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{{*HTML*}} ?????????? ??????{{B}}HappyBirthdayto You{{/B}}??ThemainproblemindiscussingAmericanpopularculture isalsooneofitsmaincharacteristics:itwon’tstayAmerican.Nomatterwhat itiswhetheritisfilmsfoodandfashionmusiccasualsportsorslang it’ssoonathomeelsewhereintheworld.Thereareseveraltheorieswhy Americanpopularculturehashadthisappeal.??Onetheoryisthat ithasbeenadvertisedandmarketedthroughAmericanfilmspopularmusicand morerecentlytelevision.{{U}}?1?{{/U}}.Theyareafterallin competitionwiththoseproducedbyothercountries.??Another theoryprobablyamorecommononeisthatAmericanpopularcultureis internationallyassociatedwithsomethingcalledthespiritofAmerica.{{U}} ?2?{{/U}}.??Thefinaltheoryislesscomplex:American popularcultureispopularbecausealotofpeopleintheworldlike it.??RegardlessofwhyitspreadsAmericanpopularcultureis usuallyquiterapidlyadoptedandthenadaptedinmanyothercountries.{{U}} ?3?{{/U}}.HappyBirthdaytoYouforinstanceissuchaneveryday songthatitssourceitsAmericancopyrightsotospeakisnotremembered. BlackleatherjacketswornbymanyheroesinAmericanmoviescouldbefounda generationlateronallthoseyoungmenwhowantedtomakethismanly-look theirown.??Twoareaswherethiscontinuingprocessismost clearlyseenareclothingandmusic.Somepeoplecanstillrememberatimewhen T-shirtsjoggingclothestennisshoesdenimjacketsandbluejeanswerenot commondailyweareverywhere.Onlytwentyyearsagoitwaspossibletospotan AmericaninParisbyhisorherclothes.Nolongerso:thosebrightcolors checkeredjacketsandtrousershatsandsockswhichwereoncemadefunofin cartoonsarebackagaininParisasthelatestfashion.{{U}}?4 ?{{/U}}??ThesituationwithAmericanpopularmusicismore complexbecauseinthebeginningwhenitwasstillclearlyAmericanitwas oftenstronglyresisted.Jazzwasoncethoughttobeagreatdangertoyouthand theirmoralsandwasactuallyoutlawedinseveralcountries.Todaywhilestill showingitsratherAmericanrootsithasbecomesowellestablished.Rock’n’ rollandallitsvariationscountry&westernmusicallhavemoreorless similarhistories.TheywerefirstresistedofteninAmericanaswellasbeing low-classandthenasadangertoournation’syouth.{{U}}?5 ?{{/U}}.Andthenthemusicbecameacceptedandwasextendedanddeveloped andexportedbacktotheUS.??A.AsaresultitsAmerican originsandrootsareoftenquicklyforgotten.??B.Butthis theoryfailstoexplainwhyAmericanfilmsmusicandtelevisionprogramsare sopopularinthemselves.??C.Americaninorigininformal clothinghasbecometheworld’sfirsttrulyuniversalstyle.??D. TheBBCforexamplebannedrockandrolluntil1962.??E. Americanfoodhasbecomepopulararoundtheworldtoo.??F.This spiritisvariouslydescribedasbeingyoungandfreeoptimisticandconfident informalanddisrespectful.
OurcompanyiscollaboratingwithaJapanesefirmindesigninganewcomputer.
Heisaccustomedtoworkinghard.
TheAttitudeForComputers AsDr.SamuelJohnsonsaidinadifferenteraaboutladiespreachingthesurprisingthingaboutcomputersisnotthattheythinklesswellthanamanbutthattheythinkatall.Theearlyelectroniccomputerdidnothavemuchgoingforitexceptamarvelousmemoryandsomegoodmathskills.Buttodaythebestmodelscanbewireduptolearnbyexperiencefollowanargumentaskproperquestionsandwritepoetryandmusic.Theycanalsocarryonsomewhatpuzzlingconversations. Computersimitatelife.Ascomputersgetmorecompletetheimitationgetsbetter.Finallythelinebetweentheoriginalandthecopybecomesunclear.Inanother15yearsorsowewillseethecomputerasanewformoflife. Theopinionseemsridiculousbecauseforonethingcomputerslackthedrivesandemotionsoflivingcreatures.Butdrivescanbeprogrammedintothecomputer’’sbrainjustasnatureprogrammedthemintoourhumanbrainsasapartoftheequipmentforsurvival. Computersmatchpeopleinsomerolesandwhenfastdecisionsareneededinacrisistheyoftensurpassthem.Havingevolvedwhenthepaceoflifewasslowerthehumanbrainhasaninherentdefectthatpreventsitfromabsorbingseveralstreamsofinformationsimultaneouslyandactingonthemquickly.Throwtoomanythingsatthebrainatonetimeanditfreezesup. Wearestillincontrolbutthecapabilitiesofcomputersareincreasingatafantasticratewhilerawhumanintelligenceischangingslowlyifatall.Computerpowerhasincreasedtentimeseveryeightyearssince1946.Inthe1990swhenthesixthgenerationappearsthereasoningpowerofanintelligencebuiltoutofsiliconwillbegintomatchthatofthehumanbrain. Thatdoesnotmeantheevolutionofintelligencehasendedontheearth.Judgingbythepastwecanexpectthatanewspecieswillariseoutofmansurpassinghisachievementsashehassurpassedthoseofhispredecessor.Onlyacarbonchemistryenthusiastwouldassumethatthespeciesmustbeman’’sflesh-and-blooddescendants.Thenewkindofintelligentlifeismorelikelytobemadeofsilicon. Intermsofmakingdecisionsthehumanbraincannotbecomparedwiththecomputerbecauseinthelongproceduresofevolutiontheslowpaceoflifedidn’trequiresuchanabilityofthehumanbrain.
Biotechnology Biotechnologyinoneformoranotherhasflourishedsinceprehistorictimes.Whenthefirsthumanbeingsrealizedthattheycouldplanttheirowncropsandbreedtheirownanimalstheylearnedtousebiotechnology.Thediscoverythatfruitjuicesfermented发酵inwineorthatmilkcouldbeconvertedintocheeseoryogurt酸乳酶orthatbeercouldbemadebyfermentingsolutionsofmalt麦芽andhops啤酒花beganthestudyofbiotechnology.Whenthefirstbakersfoundthattheycouldmakeasoftspongy多乳的breadratherthanafirmthincrackertheywe’’reactingasfledgling缺乏经验的biotechnologists.Thefirstanimalbreedersrealizingthatdifferentphysicaltraitscouldbeeithermagnifiedorlostbymatingappropriatepairsofanimalsengagedinthemanipulationsofbiotechnology. Whatthenisbiotechnology?Thetermbringstominddifferentthings.Somethinkofdevelopingnewtypesofanimals.Othersdreamofalmostunlimitedsourcesofhumantherapeutic治疗的drugs.Stillothersenvision想象thepossibilityofgrowingcropsthataremorenutritious有养分的andnaturallypest-resistant有抵抗力的tofeedarapidlygrowingworldpopulation.Thisquestionelicits引发almostasmanyfirst-thoughtresponsesastherearepeopletowhomthequestioncanbeposed.Initspurestformthetermbiotechnologyreferstotheuseoflivingorganismsortheirproductstomodifyhumanhealthandthehumanenvironment.Prehistoricbiotechnologistsdidthisastheyusedyeastcellstoraisebreaddough生面团andtofermentalcoholicbeveragesandbacterialcellstomakecheesesandyogurtsandastheybredtheirstrongproductiveanimalstomakeevenstrongerandmoreproductiveoffspring.Throughouthumanhistorywehavelearnedagreatdealaboutthedifferentorganismsthatourancestorsusedsoeffectively.Themarkedincreaseinourunderstandingoftheseorganismsandtheircellproductsgainsustheabilitytocontrolthemanyfunctionsofvariouscellsandorganisms.Usingthetechniquesofgenesplicing叠接andrecombineDNAtechnologywecannowactuallycombinethegeneticelementsoftwoormorelivingcells.FunctioninglengthsofDNAcanbetakenfromoneorganismandplacedintothecellsofanotherorganism.Asaresultforexamplewecancausebacterialcellstoproducehumanmoleculescowscanproducemoremilkorthesameamountoffeedandwecansynthesizetherapeuticmoleculesthathaveneverbeforeexisted. Biotechnologyenablesus______.
