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People name this street Bill Street in honor of the famous general.
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Herearetwopictures.A.manandaboyareinonepicturE.Who
PeoplenamethisstreetBillStreetinhonorofthefamousge
respecting
memorizing
in term of
in view of
PeopleusuallycallthewriterJiminsteadofJamesbecause
it's the name of his grandfather
it's easier for people to call him
it's the name that his parents chose for him
it's more difficult than James
——______________——IamJoyBill.
What’s you name?
What’s your brother’s name?
What’s your name?
Are you Joy Bill?
—Howdoyouspellyourname?—______.
My name is Bill
I'm Bill
Bill
B.-I-L-L,bill
Billisonlyfifteenyearsoldbuthe'salreadyveryrich.Tw
Herearetwopictures.AmanandaboyareinonepicturE.Whoa
短文填空读Bill的家谱完成下面短文每空一词LookatthefamilytreeofTom.Tom
Therearetwopictures.Amanandaboyareinthefirstpictur
—Howdoyouspellyourname?—______.
My name is Bill
I'm Bill
Bill
B.ILL
WeallhaveafirstandlastnameorpersonalandfamilynamE.
Look!TherearemanypeopleandcarsonNewStreet.It’sa___
lazy
busy
easy
quiet
WallStreetisfamousstreetinNewYorkCity.1Itgotitsnam
补全对话:每空一词将答案写在对话下面的横线上Bill:1meMonA.Isthisyourfamil
WallStreetisthenameofastreetinNewYorkandveryfam
the name of Chinatown in New York
the nickname of New York
the financial center of America
the tourist center of USA
Billisonlyfifteenyearsoldbuthe'salreadyveryrich.Tw
—Howdoyouspellyourname?—.
My name is Bill
I.’m Bill
Bill
B.-I-L-L
Hello!MynameisBillSmith.Mytelephonenumberis754-635
阅读理解阅读下列短文从每题A.B.C.D.四个选项中选出一个能完成所给句子或回答所提问题的最佳答案L
Herearetwopictures.A.manandaboyareinonepicturE.Who
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DesirableQualitiesinaTeacherHereIwanttotrytogiveyouananswertothequestion:WhatpersonalqualitiesaredesirableinateacherProbablynotwopeoplewoulddraw51exactlysimilarlistsbutIthinkthefollowingwouldbegenerally52.Firsttheteacher’spersonalityshouldbe53liveandattractive.Thisdoesnot54peoplewhoarephysicallyplainorevenuglybecausemany55havegreatpersonalcharm.Iwouldsaythat56allofdullorpurelynegativepersonality.Istillstickto57Isaidinmyearlierbook:thatschoolchildrenprobablysuffermorefromboresthanfrombrutes.Secondlyitisnotmerelydesirable58essentialforateachertohavea59capacityforsympathyintheliteralmeaningofthatword;acapacityto60intothemindsandfeelingsofotherpeopleespeciallysincemostteachersareschoolteachers61themindsandfeelingsofchildren.Closelyrelatedwiththisisthecapacitytobetolerantnotindeed62whatiswrongbutoffrailty脆弱andimmaturityofhumannaturewhichinducepeopleand63especiallychildrentomakemistakes.Thirdly!hold64essentialforateachertobebothintellectuallyandmorallyhonest.Thisdoesnotmean65aplastersaint.Itmeansthathewillbeawareofhisintellectualstrengths.
Theyagreedtosettlethedisputebypeacefulmeans.
Everyonecantellthispoorman'slongingforknowledge.
StatusofTeachersinAmericaAtpresentinmanyAmericancitiesespeciallymanyteachersinthepublicschoolssaytheyareunderpaid.Theypointtojobssuchassecretaryortruckdriverwhichoftenpaymoretostartthanthatoftheteacher.Inmanyotherfieldssuchaslawmedicinecomputerscienceabeginningworkermaymakemorethanateacherwhohastaughtforseveralyear.Teachinghasneverbeenaprofessionthatattractedpeopleinterestedinhighsalaries.Itisbyhistoryaprofessionthathasprovidedrewardsinadditiontomoneythesatisfactionofsharingknowledgeofinfluencingothersofguidingyoungpeople.Butinthepastseveralyearstherearemoredifficultiesinteachingformanythantherearerewards.Unrulystudentswhowouldhavechosenteachingastheirlifecareerinthepastaregoingintootherfields.AnotherreasonforthischangeinteachercandidatesisthechangingstatusofwomenintheUnitedStates.Untilthelate1960sand1970soneofthemostpopularchoicesforwomenwasteaching.Butasotherprofessionssuchaslawandmedicineopeneduptowomenwomenstoppedpouringintoteachertrainingprograms.Thusamajorpoolofexcellentcandidatesfortheteachingprofessiondwindled减少.Bitbybitgovernmentofficialsandothersrealizedthatthestatusoftheteacherhadsuffered.Theytalkedaboutchange.ButchangeinavastsocietyliketheUnitedStatesisnoteasy.People’sattitudeshaveformedovermanyyearsandsometimeschangetakesmanyyears.Thewriterbelievesthatchangeinteaches’statusintheUnitedStates______.
