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[A] International students have the same needs as local students and should be accorded equivalen...
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Thenumberofinternationalstudentsatcollegesandun
Home Countries of International Students in the US
Study Areas of International Students in the US
New Trends of International Students in the US
Backgrounds of International Students in the US
A.Internationalstudentshavethesameneedsaslocalstud
[A]Internationalstudentshavethesameneedsaslocal
[A]Internationalstudentshavethesameneedsaslocal
[A]Internationalstudentshavethesameneedsaslocal
[A]Internationalstudentshavethesameneedsaslocal
[A]Internationalstudentshavethesameneedsaslocal
[A]Internationalstudentshavethesameneedsaslocal
[A]Internationalstudentshavethesameneedsaslocal
[A]Internationalstudentshavethesameneedsaslocal
Thenumberofinternationalstudentsatcollegesandun
China, Vietnam, India, etc.
Iran, China, Saudi, Arabia, etc.
South Korea, China, Vietnam, etc.
South Korea, Vietnam, Venezuela, etc.
[A]Internationalstudentshavethesameneedsaslocal
[A]Internationalstudentshavethesameneedsaslocal
[A]Internationalstudentshavethesameneedsaslocal
[A]Internationalstudentshavethesameneedsaslocal
Internationalstudentsareallowedtoworkfortheunivers
Acollegeoruniversity’sinternationalstudentofficeis
college
colleges
student
students
[A]Internationalstudentshavethesameneedsaslocal
[A]Internationalstudentshavethesameneedsaslocal
[A]Internationalstudentshavethesameneedsaslocal
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Avarietyofillegalactscommittedbypeopleinthecourseoftheiremploymentfortheirownpersonalgainarecollectivelyknownaswhite-collarcrime.Embezzlementtheftandtradingsecurities1insiderinformationarecommonformsofwhite-collarcrime.Themajorityofcasesinvolvelow-levelemployeeswhostealbecausetheyareunder2financialstress.Manyplanto3themoneybackassoonaspossiblebutmayneverdoso.Theircrimesareusuallynever4becausetheamountsofmoneyaresmallandnoonenoticesthe5. 6therearesomeverylargecasesofwhite-collarcrimesuchasmultimillion-dollarstockmarketorbankingseamsthattakeyearstodiscoverandareextremelydifficultandexpensiveto7. White-collarcrimeisnot8tothebusinesssector.Governmentemploymentespecially9thecitylevelalsoprovidesopportunitiesto10one’spockets.11buildinginspectorsacceptbribesandfull-timeemployeesreceive12payments. Althoughwhite-collarcrimeisless13thanstreetcrimeitinvolves14moremoneyandharmtothepublicthancrimescommittedbystreetcriminals.Itis15thattherearemorecriminals16theofficesuitesthaninthestreetsyetthe17ofwhite-collarmakesitdifficulttouncovertheoffensesandpursuetheoffenders.Astheeconomy18frommanufacturingtoservicesandelectroniccommerceopportunitiesforwhite-collarcrime19whilethetechnologyneededtostopsuchcrimeswill20. 19