{{*HTML*}} ??????? ??????{{B}}CrashedCarstoTextMessagefor Help{{/B}}??Thereisnogoodplacetohaveacarcrash—butsome placesareworsethanothers.Inaforeigncountryforinstance{{U}}?1 ?{{/U}}toexplainviacellphonethatyouareupsidedowninaditchwhenyou cannotspeakthelocallanguagecanfatallydelaythearrivaloftheemergency services.??Butananswermaybeathand.Researchersfundedby theEuropeanCommissionarebeginningtestsofasystemcalledE-mergethat{{U}} ?2?{{/U}}senseswhenacarhascrashedandsendsatextmessage tellingemergencyservicesinthe10languagethattheaccidenthastaken place.??Thesystemwas{{U}}?3?{{/U}}byERTICOa transportresearchorganizationbasedinBrusselsBelgium.Carsarefittedwith acellphone-sizeddeviceattached{{U}}?4?{{/U}}theundersideofthe dashboardwhichisactivatedbythesamesensorthattriggerstheairbagina crash.Thedevice{{U}}?5?{{/U}}acellphonecircuitaGPSpositioning unitandamicrophoneandloudspeaker.??Itregisterstheseverity ofthecrashby{{U}}?6?{{/U}}thedecelerationdatafromtheairbag’s sensor.UsingGPSinformationitworksoutwhichcountrythecarisinand fromthisitdetermines{{U}}?7?{{/U}}whichlanguagetocomposean alertmessagedetailingpreciselocationoftheaccident.??The devicethenautomaticallymakesacalltothelocalemergencyservice{{U}} ?8?{{/U}}.Ifthecar’soccupantsareconscioustheycancommunicate withtheoperator{{U}}?9?{{/U}}thespeakerandmicrophone.? ?E-mergealsotransmitsthevehiclesmakemodelcolorandlicensenumber anditsheading’whenitcrashedwhichindicatesonwhichsideofamulti-lane highwayitendedup.??This{{U}}?10?{{/U}}theemergency servicesfindthevehicleassoonastheyarriveonthescene.Wecanwastea large{{U}}?11?{{/U}}timesearchingforanincidentsaysJimHammond aan{{U}}?12?{{/U}}invehicletechnologyattheAssociationofChief PolicOfficersintheUK.Testswillbeginsoonwithpolicecarfleetsinthe UK.TrialshavealreadystartedinGermanySwedenSpaintheNetherlandsand Italy.??In-carsystems..thatsummontheemergencyservices afteracrashhave{{U}}?13?{{/U}}beenfittedinsomepremiumcars. ERTICOsaysthat{{U}}?14?{{/U}}EUstatesarewillingtofundthe necessaryinfrastructureE-mergecouldbeworkingby2008.??A studybyFrenchcarmakerRenaultconcludedthatthesystemcouldsaveupto 6000ofthe40000liveslosteachyearonEurope’sroadsandpreventa similarnumberofseriousinjuries.??TheRenaultstudyestimates thatfittingE-mergetoeverycarinEuropewouldeventuallysavearound150 billionper{{U}}?15?{{/U}}intermsofreducedcoststohealthservices andinsurancecompaniesandfewerlostworkingdays.??cellphone n.移动电话手机??undersiden.下侧底面??dashboardn. 车辆的挡泥板;汽车的仪表板??sensorn.传感器敏感元件??airbagn. 安全气囊??severityn.严重性??decelerationn. 减速??occupantn.占有人占用者
Aseismographisadevicedesignedtomeasurevibrationsoftheground.
AmericansDecrease IncreasinglyhistoriansareblamingdiseasesimportedfromtheOldWorldforthestaggeringdisparity不同betweentheindigenous本土的populationofAmericain1492—newestimatesofwhichsoarashighas100millionorapproximatelyone-sixthofthehumanraceatthattime—andthefewmillionfull-bloodedNativeAmericansaliveattheendofthenineteenthcentury.Thereisnodoubtthatchronicdiseasewasanimportantfactorintheprecipitous险峻的declineanditishighlyprobablethatthegreatestkillerwasepidemicdiseaseespeciallyasmanifestedinvirgin-soil处女地epidemics. Virgin-soilepidemicsarethoseinwhichthepopulationsatriskhavehadnopreviouscontactwiththediseasesthatstrikethemandarethereforeimmunologically免疫学的almostdefenseless.Thatvirgin-soilepidemicswereimportantinAmericanhistoryisstronglyindicatedbyevidencethatanumberofdangerousmaladies病—smallpoxmeasles麻疹malaria疟病yellowfeverandundoubtedlyseveralmore—wereunknowninthepre-ColumbianNewWorld.TheeffectsoftheirsuddenintroductionaredemonstratedintheearlychroniclesofAmericawhichcontainreportsofhorrendous可怕的epidemicsandsteeppopulationdeclinesconfirmedinmanycasesbyrecentequantitativeanalysesofSpanishtributerecordsandothersources.TheevidenceprovidedbythedocumentsofBritishandFrenchcoloniesisnotasdefinitivebecausetheconquerorsofthoseareasdidnotestablishpermanentsettlementsandbegintokeepcontinuousrecordsuntiltheseventiethcenturybywhichtimetheworstepidemicshadprobablyalreadytakenplace.FurthermoretheBritishtendedtodrivethenativepopulationsawayratherthanenslavingthemastheSpaniardsdidsothattheepidemicsofBritishAmericaoccurredbeyondtherangeofcolonistsdirectobservation. EvensothesurvivingrecordsofNorthAmericadocontainreferencestodeadlyepidemicsamongtheindigenouspopulation.In1616—1619anepidemicpossiblyofbubonicorpneumonic肺的plague瘟疫sweptcoastalNewEnglandkillingasmanyasnineoutoften.Duringthe1630’’ssmall-poxthediseasemostfataltotheNativeAmericanpeopleeliminatedhalfthepopulationoftheHuronandIroquoisconfederations.Inthe1820’’sfeverdevastatedthepeopleoftheCoulumbiaRiverareakillingeightoutoftenofthem. UnfortunatelythedocumentationoftheseandotherepidemicsisslightandfrequentlyunreliableanditisnecessarytosupplementwhatlittlewedoknowwithevidencefromrecentepidemicsamongNativeAmericans.Forexamplein1952anoutbreakofmeaslesamongtheNativeAmericaninhabitantsofUngavaBay.Quebecaffected99percentofthepopulationandkilled7percenteventhoughsomehadthebenefitofmodernmedicine.Casessuchasthisdemonstratethatevendiseasesthatarenotnormallyfatalcanhavedevastatingconsequenceswhentheystrikeanimmunologicallydefenselesscommunity. Accordingtothepassagevirgin-soilepidemicscanbedistinguishedfromothercatastrophicoutbreaksofdiseaseinthatvirgin-soilepidemics______.