DesirableQualitiesinaTeacherHereIwanttotrytogiveyouananswertothequestion:WhatpersonalqualitiesaredesirableinateacherProbablynotwopeoplewoulddraw51exactlysimilarlistsbutIthinkthefollowingwouldbegenerally52.Firsttheteacher’spersonalityshouldbe53liveandattractive.Thisdoesnot54peoplewhoarephysicallyplainorevenuglybecausemany55havegreatpersonalcharm.Iwouldsaythat56allofdullorpurelynegativepersonality.Istillstickto57Isaidinmyearlierbook:thatschoolchildrenprobablysuffermorefromboresthanfrombrutes.Secondlyitisnotmerelydesirable58essentialforateachertohavea59capacityforsympathyintheliteralmeaningofthatword;acapacityto60intothemindsandfeelingsofotherpeopleespeciallysincemostteachersareschoolteachers61themindsandfeelingsofchildren.Closelyrelatedwiththisisthecapacitytobetolerantnotindeed62whatiswrongbutoffrailty脆弱andimmaturityofhumannaturewhichinducepeopleand63especiallychildrentomakemistakes.Thirdly!hold64essentialforateachertobebothintellectuallyandmorallyhonest.Thisdoesnotmean65aplastersaint.Itmeansthathewillbeawareofhisintellectualstrengths.
FermiProblemOnaMondaymorninginJulytheworld’sfirstatombombexplodedintheNewMexicodesert.FortysecondslatertheshookwavesreachedthebasecampwheretheItalian-AmericanphysicistEnricoFezmiandhisteamstood.AfteramentalcalculationFermiannouncedtohisteamthatthebomb’senergyhadequated10000tonsofTNT.Thebombteamwasimpressedbutnotsurprised.Fermi’sgeniuswasknownthroughoutthescientificworld.In1938hehadwonaNobelPrize.Fouryearslaterheproducedthefirstnuclearchainreactionleadingusintothenuclearage.SinceFermi’sdeathin1954nophysicisthasbeenatonceamasterexperimentalistandaleadingtheoretician.Likeallvirtuosos大师Fermihadadistinctivestyle.Hepreferredthemostdirectroutetoananswer.Hewasverygoodatdividingdifficultproblemsintosmallmanageablebitstalentweallcanuseinourdailylives.TodevelopthistalentinhisstudentsFermiwouldsuggestatypeofquestionnowknownasaFermiproblem.Uponfirsthearingoneoftheseyouhaven’ttheremotestnotionoftheanswerandyoufeelcertainthattoolittleinformationhadbeengiventosolveit.Yetwhentheproblemisbrokenintosub-problemseachanswerablewithoutthehelpofexpertsorbooksyoucancomeclosetotheexactsolution.SupposeyouwanttodetermineEarth’scircumferencewithoutlookingitup.EveryoneknowsthatNewYorkandLosAngelesareabout3000milesapartandthatthetimedifferencebetweenthemisthreehours.Threehoursisone-eighthofadayandadayisthetimeittakestheplanettocompleteonerotationsoitscircumferencemustbeeighttimes3000or24000miles.Thisanswerdiffersfromthetruevalue24902.45milesbylessthanfourpercent.UltimatelythevalueofdealingwitheverydayproblemsthewayFermididliesintherewardsofmakingindependentdiscoveriesandinventions.Itdoesn’tmatterwhetherthediscoveryisasimportantasdeterminingthepowerofanatomorassmallasmeasuringthedistancebetweenNewYorkandLosAngeles.Lookinguptheanswerorlettingsomeoneelsefinditdeprivesyouofthepleasureandpridethataccompanycreativityanddeprivesyouofanexperiencethatbuildsupself-confide.ThusapproachingpersonaldilemmasasFermiproblemscanbecomeahabitthatenrichesyourlife.ThenthefourthparagraphtellsushowFermisolvedtheproblemofearth’scircumferencewithoutlookingup.
FermiProblemOnaMondaymorninginJulytheworld’sfirstatombombexplodedintheNewMexicodesert.FortysecondslatertheshookwavesreachedthebasecampwheretheItalian-AmericanphysicistEnricoFezmiandhisteamstood.AfteramentalcalculationFermiannouncedtohisteamthatthebomb’senergyhadequated10000tonsofTNT.Thebombteamwasimpressedbutnotsurprised.Fermi’sgeniuswasknownthroughoutthescientificworld.In1938hehadwonaNobelPrize.Fouryearslaterheproducedthefirstnuclearchainreactionleadingusintothenuclearage.SinceFermi’sdeathin1954nophysicisthasbeenatonceamasterexperimentalistandaleadingtheoretician.Likeallvirtuosos大师Fermihadadistinctivestyle.Hepreferredthemostdirectroutetoananswer.Hewasverygoodatdividingdifficultproblemsintosmallmanageablebitstalentweallcanuseinourdailylives.TodevelopthistalentinhisstudentsFermiwouldsuggestatypeofquestionnowknownasaFermiproblem.Uponfirsthearingoneoftheseyouhaven’ttheremotestnotionoftheanswerandyoufeelcertainthattoolittleinformationhadbeengiventosolveit.Yetwhentheproblemisbrokenintosub-problemseachanswerablewithoutthehelpofexpertsorbooksyoucancomeclosetotheexactsolution.SupposeyouwanttodetermineEarth’scircumferencewithoutlookingitup.EveryoneknowsthatNewYorkandLosAngelesareabout3000milesapartandthatthetimedifferencebetweenthemisthreehours.Threehoursisone-eighthofadayandadayisthetimeittakestheplanettocompleteonerotationsoitscircumferencemustbeeighttimes3000or24000miles.Thisanswerdiffersfromthetruevalue24902.45milesbylessthanfourpercent.UltimatelythevalueofdealingwitheverydayproblemsthewayFermididliesintherewardsofmakingindependentdiscoveriesandinventions.Itdoesn’tmatterwhetherthediscoveryisasimportantasdeterminingthepowerofanatomorassmallasmeasuringthedistancebetweenNewYorkandLosAngeles.Lookinguptheanswerorlettingsomeoneelsefinditdeprivesyouofthepleasureandpridethataccompanycreativityanddeprivesyouofanexperiencethatbuildsupself-confide.ThusapproachingpersonaldilemmasasFermiproblemscanbecomeahabitthatenrichesyourlife.Fermi’steamwasimpressedbyFermi’sannouncementinthebasecampbecausehecouldevenworkoutthepoweroftheatombombinhismind.
