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EbolaOutbreak1.YouarelikelyawarethatseveralcountriesinWestAfricaarebattinganEbolaOutbreak.Ebolaisadangerousandoftenlethalviralinfection.Scientistsbelievethathumanscontractedthevirusbyeatingthemeatofrareanimals.Itisnowbelievedthatbatsaretheprimarycarriesofthevirus.2.TodatethereareonlythreemajorcountriesinWestAfricaexperiencingamajoroutbreak:SierraLeoneLiberiaandGuinea.HoweverothercountriessuchasNigeriahavereportedconfirmedcasesofEbolawithintheirborders.3.UnlessyourecentlyvisitedoneofthethreeaffectedWestcountriesyourriskofcontractingthevirusisvirtuallyzero.UnlikeotherrecentairbornevirusoutbreakslikeSARStheEbolaviruscanonlybespreadthroughdirectcontactwithaninfectedperson.SpecificallyEbolaisspreadthroughcontactwithbodyfluids.Thoughthevirusistransmittableonlyaninfectedpersonexhibitingsymptomsiscommunicable.4.ThesignsandsymptomsofEbolaarenon-specificandpatientstypicallyexhibitthemafteraweekofcontractingthevirus.Symptomsmayappearasearlyastwodaysoraslateasthreeweeksafterinitialinfection.Symptomsincludedisgustweaknessandstomachpain.Moreuncommonsymptomsincludechestpainbleedingandsorethroat.5.Ebolaisdevastatingbecauseofitsabilitytoattackandreplicateineveryorganofthebody.Thiscausesanoverstimulationofthebody’sinflammatoryresponsecausingtheflu-likesymptoms.Thevirusalsocausesbleedingandimpairsthebody’snormalclottingmechanism凝血机制makingbleedingevenmoresevere.Lossofbloodvolumeanddecreasedorganperfusion器官灌注ultimatelyleadtoorganfailureanddeath.6.Thecurrentoutbreakisthedeadliestviraloutbreakinover35years.Whilediseasessuchasthemalaria疟疾arefarmorecommunicableEbolaisoneoftheworld’smostfatalviralinfections.Ebola’sfatalityrateexceedsthatofSARS. paragraph5
15MillionAmericansSufferfromSocialAnxietyDisorder Socialanxietydisorderpreventssome15millionAmericansfromleadingnormalsocialandromanticlivesanewsurveyfinds. Thedisorderleavesmanyisolatedashamedandoftenmisdiagnosed.Thirty-sixpercentofthosewithsocialanxietydisorderhavesymptomsfor10yearsormorebeforeseekinghelptheAnxietyDisordersAssociationofAmericareports. SocialanxietydisorderiswhensomebodyhasanintensepersistentandirrationalfearofsocialorperformancesituationsJerilynRosstheassociation’spresidentandCEOsaidduringateleconferenceWednesday. TheconditioncausespeopletoavoidcommoneverydaysituationsandevenotherpeopleforfearofbeingjudgedorcriticizedorhumiliatedorembarrassingthemselvesRosssaid. SocialanxietydisordercaninterferewithdailyroutinesandjobperformanceRossnoted.Italsomakesitverydifficultforpeopletodevelopfriendsandromanticpartnershipsshesaid. PeoplewiththisdisorderrecognizetheirfearisexcessiveandirrationalRosenoted.Buttheyfeelpowerlesstodoanythingaboutitshesaid. SocialanxietydisordercanstartintheearlyteensDr.MarkH.PollackdirectoroftheCenterforAnxietyandTraumaticStressDisordersandaprofessorofpsychiatryatHarvardMedicalSchoolsaidduringtheteleconference. Thisisadisorderthatstartsaffectingpeopleearlyon1Pollacksaid.Thetypicalageofonsetisearlyadolescenceage12or13andmanyindividualsreportahistoryofanxietydatingbackto2earlierchildhood. Thedisorderalsohasphysicalsymptomsincludingheartpalpitationsfeelingsthattheirthroatwillcloseup3sweatingblushingfaintnesstremblingandstammeringRosssaid. Amongpeoplewiththedisorder75percentsaidtheconditionaffectedtheirabilitytodonormalactivities.Inaddition69percentsaidtheydidn’twantpeopletothinktheywerecrazyand58percentsaidtheywereembarrassedbytheirconditionRosssaid. Howeverwhentheconditionisdiagnosedandtreatedmanyreportedimprovementintheirlives.Infact59percentwhowerereceivingtreatmentsaidtreatmenthadapositiveeffectontheirabilitytohavearomanticrelationship.Inaddition39percentwhohadreceivedtreatmentsaidknowingthattreatmentcanbesuccessfulaidedtheirdecisiontogethelpRossnoted.Peoplewiththedisorderthinkthattheirfearof________.
One-thirdofparentslackfactsaboutchilddevelopment One-thirdofparentsofbabieshaveasurprisinglylowknowledgeofchilddevelopmentincludingbasicconceptsaboutwhattheirchildrenshouldknoworhowtheyshouldactanewstudyfinds. Forinstancethestudyfoundthatmanyparentsdon’tknowthat1-year-oldscan’ttellthedifferencebetweenrightandwrongandoftendon’tcooperateorsharewhenplayingwithotherchildren. TheresultsaresurprisingbecausetheparentswhotookpartinthesurveyhadyoungchildrensaidleadauthorDr.HeatherParadisapediatricfellowattheUniversityofRochesterMedicalCenterinNewYork.Theywerewatchingorhadjustwatchedtheirkidsgothroughthisdevelopmentandtheywereprobablythemostknowledgeableofanybody. Paradisandhercolleaguesexaminedtheresultsofasurveyofparents--98.6percentofwhomweremothers--ofmorethan100009-month-oldbabies.Aspartofthesurveytheparentswereasked11questionsdesignedtotesttheirknowledgeofababy’sdevelopment. Theresearchersalsoexaminedwhattheparentssaidabouttheirinteractionswiththeirchildrenandwatchedvideotapesofhowtheparentstaughtnewthingstotheirkids. One-thirdofthosesurveyedincorrectlyansweredfourormoreofthequestions.Evenwhentheresearchersadjustedthestatisticstoaccountforsuchfactorsaseducationlevelsandincomethoseparentswerestilllesslikelytoenjoyhealthyinteractionswiththeirchildren. Alackofproperunderstandingofachild’sdevelopmentcancauseassortedproblemsParadissaid.Forexampleshesaidamothermightexpectan18-month-oldchildtositstillforadoctor’sappointmenteventhoughchildrenthatagearenormallycuriousandliketowanderaround. Amomcouldmisinterpretachild’snormalcuriosityasintentionallybeingdefiantandcouldrespondwithharshdisciplinewithdrawalofaffectionandrepetitionofthatpatternovertimeParadissaid.Thatcouldhinderthechild’spotentialforfullgrowthanddevelopment. ThefindingsweretobepresentedSundayatthePediatricAcademicSocieties’meetinginHonolulu. OnesolutionParadissaidisforpediatricianstotakeamoreactiveroleineducatingnewparents.Byimprovingknowledgeofchilddevelopmentamongallparentsnotjustthosewhoareathighestriskthere’sanopportunitytoenhanceparent-childinteractionshesaid.Itcanultimatelyleadtobetterparenting.Mostmotherswithyoungchildrenprefertostayathome.
