hasbeenflatlyrejectedby9outof10people60Someotherpeoplehavesuggestedanotherway61phasedemploymenttheory.Thetheorysuggeststhatawomanworkertake62fromherjobwhensheissevenmonthspregnantandstayoffthejob63herbabyreachestheageof3.Itsuggestedthatwomenonleavereceive75percentoftheir64.salaryandbeallowedtoreturntoworkafterthethree-yearperiod.Thiswill65childrenwomentheirfamiliesandthesocietyanditdefinitelyseemstobemoreacceptablethanthesuggestionthatwomenreturntotheirhomesforever.
ThoughhewasborninAmericahecanspeaksmoothChinese.
WomanworkThoughsomepeoplehavesuggestedthatwomenshouldreturntohouseworkinordertoleave51jobsformentheideahasbeenrejectedbybothwomenandmeninpublic52polls.Latelysomeunionofficialshavesuggestedthattoomanywomenareemployedintypesofworkmore53formenandthatwomenshouldstepasidetomakewayforunemployedyoungmen.Theyarguethatwomenespeciallywomenintheirchildbearingyears54delayeconomicdevelopmentandresultinproductivitypoorqualityandinefficiency.Tosolvetheproblemtheysuggestedthatworkingwomenstayathome55theirhusbandsorbrothersweregivendoublewages.Theyarguethat56thesecircumstancesfamilieswould57theirsamelevelofincomeandwomencouldrunthehouseand58childrenmuchbetter.Thesuggestion59hasbeenflatlyrejectedby9outof10people60Someotherpeoplehavesuggestedanotherway61phasedemploymenttheory.Thetheorysuggeststhatawomanworkertake62fromherjobwhensheissevenmonthspregnantandstayoffthejob63herbabyreachestheageof3.Itsuggestedthatwomenonleavereceive75percentoftheir64.salaryandbeallowedtoreturntoworkafterthethree-yearperiod.Thiswill65childrenwomentheirfamiliesandthesocietyanditdefinitelyseemstobemoreacceptablethanthesuggestionthatwomenreturntotheirhomesforever.
Heisahumorousmanespeciallyhisexpressioninhisface.
BrainTrainMillionsofcopiesofconsoleandcomputer-basedbraintrainersaresoldworldwideeveryyearclaimingtomakepeoples’brainsyoungerbetterfasterorbigger.Thetheoryseemstomakesense:regularlyexercisingthebrainwithtestsandpuzzlescanimprovebrainskillsandhelppeoplebecomebetterateverydaythinkingtasks.Butrecentresearchsuggestsscientificevidenceislacking.TheBBC’sBrainTestBritainexperimentwantstofindoutifbraintrainingreallyworksandisaimingtogetthousandsofmembersofthepublictotrainfor10minutesadaythreetimesaweekforatleastsixweeks.Scientificexperimentsandtheirfindingsshouldbeevaluatedbyindependentexpertsinaprocesscalledpeerreview.Thisistheminimumstandardbywhichthequalityofanyresearchisjudged.Verylittleresearchoncommercialbraintrainershasbeenpeerreviewed.Insteadmanufacturersoftenquoteunsupportedtestimonialsfromsatisfiedusers.Noneoftheseareacceptablesubstitutesforpeerreview.Apropercontrolgroupisthebackboneofanyvalidscientificstudy.Withabraintrainingstudythecontrolgroupofparticipantsshoulddothesameamountofamentalactivityasthebrain-traininggroupbutusinganon-braintrainingactivitysuchasacrossword.Scientistsshouldthenbeabletocomparetheresultsfromthetwogroupstoseehowgenuinelyeffectivethebraintrainingtaskswere.Studiesthathavebeenusedtosupporttheclaimsmadebycommercialbraintrainersoftenhavenocontrolgroupatalloracontrolgroupthatisnotasmentallyactiveasthetrainedgroup.Inordertoseehowmuchyouhaveimprovedyouneedtoknowwhereyouwereatthestart.Todothis.scientistsuseabenchmarkingtest—thesametesttakenatthebeginningandendofanexperiment.Benchmarkingtestsshouldhedifferentfromthebraintrainingtasks.Thiswayscientistscanseeiftheeffectsofbraintrainingaretransferabletoothermentaltasks.Studiesusedtosupporttheclaimsmadebycommercialbraintrainersoftenusetestsforbenchmarkingthatareidentical—orverysimilar—-tothetestsusedduringtrainingWhichstatementaboutpeerreviewisright