AcriticizedbythemediaBthelowwageintheautoindustryCownacarDProducecarsinlargenumbersEthe8-hour-shiftpracticeFcombinedtechnologyandmarketFordwasthefirsttoadopt______.
DesirableQualitiesinaTeacherHereIwanttotrytogiveyouananswertothequestion:WhatpersonalqualitiesaredesirableinateacherProbablynotwopeoplewoulddraw51exactlysimilarlistsbutIthinkthefollowingwouldbegenerally52.Firsttheteacher’spersonalityshouldbe53liveandattractive.Thisdoesnot54peoplewhoarephysicallyplainorevenuglybecausemany55havegreatpersonalcharm.Iwouldsaythat56allofdullorpurelynegativepersonality.Istillstickto57Isaidinmyearlierbook:thatschoolchildrenprobablysuffermorefromboresthanfrombrutes.Secondlyitisnotmerelydesirable58essentialforateachertohavea59capacityforsympathyintheliteralmeaningofthatword;acapacityto60intothemindsandfeelingsofotherpeopleespeciallysincemostteachersareschoolteachers61themindsandfeelingsofchildren.Closelyrelatedwiththisisthecapacitytobetolerantnotindeed62whatiswrongbutoffrailty脆弱andimmaturityofhumannaturewhichinducepeopleand63especiallychildrentomakemistakes.Thirdly!hold64essentialforateachertobebothintellectuallyandmorallyhonest.Thisdoesnotmean65aplastersaint.Itmeansthathewillbeawareofhisintellectualstrengths.
DesirableQualitiesinaTeacherHereIwanttotrytogiveyouananswertothequestion:WhatpersonalqualitiesaredesirableinateacherProbablynotwopeoplewoulddraw51exactlysimilarlistsbutIthinkthefollowingwouldbegenerally52.Firsttheteacher’spersonalityshouldbe53liveandattractive.Thisdoesnot54peoplewhoarephysicallyplainorevenuglybecausemany55havegreatpersonalcharm.Iwouldsaythat56allofdullorpurelynegativepersonality.Istillstickto57Isaidinmyearlierbook:thatschoolchildrenprobablysuffermorefromboresthanfrombrutes.Secondlyitisnotmerelydesirable58essentialforateachertohavea59capacityforsympathyintheliteralmeaningofthatword;acapacityto60intothemindsandfeelingsofotherpeopleespeciallysincemostteachersareschoolteachers61themindsandfeelingsofchildren.Closelyrelatedwiththisisthecapacitytobetolerantnotindeed62whatiswrongbutoffrailty脆弱andimmaturityofhumannaturewhichinducepeopleand63especiallychildrentomakemistakes.Thirdly!hold64essentialforateachertobebothintellectuallyandmorallyhonest.Thisdoesnotmean65aplastersaint.Itmeansthathewillbeawareofhisintellectualstrengths.