YoungAdultsWhoExerciseGetHigherIQScores YoungadultswhoarefithaveahigherIQandaremorelikelytogoontouniversityrevealsamajornewstudycarriedoutattheSahlgrenskaAcademyandSahlgrenskaUniversityHospital. TheresultswererecentlypublishedintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciencesPNAS.Thestudyinvolved1.2millionSwedishmendoingmilitaryservicewhowerebornbetween1950and1976.TheresearchgroupanalyzedtheresultsofbothphysicalandIQteststheyoungsterstookrightaftertheystartedservingthearmy. ThestudyshowsaclearlinkbetweengoodphysicalfitnessandbetterresultsfortheIQtest.Thestrongestlinksareforlogicalthinkingandverbalcomprehension.ButitisonlyfitnessthatplaysaroleintheresultsfortheIQtestandnotstrength.BeingfitmeansthatyoualsohavegoodheartandlungcapacityandthatyourbraingetsplentyofoxygensaysMichaelNilssonprofessorattheSahlgrenskaAcademyandchiefphysicianattheSahlgrenskaUniversityHospital.Thismaybeoneofthereasonswhywecanseeaclearlinkwithfitnessbutnotwithmuscularstrength.Wearealsoseeingthattherearegrowthfactorsthatareimportant. ByanalyzingdatafortwinstheresearchershavebeenabletodeterminethatitisprimarilyenvironmentalfactorsandnotgenesthatexplainthelinkbetweenfitnessandhigherIQ. Wehavealsoshownthatthoseyoungsterswhoimprovetheirphysicalfitnessbetweentheagesof15and18increasetheircognitiveperformancesaysMariaAbergresearcherattheSahlgrenskaAcademyandphysicianatAbyhealthcentre.Thisbeingthecasephysicaleducationisasubjectthathasanimportantplaceinschoolsandisanabsolutemustifwewanttodowellinmathsandothertheoreticalsubjects. Theresearchershavealsocomparedtheresultsfromfitnesstestsduringnationalservicewiththesocio-economicstatusofthemenlaterinlife.Thosewhowerefitat18weremorelikelytogointohighereducationandmanysecuredmorequalifiedjobs.Thewordsecuredinthelastparagraphisclosesinmeaningto_______.
Ithinkshemadea{{U}}blunder{{/U}}byannouncingitaheadoftime.
15MillionAmericansSufferfromSocialAnxietyDisorder Socialanxietydisorderpreventssome15millionAmericansfromleadingnormalsocialandromanticlivesanewsurveyfinds. Thedisorderleavesmanyisolatedashamedandoftenmisdiagnosed.Thirty-sixpercentofthosewithsocialanxietydisorderhavesymptomsfor10yearsormorebeforeseekinghelptheAnxietyDisordersAssociationofAmericareports. SocialanxietydisorderiswhensomebodyhasanintensepersistentandirrationalfearofsocialorperformancesituationsJerilynRosstheassociation’spresidentandCEOsaidduringateleconferenceWednesday. TheconditioncausespeopletoavoidcommoneverydaysituationsandevenotherpeopleforfearofbeingjudgedorcriticizedorhumiliatedorembarrassingthemselvesRosssaid. SocialanxietydisordercaninterferewithdailyroutinesandjobperformanceRossnoted.Italsomakesitverydifficultforpeopletodevelopfriendsandromanticpartnershipsshesaid. PeoplewiththisdisorderrecognizetheirfearisexcessiveandirrationalRosenoted.Buttheyfeelpowerlesstodoanythingaboutitshesaid. SocialanxietydisordercanstartintheearlyteensDr.MarkH.PollackdirectoroftheCenterforAnxietyandTraumaticStressDisordersandaprofessorofpsychiatryatHarvardMedicalSchoolsaidduringtheteleconference. Thisisadisorderthatstartsaffectingpeopleearlyon1Pollacksaid.Thetypicalageofonsetisearlyadolescenceage12or13andmanyindividualsreportahistoryofanxietydatingbackto2earlierchildhood. Thedisorderalsohasphysicalsymptomsincludingheartpalpitationsfeelingsthattheirthroatwillcloseup3sweatingblushingfaintnesstremblingandstammeringRosssaid. Amongpeoplewiththedisorder75percentsaidtheconditionaffectedtheirabilitytodonormalactivities.Inaddition69percentsaidtheydidn’twantpeopletothinktheywerecrazyand58percentsaidtheywereembarrassedbytheirconditionRosssaid. Howeverwhentheconditionisdiagnosedandtreatedmanyreportedimprovementintheirlives.Infact59percentwhowerereceivingtreatmentsaidtreatmenthadapositiveeffectontheirabilitytohavearomanticrelationship.Inaddition39percentwhohadreceivedtreatmentsaidknowingthattreatmentcanbesuccessfulaidedtheirdecisiontogethelpRossnoted.AllthefollowingarelikelysymptomsofthedisorderEXCEPT________.