MemoryClass StanFieldknowswhatagecandotoaperson’’smemoryandhe’’snottakinganychanceswithhis.Hechooseshisfoodcarefullyandgetsplentyofexercise.Healsoavoidsstresscocacolaandcigarettesmoke. What’’smoreatbreakfasteachmorningthe69-year-oldchemicalengineerswallowsaplatefulofpillsinthehopeofboostinghisbrainpower. MichelleAmoveislessthanhalfField’’sagebutnolessconcernedabouthermemory.Whileworkingroundtheclocktofinishadegreeinfilmstudiesthe33-year-oldNewYorkerhadthealarmingsensationthatshehadstoppedretaininganything.Icouldn’’tevenremembernamesshesays.IthoughtOhnoI’’mover30.It’’salldownhillfromhere.BesidesloadinguponsupplementsAmovesignedupforamemoryenhancingcourseatNewYork’’sMountSianiMedicalCenter.Andwhenshegotthereshefoundherselfsurroundedbypeoplewhowerejustasworriedasshewas. FormillionsofAmericansandespeciallyforbabyboomers生育高峰出生的人thedemandsoftheInformationAgeconflictwithasenseofdecliningphysicalpower.Whenboomerswereintheir30sand40stheylaunchedthefitnessboomsaysCynthiaGreenthepsychologistwhoteachesMountSinai’’smemoryclass.Nowwehavethemental-fitnessboomMemoryistheboomers’’newlife-crisisissue.Andofcourseamajormarketingopportunity.ThedemandforbooksandseminarshasneverbeengreatersaysJackLannomalongtimememorytrainerwhoseweeklyTVshowMindUnlimitedgoesoutto33millionhomesontheChristianNetwork.Anxiousconsumersarerushingtobuydo-it-yourselfprogramsandsupplementmakersaretryingtoselleverythingbutsawdust木屑asabrainbooster. Butbeforeyougetoutyourcheckbookafewquestionsareinorder.Doeseverydayforgetfulnesssignaldecliningbrainfunction?Ismegamemory超级记忆arealisticgoalfornormalpeople?Andifyoucouldhaveaperfectmemorywouldyoureallywantit?Untilrecentlynoonecouldaddressthoseissueswithmuchauthoritybutourknowledgeofmemoryisexploding.Newtechniquesarerevealinghowdifferentpartsofthebraininteracttopreservemeaningfulexperiences.Biologistsaretryingtounderstandtheunderlying潜在的chemicalprocessesandneuroscientists神经系统科学家arediscoveringhowagestressandotherfactorscandisruptthem.Nooneisclosetofindingthesecrettoperfectrecallbutasyou’’llseethatmaybejustaswell. WhichofthefollowingdoesNOTindicatepeoplesenhancedawarenessoftheimportanceofmemory?
{{*HTML*}} ??????? ??????{{B}}CrashedCarstoTextMessagefor Help{{/B}}??Thereisnogoodplacetohaveacarcrash—butsome placesareworsethanothers.Inaforeigncountryforinstance{{U}}?1 ?{{/U}}toexplainviacellphonethatyouareupsidedowninaditchwhenyou cannotspeakthelocallanguagecanfatallydelaythearrivaloftheemergency services.??Butananswermaybeathand.Researchersfundedby theEuropeanCommissionarebeginningtestsofasystemcalledE-mergethat{{U}} ?2?{{/U}}senseswhenacarhascrashedandsendsatextmessage tellingemergencyservicesinthe10languagethattheaccidenthastaken place.??Thesystemwas{{U}}?3?{{/U}}byERTICOa transportresearchorganizationbasedinBrusselsBelgium.Carsarefittedwith acellphone-sizeddeviceattached{{U}}?4?{{/U}}theundersideofthe dashboardwhichisactivatedbythesamesensorthattriggerstheairbagina crash.Thedevice{{U}}?5?{{/U}}acellphonecircuitaGPSpositioning unitandamicrophoneandloudspeaker.??Itregisterstheseverity ofthecrashby{{U}}?6?{{/U}}thedecelerationdatafromtheairbag’s sensor.UsingGPSinformationitworksoutwhichcountrythecarisinand fromthisitdetermines{{U}}?7?{{/U}}whichlanguagetocomposean alertmessagedetailingpreciselocationoftheaccident.??The devicethenautomaticallymakesacalltothelocalemergencyservice{{U}} ?8?{{/U}}.Ifthecar’soccupantsareconscioustheycancommunicate withtheoperator{{U}}?9?{{/U}}thespeakerandmicrophone.? ?E-mergealsotransmitsthevehiclesmakemodelcolorandlicensenumber anditsheading’whenitcrashedwhichindicatesonwhichsideofamulti-lane highwayitendedup.??This{{U}}?10?{{/U}}theemergency servicesfindthevehicleassoonastheyarriveonthescene.Wecanwastea large{{U}}?11?{{/U}}timesearchingforanincidentsaysJimHammond aan{{U}}?12?{{/U}}invehicletechnologyattheAssociationofChief PolicOfficersintheUK.Testswillbeginsoonwithpolicecarfleetsinthe UK.TrialshavealreadystartedinGermanySwedenSpaintheNetherlandsand Italy.??In-carsystems..thatsummontheemergencyservices afteracrashhave{{U}}?13?{{/U}}beenfittedinsomepremiumcars. ERTICOsaysthat{{U}}?14?{{/U}}EUstatesarewillingtofundthe necessaryinfrastructureE-mergecouldbeworkingby2008.??A studybyFrenchcarmakerRenaultconcludedthatthesystemcouldsaveupto 6000ofthe40000liveslosteachyearonEurope’sroadsandpreventa similarnumberofseriousinjuries.??TheRenaultstudyestimates thatfittingE-mergetoeverycarinEuropewouldeventuallysavearound150 billionper{{U}}?15?{{/U}}intermsofreducedcoststohealthservices andinsurancecompaniesandfewerlostworkingdays.??cellphone n.移动电话手机??undersiden.下侧底面??dashboardn. 车辆的挡泥板;汽车的仪表板??sensorn.传感器敏感元件??airbagn. 安全气囊??severityn.严重性??decelerationn. 减速??occupantn.占有人占用者
Forchildrenplayingisanautomaticandintegratecomponentofgrowingup.
{{*HTML*}}{{B}}第三篇{{/B}} ??????? ??????{{B}}Space-AgeArcheology{{/B}}? ?It’sastrangepartnershipbutaveryeffectiveone:Satellitesand space-shuttle-carriedradararehelpingarcheologists.How?Byseeingthrough sandorthroughtreetopstolocateimportantarcheologicalsites.? ?Thetraditionaltoolsforarcheologistsareshovelsandpicks.Buthigh technologyismakingthearcheologist’sworkandtimefarmore productive.??Takeforexamplethesecond1981flightofthe SpaceShuttleChallenger.Duringthemissionapowerfulexperimentalradarwas pointedatalifelessstretchofdesertinEgyptcalledtheSelimaSandSheet partoftheSaharaDesert.Toeveryone’ssurprisetheradarpenetrated throughthesandtotheharderrockbeneath.Onthesurfacethereisalittle indicationthatAfrica’sSaharaDesertwasneveranythingbutadesert.Whenthe archeologistsstudiedtheradarimagestheysawwhatseemedtobeimpossible: therewassand-buriedlandscapethatwasshapedbyflowingwater;tracesof ancientriverbedsappearedtobeoverninemileswidefarwiderthanmost sectionsofthepresent-dayNileRiver.Todaytheareaisoneofthehottest driestdesertintheworld.??Archeologistsdugpitsalongtheold riverbanksandfoundcluestothepast:stream-roundedpebbles鹅卵石Stone-Age axesbrokenostrich鸵鸟eggshellsandtheshellsoflandsnails.The archeologistswerequitepleasedwiththesefindings.Foryearsthey’dbeen findingstoneaxesscatteredthroughthedesertandcouldn’tunderstandwhy. Nowweknowthatearlyhumanswerelivingonthebanksofoldriversandleft theirbeautifultoolsbehind.Somearesosharpthatyoucouldshavewith them.??MorerecentlyLandsat4aSpecialearth-mapping satelliteaidedinthediscoveryofancientMayanruinsinMexico.Lansatcan withthehelpoffalse-colorimageryseethroughmuchofthearea.Armedwith thesemapsafive-personexpeditiontooktotheairinahelicopter.? ?Bytheendoftheseconddaytheteamfoundastretchofwalledfields thatexpeditionmemberssaidlooklike’oldNewEnglandfences.Theyjustgo onnon-stopfor40miles.Laterintheweekanancientvillagewas pinpointedaswasthelostcityofOxpemuloncefoundintheearly1930’s butquicklyreclaimedbythejungle.Thefindingsmadethemabletomapthe extentoftheMayancivilizationinaboutfivedays.Workingonfootitwould havetakenatleast100years.Thestream-roundedpebbledandStone-Ageaxeswhichwerefoundalongtheancientfiverbanksshowthat