Ford1Ford’sgreatstrengthwasthemanufacturingprocessnotinvention.Longbeforehestartedacarcompanyhewasaworkerknownforpickinguppiecesofmetalandwireandturningthemintomachines.Hestartedputtingcarstogetherin1891althoughitwasbynomeansthefirstpopularautomobiletheModelTshowedtheworldjusthowcreativeFordwasatcombiningtechnologyandmarket.2Thecompany’sassemblylinealonethrewAmerica’sIndustrialRevolutionintooverdrive高速运转.InsteadofhavingworkersputtogethertheentirecarFord’sfriendswhoweregreattoolmakersfromScotlandorganizedteamsthataddedpartstoeachModelTasitmoveddownaline.BythetimeFord’sHighlandParkplantwashumming嗡嗡作响alongin1914theworld’sfirstautomaticconveyorbeltcouldturnoutacarevery93minutes.3ThesameyearHenryFordshockedtheworldwiththe$5adayminimumWageschemethegreatestcontributionhehadevermade.TheaverageWageintheautoindustrythenwas$2.34fora9-hourshift.Fordnotonlydoubledthathealsotookanhourofftheworkday.Inthoseyearsitwasunthinkablethatamancouldbepaidthatmuchfordoingsomethingthatdidn’tinvolveanawfullotoftrainingoreducation.TheWallStreetJournalcalledtheplananeconomiccrimeandcriticseverywherelaughedatFord.4Butasthewageincreasedlatertodaily$10itprovedacriticalcomponentofFord’sdreamtomaketheautomobileaccessibletoallThecriticsweretoostupidtounderstandthatbecauseFordhadloweredhiscostspercarthehigherwagesdidn’tmatterexceptformakingitpossibleformorepeopletobuycars.AFord’sFollowersBTheAssemblyLineCFord’sGreatDreamDTheEstablishmentoftheCompanyEFord’sBiggestContributionFFord’sGreatTalentparagraph2______
DesirableQualitiesinaTeacherHereIwanttotrytogiveyouananswertothequestion:WhatpersonalqualitiesaredesirableinateacherProbablynotwopeoplewoulddraw51exactlysimilarlistsbutIthinkthefollowingwouldbegenerally52.Firsttheteacher’spersonalityshouldbe53liveandattractive.Thisdoesnot54peoplewhoarephysicallyplainorevenuglybecausemany55havegreatpersonalcharm.Iwouldsaythat56allofdullorpurelynegativepersonality.Istillstickto57Isaidinmyearlierbook:thatschoolchildrenprobablysuffermorefromboresthanfrombrutes.Secondlyitisnotmerelydesirable58essentialforateachertohavea59capacityforsympathyintheliteralmeaningofthatword;acapacityto60intothemindsandfeelingsofotherpeopleespeciallysincemostteachersareschoolteachers61themindsandfeelingsofchildren.Closelyrelatedwiththisisthecapacitytobetolerantnotindeed62whatiswrongbutoffrailty脆弱andimmaturityofhumannaturewhichinducepeopleand63especiallychildrentomakemistakes.Thirdly!hold64essentialforateachertobebothintellectuallyandmorallyhonest.Thisdoesnotmean65aplastersaint.Itmeansthathewillbeawareofhisintellectualstrengths.
Anacademictermlastingapproximatelythreemonths.
Allthreemenwerehotdirtyandexhausted.
DesirableQualitiesinaTeacherHereIwanttotrytogiveyouananswertothequestion:WhatpersonalqualitiesaredesirableinateacherProbablynotwopeoplewoulddraw51exactlysimilarlistsbutIthinkthefollowingwouldbegenerally52.Firsttheteacher’spersonalityshouldbe53liveandattractive.Thisdoesnot54peoplewhoarephysicallyplainorevenuglybecausemany55havegreatpersonalcharm.Iwouldsaythat56allofdullorpurelynegativepersonality.Istillstickto57Isaidinmyearlierbook:thatschoolchildrenprobablysuffermorefromboresthanfrombrutes.Secondlyitisnotmerelydesirable58essentialforateachertohavea59capacityforsympathyintheliteralmeaningofthatword;acapacityto60intothemindsandfeelingsofotherpeopleespeciallysincemostteachersareschoolteachers61themindsandfeelingsofchildren.Closelyrelatedwiththisisthecapacitytobetolerantnotindeed62whatiswrongbutoffrailty脆弱andimmaturityofhumannaturewhichinducepeopleand63especiallychildrentomakemistakes.Thirdly!hold64essentialforateachertobebothintellectuallyandmorallyhonest.Thisdoesnotmean65aplastersaint.Itmeansthathewillbeawareofhisintellectualstrengths.
DesirableQualitiesinaTeacherHereIwanttotrytogiveyouananswertothequestion:WhatpersonalqualitiesaredesirableinateacherProbablynotwopeoplewoulddraw51exactlysimilarlistsbutIthinkthefollowingwouldbegenerally52.Firsttheteacher’spersonalityshouldbe53liveandattractive.Thisdoesnot54peoplewhoarephysicallyplainorevenuglybecausemany55havegreatpersonalcharm.Iwouldsaythat56allofdullorpurelynegativepersonality.Istillstickto57Isaidinmyearlierbook:thatschoolchildrenprobablysuffermorefromboresthanfrombrutes.Secondlyitisnotmerelydesirable58essentialforateachertohavea59capacityforsympathyintheliteralmeaningofthatword;acapacityto60intothemindsandfeelingsofotherpeopleespeciallysincemostteachersareschoolteachers61themindsandfeelingsofchildren.Closelyrelatedwiththisisthecapacitytobetolerantnotindeed62whatiswrongbutoffrailty脆弱andimmaturityofhumannaturewhichinducepeopleand63especiallychildrentomakemistakes.Thirdly!hold64essentialforateachertobebothintellectuallyandmorallyhonest.Thisdoesnotmean65aplastersaint.Itmeansthathewillbeawareofhisintellectualstrengths.
StatusofTeachersinAmericaAtpresentinmanyAmericancitiesespeciallymanyteachersinthepublicschoolssaytheyareunderpaid.Theypointtojobssuchassecretaryortruckdriverwhichoftenpaymoretostartthanthatoftheteacher.Inmanyotherfieldssuchaslawmedicinecomputerscienceabeginningworkermaymakemorethanateacherwhohastaughtforseveralyear.Teachinghasneverbeenaprofessionthatattractedpeopleinterestedinhighsalaries.Itisbyhistoryaprofessionthathasprovidedrewardsinadditiontomoneythesatisfactionofsharingknowledgeofinfluencingothersofguidingyoungpeople.Butinthepastseveralyearstherearemoredifficultiesinteachingformanythantherearerewards.Unrulystudentswhowouldhavechosenteachingastheirlifecareerinthepastaregoingintootherfields.AnotherreasonforthischangeinteachercandidatesisthechangingstatusofwomenintheUnitedStates.Untilthelate1960sand1970soneofthemostpopularchoicesforwomenwasteaching.Butasotherprofessionssuchaslawandmedicineopeneduptowomenwomenstoppedpouringintoteachertrainingprograms.Thusamajorpoolofexcellentcandidatesfortheteachingprofessiondwindled减少.Bitbybitgovernmentofficialsandothersrealizedthatthestatusoftheteacherhadsuffered.Theytalkedaboutchange.ButchangeinavastsocietyliketheUnitedStatesisnoteasy.People’sattitudeshaveformedovermanyyearsandsometimeschangetakesmanyyears.WhichofthefollowingcangiveusatruepictureofjobsintheUnitedStates
Hasshealteredhermind
Ihaveseveralsparetickets.