StageFright Falldownasyoucomeonstage.That’sanoddtrick.Notrecommended.ButitsavedthepianistVladimirFeltsmanwhenhewasateenagerbackinMoscow.TheveterancellistMstislavRostropovichtrippedhimpurposelytocurehimofpre-performancepanicMr.FeltsmansaidAllmyfrightwas_______51.Ialreadyfell.Whatelsecouldhappen? Todaymusicschoolsareaddressingtheproblemofanxietyinclassesthat_______52withperformancetechniquesandcareerpreparation.Thereareavarietyofstrategiesthatmusicianscanlearnto_______53stagefrightanditssymptoms:icyfingersshakylimbsracingheartblankmind. Teachersandpsychologistsofferwide-rangingadvicefrombasicslikelearningpiecesinsideout_______54mentaldisciplinesuchasvisualizingaperformanceandtakingstepstorelax.Don’t_______55thatyou’rejitterytheyurge;someexcitementisnaturalevennecessaryfordynamicplaying.Andplayinpublicoftensimplyfortheexperience. PsychotherapistDianeNicholssuggests’some_______56forthemomentsbeforeperformanceTaketwodeepabdominalbreathsopenupyourshouldersthensmileshesays.Andnotoneofthese’pleasedon’tkillme’smiles.Then_______57threefriendlyfacesintheaudiencepeopleyouwouldcommunicatewithandmakemusictoandmakeeyecontactwiththem.Shedoesn’twantperformerstothinkoftheaudience_______58ajudge. Extremedemandsbymentorsorparentsareoftenatthe_______59ofstagefrightsaysDorothyDelayawell-knownviolinteacher.Shetellsotherteacherstodemandonlywhattheirstudentsareabletoachieve. WhenLynnHarrellwas20hebecametheprincipalcellistoftheCleverlandOrchestraandhesufferedextremestagefright.ThereweretimeswhenIgotso_______60Iwassuretheaudiencecouldseemychestrespondingtothethrobbing.Itwasjusttotalpanic.Icametoa_______61whereIthoughtIfIhavetogothroughthistoplaymusicIthinkI’mgoingtolookforanotherjob.Recoveryhesaidinvolveddevelopinghumility-recognizingthat_______62histalenthewasfallibleandthatanimperfectconcertwasnotadisaster. Itisnotonlyyoungartistswhosufferofcourse.ThelegendarypianistVladimirHorowitz’snerveswerefamous.ThegreattenorFrancoCorelliisanotherexample.TheyhadtopushhimonstageSopranoRenataScottorecalled. _______63successcanmakethingsworse.Inthebeginningofyourcareerwhenyou’rescaredtodeathnobodyknowswhoyouareandtheydon’thaveany_______64SopranoJuneAndersonsaid.There’s_______65tolose.Lateronwhenyou’reknownpeoplearecomingtoseeyouandtheyhavecertainexpectations.Youhavealottolose. AndersonaddedIneverstopbeingnervousuntilI’vesungmylastnote.
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Sheisalovely{{U}}gracious{{/U}}woman.
{{*HTML*}}??阅读下面的短文文中有15处空白每处空白给出了4个选项请根据短文的内容从4个选项中选择1个最佳答案 {{B}}??????? ??????????? ????LanguageandCommunication{{/B}}??A languageisasignalingsystemwhichoperateswithsymbolicvocalsounds语声 andwhichisusedbyagroupofpeopleforthepurposeof communication.??Let’slookatthis{{U}}?51?{{/U}}in moredetailbecauseitislanguagemorethananythingelse{{U}}?52 ?{{/U}}distinguishesmanfromtherestofthephysicalworld.? ?Otheranimalsitistruecommunicatewithoneanotherby{{U}}?53 ?{{/U}}ofcries:forexamplemanybirdsutter{{U}}?54?{{/U}} callsattheapproachofdanger;monkeysutter{{U}}?55?{{/U}}cries suchasexpressionsofangerfearandpleasure.{{U}}?56?{{/U}}these variousmeansofcommunicationdifferinimportantwaysfromhumanlanguage.For instanceanimals’criesdonot{{U}}?57?{{/U}}thoughtsandfeelings clearly.Thismeansbasicallythattheylackstructure.Theylackthekindof structurethat{{U}}?58?{{/U}}ustodivideahumanutteranceinto {{U}}?59?{{/U}}.??Wecanchangeanutteranceby replacingonewordinitwith{{U}}?60?{{/U}}:agoodillustrationof thisisasoldierwhocansaye.g.tanksapproachingfromthenorth {{U}}?61?{{/U}}whocanchangeonewordandsayaircraftapproaching fromthenorthortanksapproachingfromthewest;butabirdhasasingle alarmcry{{U}}?62?{{/U}}meansdanger!??Thisiswhy thenumberofsignalsthatananimalcanmakeisverylimited:thegreattit 山雀isacase{{U}}?63?{{/U}}point;ithasabouttwentydifferent calls{{U}}?64?{{/U}}inhumanlanguagethenumberofpossible utterancesislimitless.Italsoexplainswhyanimalcriesarevery {{U}}?65?{{/U}}inmeaning.
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{{*HTML*}}??阅读下面的短文文中有15处空白每处空白给出了4个选项请根据短文的内容从4个选项中选择1个最佳答案 {{B}}??????? ??????????? ????LanguageandCommunication{{/B}}??A languageisasignalingsystemwhichoperateswithsymbolicvocalsounds语声 andwhichisusedbyagroupofpeopleforthepurposeof communication.??Let’slookatthis{{U}}?51?{{/U}}in moredetailbecauseitislanguagemorethananythingelse{{U}}?52 ?{{/U}}distinguishesmanfromtherestofthephysicalworld.? ?Otheranimalsitistruecommunicatewithoneanotherby{{U}}?53 ?{{/U}}ofcries:forexamplemanybirdsutter{{U}}?54?{{/U}} callsattheapproachofdanger;monkeysutter{{U}}?55?{{/U}}cries suchasexpressionsofangerfearandpleasure.{{U}}?56?{{/U}}these variousmeansofcommunicationdifferinimportantwaysfromhumanlanguage.For instanceanimals’criesdonot{{U}}?57?{{/U}}thoughtsandfeelings clearly.Thismeansbasicallythattheylackstructure.Theylackthekindof structurethat{{U}}?58?{{/U}}ustodivideahumanutteranceinto {{U}}?59?{{/U}}.??Wecanchangeanutteranceby replacingonewordinitwith{{U}}?60?{{/U}}:agoodillustrationof thisisasoldierwhocansaye.g.tanksapproachingfromthenorth {{U}}?61?{{/U}}whocanchangeonewordandsayaircraftapproaching fromthenorthortanksapproachingfromthewest;butabirdhasasingle alarmcry{{U}}?62?{{/U}}meansdanger!??Thisiswhy thenumberofsignalsthatananimalcanmakeisverylimited:thegreattit 山雀isacase{{U}}?63?{{/U}}point;ithasabouttwentydifferent calls{{U}}?64?{{/U}}inhumanlanguagethenumberofpossible utterancesislimitless.Italsoexplainswhyanimalcriesarevery {{U}}?65?{{/U}}inmeaning.