{{*HTML*}} ??????? ??????{{B}}CrashedCarstoTextMessagefor Help{{/B}}??Thereisnogoodplacetohaveacarcrash—butsome placesareworsethanothers.Inaforeigncountryforinstance{{U}}?1 ?{{/U}}toexplainviacellphonethatyouareupsidedowninaditchwhenyou cannotspeakthelocallanguagecanfatallydelaythearrivaloftheemergency services.??Butananswermaybeathand.Researchersfundedby theEuropeanCommissionarebeginningtestsofasystemcalledE-mergethat{{U}} ?2?{{/U}}senseswhenacarhascrashedandsendsatextmessage tellingemergencyservicesinthe10languagethattheaccidenthastaken place.??Thesystemwas{{U}}?3?{{/U}}byERTICOa transportresearchorganizationbasedinBrusselsBelgium.Carsarefittedwith acellphone-sizeddeviceattached{{U}}?4?{{/U}}theundersideofthe dashboardwhichisactivatedbythesamesensorthattriggerstheairbagina crash.Thedevice{{U}}?5?{{/U}}acellphonecircuitaGPSpositioning unitandamicrophoneandloudspeaker.??Itregisterstheseverity ofthecrashby{{U}}?6?{{/U}}thedecelerationdatafromtheairbag’s sensor.UsingGPSinformationitworksoutwhichcountrythecarisinand fromthisitdetermines{{U}}?7?{{/U}}whichlanguagetocomposean alertmessagedetailingpreciselocationoftheaccident.??The devicethenautomaticallymakesacalltothelocalemergencyservice{{U}} ?8?{{/U}}.Ifthecar’soccupantsareconscioustheycancommunicate withtheoperator{{U}}?9?{{/U}}thespeakerandmicrophone.? ?E-mergealsotransmitsthevehiclesmakemodelcolorandlicensenumber anditsheading’whenitcrashedwhichindicatesonwhichsideofamulti-lane highwayitendedup.??This{{U}}?10?{{/U}}theemergency servicesfindthevehicleassoonastheyarriveonthescene.Wecanwastea large{{U}}?11?{{/U}}timesearchingforanincidentsaysJimHammond aan{{U}}?12?{{/U}}invehicletechnologyattheAssociationofChief PolicOfficersintheUK.Testswillbeginsoonwithpolicecarfleetsinthe UK.TrialshavealreadystartedinGermanySwedenSpaintheNetherlandsand Italy.??In-carsystems..thatsummontheemergencyservices afteracrashhave{{U}}?13?{{/U}}beenfittedinsomepremiumcars. ERTICOsaysthat{{U}}?14?{{/U}}EUstatesarewillingtofundthe necessaryinfrastructureE-mergecouldbeworkingby2008.??A studybyFrenchcarmakerRenaultconcludedthatthesystemcouldsaveupto 6000ofthe40000liveslosteachyearonEurope’sroadsandpreventa similarnumberofseriousinjuries.??TheRenaultstudyestimates thatfittingE-mergetoeverycarinEuropewouldeventuallysavearound150 billionper{{U}}?15?{{/U}}intermsofreducedcoststohealthservices andinsurancecompaniesandfewerlostworkingdays.??cellphone n.移动电话手机??undersiden.下侧底面??dashboardn. 车辆的挡泥板;汽车的仪表板??sensorn.传感器敏感元件??airbagn. 安全气囊??severityn.严重性??decelerationn. 减速??occupantn.占有人占用者
Biotechnology Biotechnologyinoneformoranotherhasflourishedsinceprehistorictimes.Whenthefirsthumanbeingsrealizedthattheycouldplanttheirowncropsandbreedtheirownanimalstheylearnedtousebiotechnology.Thediscoverythatfruitjuicesfermented发酵inwineorthatmilkcouldbeconvertedintocheeseoryogurt酸乳酶orthatbeercouldbemadebyfermentingsolutionsofmalt麦芽andhops啤酒花beganthestudyofbiotechnology.Whenthefirstbakersfoundthattheycouldmakeasoftspongy多乳的breadratherthanafirmthincrackertheywe’’reactingasfledgling缺乏经验的biotechnologists.Thefirstanimalbreedersrealizingthatdifferentphysicaltraitscouldbeeithermagnifiedorlostbymatingappropriatepairsofanimalsengagedinthemanipulationsofbiotechnology. Whatthenisbiotechnology?Thetermbringstominddifferentthings.Somethinkofdevelopingnewtypesofanimals.Othersdreamofalmostunlimitedsourcesofhumantherapeutic治疗的drugs.Stillothersenvision想象thepossibilityofgrowingcropsthataremorenutritious有养分的andnaturallypest-resistant有抵抗力的tofeedarapidlygrowingworldpopulation.Thisquestionelicits引发almostasmanyfirst-thoughtresponsesastherearepeopletowhomthequestioncanbeposed.Initspurestformthetermbiotechnologyreferstotheuseoflivingorganismsortheirproductstomodifyhumanhealthandthehumanenvironment.Prehistoricbiotechnologistsdidthisastheyusedyeastcellstoraisebreaddough生面团andtofermentalcoholicbeveragesandbacterialcellstomakecheesesandyogurtsandastheybredtheirstrongproductiveanimalstomakeevenstrongerandmoreproductiveoffspring.Throughouthumanhistorywehavelearnedagreatdealaboutthedifferentorganismsthatourancestorsusedsoeffectively.Themarkedincreaseinourunderstandingoftheseorganismsandtheircellproductsgainsustheabilitytocontrolthemanyfunctionsofvariouscellsandorganisms.Usingthetechniquesofgenesplicing叠接andrecombineDNAtechnologywecannowactuallycombinethegeneticelementsoftwoormorelivingcells.FunctioninglengthsofDNAcanbetakenfromoneorganismandplacedintothecellsofanotherorganism.Asaresultforexamplewecancausebacterialcellstoproducehumanmoleculescowscanproducemoremilkorthesameamountoffeedandwecansynthesizetherapeuticmoleculesthathaveneverbeforeexisted. Thehumanbeingsbegantousebiotechnology______.
AmericansDecrease IncreasinglyhistoriansareblamingdiseasesimportedfromtheOldWorldforthestaggeringdisparity不同betweentheindigenous本土的populationofAmericain1492—newestimatesofwhichsoarashighas100millionorapproximatelyone-sixthofthehumanraceatthattime—andthefewmillionfull-bloodedNativeAmericansaliveattheendofthenineteenthcentury.Thereisnodoubtthatchronicdiseasewasanimportantfactorintheprecipitous险峻的declineanditishighlyprobablethatthegreatestkillerwasepidemicdiseaseespeciallyasmanifestedinvirgin-soil处女地epidemics. Virgin-soilepidemicsarethoseinwhichthepopulationsatriskhavehadnopreviouscontactwiththediseasesthatstrikethemandarethereforeimmunologically免疫学的almostdefenseless.Thatvirgin-soilepidemicswereimportantinAmericanhistoryisstronglyindicatedbyevidencethatanumberofdangerousmaladies病—smallpoxmeasles麻疹malaria疟病yellowfeverandundoubtedlyseveralmore—wereunknowninthepre-ColumbianNewWorld.TheeffectsoftheirsuddenintroductionaredemonstratedintheearlychroniclesofAmericawhichcontainreportsofhorrendous可怕的epidemicsandsteeppopulationdeclinesconfirmedinmanycasesbyrecentequantitativeanalysesofSpanishtributerecordsandothersources.TheevidenceprovidedbythedocumentsofBritishandFrenchcoloniesisnotasdefinitivebecausetheconquerorsofthoseareasdidnotestablishpermanentsettlementsandbegintokeepcontinuousrecordsuntiltheseventiethcenturybywhichtimetheworstepidemicshadprobablyalreadytakenplace.FurthermoretheBritishtendedtodrivethenativepopulationsawayratherthanenslavingthemastheSpaniardsdidsothattheepidemicsofBritishAmericaoccurredbeyondtherangeofcolonistsdirectobservation. EvensothesurvivingrecordsofNorthAmericadocontainreferencestodeadlyepidemicsamongtheindigenouspopulation.In1616—1619anepidemicpossiblyofbubonicorpneumonic肺的plague瘟疫sweptcoastalNewEnglandkillingasmanyasnineoutoften.Duringthe1630’’ssmall-poxthediseasemostfataltotheNativeAmericanpeopleeliminatedhalfthepopulationoftheHuronandIroquoisconfederations.Inthe1820’’sfeverdevastatedthepeopleoftheCoulumbiaRiverareakillingeightoutoftenofthem. UnfortunatelythedocumentationoftheseandotherepidemicsisslightandfrequentlyunreliableanditisnecessarytosupplementwhatlittlewedoknowwithevidencefromrecentepidemicsamongNativeAmericans.Forexamplein1952anoutbreakofmeaslesamongtheNativeAmericaninhabitantsofUngavaBay.Quebecaffected99percentofthepopulationandkilled7percenteventhoughsomehadthebenefitofmodernmedicine.Casessuchasthisdemonstratethatevendiseasesthatarenotnormallyfatalcanhavedevastatingconsequenceswhentheystrikeanimmunologicallydefenselesscommunity. Theauthorimplieswhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutmeasles?