AcriticizedbythemediaBthelowwageintheautoindustryCownacarDProducecarsinlargenumbersEthe8-hour-shiftpracticeFcombinedtechnologyandmarketFord’shigher-wageandlower-coststrategywasstrongly______.
Howdoyouaccountforyourabsencefromtheclassthismorning
FermiProblemOnaMondaymorninginJulytheworld’sfirstatombombexplodedintheNewMexicodesert.FortysecondslatertheshookwavesreachedthebasecampwheretheItalian-AmericanphysicistEnricoFezmiandhisteamstood.AfteramentalcalculationFermiannouncedtohisteamthatthebomb’senergyhadequated10000tonsofTNT.Thebombteamwasimpressedbutnotsurprised.Fermi’sgeniuswasknownthroughoutthescientificworld.In1938hehadwonaNobelPrize.Fouryearslaterheproducedthefirstnuclearchainreactionleadingusintothenuclearage.SinceFermi’sdeathin1954nophysicisthasbeenatonceamasterexperimentalistandaleadingtheoretician.Likeallvirtuosos大师Fermihadadistinctivestyle.Hepreferredthemostdirectroutetoananswer.Hewasverygoodatdividingdifficultproblemsintosmallmanageablebitstalentweallcanuseinourdailylives.TodevelopthistalentinhisstudentsFermiwouldsuggestatypeofquestionnowknownasaFermiproblem.Uponfirsthearingoneoftheseyouhaven’ttheremotestnotionoftheanswerandyoufeelcertainthattoolittleinformationhadbeengiventosolveit.Yetwhentheproblemisbrokenintosub-problemseachanswerablewithoutthehelpofexpertsorbooksyoucancomeclosetotheexactsolution.SupposeyouwanttodetermineEarth’scircumferencewithoutlookingitup.EveryoneknowsthatNewYorkandLosAngelesareabout3000milesapartandthatthetimedifferencebetweenthemisthreehours.Threehoursisone-eighthofadayandadayisthetimeittakestheplanettocompleteonerotationsoitscircumferencemustbeeighttimes3000or24000miles.Thisanswerdiffersfromthetruevalue24902.45milesbylessthanfourpercent.UltimatelythevalueofdealingwitheverydayproblemsthewayFermididliesintherewardsofmakingindependentdiscoveriesandinventions.Itdoesn’tmatterwhetherthediscoveryisasimportantasdeterminingthepowerofanatomorassmallasmeasuringthedistancebetweenNewYorkandLosAngeles.Lookinguptheanswerorlettingsomeoneelsefinditdeprivesyouofthepleasureandpridethataccompanycreativityanddeprivesyouofanexperiencethatbuildsupself-confide.ThusapproachingpersonaldilemmasasFermiproblemscanbecomeahabitthatenrichesyourlife.Fermiwasfamousforinventingadevicetocalculatebomb’senergyaccurately.
DesirableQualitiesinaTeacherHereIwanttotrytogiveyouananswertothequestion:WhatpersonalqualitiesaredesirableinateacherProbablynotwopeoplewoulddraw51exactlysimilarlistsbutIthinkthefollowingwouldbegenerally52.Firsttheteacher’spersonalityshouldbe53liveandattractive.Thisdoesnot54peoplewhoarephysicallyplainorevenuglybecausemany55havegreatpersonalcharm.Iwouldsaythat56allofdullorpurelynegativepersonality.Istillstickto57Isaidinmyearlierbook:thatschoolchildrenprobablysuffermorefromboresthanfrombrutes.Secondlyitisnotmerelydesirable58essentialforateachertohavea59capacityforsympathyintheliteralmeaningofthatword;acapacityto60intothemindsandfeelingsofotherpeopleespeciallysincemostteachersareschoolteachers61themindsandfeelingsofchildren.Closelyrelatedwiththisisthecapacitytobetolerantnotindeed62whatiswrongbutoffrailty脆弱andimmaturityofhumannaturewhichinducepeopleand63especiallychildrentomakemistakes.Thirdly!hold64essentialforateachertobebothintellectuallyandmorallyhonest.Thisdoesnotmean65aplastersaint.Itmeansthathewillbeawareofhisintellectualstrengths.