StageFright Falldownasyoucomeonstage.That’sanoddtrick.Notrecommended.ButitsavedthepianistVladimirFeltsmanwhenhewasateenagerbackinMoscow.TheveterancellistMstislavRostropovichtrippedhimpurposelytocurehimofpre-performancepanicMr.FeltsmansaidAllmyfrightwas_______51.Ialreadyfell.Whatelsecouldhappen? Todaymusicschoolsareaddressingtheproblemofanxietyinclassesthat_______52withperformancetechniquesandcareerpreparation.Thereareavarietyofstrategiesthatmusicianscanlearnto_______53stagefrightanditssymptoms:icyfingersshakylimbsracingheartblankmind. Teachersandpsychologistsofferwide-rangingadvicefrombasicslikelearningpiecesinsideout_______54mentaldisciplinesuchasvisualizingaperformanceandtakingstepstorelax.Don’t_______55thatyou’rejitterytheyurge;someexcitementisnaturalevennecessaryfordynamicplaying.Andplayinpublicoftensimplyfortheexperience. PsychotherapistDianeNicholssuggests’some_______56forthemomentsbeforeperformanceTaketwodeepabdominalbreathsopenupyourshouldersthensmileshesays.Andnotoneofthese’pleasedon’tkillme’smiles.Then_______57threefriendlyfacesintheaudiencepeopleyouwouldcommunicatewithandmakemusictoandmakeeyecontactwiththem.Shedoesn’twantperformerstothinkoftheaudience_______58ajudge. Extremedemandsbymentorsorparentsareoftenatthe_______59ofstagefrightsaysDorothyDelayawell-knownviolinteacher.Shetellsotherteacherstodemandonlywhattheirstudentsareabletoachieve. WhenLynnHarrellwas20hebecametheprincipalcellistoftheCleverlandOrchestraandhesufferedextremestagefright.ThereweretimeswhenIgotso_______60Iwassuretheaudiencecouldseemychestrespondingtothethrobbing.Itwasjusttotalpanic.Icametoa_______61whereIthoughtIfIhavetogothroughthistoplaymusicIthinkI’mgoingtolookforanotherjob.Recoveryhesaidinvolveddevelopinghumility-recognizingthat_______62histalenthewasfallibleandthatanimperfectconcertwasnotadisaster. Itisnotonlyyoungartistswhosufferofcourse.ThelegendarypianistVladimirHorowitz’snerveswerefamous.ThegreattenorFrancoCorelliisanotherexample.TheyhadtopushhimonstageSopranoRenataScottorecalled. _______63successcanmakethingsworse.Inthebeginningofyourcareerwhenyou’rescaredtodeathnobodyknowswhoyouareandtheydon’thaveany_______64SopranoJuneAndersonsaid.There’s_______65tolose.Lateronwhenyou’reknownpeoplearecomingtoseeyouandtheyhavecertainexpectations.Youhavealottolose. AndersonaddedIneverstopbeingnervousuntilI’vesungmylastnote.
One-thirdofparentslackfactsaboutchilddevelopment One-thirdofparentsofbabieshaveasurprisinglylowknowledgeofchilddevelopmentincludingbasicconceptsaboutwhattheirchildrenshouldknoworhowtheyshouldactanewstudyfinds. Forinstancethestudyfoundthatmanyparentsdon’tknowthat1-year-oldscan’ttellthedifferencebetweenrightandwrongandoftendon’tcooperateorsharewhenplayingwithotherchildren. TheresultsaresurprisingbecausetheparentswhotookpartinthesurveyhadyoungchildrensaidleadauthorDr.HeatherParadisapediatricfellowattheUniversityofRochesterMedicalCenterinNewYork.Theywerewatchingorhadjustwatchedtheirkidsgothroughthisdevelopmentandtheywereprobablythemostknowledgeableofanybody. Paradisandhercolleaguesexaminedtheresultsofasurveyofparents--98.6percentofwhomweremothers--ofmorethan100009-month-oldbabies.Aspartofthesurveytheparentswereasked11questionsdesignedtotesttheirknowledgeofababy’sdevelopment. Theresearchersalsoexaminedwhattheparentssaidabouttheirinteractionswiththeirchildrenandwatchedvideotapesofhowtheparentstaughtnewthingstotheirkids. One-thirdofthosesurveyedincorrectlyansweredfourormoreofthequestions.Evenwhentheresearchersadjustedthestatisticstoaccountforsuchfactorsaseducationlevelsandincomethoseparentswerestilllesslikelytoenjoyhealthyinteractionswiththeirchildren. Alackofproperunderstandingofachild’sdevelopmentcancauseassortedproblemsParadissaid.Forexampleshesaidamothermightexpectan18-month-oldchildtositstillforadoctor’sappointmenteventhoughchildrenthatagearenormallycuriousandliketowanderaround. Amomcouldmisinterpretachild’snormalcuriosityasintentionallybeingdefiantandcouldrespondwithharshdisciplinewithdrawalofaffectionandrepetitionofthatpatternovertimeParadissaid.Thatcouldhinderthechild’spotentialforfullgrowthanddevelopment. ThefindingsweretobepresentedSundayatthePediatricAcademicSocieties’meetinginHonolulu. OnesolutionParadissaidisforpediatricianstotakeamoreactiveroleineducatingnewparents.Byimprovingknowledgeofchilddevelopmentamongallparentsnotjustthosewhoareathighestriskthere’sanopportunitytoenhanceparent-childinteractionshesaid.Itcanultimatelyleadtobetterparenting.Theparentssurveyedwereasked11questionsonchilddevelopment.
第一篇 EarBreakthrough NewresearchpublishedinthejournalCurrentBiologyhasaddedsignificantlytounderstandingofhowtheearworksgivinghopetomillionsofdeafandhardofhearingpeople. ThelatestresearchconductedbyDr.JorgT.AlbetaDeafnessResearchUKresearchfellowattheUCLEarInstitutetogetherwithscientistsattheUniversityofCologneshowsthatfruitflieshaveearswhichmechanicallyamplifysoundsignalsinaremarkablysimilarwaytothesensory感觉的cellsfoundintheinnerearofvertebrates脊椎动物includinghumans.Thefindingmeansthatthewealthofgenetictechniquesalreadyavailabletostudythefruitflycannowbeusedtotargethowtheearworks. Dr.Albertsays.Thebiophysicalparallelsbetweenthewaysbothfruitfliesandhumansconvertsoundintonervesignalsaretrulyamazing.Wemaybeallowedtohopethatthesemechanistic机械学的similaritiesextendfurtherdowntothegenesandmoleculesthatbringabouthearing.Butevenifitfinallyshouldturnoutthathearinginfruitfliesreliesondifferentmoleculesthandoeshearinginhumansthelittlefruitflycanhelpusfindanswerstosomekeyquestionsofhearingresearchand–whatissometimesevenmoreimportant-willsurelyhelpusasktherightquestions. TheworkiswelcomedbyDeafnessResearchUKthecountry’sonlymedicalresearchchantyfordeafpeople.VivienneMichaelchiefexecutiveofDeafnessResearchUK.saysThisisanimportantadvancethatpavesthewaytowardaclearunderstandingofthegeneticsofdeafness.Thecharilywillcontinuetosupportculling-edge尖端的researchthroughitsFellowshipprogrammeattheUCI.EarinstituteandatothertopresearchcentresintheUKtoachieveourgoalofsecuringaudicalimprovementsinthepreventiondiagnosisandtreatmentofallformsofhearingimpairment ThereareninemilliondeafandhardofhearingpeopleintheUKandinmostcasesdeafnessresultsfromlossofsensorycellsintheinnerearknownashaircells.Thecellscanbeimagesandlostthroughageingnoisegeneticdefectsandcertaindrugsandbecausethecellsdon’tregeneratetheresultisprogressive-andirreversible-hearingloss.Damagetothesecellscanalsoleadtotinnitus耳鸣whichaffectsaroundfivemillionpeopleintheUK.VivienneMichaelfromDeafnessResearchUKhighlyappreciates