WhenaShanghaiadconsultantwasrecentlyaskedtorecommendyounglocaldesignerstoaninternationalagencyhesentthreecandidateswithyearsofworkexperience.Butthecompanydecidedtheyweren’tgoodenoughandhadtoimportdesignersfromtheWest.It’sacommonproblemthatChinesevocationalgradssimplyhaven’thadgoodenoughteaching.Mostofthelecturersdon’thaveanyrealworkexperiencesotheycan’tteachusefulthings.Whengraduatesdogethiredtheybasicallyhavetobere-educated. China’srapideconomicexpansionhasexposedmanyfrailtiesinitseducationsystemespeciallyonthevocationalside.Thecountrycan’tproduceenoughskilledworkers.Inpartthat’sbecauseitinvestsfarmoreinacademicthanvocationalprograms.Fundinghasfallensignificantlysincethe1990s.Partlyasaresulttodayonly38percentorsoofChina’shigh-school-agestudentsattendvocationalschoolswellbelowtheofficialtargetof50percent.ToaddressthisdeficitlastyearBeijingpledgedtospendalmost$2billionon100newvocationalcollegesand1000highschools.Andthisyearitstartedofferingannualsubsidiestovocationalstudents. ButChina’strainingistooabstractwhat’surgentlyrequiredaretechnicianswhocancomeupwithagoodideaandturnitintoamarketableproduct.Partsofthecountryarealreadyadapting;inShenzhenlocalinstitutesoffer"madetoorder"trainingforparticularbusinesses.Andsomevocationalcollegeshaveintroducedpracticalresearchprojects. Butvocationaleducationfacesadeeperproblem:itsimage.China’smiddleclassiseagertoforgetitsexperiencewithphysicallaborandfewallowtheirchildrentobecometechnicalworkers.Everyonethinksthesearethingsthatlow-classpeopledo.ThusChinanowproducesrecordnumbersofcollegegrads--whostruggletofindworkbecausetheylacktheskillsformanufacturingwheredemandisgreatest.Onefixwouldbetore-brandvocationalsubjectsas"professional"not"manual"skills. AttheotherendofthespectrumareChina’s100million-plusruralmigrantworkersmanyofwhomhavelittleschooling.Theyhaveneverlearnedhowtoworkwithotherstoliveinthecitysavemoneyorchoosetherightjob.Thustheyfindithardtolearnfromtheirjobsorplantheircareers.Thisresultsinextremelyhighlaborturnover.Teachingandtraining"lifeskills"tocomplementvocationalprogramswouldhelp. YettheurgencyofChina’sskilled-laborshortfallwillforcearethink.FornowChinaisrelyingoncheaplow-skilledlabor-intensiveproductionbutit’snotsustainableinthelongtermWemustraiseourskillslevelandit’simpossibleforstate-runcollegestodoallthetraining.IndeedwiththedemandforskilledworkersgrowingallthetimeChinawillneedallthehelpitcanget. Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsvocationaleducationinChina
Avarietyofillegalactscommittedbypeopleinthecourseoftheiremploymentfortheirownpersonalgainarecollectivelyknownaswhite-collarcrime.Embezzlementtheftandtradingsecurities1insiderinformationarecommonformsofwhite-collarcrime.Themajorityofcasesinvolvelow-levelemployeeswhostealbecausetheyareunder2financialstress.Manyplanto3themoneybackassoonaspossiblebutmayneverdoso.Theircrimesareusuallynever4becausetheamountsofmoneyaresmallandnoonenoticesthe5. 6therearesomeverylargecasesofwhite-collarcrimesuchasmultimillion-dollarstockmarketorbankingseamsthattakeyearstodiscoverandareextremelydifficultandexpensiveto7. White-collarcrimeisnot8tothebusinesssector.Governmentemploymentespecially9thecitylevelalsoprovidesopportunitiesto10one’spockets.11buildinginspectorsacceptbribesandfull-timeemployeesreceive12payments. Althoughwhite-collarcrimeisless13thanstreetcrimeitinvolves14moremoneyandharmtothepublicthancrimescommittedbystreetcriminals.Itis15thattherearemorecriminals16theofficesuitesthaninthestreetsyetthe17ofwhite-collarmakesitdifficulttouncovertheoffensesandpursuetheoffenders.Astheeconomy18frommanufacturingtoservicesandelectroniccommerceopportunitiesforwhite-collarcrime19whilethetechnologyneededtostopsuchcrimeswill20. 15