{{*HTML*}} ??????? ??????{{B}}CrashedCarstoTextMessagefor Help{{/B}}??Thereisnogoodplacetohaveacarcrash—butsome placesareworsethanothers.Inaforeigncountryforinstance{{U}}?1 ?{{/U}}toexplainviacellphonethatyouareupsidedowninaditchwhenyou cannotspeakthelocallanguagecanfatallydelaythearrivaloftheemergency services.??Butananswermaybeathand.Researchersfundedby theEuropeanCommissionarebeginningtestsofasystemcalledE-mergethat{{U}} ?2?{{/U}}senseswhenacarhascrashedandsendsatextmessage tellingemergencyservicesinthe10languagethattheaccidenthastaken place.??Thesystemwas{{U}}?3?{{/U}}byERTICOa transportresearchorganizationbasedinBrusselsBelgium.Carsarefittedwith acellphone-sizeddeviceattached{{U}}?4?{{/U}}theundersideofthe dashboardwhichisactivatedbythesamesensorthattriggerstheairbagina crash.Thedevice{{U}}?5?{{/U}}acellphonecircuitaGPSpositioning unitandamicrophoneandloudspeaker.??Itregisterstheseverity ofthecrashby{{U}}?6?{{/U}}thedecelerationdatafromtheairbag’s sensor.UsingGPSinformationitworksoutwhichcountrythecarisinand fromthisitdetermines{{U}}?7?{{/U}}whichlanguagetocomposean alertmessagedetailingpreciselocationoftheaccident.??The devicethenautomaticallymakesacalltothelocalemergencyservice{{U}} ?8?{{/U}}.Ifthecar’soccupantsareconscioustheycancommunicate withtheoperator{{U}}?9?{{/U}}thespeakerandmicrophone.? ?E-mergealsotransmitsthevehiclesmakemodelcolorandlicensenumber anditsheading’whenitcrashedwhichindicatesonwhichsideofamulti-lane highwayitendedup.??This{{U}}?10?{{/U}}theemergency servicesfindthevehicleassoonastheyarriveonthescene.Wecanwastea large{{U}}?11?{{/U}}timesearchingforanincidentsaysJimHammond aan{{U}}?12?{{/U}}invehicletechnologyattheAssociationofChief PolicOfficersintheUK.Testswillbeginsoonwithpolicecarfleetsinthe UK.TrialshavealreadystartedinGermanySwedenSpaintheNetherlandsand Italy.??In-carsystems..thatsummontheemergencyservices afteracrashhave{{U}}?13?{{/U}}beenfittedinsomepremiumcars. ERTICOsaysthat{{U}}?14?{{/U}}EUstatesarewillingtofundthe necessaryinfrastructureE-mergecouldbeworkingby2008.??A studybyFrenchcarmakerRenaultconcludedthatthesystemcouldsaveupto 6000ofthe40000liveslosteachyearonEurope’sroadsandpreventa similarnumberofseriousinjuries.??TheRenaultstudyestimates thatfittingE-mergetoeverycarinEuropewouldeventuallysavearound150 billionper{{U}}?15?{{/U}}intermsofreducedcoststohealthservices andinsurancecompaniesandfewerlostworkingdays.??cellphone n.移动电话手机??undersiden.下侧底面??dashboardn. 车辆的挡泥板;汽车的仪表板??sensorn.传感器敏感元件??airbagn. 安全气囊??severityn.严重性??decelerationn. 减速??occupantn.占有人占用者
InTom’’seyestherestaurantatthecornerofthestreetisaverysmartone.
TheAttitudeForComputers AsDr.SamuelJohnsonsaidinadifferenteraaboutladiespreachingthesurprisingthingaboutcomputersisnotthattheythinklesswellthanamanbutthattheythinkatall.Theearlyelectroniccomputerdidnothavemuchgoingforitexceptamarvelousmemoryandsomegoodmathskills.Buttodaythebestmodelscanbewireduptolearnbyexperiencefollowanargumentaskproperquestionsandwritepoetryandmusic.Theycanalsocarryonsomewhatpuzzlingconversations. Computersimitatelife.Ascomputersgetmorecompletetheimitationgetsbetter.Finallythelinebetweentheoriginalandthecopybecomesunclear.Inanother15yearsorsowewillseethecomputerasanewformoflife. Theopinionseemsridiculousbecauseforonethingcomputerslackthedrivesandemotionsoflivingcreatures.Butdrivescanbeprogrammedintothecomputer’’sbrainjustasnatureprogrammedthemintoourhumanbrainsasapartoftheequipmentforsurvival. Computersmatchpeopleinsomerolesandwhenfastdecisionsareneededinacrisistheyoftensurpassthem.Havingevolvedwhenthepaceoflifewasslowerthehumanbrainhasaninherentdefectthatpreventsitfromabsorbingseveralstreamsofinformationsimultaneouslyandactingonthemquickly.Throwtoomanythingsatthebrainatonetimeanditfreezesup. Wearestillincontrolbutthecapabilitiesofcomputersareincreasingatafantasticratewhilerawhumanintelligenceischangingslowlyifatall.Computerpowerhasincreasedtentimeseveryeightyearssince1946.Inthe1990swhenthesixthgenerationappearsthereasoningpowerofanintelligencebuiltoutofsiliconwillbegintomatchthatofthehumanbrain. Thatdoesnotmeantheevolutionofintelligencehasendedontheearth.Judgingbythepastwecanexpectthatanewspecieswillariseoutofmansurpassinghisachievementsashehassurpassedthoseofhispredecessor.Onlyacarbonchemistryenthusiastwouldassumethatthespeciesmustbeman’’sflesh-and-blooddescendants.Thenewkindofintelligentlifeismorelikelytobemadeofsilicon. Somedayitwillbedifficulttotellacomputerfromaman.
Biotechnology Biotechnologyinoneformoranotherhasflourishedsinceprehistorictimes.Whenthefirsthumanbeingsrealizedthattheycouldplanttheirowncropsandbreedtheirownanimalstheylearnedtousebiotechnology.Thediscoverythatfruitjuicesfermented发酵inwineorthatmilkcouldbeconvertedintocheeseoryogurt酸乳酶orthatbeercouldbemadebyfermentingsolutionsofmalt麦芽andhops啤酒花beganthestudyofbiotechnology.Whenthefirstbakersfoundthattheycouldmakeasoftspongy多乳的breadratherthanafirmthincrackertheywe’’reactingasfledgling缺乏经验的biotechnologists.Thefirstanimalbreedersrealizingthatdifferentphysicaltraitscouldbeeithermagnifiedorlostbymatingappropriatepairsofanimalsengagedinthemanipulationsofbiotechnology. Whatthenisbiotechnology?Thetermbringstominddifferentthings.Somethinkofdevelopingnewtypesofanimals.Othersdreamofalmostunlimitedsourcesofhumantherapeutic治疗的drugs.Stillothersenvision想象thepossibilityofgrowingcropsthataremorenutritious有养分的andnaturallypest-resistant有抵抗力的tofeedarapidlygrowingworldpopulation.Thisquestionelicits引发almostasmanyfirst-thoughtresponsesastherearepeopletowhomthequestioncanbeposed.Initspurestformthetermbiotechnologyreferstotheuseoflivingorganismsortheirproductstomodifyhumanhealthandthehumanenvironment.Prehistoricbiotechnologistsdidthisastheyusedyeastcellstoraisebreaddough生面团andtofermentalcoholicbeveragesandbacterialcellstomakecheesesandyogurtsandastheybredtheirstrongproductiveanimalstomakeevenstrongerandmoreproductiveoffspring.Throughouthumanhistorywehavelearnedagreatdealaboutthedifferentorganismsthatourancestorsusedsoeffectively.Themarkedincreaseinourunderstandingoftheseorganismsandtheircellproductsgainsustheabilitytocontrolthemanyfunctionsofvariouscellsandorganisms.Usingthetechniquesofgenesplicing叠接andrecombineDNAtechnologywecannowactuallycombinethegeneticelementsoftwoormorelivingcells.FunctioninglengthsofDNAcanbetakenfromoneorganismandplacedintothecellsofanotherorganism.Asaresultforexamplewecancausebacterialcellstoproducehumanmoleculescowscanproducemoremilkorthesameamountoffeedandwecansynthesizetherapeuticmoleculesthathaveneverbeforeexisted. Thetermbiotechnologymaybringdifferentthingstomindexcept______.