SleepingGiantRightnowaneruptionisbrewinginYellowstoneNationalPark.Sometimeduringthenexttwohoursthepark’smostfamousgeyserOldFaithfulwillbegingurglingboilingwaterandsteam.46OldFaithfulisnotonlyaspectacularsight;it’salsoaconstantreminderthatYellowstonesitsononeofthelargestvolcanoesintheworld.Ifyou’veneverheardofYellowstone’svolcanoyou’renotalone.47.Yetithaseruptedthreetimesduringthelast2millionyears.AndoneofthoseeruptionsspewedenoughvolcanicashandotherdebristoblankethalftheUnitedStates.Yellowstone’svolcanoissometimescalledasupervolcanoorextremelylargeandexplosivecalderavolcano.48.ThissupervolcanoformedoverahotspotanextremelyhotareainEarth’smantle.JohnValleyvolcanoprofessorsaidthatasthecrustmovesacrossahotspotthehotspotmeltsasectionoftheplatemovingoveritformingonevolcanoafteranother.TheYellowstonehotspotmeltsthickcontinentalcrustwhichmaycausecatastrophiceruptions.AccordingtoexpertstheeruptionsthatcreatedeachofthethreecalderasinandaroundYellowstoneNationalParkwerelargerthananyothervolcaniceruptioninrecordedhistory.Themostrecenteruptionwhichhappened640000yearsagoproducedatleast1000cubickilometersofashanddebriswhichblanketedmostofthewesternhalfoftheUnitedStates.49.GeologicalevidenceshowsYellowstonehasblownitsstackevery700000yearsorso.IfnatureweretrulythatregularandreliablewewouldbeclueforanothereruptionsoonsaidValley.Howevertheseprocessesaresubjecttovariabilitysowedon’treallyknowwhenthenexteruptionwillhappen.50.ItisthevolcanicenergythatpowersthegeysersandhotspringscreatesthemountainsandcanyonsandgeneratestheuniqueecosystemsthatsupportYellowstone’sdiversewildlife.A.ThreecalderasmakeupmorethanathirdofYellowstoneNationalPark.B.ThefirstYellowstoneeruption2millionyearsagoreleasedmorethandoublethatamountofashanddebris.C.Thevolcanoissoinconspicuous不显眼的thatfewpeopleknowitexists.D.Thenanenormousfountainwillshoothighintotheair.E.WhiletheactivegeologistprocessesatYellowstonedoposesomerisktotirepublictheyalsomakeitauniquetreasure.F.YellowstoneNationalParkattractstheinterestofgeologiststheworldover.
SleepingGiantRightnowaneruptionisbrewinginYellowstoneNationalPark.Sometimeduringthenexttwohoursthepark’smostfamousgeyserOldFaithfulwillbegingurglingboilingwaterandsteam.46OldFaithfulisnotonlyaspectacularsight;it’salsoaconstantreminderthatYellowstonesitsononeofthelargestvolcanoesintheworld.Ifyou’veneverheardofYellowstone’svolcanoyou’renotalone.47.Yetithaseruptedthreetimesduringthelast2millionyears.AndoneofthoseeruptionsspewedenoughvolcanicashandotherdebristoblankethalftheUnitedStates.Yellowstone’svolcanoissometimescalledasupervolcanoorextremelylargeandexplosivecalderavolcano.48.ThissupervolcanoformedoverahotspotanextremelyhotareainEarth’smantle.JohnValleyvolcanoprofessorsaidthatasthecrustmovesacrossahotspotthehotspotmeltsasectionoftheplatemovingoveritformingonevolcanoafteranother.TheYellowstonehotspotmeltsthickcontinentalcrustwhichmaycausecatastrophiceruptions.AccordingtoexpertstheeruptionsthatcreatedeachofthethreecalderasinandaroundYellowstoneNationalParkwerelargerthananyothervolcaniceruptioninrecordedhistory.Themostrecenteruptionwhichhappened640000yearsagoproducedatleast1000cubickilometersofashanddebriswhichblanketedmostofthewesternhalfoftheUnitedStates.49.GeologicalevidenceshowsYellowstonehasblownitsstackevery700000yearsorso.IfnatureweretrulythatregularandreliablewewouldbeclueforanothereruptionsoonsaidValley.Howevertheseprocessesaresubjecttovariabilitysowedon’treallyknowwhenthenexteruptionwillhappen.50.ItisthevolcanicenergythatpowersthegeysersandhotspringscreatesthemountainsandcanyonsandgeneratestheuniqueecosystemsthatsupportYellowstone’sdiversewildlife.A.ThreecalderasmakeupmorethanathirdofYellowstoneNationalPark.B.ThefirstYellowstoneeruption2millionyearsagoreleasedmorethandoublethatamountofashanddebris.C.Thevolcanoissoinconspicuous不显眼的thatfewpeopleknowitexists.D.Thenanenormousfountainwillshoothighintotheair.E.WhiletheactivegeologistprocessesatYellowstonedoposesomerisktotirepublictheyalsomakeitauniquetreasure.F.YellowstoneNationalParkattractstheinterestofgeologiststheworldover.