InFebruaryof1997DollythefirstsuccessfulmammalianclonewasborninEdinburghScotland.WiththeextensivenewscoverageofthismomentouseventthestudyofgeneticengineeringandrecombinantDNAwasthrownintothepublicspotlight.41__________Muchofthisunfoundedfearisbaseduponmemoriesofpoorlyresearchedsciencefictionnovelsfearoftheunknownandagrowingmistrustofscience.42__________Forexampleitwillbepossibleforcowstobegeneticallyengineeredtoproducepharmaceuticalsintheirmilk.Thismeansthatvaccinationshotsandpillswouldbecomeobsolete.Babiescouldbebroughtupimmunetodiseasesbysimplybeingfedthismilk.ImaginetheimpactonthequalityoflifeforpeoplewholiveinthirdworldcountrieslikeSomalia.Wholecountriescouldbemadehealthyandimmunetodisease.43__________Ricedoesnotprovideallofthenutrientsthatthebodyneedsandinthesecountriesotherfoodisveryscarce.Ifriceorbreadanothermajorstaplearegeneticallyengineeredtocontainadditionalnecessaryvitaminsandmineralsthenwecouldgoalongwaytowardswipingoutmalnutritionallovertheworld.44__________Organtransplantsandcosmeticprocedureslikesiliconebreastimplantsthatmaycausediseasewouldsoonceasetoexist.Insteadofusingmaterialsforeigntothebodyforsuchproceduresdoctorswillbeabletomanufacturebonefatconnectivetissueorcartilagethatmatchthepatient’stissuesexactlythusensuringthattheneededtissuewillbefreeofrejectionbytheirimmunesystem.Victimsofterribleaccidentsthatdeformthefaceandbodywouldbeabletohavetheirfeaturesrepairedwithnewsafertechnology.45__________Throughouttimepeoplehavealwaysbeenafraidofnewtechnologyandthepoweritmightpossess.Whenthecarwasfirstinventedsomecontemporaryscientistswereconvincedthatthehumanbodycouldnotsurviveatspeedsashighastwentymilesperhour.Atonetimebirthcontrolpillsinvitrofertilizationandhearttransplantswerecriticizedonthesamegrounds.Geneticengineeringisanextremelynewaspectofourtechnologicalresearchandshouldatallcostsbeallowedtodevelopfurther.Theimmensepossiblebenefitsfromgeneticengineeringareendlessandshouldnotbeoverlooked.Geneticengineeringthenisatoolthathumanscanusetocuremanyoftheirproblems.[A]Eventhoughtherisksaregreatthebeneficialpossibilitiesareendless.Geneticengineeringshouldbeallowedtoprogressbecauseofthepotentialbenefitsforthehumanspeciesoutweightheconsequences.[B]Scientistsareonlybeginningtoexplorethedangersandbenefitsofgeneticengineering.YetinsteadofseeingtheimmensepotentialbenefitsmuchoftheAmericanpublicisautomaticallyrejectingthisfieldofresearch.[C]Geneticengineeringalsohasthepowertocureinfertilitywhichapainfulrealitythatmanycouplesthroughouttheworldface.[D]Evenwithallthesemiraculousbenefitsmanypeoplethroughouttheworldfeelthattheissueofgeneticengineeringisabsolutelypreposterousandextremelyunethical.Suchopinionsareunderstandableconsideringthatthemajorityofpeoplearealwaysgoingtobeafraidoftheunknown.[E]Malnutritionacommonprobleminmanythirdworldcountrieswhereimpoverishedpeoplesrelyonasinglecropsuchasriceforthemainstapleoftheirdietcouldalsopossiblybecuredwithgeneticengineering.[F]Butperhapstheareathatstandstobenefitthemostfromgeneticengineeringismedicine.[G]Geneticengineeringislikeperformingheartsurgerywithashovel.ScientistsdonotyetunderstandlivingsystemscompletelyenoughtoperformDNAsurgerywithoutcreatingmutationswhichcouldbeharmfultotheenvironmentandourhealth.