YoungAdultsWhoExerciseGetHigherIQScores YoungadultswhoarefithaveahigherIQandaremorelikelytogoontouniversityrevealsamajornewstudycarriedoutattheSahlgrenskaAcademyandSahlgrenskaUniversityHospital. TheresultswererecentlypublishedintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciencesPNAS.Thestudyinvolved1.2millionSwedishmendoingmilitaryservicewhowerebornbetween1950and1976.TheresearchgroupanalyzedtheresultsofbothphysicalandIQteststheyoungsterstookrightaftertheystartedservingthearmy. ThestudyshowsaclearlinkbetweengoodphysicalfitnessandbetterresultsfortheIQtest.Thestrongestlinksareforlogicalthinkingandverbalcomprehension.ButitisonlyfitnessthatplaysaroleintheresultsfortheIQtestandnotstrength.BeingfitmeansthatyoualsohavegoodheartandlungcapacityandthatyourbraingetsplentyofoxygensaysMichaelNilssonprofessorattheSahlgrenskaAcademyandchiefphysicianattheSahlgrenskaUniversityHospital.Thismaybeoneofthereasonswhywecanseeaclearlinkwithfitnessbutnotwithmuscularstrength.Wearealsoseeingthattherearegrowthfactorsthatareimportant. ByanalyzingdatafortwinstheresearchershavebeenabletodeterminethatitisprimarilyenvironmentalfactorsandnotgenesthatexplainthelinkbetweenfitnessandhigherIQ. Wehavealsoshownthatthoseyoungsterswhoimprovetheirphysicalfitnessbetweentheagesof15and18increasetheircognitiveperformancesaysMariaAbergresearcherattheSahlgrenskaAcademyandphysicianatAbyhealthcentre.Thisbeingthecasephysicaleducationisasubjectthathasanimportantplaceinschoolsandisanabsolutemustifwewanttodowellinmathsandothertheoreticalsubjects. Theresearchershavealsocomparedtheresultsfromfitnesstestsduringnationalservicewiththesocio-economicstatusofthemenlaterinlife.Thosewhowerefitat18weremorelikelytogointohighereducationandmanysecuredmorequalifiedjobs.ByenhancingphysicalfitnessonecouldimprovesthefollowingEXCEPT_______.
{{*HTML*}}??阅读下面的短文文中有15处空白每处空白给出了4个选项请根据短文的内容从4个选项中选择1个最佳答案 {{B}}??????? ??????????? ????LanguageandCommunication{{/B}}??A languageisasignalingsystemwhichoperateswithsymbolicvocalsounds语声 andwhichisusedbyagroupofpeopleforthepurposeof communication.??Let’slookatthis{{U}}?51?{{/U}}in moredetailbecauseitislanguagemorethananythingelse{{U}}?52 ?{{/U}}distinguishesmanfromtherestofthephysicalworld.? ?Otheranimalsitistruecommunicatewithoneanotherby{{U}}?53 ?{{/U}}ofcries:forexamplemanybirdsutter{{U}}?54?{{/U}} callsattheapproachofdanger;monkeysutter{{U}}?55?{{/U}}cries suchasexpressionsofangerfearandpleasure.{{U}}?56?{{/U}}these variousmeansofcommunicationdifferinimportantwaysfromhumanlanguage.For instanceanimals’criesdonot{{U}}?57?{{/U}}thoughtsandfeelings clearly.Thismeansbasicallythattheylackstructure.Theylackthekindof structurethat{{U}}?58?{{/U}}ustodivideahumanutteranceinto {{U}}?59?{{/U}}.??Wecanchangeanutteranceby replacingonewordinitwith{{U}}?60?{{/U}}:agoodillustrationof thisisasoldierwhocansaye.g.tanksapproachingfromthenorth {{U}}?61?{{/U}}whocanchangeonewordandsayaircraftapproaching fromthenorthortanksapproachingfromthewest;butabirdhasasingle alarmcry{{U}}?62?{{/U}}meansdanger!??Thisiswhy thenumberofsignalsthatananimalcanmakeisverylimited:thegreattit 山雀isacase{{U}}?63?{{/U}}point;ithasabouttwentydifferent calls{{U}}?64?{{/U}}inhumanlanguagethenumberofpossible utterancesislimitless.Italsoexplainswhyanimalcriesarevery {{U}}?65?{{/U}}inmeaning.
One-thirdofparentslackfactsaboutchilddevelopment One-thirdofparentsofbabieshaveasurprisinglylowknowledgeofchilddevelopmentincludingbasicconceptsaboutwhattheirchildrenshouldknoworhowtheyshouldactanewstudyfinds. Forinstancethestudyfoundthatmanyparentsdon’tknowthat1-year-oldscan’ttellthedifferencebetweenrightandwrongandoftendon’tcooperateorsharewhenplayingwithotherchildren. TheresultsaresurprisingbecausetheparentswhotookpartinthesurveyhadyoungchildrensaidleadauthorDr.HeatherParadisapediatricfellowattheUniversityofRochesterMedicalCenterinNewYork.Theywerewatchingorhadjustwatchedtheirkidsgothroughthisdevelopmentandtheywereprobablythemostknowledgeableofanybody. Paradisandhercolleaguesexaminedtheresultsofasurveyofparents--98.6percentofwhomweremothers--ofmorethan100009-month-oldbabies.Aspartofthesurveytheparentswereasked11questionsdesignedtotesttheirknowledgeofababy’sdevelopment. Theresearchersalsoexaminedwhattheparentssaidabouttheirinteractionswiththeirchildrenandwatchedvideotapesofhowtheparentstaughtnewthingstotheirkids. One-thirdofthosesurveyedincorrectlyansweredfourormoreofthequestions.Evenwhentheresearchersadjustedthestatisticstoaccountforsuchfactorsaseducationlevelsandincomethoseparentswerestilllesslikelytoenjoyhealthyinteractionswiththeirchildren. Alackofproperunderstandingofachild’sdevelopmentcancauseassortedproblemsParadissaid.Forexampleshesaidamothermightexpectan18-month-oldchildtositstillforadoctor’sappointmenteventhoughchildrenthatagearenormallycuriousandliketowanderaround. Amomcouldmisinterpretachild’snormalcuriosityasintentionallybeingdefiantandcouldrespondwithharshdisciplinewithdrawalofaffectionandrepetitionofthatpatternovertimeParadissaid.Thatcouldhinderthechild’spotentialforfullgrowthanddevelopment. ThefindingsweretobepresentedSundayatthePediatricAcademicSocieties’meetinginHonolulu. OnesolutionParadissaidisforpediatricianstotakeamoreactiveroleineducatingnewparents.Byimprovingknowledgeofchilddevelopmentamongallparentsnotjustthosewhoareathighestriskthere’sanopportunitytoenhanceparent-childinteractionshesaid.Itcanultimatelyleadtobetterparenting.Parent-childinteractioncaninnowaybeimproved.