TheAttitudeForComputers AsDr.SamuelJohnsonsaidinadifferenteraaboutladiespreachingthesurprisingthingaboutcomputersisnotthattheythinklesswellthanamanbutthattheythinkatall.Theearlyelectroniccomputerdidnothavemuchgoingforitexceptamarvelousmemoryandsomegoodmathskills.Buttodaythebestmodelscanbewireduptolearnbyexperiencefollowanargumentaskproperquestionsandwritepoetryandmusic.Theycanalsocarryonsomewhatpuzzlingconversations. Computersimitatelife.Ascomputersgetmorecompletetheimitationgetsbetter.Finallythelinebetweentheoriginalandthecopybecomesunclear.Inanother15yearsorsowewillseethecomputerasanewformoflife. Theopinionseemsridiculousbecauseforonethingcomputerslackthedrivesandemotionsoflivingcreatures.Butdrivescanbeprogrammedintothecomputer’’sbrainjustasnatureprogrammedthemintoourhumanbrainsasapartoftheequipmentforsurvival. Computersmatchpeopleinsomerolesandwhenfastdecisionsareneededinacrisistheyoftensurpassthem.Havingevolvedwhenthepaceoflifewasslowerthehumanbrainhasaninherentdefectthatpreventsitfromabsorbingseveralstreamsofinformationsimultaneouslyandactingonthemquickly.Throwtoomanythingsatthebrainatonetimeanditfreezesup. Wearestillincontrolbutthecapabilitiesofcomputersareincreasingatafantasticratewhilerawhumanintelligenceischangingslowlyifatall.Computerpowerhasincreasedtentimeseveryeightyearssince1946.Inthe1990swhenthesixthgenerationappearsthereasoningpowerofanintelligencebuiltoutofsiliconwillbegintomatchthatofthehumanbrain. Thatdoesnotmeantheevolutionofintelligencehasendedontheearth.Judgingbythepastwecanexpectthatanewspecieswillariseoutofmansurpassinghisachievementsashehassurpassedthoseofhispredecessor.Onlyacarbonchemistryenthusiastwouldassumethatthespeciesmustbeman’’sflesh-and-blooddescendants.Thenewkindofintelligentlifeismorelikelytobemadeofsilicon. Futuremanwillbemadeofsiliconinsteadoffleshandblood.
{{*HTML*}} ??????? ??????{{B}}CrashedCarstoTextMessagefor Help{{/B}}??Thereisnogoodplacetohaveacarcrash—butsome placesareworsethanothers.Inaforeigncountryforinstance{{U}}?1 ?{{/U}}toexplainviacellphonethatyouareupsidedowninaditchwhenyou cannotspeakthelocallanguagecanfatallydelaythearrivaloftheemergency services.??Butananswermaybeathand.Researchersfundedby theEuropeanCommissionarebeginningtestsofasystemcalledE-mergethat{{U}} ?2?{{/U}}senseswhenacarhascrashedandsendsatextmessage tellingemergencyservicesinthe10languagethattheaccidenthastaken place.??Thesystemwas{{U}}?3?{{/U}}byERTICOa transportresearchorganizationbasedinBrusselsBelgium.Carsarefittedwith acellphone-sizeddeviceattached{{U}}?4?{{/U}}theundersideofthe dashboardwhichisactivatedbythesamesensorthattriggerstheairbagina crash.Thedevice{{U}}?5?{{/U}}acellphonecircuitaGPSpositioning unitandamicrophoneandloudspeaker.??Itregisterstheseverity ofthecrashby{{U}}?6?{{/U}}thedecelerationdatafromtheairbag’s sensor.UsingGPSinformationitworksoutwhichcountrythecarisinand fromthisitdetermines{{U}}?7?{{/U}}whichlanguagetocomposean alertmessagedetailingpreciselocationoftheaccident.??The devicethenautomaticallymakesacalltothelocalemergencyservice{{U}} ?8?{{/U}}.Ifthecar’soccupantsareconscioustheycancommunicate withtheoperator{{U}}?9?{{/U}}thespeakerandmicrophone.? ?E-mergealsotransmitsthevehiclesmakemodelcolorandlicensenumber anditsheading’whenitcrashedwhichindicatesonwhichsideofamulti-lane highwayitendedup.??This{{U}}?10?{{/U}}theemergency servicesfindthevehicleassoonastheyarriveonthescene.Wecanwastea large{{U}}?11?{{/U}}timesearchingforanincidentsaysJimHammond aan{{U}}?12?{{/U}}invehicletechnologyattheAssociationofChief PolicOfficersintheUK.Testswillbeginsoonwithpolicecarfleetsinthe UK.TrialshavealreadystartedinGermanySwedenSpaintheNetherlandsand Italy.??In-carsystems..thatsummontheemergencyservices afteracrashhave{{U}}?13?{{/U}}beenfittedinsomepremiumcars. ERTICOsaysthat{{U}}?14?{{/U}}EUstatesarewillingtofundthe necessaryinfrastructureE-mergecouldbeworkingby2008.??A studybyFrenchcarmakerRenaultconcludedthatthesystemcouldsaveupto 6000ofthe40000liveslosteachyearonEurope’sroadsandpreventa similarnumberofseriousinjuries.??TheRenaultstudyestimates thatfittingE-mergetoeverycarinEuropewouldeventuallysavearound150 billionper{{U}}?15?{{/U}}intermsofreducedcoststohealthservices andinsurancecompaniesandfewerlostworkingdays.??cellphone n.移动电话手机??undersiden.下侧底面??dashboardn. 车辆的挡泥板;汽车的仪表板??sensorn.传感器敏感元件??airbagn. 安全气囊??severityn.严重性??decelerationn. 减速??occupantn.占有人占用者
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ProfessorClarkcontinuedhisresearchworkanddisregardedhiscolleague’’sadvice.