用小噬菌体的突变体进行三因子杂交假设选择性标记相对于非选择性标记总是相互靠近的用下列资料建立这7个基因的顺序图杂交非选择标记优势基因型amA×amCts4ts野生型ts2×amCts4am野生型ts2×amBts4am琥珀突变型ts1×amBts3am野生型
WhenaShanghaiadconsultantwasrecentlyaskedtorecommendyounglocaldesignerstoaninternationalagencyhesentthreecandidateswithyearsofworkexperience.Butthecompanydecidedtheyweren’tgoodenoughandhadtoimportdesignersfromtheWest.It’sacommonproblemthatChinesevocationalgradssimplyhaven’thadgoodenoughteaching.Mostofthelecturersdon’thaveanyrealworkexperiencesotheycan’tteachusefulthings.Whengraduatesdogethiredtheybasicallyhavetobere-educated. China’srapideconomicexpansionhasexposedmanyfrailtiesinitseducationsystemespeciallyonthevocationalside.Thecountrycan’tproduceenoughskilledworkers.Inpartthat’sbecauseitinvestsfarmoreinacademicthanvocationalprograms.Fundinghasfallensignificantlysincethe1990s.Partlyasaresulttodayonly38percentorsoofChina’shigh-school-agestudentsattendvocationalschoolswellbelowtheofficialtargetof50percent.ToaddressthisdeficitlastyearBeijingpledgedtospendalmost$2billionon100newvocationalcollegesand1000highschools.Andthisyearitstartedofferingannualsubsidiestovocationalstudents. ButChina’strainingistooabstractwhat’surgentlyrequiredaretechnicianswhocancomeupwithagoodideaandturnitintoamarketableproduct.Partsofthecountryarealreadyadapting;inShenzhenlocalinstitutesoffer"madetoorder"trainingforparticularbusinesses.Andsomevocationalcollegeshaveintroducedpracticalresearchprojects. Butvocationaleducationfacesadeeperproblem:itsimage.China’smiddleclassiseagertoforgetitsexperiencewithphysicallaborandfewallowtheirchildrentobecometechnicalworkers.Everyonethinksthesearethingsthatlow-classpeopledo.ThusChinanowproducesrecordnumbersofcollegegrads--whostruggletofindworkbecausetheylacktheskillsformanufacturingwheredemandisgreatest.Onefixwouldbetore-brandvocationalsubjectsas"professional"not"manual"skills. AttheotherendofthespectrumareChina’s100million-plusruralmigrantworkersmanyofwhomhavelittleschooling.Theyhaveneverlearnedhowtoworkwithotherstoliveinthecitysavemoneyorchoosetherightjob.Thustheyfindithardtolearnfromtheirjobsorplantheircareers.Thisresultsinextremelyhighlaborturnover.Teachingandtraining"lifeskills"tocomplementvocationalprogramswouldhelp. YettheurgencyofChina’sskilled-laborshortfallwillforcearethink.FornowChinaisrelyingoncheaplow-skilledlabor-intensiveproductionbutit’snotsustainableinthelongtermWemustraiseourskillslevelandit’simpossibleforstate-runcollegestodoallthetraining.IndeedwiththedemandforskilledworkersgrowingallthetimeChinawillneedallthehelpitcanget. Intheauthor’sopinionthebestwaytosolveamoreseriousproblemofChinesevocationaleducationis
WhenaShanghaiadconsultantwasrecentlyaskedtorecommendyounglocaldesignerstoaninternationalagencyhesentthreecandidateswithyearsofworkexperience.Butthecompanydecidedtheyweren’tgoodenoughandhadtoimportdesignersfromtheWest.It’sacommonproblemthatChinesevocationalgradssimplyhaven’thadgoodenoughteaching.Mostofthelecturersdon’thaveanyrealworkexperiencesotheycan’tteachusefulthings.Whengraduatesdogethiredtheybasicallyhavetobere-educated. China’srapideconomicexpansionhasexposedmanyfrailtiesinitseducationsystemespeciallyonthevocationalside.Thecountrycan’tproduceenoughskilledworkers.Inpartthat’sbecauseitinvestsfarmoreinacademicthanvocationalprograms.Fundinghasfallensignificantlysincethe1990s.Partlyasaresulttodayonly38percentorsoofChina’shigh-school-agestudentsattendvocationalschoolswellbelowtheofficialtargetof50percent.ToaddressthisdeficitlastyearBeijingpledgedtospendalmost$2billionon100newvocationalcollegesand1000highschools.Andthisyearitstartedofferingannualsubsidiestovocationalstudents. ButChina’strainingistooabstractwhat’surgentlyrequiredaretechnicianswhocancomeupwithagoodideaandturnitintoamarketableproduct.Partsofthecountryarealreadyadapting;inShenzhenlocalinstitutesoffer"madetoorder"trainingforparticularbusinesses.Andsomevocationalcollegeshaveintroducedpracticalresearchprojects. Butvocationaleducationfacesadeeperproblem:itsimage.China’smiddleclassiseagertoforgetitsexperiencewithphysicallaborandfewallowtheirchildrentobecometechnicalworkers.Everyonethinksthesearethingsthatlow-classpeopledo.ThusChinanowproducesrecordnumbersofcollegegrads--whostruggletofindworkbecausetheylacktheskillsformanufacturingwheredemandisgreatest.Onefixwouldbetore-brandvocationalsubjectsas"professional"not"manual"skills. AttheotherendofthespectrumareChina’s100million-plusruralmigrantworkersmanyofwhomhavelittleschooling.Theyhaveneverlearnedhowtoworkwithotherstoliveinthecitysavemoneyorchoosetherightjob.Thustheyfindithardtolearnfromtheirjobsorplantheircareers.Thisresultsinextremelyhighlaborturnover.Teachingandtraining"lifeskills"tocomplementvocationalprogramswouldhelp. YettheurgencyofChina’sskilled-laborshortfallwillforcearethink.FornowChinaisrelyingoncheaplow-skilledlabor-intensiveproductionbutit’snotsustainableinthelongtermWemustraiseourskillslevelandit’simpossibleforstate-runcollegestodoallthetraining.IndeedwiththedemandforskilledworkersgrowingallthetimeChinawillneedallthehelpitcanget. WhyareChinesevocationalgradsinferiortotheirWesterncounterparts
Oneofthemostimportantsocialdevelopmentsthathelpedtomakepossibleashiftinthinkingaboutther01eofpubliceducationwastheeffectofthebabyboomofthe1950sand1960sontheschools.Inthe1920sbutespeciallyintheDepressionconditionsofthe1930stheUnitedStatesexperiencedadecliningbirthrate—everythousandwomenagedfifteentoforty-fourgavebirthtoabout118livechildrenin192089.2in193075.8in1936and80in1940.WiththegrowingprosperitybroughtonbytheSecondWorldWarandtheeconomicboomthatfollowedityoungpeoplemarriedandestablishedhouseholdsearlierandbegantoraiselargerfamiliesthanhadtheirpredecessorsduringtheDepression.Birthratesroseto102perthousandin1946106.2in1950and118in1955.Althougheconomicswasprobablythemostimportantdeterminantitisnottheonlyexplanationforthebabyboom.Theincreasedvalueplacedontheideaofthefamilyalsohelpstoexplainthisriseinbirthrates. Thebabyboomersbeganstreamingintothefirstgradebythemid-1940sandbecameafloodby1950.Thepublicschoolsystemsuddenlyfounditselfovertaxed.Whilethenumberofschoolchildrenrosebecauseofwartimeandpostwarconditionsthesesameconditionsmadetheschoolsevenlesspreparedtocopewiththeflood.Thewartimeeconomymeantthatfewnewschoolswerebuiltbetween1940and1945.Moreoverduringthewarandintheboomtimesthatfollowedlargenumbersofteacherslefttheirprofessionforbetter-payingjobselsewhereintheeconomy. Thereforeinthe1950sand1960sthebabyboomhitanantiquatedandinadequateschoolsystem.Consequentlythe"custodialrhetoric"ofthe1930sandearly1940snolongermadesense;thatiskeepingyouthsagedsixteenandolderoutofthelabormarketbykeepingtheminschoolcouldnolongerbeahighpriorityforaninstitutionunabletofindspaceandstafftoteachyoungerchildrenagedfivetosixteen. Withthebabyboomthefocusofeducatorsandoflaymeninterestedineducationinevitablyturnedtowardthelowergradesandbacktobasicacademicskillsanddiscipline.Thesystemnolongerhadmuchinterestinofferingnontraditionalnewandextraservicestoolderyouth. Accordingtothepassagewhydidteachersleavetheteachingprofessionaftertheoutbreakofthewar