{{*HTML*}}??阅读下面的短文文中有15处空白每处空白给出了4个选项请根据短文的内容从4个选项中选择1个最佳答案 {{B}}??????? ??????????? ????LanguageandCommunication{{/B}}??A languageisasignalingsystemwhichoperateswithsymbolicvocalsounds语声 andwhichisusedbyagroupofpeopleforthepurposeof communication.??Let’slookatthis{{U}}?51?{{/U}}in moredetailbecauseitislanguagemorethananythingelse{{U}}?52 ?{{/U}}distinguishesmanfromtherestofthephysicalworld.? ?Otheranimalsitistruecommunicatewithoneanotherby{{U}}?53 ?{{/U}}ofcries:forexamplemanybirdsutter{{U}}?54?{{/U}} callsattheapproachofdanger;monkeysutter{{U}}?55?{{/U}}cries suchasexpressionsofangerfearandpleasure.{{U}}?56?{{/U}}these variousmeansofcommunicationdifferinimportantwaysfromhumanlanguage.For instanceanimals’criesdonot{{U}}?57?{{/U}}thoughtsandfeelings clearly.Thismeansbasicallythattheylackstructure.Theylackthekindof structurethat{{U}}?58?{{/U}}ustodivideahumanutteranceinto {{U}}?59?{{/U}}.??Wecanchangeanutteranceby replacingonewordinitwith{{U}}?60?{{/U}}:agoodillustrationof thisisasoldierwhocansaye.g.tanksapproachingfromthenorth {{U}}?61?{{/U}}whocanchangeonewordandsayaircraftapproaching fromthenorthortanksapproachingfromthewest;butabirdhasasingle alarmcry{{U}}?62?{{/U}}meansdanger!??Thisiswhy thenumberofsignalsthatananimalcanmakeisverylimited:thegreattit 山雀isacase{{U}}?63?{{/U}}point;ithasabouttwentydifferent calls{{U}}?64?{{/U}}inhumanlanguagethenumberofpossible utterancesislimitless.Italsoexplainswhyanimalcriesarevery {{U}}?65?{{/U}}inmeaning.
YoungAdultsWhoExerciseGetHigherIQScores YoungadultswhoarefithaveahigherIQandaremorelikelytogoontouniversityrevealsamajornewstudycarriedoutattheSahlgrenskaAcademyandSahlgrenskaUniversityHospital. TheresultswererecentlypublishedintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciencesPNAS.Thestudyinvolved1.2millionSwedishmendoingmilitaryservicewhowerebornbetween1950and1976.TheresearchgroupanalyzedtheresultsofbothphysicalandIQteststheyoungsterstookrightaftertheystartedservingthearmy. ThestudyshowsaclearlinkbetweengoodphysicalfitnessandbetterresultsfortheIQtest.Thestrongestlinksareforlogicalthinkingandverbalcomprehension.ButitisonlyfitnessthatplaysaroleintheresultsfortheIQtestandnotstrength.BeingfitmeansthatyoualsohavegoodheartandlungcapacityandthatyourbraingetsplentyofoxygensaysMichaelNilssonprofessorattheSahlgrenskaAcademyandchiefphysicianattheSahlgrenskaUniversityHospital.Thismaybeoneofthereasonswhywecanseeaclearlinkwithfitnessbutnotwithmuscularstrength.Wearealsoseeingthattherearegrowthfactorsthatareimportant. ByanalyzingdatafortwinstheresearchershavebeenabletodeterminethatitisprimarilyenvironmentalfactorsandnotgenesthatexplainthelinkbetweenfitnessandhigherIQ. Wehavealsoshownthatthoseyoungsterswhoimprovetheirphysicalfitnessbetweentheagesof15and18increasetheircognitiveperformancesaysMariaAbergresearcherattheSahlgrenskaAcademyandphysicianatAbyhealthcentre.Thisbeingthecasephysicaleducationisasubjectthathasanimportantplaceinschoolsandisanabsolutemustifwewanttodowellinmathsandothertheoreticalsubjects. Theresearchershavealsocomparedtheresultsfromfitnesstestsduringnationalservicewiththesocio-economicstatusofthemenlaterinlife.Thosewhowerefitat18weremorelikelytogointohighereducationandmanysecuredmorequalifiedjobs.Theresearchersinthisstudycomefrom_______.
Youaccusationis{{U}}wholly{{/U}}withoutfoundation.
{{*HTML*}}??阅读下面的短文文中有15处空白每处空白给出了4个选项请根据短文的内容从4个选项中选择1个最佳答案 {{B}}??????? ??????????? ????LanguageandCommunication{{/B}}??A languageisasignalingsystemwhichoperateswithsymbolicvocalsounds语声 andwhichisusedbyagroupofpeopleforthepurposeof communication.??Let’slookatthis{{U}}?51?{{/U}}in moredetailbecauseitislanguagemorethananythingelse{{U}}?52 ?{{/U}}distinguishesmanfromtherestofthephysicalworld.? ?Otheranimalsitistruecommunicatewithoneanotherby{{U}}?53 ?{{/U}}ofcries:forexamplemanybirdsutter{{U}}?54?{{/U}} callsattheapproachofdanger;monkeysutter{{U}}?55?{{/U}}cries suchasexpressionsofangerfearandpleasure.{{U}}?56?{{/U}}these variousmeansofcommunicationdifferinimportantwaysfromhumanlanguage.For instanceanimals’criesdonot{{U}}?57?{{/U}}thoughtsandfeelings clearly.Thismeansbasicallythattheylackstructure.Theylackthekindof structurethat{{U}}?58?{{/U}}ustodivideahumanutteranceinto {{U}}?59?{{/U}}.??Wecanchangeanutteranceby replacingonewordinitwith{{U}}?60?{{/U}}:agoodillustrationof thisisasoldierwhocansaye.g.tanksapproachingfromthenorth {{U}}?61?{{/U}}whocanchangeonewordandsayaircraftapproaching fromthenorthortanksapproachingfromthewest;butabirdhasasingle alarmcry{{U}}?62?{{/U}}meansdanger!??Thisiswhy thenumberofsignalsthatananimalcanmakeisverylimited:thegreattit 山雀isacase{{U}}?63?{{/U}}point;ithasabouttwentydifferent calls{{U}}?64?{{/U}}inhumanlanguagethenumberofpossible utterancesislimitless.Italsoexplainswhyanimalcriesarevery {{U}}?65?{{/U}}inmeaning.