{{*HTML*}} ??????? ??????{{B}}CrashedCarstoTextMessagefor Help{{/B}}??Thereisnogoodplacetohaveacarcrash—butsome placesareworsethanothers.Inaforeigncountryforinstance{{U}}?1 ?{{/U}}toexplainviacellphonethatyouareupsidedowninaditchwhenyou cannotspeakthelocallanguagecanfatallydelaythearrivaloftheemergency services.??Butananswermaybeathand.Researchersfundedby theEuropeanCommissionarebeginningtestsofasystemcalledE-mergethat{{U}} ?2?{{/U}}senseswhenacarhascrashedandsendsatextmessage tellingemergencyservicesinthe10languagethattheaccidenthastaken place.??Thesystemwas{{U}}?3?{{/U}}byERTICOa transportresearchorganizationbasedinBrusselsBelgium.Carsarefittedwith acellphone-sizeddeviceattached{{U}}?4?{{/U}}theundersideofthe dashboardwhichisactivatedbythesamesensorthattriggerstheairbagina crash.Thedevice{{U}}?5?{{/U}}acellphonecircuitaGPSpositioning unitandamicrophoneandloudspeaker.??Itregisterstheseverity ofthecrashby{{U}}?6?{{/U}}thedecelerationdatafromtheairbag’s sensor.UsingGPSinformationitworksoutwhichcountrythecarisinand fromthisitdetermines{{U}}?7?{{/U}}whichlanguagetocomposean alertmessagedetailingpreciselocationoftheaccident.??The devicethenautomaticallymakesacalltothelocalemergencyservice{{U}} ?8?{{/U}}.Ifthecar’soccupantsareconscioustheycancommunicate withtheoperator{{U}}?9?{{/U}}thespeakerandmicrophone.? ?E-mergealsotransmitsthevehiclesmakemodelcolorandlicensenumber anditsheading’whenitcrashedwhichindicatesonwhichsideofamulti-lane highwayitendedup.??This{{U}}?10?{{/U}}theemergency servicesfindthevehicleassoonastheyarriveonthescene.Wecanwastea large{{U}}?11?{{/U}}timesearchingforanincidentsaysJimHammond aan{{U}}?12?{{/U}}invehicletechnologyattheAssociationofChief PolicOfficersintheUK.Testswillbeginsoonwithpolicecarfleetsinthe UK.TrialshavealreadystartedinGermanySwedenSpaintheNetherlandsand Italy.??In-carsystems..thatsummontheemergencyservices afteracrashhave{{U}}?13?{{/U}}beenfittedinsomepremiumcars. ERTICOsaysthat{{U}}?14?{{/U}}EUstatesarewillingtofundthe necessaryinfrastructureE-mergecouldbeworkingby2008.??A studybyFrenchcarmakerRenaultconcludedthatthesystemcouldsaveupto 6000ofthe40000liveslosteachyearonEurope’sroadsandpreventa similarnumberofseriousinjuries.??TheRenaultstudyestimates thatfittingE-mergetoeverycarinEuropewouldeventuallysavearound150 billionper{{U}}?15?{{/U}}intermsofreducedcoststohealthservices andinsurancecompaniesandfewerlostworkingdays.??cellphone n.移动电话手机??undersiden.下侧底面??dashboardn. 车辆的挡泥板;汽车的仪表板??sensorn.传感器敏感元件??airbagn. 安全气囊??severityn.严重性??decelerationn. 减速??occupantn.占有人占用者
{{*HTML*}} ?????????? ??????{{B}}HappyBirthdayto You{{/B}}??ThemainproblemindiscussingAmericanpopularculture isalsooneofitsmaincharacteristics:itwon’tstayAmerican.Nomatterwhat itiswhetheritisfilmsfoodandfashionmusiccasualsportsorslang it’ssoonathomeelsewhereintheworld.Thereareseveraltheorieswhy Americanpopularculturehashadthisappeal.??Onetheoryisthat ithasbeenadvertisedandmarketedthroughAmericanfilmspopularmusicand morerecentlytelevision.{{U}}?1?{{/U}}.Theyareafterallin competitionwiththoseproducedbyothercountries.??Another theoryprobablyamorecommononeisthatAmericanpopularcultureis internationallyassociatedwithsomethingcalledthespiritofAmerica.{{U}} ?2?{{/U}}.??Thefinaltheoryislesscomplex:American popularcultureispopularbecausealotofpeopleintheworldlike it.??RegardlessofwhyitspreadsAmericanpopularcultureis usuallyquiterapidlyadoptedandthenadaptedinmanyothercountries.{{U}} ?3?{{/U}}.HappyBirthdaytoYouforinstanceissuchaneveryday songthatitssourceitsAmericancopyrightsotospeakisnotremembered. BlackleatherjacketswornbymanyheroesinAmericanmoviescouldbefounda generationlateronallthoseyoungmenwhowantedtomakethismanly-look theirown.??Twoareaswherethiscontinuingprocessismost clearlyseenareclothingandmusic.Somepeoplecanstillrememberatimewhen T-shirtsjoggingclothestennisshoesdenimjacketsandbluejeanswerenot commondailyweareverywhere.Onlytwentyyearsagoitwaspossibletospotan AmericaninParisbyhisorherclothes.Nolongerso:thosebrightcolors checkeredjacketsandtrousershatsandsockswhichwereoncemadefunofin cartoonsarebackagaininParisasthelatestfashion.{{U}}?4 ?{{/U}}??ThesituationwithAmericanpopularmusicismore complexbecauseinthebeginningwhenitwasstillclearlyAmericanitwas oftenstronglyresisted.Jazzwasoncethoughttobeagreatdangertoyouthand theirmoralsandwasactuallyoutlawedinseveralcountries.Todaywhilestill showingitsratherAmericanrootsithasbecomesowellestablished.Rock’n’ rollandallitsvariationscountry&westernmusicallhavemoreorless similarhistories.TheywerefirstresistedofteninAmericanaswellasbeing low-classandthenasadangertoournation’syouth.{{U}}?5 ?{{/U}}.Andthenthemusicbecameacceptedandwasextendedanddeveloped andexportedbacktotheUS.??A.AsaresultitsAmerican originsandrootsareoftenquicklyforgotten.??B.Butthis theoryfailstoexplainwhyAmericanfilmsmusicandtelevisionprogramsare sopopularinthemselves.??C.Americaninorigininformal clothinghasbecometheworld’sfirsttrulyuniversalstyle.??D. TheBBCforexamplebannedrockandrolluntil1962.??E. Americanfoodhasbecomepopulararoundtheworldtoo.??F.This spiritisvariouslydescribedasbeingyoungandfreeoptimisticandconfident informalanddisrespectful.
{{*HTML*}} ??????? ??????{{B}}CrashedCarstoTextMessagefor Help{{/B}}??Thereisnogoodplacetohaveacarcrash—butsome placesareworsethanothers.Inaforeigncountryforinstance{{U}}?1 ?{{/U}}toexplainviacellphonethatyouareupsidedowninaditchwhenyou cannotspeakthelocallanguagecanfatallydelaythearrivaloftheemergency services.??Butananswermaybeathand.Researchersfundedby theEuropeanCommissionarebeginningtestsofasystemcalledE-mergethat{{U}} ?2?{{/U}}senseswhenacarhascrashedandsendsatextmessage tellingemergencyservicesinthe10languagethattheaccidenthastaken place.??Thesystemwas{{U}}?3?{{/U}}byERTICOa transportresearchorganizationbasedinBrusselsBelgium.Carsarefittedwith acellphone-sizeddeviceattached{{U}}?4?{{/U}}theundersideofthe dashboardwhichisactivatedbythesamesensorthattriggerstheairbagina crash.Thedevice{{U}}?5?{{/U}}acellphonecircuitaGPSpositioning unitandamicrophoneandloudspeaker.??Itregisterstheseverity ofthecrashby{{U}}?6?{{/U}}thedecelerationdatafromtheairbag’s sensor.UsingGPSinformationitworksoutwhichcountrythecarisinand fromthisitdetermines{{U}}?7?{{/U}}whichlanguagetocomposean alertmessagedetailingpreciselocationoftheaccident.??The devicethenautomaticallymakesacalltothelocalemergencyservice{{U}} ?8?{{/U}}.Ifthecar’soccupantsareconscioustheycancommunicate withtheoperator{{U}}?9?{{/U}}thespeakerandmicrophone.? ?E-mergealsotransmitsthevehiclesmakemodelcolorandlicensenumber anditsheading’whenitcrashedwhichindicatesonwhichsideofamulti-lane highwayitendedup.??This{{U}}?10?{{/U}}theemergency servicesfindthevehicleassoonastheyarriveonthescene.Wecanwastea large{{U}}?11?{{/U}}timesearchingforanincidentsaysJimHammond aan{{U}}?12?{{/U}}invehicletechnologyattheAssociationofChief PolicOfficersintheUK.Testswillbeginsoonwithpolicecarfleetsinthe UK.TrialshavealreadystartedinGermanySwedenSpaintheNetherlandsand Italy.??In-carsystems..thatsummontheemergencyservices afteracrashhave{{U}}?13?{{/U}}beenfittedinsomepremiumcars. ERTICOsaysthat{{U}}?14?{{/U}}EUstatesarewillingtofundthe necessaryinfrastructureE-mergecouldbeworkingby2008.??A studybyFrenchcarmakerRenaultconcludedthatthesystemcouldsaveupto 6000ofthe40000liveslosteachyearonEurope’sroadsandpreventa similarnumberofseriousinjuries.??TheRenaultstudyestimates thatfittingE-mergetoeverycarinEuropewouldeventuallysavearound150 billionper{{U}}?15?{{/U}}intermsofreducedcoststohealthservices andinsurancecompaniesandfewerlostworkingdays.??cellphone n.移动电话手机??undersiden.下侧底面??dashboardn. 车辆的挡泥板;汽车的仪表板??sensorn.传感器敏感元件??airbagn. 安全气囊??severityn.严重性??decelerationn. 减速??occupantn.占有人占用者
Yourfatherisfuriousaboutthedamageyouhavedonetotheflowerbeds.