ANewDoctors’DilemmaWhenChristianBarnardaSouthAfricandoctorperformedthefirsthumanhearttransplantin1967theresultwasaworldwidemoraldebateontheethicsoftransplantingorgans.Heartswerenotthefirsthumanorganstobetransplantedbutinthiscaseifadonorgavehisorherheartheorshewouldobviouslyandnecessarilydieorbedead.Kidneytransplantswhichwerealreadyquitecommonin1967ofteninvolvedthetransferofasinglekidneyfromacloselivingrelative.Thechancesofsurvivalofthedonorweresomewhatdiminishedbecausehenowhadonlyonekidneyandifthatkidneywereaffectedbydiseasehewouldnothaveahealthykidneyinreserve.Neverthelessthedonorwouldcertainlynotnecessarilydie.Undoubtedlyanotherreasonwhythefirsthearttransplantwassocontroversialwasthefactthatweassociatesomanypersonalitytraitswiththeheart.Questionswereaskedofthetype:’IfapersonhadadifferentheartwouldhestillbethesamepersonorIfdoctorsneededadyingperson’sheartwouldtheytendtodeclarehimdeadprematurelyandsoon.Todaynotonlyheartsandkidneysbutalsosuchextremelydelicateorgansaslungsandlivers.aretransplanted.Thesedevelopmentshaveledtoafarhigherorproportionofsuccessfuloperationsandthisinturnhasledtogreaterdemandfortransplants.Atthesametimemanyoftheoriginalmoralquestionssurroundinghearttransplantshavebeenalmostforgotten.Howeverasaresultoftheheavydemandfororgansanewmoraldilemmahasemerged.ForexampleintheUnitedStatestherearemanypeoplewhowouldsurviveiflungswereavailablefortransplanting.Infactabout80%ofthemdiebeforeasuitabledonorisfound.InthesecircumstanceswhowoulddecideifadonorwerefoundwhoselungswereequallysuitablefortwopotentialrecipientsThisproblemismadeworsebythefactthatmanypatientsortheirfamiliesbecomedesperatetofindadonor.Somesucceedinpublicizingtheirsituationinnewspaperstopoliticiansorontelevision.Sometimesasaresultsuitabledonorsarefound.ButwhatwouldhappenifanotherpatientneededtheorganmorethantheonewhogotthepublicityWhowoulddecideiftheotherpatientshouldgettheorganWoulditbethedoctorsOrthedonorOrthefamilywhogotthepublicityIfsuchadilemmadevelopeditwouldbeverydifficulttoresolveanditwouldbeamatteroflifeordeathtothepatientsinvolved.Accordingtothepassagethenewmoraldilemmaistheresultof______.
FermiProblemOnaMondaymorninginJulytheworld’sfirstatombombexplodedintheNewMexicodesert.FortysecondslatertheshookwavesreachedthebasecampwheretheItalian-AmericanphysicistEnricoFezmiandhisteamstood.AfteramentalcalculationFermiannouncedtohisteamthatthebomb’senergyhadequated10000tonsofTNT.Thebombteamwasimpressedbutnotsurprised.Fermi’sgeniuswasknownthroughoutthescientificworld.In1938hehadwonaNobelPrize.Fouryearslaterheproducedthefirstnuclearchainreactionleadingusintothenuclearage.SinceFermi’sdeathin1954nophysicisthasbeenatonceamasterexperimentalistandaleadingtheoretician.Likeallvirtuosos大师Fermihadadistinctivestyle.Hepreferredthemostdirectroutetoananswer.Hewasverygoodatdividingdifficultproblemsintosmallmanageablebitstalentweallcanuseinourdailylives.TodevelopthistalentinhisstudentsFermiwouldsuggestatypeofquestionnowknownasaFermiproblem.Uponfirsthearingoneoftheseyouhaven’ttheremotestnotionoftheanswerandyoufeelcertainthattoolittleinformationhadbeengiventosolveit.Yetwhentheproblemisbrokenintosub-problemseachanswerablewithoutthehelpofexpertsorbooksyoucancomeclosetotheexactsolution.SupposeyouwanttodetermineEarth’scircumferencewithoutlookingitup.EveryoneknowsthatNewYorkandLosAngelesareabout3000milesapartandthatthetimedifferencebetweenthemisthreehours.Threehoursisone-eighthofadayandadayisthetimeittakestheplanettocompleteonerotationsoitscircumferencemustbeeighttimes3000or24000miles.Thisanswerdiffersfromthetruevalue24902.45milesbylessthanfourpercent.UltimatelythevalueofdealingwitheverydayproblemsthewayFermididliesintherewardsofmakingindependentdiscoveriesandinventions.Itdoesn’tmatterwhetherthediscoveryisasimportantasdeterminingthepowerofanatomorassmallasmeasuringthedistancebetweenNewYorkandLosAngeles.Lookinguptheanswerorlettingsomeoneelsefinditdeprivesyouofthepleasureandpridethataccompanycreativityanddeprivesyouofanexperiencethatbuildsupself-confide.ThusapproachingpersonaldilemmasasFermiproblemscanbecomeahabitthatenrichesyourlife.DividingabigproblemintosmallproblemsisatalentFermihadandatalentthathaspracticalvalueinlife.