EbolaOutbreak1.YouarelikelyawarethatseveralcountriesinWestAfricaarebattinganEbolaOutbreak.Ebolaisadangerousandoftenlethalviralinfection.Scientistsbelievethathumanscontractedthevirusbyeatingthemeatofrareanimals.Itisnowbelievedthatbatsaretheprimarycarriesofthevirus.2.TodatethereareonlythreemajorcountriesinWestAfricaexperiencingamajoroutbreak:SierraLeoneLiberiaandGuinea.HoweverothercountriessuchasNigeriahavereportedconfirmedcasesofEbolawithintheirborders.3.UnlessyourecentlyvisitedoneofthethreeaffectedWestcountriesyourriskofcontractingthevirusisvirtuallyzero.UnlikeotherrecentairbornevirusoutbreakslikeSARStheEbolaviruscanonlybespreadthroughdirectcontactwithaninfectedperson.SpecificallyEbolaisspreadthroughcontactwithbodyfluids.Thoughthevirusistransmittableonlyaninfectedpersonexhibitingsymptomsiscommunicable.4.ThesignsandsymptomsofEbolaarenon-specificandpatientstypicallyexhibitthemafteraweekofcontractingthevirus.Symptomsmayappearasearlyastwodaysoraslateasthreeweeksafterinitialinfection.Symptomsincludedisgustweaknessandstomachpain.Moreuncommonsymptomsincludechestpainbleedingandsorethroat.5.Ebolaisdevastatingbecauseofitsabilitytoattackandreplicateineveryorganofthebody.Thiscausesanoverstimulationofthebody’sinflammatoryresponsecausingtheflu-likesymptoms.Thevirusalsocausesbleedingandimpairsthebody’snormalclottingmechanism凝血机制makingbleedingevenmoresevere.Lossofbloodvolumeanddecreasedorganperfusion器官灌注ultimatelyleadtoorganfailureanddeath.6.Thecurrentoutbreakisthedeadliestviraloutbreakinover35years.Whilediseasessuchasthemalaria疟疾arefarmorecommunicableEbolaisoneoftheworld’smostfatalviralinfections.Ebola’sfatalityrateexceedsthatofSARS. paragraph3
第一篇 EarBreakthrough NewresearchpublishedinthejournalCurrentBiologyhasaddedsignificantlytounderstandingofhowtheearworksgivinghopetomillionsofdeafandhardofhearingpeople. ThelatestresearchconductedbyDr.JorgT.AlbetaDeafnessResearchUKresearchfellowattheUCLEarInstitutetogetherwithscientistsattheUniversityofCologneshowsthatfruitflieshaveearswhichmechanicallyamplifysoundsignalsinaremarkablysimilarwaytothesensory感觉的cellsfoundintheinnerearofvertebrates脊椎动物includinghumans.Thefindingmeansthatthewealthofgenetictechniquesalreadyavailabletostudythefruitflycannowbeusedtotargethowtheearworks. Dr.Albertsays.Thebiophysicalparallelsbetweenthewaysbothfruitfliesandhumansconvertsoundintonervesignalsaretrulyamazing.Wemaybeallowedtohopethatthesemechanistic机械学的similaritiesextendfurtherdowntothegenesandmoleculesthatbringabouthearing.Butevenifitfinallyshouldturnoutthathearinginfruitfliesreliesondifferentmoleculesthandoeshearinginhumansthelittlefruitflycanhelpusfindanswerstosomekeyquestionsofhearingresearchand–whatissometimesevenmoreimportant-willsurelyhelpusasktherightquestions. TheworkiswelcomedbyDeafnessResearchUKthecountry’sonlymedicalresearchchantyfordeafpeople.VivienneMichaelchiefexecutiveofDeafnessResearchUK.saysThisisanimportantadvancethatpavesthewaytowardaclearunderstandingofthegeneticsofdeafness.Thecharilywillcontinuetosupportculling-edge尖端的researchthroughitsFellowshipprogrammeattheUCI.EarinstituteandatothertopresearchcentresintheUKtoachieveourgoalofsecuringaudicalimprovementsinthepreventiondiagnosisandtreatmentofallformsofhearingimpairment ThereareninemilliondeafandhardofhearingpeopleintheUKandinmostcasesdeafnessresultsfromlossofsensorycellsintheinnerearknownashaircells.Thecellscanbeimagesandlostthroughageingnoisegeneticdefectsandcertaindrugsandbecausethecellsdon’tregeneratetheresultisprogressive-andirreversible-hearingloss.Damagetothesecellscanalsoleadtotinnitus耳鸣whichaffectsaroundfivemillionpeopleintheUK.Quiteanumberofgenetictechniqueshavebeenused.
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EbolaOutbreak1.YouarelikelyawarethatseveralcountriesinWestAfricaarebattinganEbolaOutbreak.Ebolaisadangerousandoftenlethalviralinfection.Scientistsbelievethathumanscontractedthevirusbyeatingthemeatofrareanimals.Itisnowbelievedthatbatsaretheprimarycarriesofthevirus.2.TodatethereareonlythreemajorcountriesinWestAfricaexperiencingamajoroutbreak:SierraLeoneLiberiaandGuinea.HoweverothercountriessuchasNigeriahavereportedconfirmedcasesofEbolawithintheirborders.3.UnlessyourecentlyvisitedoneofthethreeaffectedWestcountriesyourriskofcontractingthevirusisvirtuallyzero.UnlikeotherrecentairbornevirusoutbreakslikeSARStheEbolaviruscanonlybespreadthroughdirectcontactwithaninfectedperson.SpecificallyEbolaisspreadthroughcontactwithbodyfluids.Thoughthevirusistransmittableonlyaninfectedpersonexhibitingsymptomsiscommunicable.4.ThesignsandsymptomsofEbolaarenon-specificandpatientstypicallyexhibitthemafteraweekofcontractingthevirus.Symptomsmayappearasearlyastwodaysoraslateasthreeweeksafterinitialinfection.Symptomsincludedisgustweaknessandstomachpain.Moreuncommonsymptomsincludechestpainbleedingandsorethroat.5.Ebolaisdevastatingbecauseofitsabilitytoattackandreplicateineveryorganofthebody.Thiscausesanoverstimulationofthebody’sinflammatoryresponsecausingtheflu-likesymptoms.Thevirusalsocausesbleedingandimpairsthebody’snormalclottingmechanism凝血机制makingbleedingevenmoresevere.Lossofbloodvolumeanddecreasedorganperfusion器官灌注ultimatelyleadtoorganfailureanddeath.6.Thecurrentoutbreakisthedeadliestviraloutbreakinover35years.Whilediseasessuchasthemalaria疟疾arefarmorecommunicableEbolaisoneoftheworld’smostfatalviralinfections.Ebola’sfatalityrateexceedsthatofSARS. TheEbolavirustransmitsbycontactwith