AstudyreleasedalittleoveraweekagowhichfoundthateldestchildrenenduponaveragewithslightlyhigherIQ’sthanyoungersiblingswasareminderthatthefightforself-definitionstartsmuchearlierthanfreshmanyear.Familieswhatevertherelativeintelligenceoftheirmembersoftentreatthefirstbornasifheorshewerethemostacademicandtheyoungersiblingsfillinotherniches:thewildonetheflirt. Theseimposedcaricaturesincombinationwiththeotherlabelsthataccumulatefromthesandboxthroughadolescencecanseemovertimelikeamiserableentourageofidentitiesthatcanbesilencedonlywithhoursoftherapy.Butthere’sanotherwaytoseethesealternateidentities:aschallengesthatcansharpenpsychologicalskills.InacountrywherereinventionisconsideredabirthrightmanypeopleseemtotreatoldidentitiesthewayHoudinitreatedpadlockedboxes:somethingtowrigglefreefrombeforebeingdraggeddown.Andpsychologicalresearchsuggeststhatthisabilitycanbeasignofmentalresilienceoftakingcontrolofyourownstoryratherthanbeingtrappedbyit. Thelate-nightbullsessionsincollegeoratbackyardbarbecuesareatsomelevellikeout-of-bodyexperiencesallowingare-coloringofpastexperiencetoconnectwithnewacquaintances.Amoreobviousoutlettoexpandidentity—andonethat’savailabletothosewhohavenotorcannotescapethefamilyandcommunitywherethey’reknownandlabeled—istheInternet.Admittedlyalotoftherole-playingontheInternetcanhaveadeviantquality.Butresearchershavefoundthatmanypeoplewhoplaylife-simulationgamesforexamplesetupthekindoffamiliestheywouldliketohavehadevenscriptalternateversionsoftheirownroleinthefamilyorinapeergroup. DecadesagothepsychologistErikEricksonconceivedofmiddleageasastageoflifedefinedbyatensionbetweenstagnationandgenerativity-ahealthysenseofguidingandnourishingthenextgenerationofhelpingthecommunity.InaseriesofstudiestheNorthwesternpsychologistDanP.McAdamshasfoundthatadultsintheir40sand50swhoselivesshowthisgenerousquality—whooftenvolunteerwhohaveasenseofaccomplishment—tellverysimilarstoriesabouthowtheycametobewhotheyare.WhethertheygrewupinruralpovertyorwithviewsofCentralParktheytoldtheirlifestoriesasseriesofredemptivelessons.Whentheyfailedagradetheyfoundawonderfultutorandlatermadethehonorroll;whenfiredFromagoodjobtheywereforcedtostarttheirownbusiness. Thissimilarityinnarrativeconstructionsmostlikelyreflectssomeagencyawillfulreshapingandre-imaginingofthepastthatinformsthepresent.Thesearepeoplewhowhetherpeggedasnerdsorrebelsorploddershavetakencontrolofthestoriesthatformtheiridentities. Inconversationpeopleareoftenwillingtohandoutthumbnaildescriptionsofthemselves:"I’mkindofahermit."Oratalkerapracticaljokerastriverasnobamorningperson.Buttheyaremorelikelytowincewhensomeoneelsedescribesthemsoauthoritatively. Maybethat’sbecausetheyhavecometoofarshakenoffenougholdlabelsalready.Likeescapeartistswithalifetime’sexperienceslippingthroughchainstheydon’twantorneedanyadditionalwork.Becausewhilemostpeoplecanleavetheirfamilynichesschoolyardnicknamesandhighschoolreputationsbehindtheydon’teverentirelyforgetthem. Psychologistsseemtobelievethatifadultswanttoremaketheiridentitytheyneedto