StatusofTeachersinAmericaAtpresentinmanyAmericancitiesespeciallymanyteachersinthepublicschoolssaytheyareunderpaid.Theypointtojobssuchassecretaryortruckdriverwhichoftenpaymoretostartthanthatoftheteacher.Inmanyotherfieldssuchaslawmedicinecomputerscienceabeginningworkermaymakemorethanateacherwhohastaughtforseveralyear.Teachinghasneverbeenaprofessionthatattractedpeopleinterestedinhighsalaries.Itisbyhistoryaprofessionthathasprovidedrewardsinadditiontomoneythesatisfactionofsharingknowledgeofinfluencingothersofguidingyoungpeople.Butinthepastseveralyearstherearemoredifficultiesinteachingformanythantherearerewards.Unrulystudentswhowouldhavechosenteachingastheirlifecareerinthepastaregoingintootherfields.AnotherreasonforthischangeinteachercandidatesisthechangingstatusofwomenintheUnitedStates.Untilthelate1960sand1970soneofthemostpopularchoicesforwomenwasteaching.Butasotherprofessionssuchaslawandmedicineopeneduptowomenwomenstoppedpouringintoteachertrainingprograms.Thusamajorpoolofexcellentcandidatesfortheteachingprofessiondwindled减少.Bitbybitgovernmentofficialsandothersrealizedthatthestatusoftheteacherhadsuffered.Theytalkedaboutchange.ButchangeinavastsocietyliketheUnitedStatesisnoteasy.People’sattitudeshaveformedovermanyyearsandsometimeschangetakesmanyyears.Whydoschoolteachersturntootherprofessions
Ford1Ford’sgreatstrengthwasthemanufacturingprocessnotinvention.Longbeforehestartedacarcompanyhewasaworkerknownforpickinguppiecesofmetalandwireandturningthemintomachines.Hestartedputtingcarstogetherin1891althoughitwasbynomeansthefirstpopularautomobiletheModelTshowedtheworldjusthowcreativeFordwasatcombiningtechnologyandmarket.2Thecompany’sassemblylinealonethrewAmerica’sIndustrialRevolutionintooverdrive高速运转.InsteadofhavingworkersputtogethertheentirecarFord’sfriendswhoweregreattoolmakersfromScotlandorganizedteamsthataddedpartstoeachModelTasitmoveddownaline.BythetimeFord’sHighlandParkplantwashumming嗡嗡作响alongin1914theworld’sfirstautomaticconveyorbeltcouldturnoutacarevery93minutes.3ThesameyearHenryFordshockedtheworldwiththe$5adayminimumWageschemethegreatestcontributionhehadevermade.TheaverageWageintheautoindustrythenwas$2.34fora9-hourshift.Fordnotonlydoubledthathealsotookanhourofftheworkday.Inthoseyearsitwasunthinkablethatamancouldbepaidthatmuchfordoingsomethingthatdidn’tinvolveanawfullotoftrainingoreducation.TheWallStreetJournalcalledtheplananeconomiccrimeandcriticseverywherelaughedatFord.4Butasthewageincreasedlatertodaily$10itprovedacriticalcomponentofFord’sdreamtomaketheautomobileaccessibletoallThecriticsweretoostupidtounderstandthatbecauseFordhadloweredhiscostspercarthehigherwagesdidn’tmatterexceptformakingitpossibleformorepeopletobuycars.AFord’sFollowersBTheAssemblyLineCFord’sGreatDreamDTheEstablishmentoftheCompanyEFord’sBiggestContributionFFord’sGreatTalentparagraph4______
ANewDoctors’DilemmaWhenChristianBarnardaSouthAfricandoctorperformedthefirsthumanhearttransplantin1967theresultwasaworldwidemoraldebateontheethicsoftransplantingorgans.Heartswerenotthefirsthumanorganstobetransplantedbutinthiscaseifadonorgavehisorherheartheorshewouldobviouslyandnecessarilydieorbedead.Kidneytransplantswhichwerealreadyquitecommonin1967ofteninvolvedthetransferofasinglekidneyfromacloselivingrelative.Thechancesofsurvivalofthedonorweresomewhatdiminishedbecausehenowhadonlyonekidneyandifthatkidneywereaffectedbydiseasehewouldnothaveahealthykidneyinreserve.Neverthelessthedonorwouldcertainlynotnecessarilydie.Undoubtedlyanotherreasonwhythefirsthearttransplantwassocontroversialwasthefactthatweassociatesomanypersonalitytraitswiththeheart.Questionswereaskedofthetype:’IfapersonhadadifferentheartwouldhestillbethesamepersonorIfdoctorsneededadyingperson’sheartwouldtheytendtodeclarehimdeadprematurelyandsoon.Todaynotonlyheartsandkidneysbutalsosuchextremelydelicateorgansaslungsandlivers.aretransplanted.Thesedevelopmentshaveledtoafarhigherorproportionofsuccessfuloperationsandthisinturnhasledtogreaterdemandfortransplants.Atthesametimemanyoftheoriginalmoralquestionssurroundinghearttransplantshavebeenalmostforgotten.Howeverasaresultoftheheavydemandfororgansanewmoraldilemmahasemerged.ForexampleintheUnitedStatestherearemanypeoplewhowouldsurviveiflungswereavailablefortransplanting.Infactabout80%ofthemdiebeforeasuitabledonorisfound.InthesecircumstanceswhowoulddecideifadonorwerefoundwhoselungswereequallysuitablefortwopotentialrecipientsThisproblemismadeworsebythefactthatmanypatientsortheirfamiliesbecomedesperatetofindadonor.Somesucceedinpublicizingtheirsituationinnewspaperstopoliticiansorontelevision.Sometimesasaresultsuitabledonorsarefound.ButwhatwouldhappenifanotherpatientneededtheorganmorethantheonewhogotthepublicityWhowoulddecideiftheotherpatientshouldgettheorganWoulditbethedoctorsOrthedonorOrthefamilywhogotthepublicityIfsuchadilemmadevelopeditwouldbeverydifficulttoresolveanditwouldbeamatteroflifeordeathtothepatientsinvolved.Whywasthefirsthearttransplantcontroversial
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