One-thirdofparentslackfactsaboutchilddevelopment One-thirdofparentsofbabieshaveasurprisinglylowknowledgeofchilddevelopmentincludingbasicconceptsaboutwhattheirchildrenshouldknoworhowtheyshouldactanewstudyfinds. Forinstancethestudyfoundthatmanyparentsdon’tknowthat1-year-oldscan’ttellthedifferencebetweenrightandwrongandoftendon’tcooperateorsharewhenplayingwithotherchildren. TheresultsaresurprisingbecausetheparentswhotookpartinthesurveyhadyoungchildrensaidleadauthorDr.HeatherParadisapediatricfellowattheUniversityofRochesterMedicalCenterinNewYork.Theywerewatchingorhadjustwatchedtheirkidsgothroughthisdevelopmentandtheywereprobablythemostknowledgeableofanybody. Paradisandhercolleaguesexaminedtheresultsofasurveyofparents--98.6percentofwhomweremothers--ofmorethan100009-month-oldbabies.Aspartofthesurveytheparentswereasked11questionsdesignedtotesttheirknowledgeofababy’sdevelopment. Theresearchersalsoexaminedwhattheparentssaidabouttheirinteractionswiththeirchildrenandwatchedvideotapesofhowtheparentstaughtnewthingstotheirkids. One-thirdofthosesurveyedincorrectlyansweredfourormoreofthequestions.Evenwhentheresearchersadjustedthestatisticstoaccountforsuchfactorsaseducationlevelsandincomethoseparentswerestilllesslikelytoenjoyhealthyinteractionswiththeirchildren. Alackofproperunderstandingofachild’sdevelopmentcancauseassortedproblemsParadissaid.Forexampleshesaidamothermightexpectan18-month-oldchildtositstillforadoctor’sappointmenteventhoughchildrenthatagearenormallycuriousandliketowanderaround. Amomcouldmisinterpretachild’snormalcuriosityasintentionallybeingdefiantandcouldrespondwithharshdisciplinewithdrawalofaffectionandrepetitionofthatpatternovertimeParadissaid.Thatcouldhinderthechild’spotentialforfullgrowthanddevelopment. ThefindingsweretobepresentedSundayatthePediatricAcademicSocieties’meetinginHonolulu. OnesolutionParadissaidisforpediatricianstotakeamoreactiveroleineducatingnewparents.Byimprovingknowledgeofchilddevelopmentamongallparentsnotjustthosewhoareathighestriskthere’sanopportunitytoenhanceparent-childinteractionshesaid.Itcanultimatelyleadtobetterparenting.Amajorityofparentsofbabiesknowlittleaboutchilddevelopment.
{{*HTML*}}??阅读下面的短文文中有15处空白每处空白给出了4个选项请根据短文的内容从4个选项中选择1个最佳答案 {{B}}??????? ??????????? ????LanguageandCommunication{{/B}}??A languageisasignalingsystemwhichoperateswithsymbolicvocalsounds语声 andwhichisusedbyagroupofpeopleforthepurposeof communication.??Let’slookatthis{{U}}?51?{{/U}}in moredetailbecauseitislanguagemorethananythingelse{{U}}?52 ?{{/U}}distinguishesmanfromtherestofthephysicalworld.? ?Otheranimalsitistruecommunicatewithoneanotherby{{U}}?53 ?{{/U}}ofcries:forexamplemanybirdsutter{{U}}?54?{{/U}} callsattheapproachofdanger;monkeysutter{{U}}?55?{{/U}}cries suchasexpressionsofangerfearandpleasure.{{U}}?56?{{/U}}these variousmeansofcommunicationdifferinimportantwaysfromhumanlanguage.For instanceanimals’criesdonot{{U}}?57?{{/U}}thoughtsandfeelings clearly.Thismeansbasicallythattheylackstructure.Theylackthekindof structurethat{{U}}?58?{{/U}}ustodivideahumanutteranceinto {{U}}?59?{{/U}}.??Wecanchangeanutteranceby replacingonewordinitwith{{U}}?60?{{/U}}:agoodillustrationof thisisasoldierwhocansaye.g.tanksapproachingfromthenorth {{U}}?61?{{/U}}whocanchangeonewordandsayaircraftapproaching fromthenorthortanksapproachingfromthewest;butabirdhasasingle alarmcry{{U}}?62?{{/U}}meansdanger!??Thisiswhy thenumberofsignalsthatananimalcanmakeisverylimited:thegreattit 山雀isacase{{U}}?63?{{/U}}point;ithasabouttwentydifferent calls{{U}}?64?{{/U}}inhumanlanguagethenumberofpossible utterancesislimitless.Italsoexplainswhyanimalcriesarevery {{U}}?65?{{/U}}inmeaning.
EbolaOutbreak1.YouarelikelyawarethatseveralcountriesinWestAfricaarebattinganEbolaOutbreak.Ebolaisadangerousandoftenlethalviralinfection.Scientistsbelievethathumanscontractedthevirusbyeatingthemeatofrareanimals.Itisnowbelievedthatbatsaretheprimarycarriesofthevirus.2.TodatethereareonlythreemajorcountriesinWestAfricaexperiencingamajoroutbreak:SierraLeoneLiberiaandGuinea.HoweverothercountriessuchasNigeriahavereportedconfirmedcasesofEbolawithintheirborders.3.UnlessyourecentlyvisitedoneofthethreeaffectedWestcountriesyourriskofcontractingthevirusisvirtuallyzero.UnlikeotherrecentairbornevirusoutbreakslikeSARStheEbolaviruscanonlybespreadthroughdirectcontactwithaninfectedperson.SpecificallyEbolaisspreadthroughcontactwithbodyfluids.Thoughthevirusistransmittableonlyaninfectedpersonexhibitingsymptomsiscommunicable.4.ThesignsandsymptomsofEbolaarenon-specificandpatientstypicallyexhibitthemafteraweekofcontractingthevirus.Symptomsmayappearasearlyastwodaysoraslateasthreeweeksafterinitialinfection.Symptomsincludedisgustweaknessandstomachpain.Moreuncommonsymptomsincludechestpainbleedingandsorethroat.5.Ebolaisdevastatingbecauseofitsabilitytoattackandreplicateineveryorganofthebody.Thiscausesanoverstimulationofthebody’sinflammatoryresponsecausingtheflu-likesymptoms.Thevirusalsocausesbleedingandimpairsthebody’snormalclottingmechanism凝血机制makingbleedingevenmoresevere.Lossofbloodvolumeanddecreasedorganperfusion器官灌注ultimatelyleadtoorganfailureanddeath.6.Thecurrentoutbreakisthedeadliestviraloutbreakinover35years.Whilediseasessuchasthemalaria疟疾arefarmorecommunicableEbolaisoneoftheworld’smostfatalviralinfections.Ebola’sfatalityrateexceedsthatofSARS. ThedifferencebetweenSARSandEbolavirusesliesin
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