TheDrivefortheFutureDriverlessearsProfessorSebastianThrundirectoroftheStanfordArtificialIntelligenceLaboratorywantstocutthenumberofearsonplanetearthby50%.Hesaid:It’sahugewasteofmoneyandresourcestodoso—weuseearsabout3%ofthetime.ProfessorThrunisaleaderinthefieldofdriverlessCarsandhasbuilttworoboticvehiclescalledStanleyandJunior.Thecarshavenohumandriverandnoremotecontrolsystem—everythingfromsensorstonavigationishandledbyanonboardcomputer.TheywerebothenteredintotheDARPAGrandChallenge—araceforautonomousvehicles.Stanleywonin2004andJuniortooksecondplacein2007.Buttheultimategoalistocreateaworldwhereself-awarevehiclescandrivepassengersaroundwithouthittingpedestriansorbumpingintoothervehicles.Tobeabletounderstandtheenvironmentasdeepashumansdoistheholygrailofartificialintelligence.It’sahugeamountofworktomakecomputersunderstandwhatisthebehaviourofthetwopeopleontherightbothwaitingatanintersection—willtheywalkornotItisareallyhardquestion.PerfectmissionsResearchersatStanfordaretryingtoprogramhelicopterstoflyperfectmissionseverytimeincludingloops.Imagineforexampleasearchandrescuechopperthatcandescendintoanarrowcanyoncountlesstimeswithoutitsrotorsevertouchingtheedges.AndrewNganassociateprofessorintheComputerScienceDepartmentsaiditwouldbeverydifficulttowritesoftwaretomakeahelicopterearlyoutstuntsintheair.Insteadresearchersaskedaexperthumanpilottodemonstratethestunts.Thecomputerlearnedfromthedemonstrationshowtoflybyitself.Itiscalledapprenticeshiplearning—thecomputerfiguresoutwhatthehumanpilotistryingtodoandthenusesalgorithmstocorrectorperfecttheoperations.ProfessorNgsaid:Theaccelerometersofthehelicopterwillfeeltheforceofthewindpushingthehelicopterasideandwhatthehelicopterhaslearnedtodoishowtoadjustthecontrolstomoveitselfbackontothedesiredflightpath./Whatisapprenticeshiplearning
WomanworkThoughsomepeoplehavesuggestedthatwomenshouldreturntohouseworkinordertoleave51jobsformentheideahasbeenrejectedbybothwomenandmeninpublic52polls.Latelysomeunionofficialshavesuggestedthattoomanywomenareemployedintypesofworkmore53formenandthatwomenshouldstepasidetomakewayforunemployedyoungmen.Theyarguethatwomenespeciallywomenintheirchildbearingyears54delayeconomicdevelopmentandresultinproductivitypoorqualityandinefficiency.Tosolvetheproblemtheysuggestedthatworkingwomenstayathome55theirhusbandsorbrothersweregivendoublewages.Theyarguethat56thesecircumstancesfamilieswould57theirsamelevelofincomeandwomencouldrunthehouseand58childrenmuchbetter.Thesuggestion59hasbeenflatlyrejectedby9outof10people60Someotherpeoplehavesuggestedanotherway61phasedemploymenttheory.Thetheorysuggeststhatawomanworkertake62fromherjobwhensheissevenmonthspregnantandstayoffthejob63herbabyreachestheageof3.Itsuggestedthatwomenonleavereceive75percentoftheir64.salaryandbeallowedtoreturntoworkafterthethree-yearperiod.Thiswill65childrenwomentheirfamiliesandthesocietyanditdefinitelyseemstobemoreacceptablethanthesuggestionthatwomenreturntotheirhomesforever.
WomanworkThoughsomepeoplehavesuggestedthatwomenshouldreturntohouseworkinordertoleave51jobsformentheideahasbeenrejectedbybothwomenandmeninpublic52polls.Latelysomeunionofficialshavesuggestedthattoomanywomenareemployedintypesofworkmore53formenandthatwomenshouldstepasidetomakewayforunemployedyoungmen.Theyarguethatwomenespeciallywomenintheirchildbearingyears54delayeconomicdevelopmentandresultinproductivitypoorqualityandinefficiency.Tosolvetheproblemtheysuggestedthatworkingwomenstayathome55theirhusbandsorbrothersweregivendoublewages.Theyarguethat56thesecircumstancesfamilieswould57theirsamelevelofincomeandwomencouldrunthehouseand58childrenmuchbetter.Thesuggestion59hasbeenflatlyrejectedby9outof10people60Someotherpeoplehavesuggestedanotherway61phasedemploymenttheory.Thetheorysuggeststhatawomanworkertake62fromherjobwhensheissevenmonthspregnantandstayoffthejob63herbabyreachestheageof3.Itsuggestedthatwomenonleavereceive75percentoftheir64.salaryandbeallowedtoreturntoworkafterthethree-yearperiod.Thiswill65childrenwomentheirfamiliesandthesocietyanditdefinitelyseemstobemoreacceptablethanthesuggestionthatwomenreturntotheirhomesforever.
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