MemoryClass StanFieldknowswhatagecandotoaperson’’smemoryandhe’’snottakinganychanceswithhis.Hechooseshisfoodcarefullyandgetsplentyofexercise.Healsoavoidsstresscocacolaandcigarettesmoke. What’’smoreatbreakfasteachmorningthe69-year-oldchemicalengineerswallowsaplatefulofpillsinthehopeofboostinghisbrainpower. MichelleAmoveislessthanhalfField’’sagebutnolessconcernedabouthermemory.Whileworkingroundtheclocktofinishadegreeinfilmstudiesthe33-year-oldNewYorkerhadthealarmingsensationthatshehadstoppedretaininganything.Icouldn’’tevenremembernamesshesays.IthoughtOhnoI’’mover30.It’’salldownhillfromhere.BesidesloadinguponsupplementsAmovesignedupforamemoryenhancingcourseatNewYork’’sMountSianiMedicalCenter.Andwhenshegotthereshefoundherselfsurroundedbypeoplewhowerejustasworriedasshewas. FormillionsofAmericansandespeciallyforbabyboomers生育高峰出生的人thedemandsoftheInformationAgeconflictwithasenseofdecliningphysicalpower.Whenboomerswereintheir30sand40stheylaunchedthefitnessboomsaysCynthiaGreenthepsychologistwhoteachesMountSinai’’smemoryclass.Nowwehavethemental-fitnessboomMemoryistheboomers’’newlife-crisisissue.Andofcourseamajormarketingopportunity.ThedemandforbooksandseminarshasneverbeengreatersaysJackLannomalongtimememorytrainerwhoseweeklyTVshowMindUnlimitedgoesoutto33millionhomesontheChristianNetwork.Anxiousconsumersarerushingtobuydo-it-yourselfprogramsandsupplementmakersaretryingtoselleverythingbutsawdust木屑asabrainbooster. Butbeforeyougetoutyourcheckbookafewquestionsareinorder.Doeseverydayforgetfulnesssignaldecliningbrainfunction?Ismegamemory超级记忆arealisticgoalfornormalpeople?Andifyoucouldhaveaperfectmemorywouldyoureallywantit?Untilrecentlynoonecouldaddressthoseissueswithmuchauthoritybutourknowledgeofmemoryisexploding.Newtechniquesarerevealinghowdifferentpartsofthebraininteracttopreservemeaningfulexperiences.Biologistsaretryingtounderstandtheunderlying潜在的chemicalprocessesandneuroscientists神经系统科学家arediscoveringhowagestressandotherfactorscandisruptthem.Nooneisclosetofindingthesecrettoperfectrecallbutasyou’’llseethatmaybejustaswell. Whatisthemeaningofworkingroundtheclock?
{{*HTML*}}{{B}}第三篇{{/B}} ??????? ??????{{B}}Space-AgeArcheology{{/B}}? ?It’sastrangepartnershipbutaveryeffectiveone:Satellitesand space-shuttle-carriedradararehelpingarcheologists.How?Byseeingthrough sandorthroughtreetopstolocateimportantarcheologicalsites.? ?Thetraditionaltoolsforarcheologistsareshovelsandpicks.Buthigh technologyismakingthearcheologist’sworkandtimefarmore productive.??Takeforexamplethesecond1981flightofthe SpaceShuttleChallenger.Duringthemissionapowerfulexperimentalradarwas pointedatalifelessstretchofdesertinEgyptcalledtheSelimaSandSheet partoftheSaharaDesert.Toeveryone’ssurprisetheradarpenetrated throughthesandtotheharderrockbeneath.Onthesurfacethereisalittle indicationthatAfrica’sSaharaDesertwasneveranythingbutadesert.Whenthe archeologistsstudiedtheradarimagestheysawwhatseemedtobeimpossible: therewassand-buriedlandscapethatwasshapedbyflowingwater;tracesof ancientriverbedsappearedtobeoverninemileswidefarwiderthanmost sectionsofthepresent-dayNileRiver.Todaytheareaisoneofthehottest driestdesertintheworld.??Archeologistsdugpitsalongtheold riverbanksandfoundcluestothepast:stream-roundedpebbles鹅卵石Stone-Age axesbrokenostrich鸵鸟eggshellsandtheshellsoflandsnails.The archeologistswerequitepleasedwiththesefindings.Foryearsthey’dbeen findingstoneaxesscatteredthroughthedesertandcouldn’tunderstandwhy. Nowweknowthatearlyhumanswerelivingonthebanksofoldriversandleft theirbeautifultoolsbehind.Somearesosharpthatyoucouldshavewith them.??MorerecentlyLandsat4aSpecialearth-mapping satelliteaidedinthediscoveryofancientMayanruinsinMexico.Lansatcan withthehelpoffalse-colorimageryseethroughmuchofthearea.Armedwith thesemapsafive-personexpeditiontooktotheairinahelicopter.? ?Bytheendoftheseconddaytheteamfoundastretchofwalledfields thatexpeditionmemberssaidlooklike’oldNewEnglandfences.Theyjustgo onnon-stopfor40miles.Laterintheweekanancientvillagewas pinpointedaswasthelostcityofOxpemuloncefoundintheearly1930’s butquicklyreclaimedbythejungle.Thefindingsmadethemabletomapthe extentoftheMayancivilizationinaboutfivedays.Workingonfootitwould havetakenatleast100years.Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizesthemaininformationofthepassage?
TheAttitudeForComputers AsDr.SamuelJohnsonsaidinadifferenteraaboutladiespreachingthesurprisingthingaboutcomputersisnotthattheythinklesswellthanamanbutthattheythinkatall.Theearlyelectroniccomputerdidnothavemuchgoingforitexceptamarvelousmemoryandsomegoodmathskills.Buttodaythebestmodelscanbewireduptolearnbyexperiencefollowanargumentaskproperquestionsandwritepoetryandmusic.Theycanalsocarryonsomewhatpuzzlingconversations. Computersimitatelife.Ascomputersgetmorecompletetheimitationgetsbetter.Finallythelinebetweentheoriginalandthecopybecomesunclear.Inanother15yearsorsowewillseethecomputerasanewformoflife. Theopinionseemsridiculousbecauseforonethingcomputerslackthedrivesandemotionsoflivingcreatures.Butdrivescanbeprogrammedintothecomputer’’sbrainjustasnatureprogrammedthemintoourhumanbrainsasapartoftheequipmentforsurvival. Computersmatchpeopleinsomerolesandwhenfastdecisionsareneededinacrisistheyoftensurpassthem.Havingevolvedwhenthepaceoflifewasslowerthehumanbrainhasaninherentdefectthatpreventsitfromabsorbingseveralstreamsofinformationsimultaneouslyandactingonthemquickly.Throwtoomanythingsatthebrainatonetimeanditfreezesup. Wearestillincontrolbutthecapabilitiesofcomputersareincreasingatafantasticratewhilerawhumanintelligenceischangingslowlyifatall.Computerpowerhasincreasedtentimeseveryeightyearssince1946.Inthe1990swhenthesixthgenerationappearsthereasoningpowerofanintelligencebuiltoutofsiliconwillbegintomatchthatofthehumanbrain. Thatdoesnotmeantheevolutionofintelligencehasendedontheearth.Judgingbythepastwecanexpectthatanewspecieswillariseoutofmansurpassinghisachievementsashehassurpassedthoseofhispredecessor.Onlyacarbonchemistryenthusiastwouldassumethatthespeciesmustbeman’’sflesh-and-blooddescendants.Thenewkindofintelligentlifeismorelikelytobemadeofsilicon. Dr.SamuelJohsondisapprovedofladiestopreach.
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