Oneofthemostimportantsocialdevelopmentsthathelpedtomakepossibleashiftinthinkingaboutther01eofpubliceducationwastheeffectofthebabyboomofthe1950sand1960sontheschools.Inthe1920sbutespeciallyintheDepressionconditionsofthe1930stheUnitedStatesexperiencedadecliningbirthrate—everythousandwomenagedfifteentoforty-fourgavebirthtoabout118livechildrenin192089.2in193075.8in1936and80in1940.WiththegrowingprosperitybroughtonbytheSecondWorldWarandtheeconomicboomthatfollowedityoungpeoplemarriedandestablishedhouseholdsearlierandbegantoraiselargerfamiliesthanhadtheirpredecessorsduringtheDepression.Birthratesroseto102perthousandin1946106.2in1950and118in1955.Althougheconomicswasprobablythemostimportantdeterminantitisnottheonlyexplanationforthebabyboom.Theincreasedvalueplacedontheideaofthefamilyalsohelpstoexplainthisriseinbirthrates. Thebabyboomersbeganstreamingintothefirstgradebythemid-1940sandbecameafloodby1950.Thepublicschoolsystemsuddenlyfounditselfovertaxed.Whilethenumberofschoolchildrenrosebecauseofwartimeandpostwarconditionsthesesameconditionsmadetheschoolsevenlesspreparedtocopewiththeflood.Thewartimeeconomymeantthatfewnewschoolswerebuiltbetween1940and1945.Moreoverduringthewarandintheboomtimesthatfollowedlargenumbersofteacherslefttheirprofessionforbetter-payingjobselsewhereintheeconomy. Thereforeinthe1950sand1960sthebabyboomhitanantiquatedandinadequateschoolsystem.Consequentlythe"custodialrhetoric"ofthe1930sandearly1940snolongermadesense;thatiskeepingyouthsagedsixteenandolderoutofthelabormarketbykeepingtheminschoolcouldnolongerbeahighpriorityforaninstitutionunabletofindspaceandstafftoteachyoungerchildrenagedfivetosixteen. Withthebabyboomthefocusofeducatorsandoflaymeninterestedineducationinevitablyturnedtowardthelowergradesandbacktobasicacademicskillsanddiscipline.Thesystemnolongerhadmuchinterestinofferingnontraditionalnewandextraservicestoolderyouth. Thelasttwoparagraphssuggestthat
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在沙门氏菌的组氨酸合成中许多不同的突变A～D由于阻碍某一酶的产生而影响组氨酸合成的某一步骤这些突变菌相互结合产生野生型的重组子的资料如下+可以产生重组子0不产生突变菌株ABCDA0+0+B000C0+D+1设想哪些突变可能是缺失引起的画出此缺失区域的图2如果一个突变能与除C外的所有突变菌株产生野生型重组那么它可能在此图的什么位置上
GeorgeWilliamsoneofScottsdale’slastremainingcowboyshasbeenraisinghorsesandcattleonhis120acresfor20years.Thecattlegototheslaughterhousethehorsestorodeos.ButMr.Williamsisstompingmad.Hisproblemsbeganlastyearwhendishonestneighboursstartedtostealhiscattle.Thenotherneighboursmostofthemnewcomerstookoffenceathishorsesroamingontheirproperties. SuchgrumblesarecommoninArizona.ThemostrecentDepartmentofAgriculturecensusshowsthat1213ofArizona’s8507farmscloseddownbetween1997and2002.Manycattlemenaremovingouttoremoterpartsofthestate. DocLaneisanexecutiveattheArizonaCattlemen’sAssociationatradegroup.HesaysArizona’slargerranchownersaremakingdecentprofitsfromselling.Itisthesmallerplayerswhoarethevictimsofrisinglandvalueshighermortgagesandstiffercitycouncilrules.Whathappensalltoooftenisthatpeoplemoveinnexttoafarmbecausetheythinkthelandpretty.Butsoontheystartcomplainingtothecouncil.InMr.Williams’scaseitwasthehorsesthatannoyedthem.Othernewcomersdon’tlikethenoisethepesticidesandthesmellofmanure. Localsworryaboutthepreciousdwindlingcowboyculture.Arizona’stourismboardsliketopromoteasteadyinterestinallthingsaboutcowboyandwestern.LastyearmoreBritishandGermantouristscamethanusualandmanyofthemwerelookingpreciselyforthat.Arizona’sDudeRanchAssociationfillsits$350-a-nightluxuryranchesmostoftheyear;roughlyathirdoftheguestsareEuropean. Manyoftheranchersthemselvesseeallthistourismasacheekyattempttocommercialisearealandvanishingculture.InPrescottestateagentspromote"AmericanRanch-style"homeswithpostersofhorseriders.OntheothersideofthestreetisWhiskeyRowafamousstripofhistoriccowboybars.ButinMatt’sSaloononSaturdaynightrealcattlemencouldnotbefound. FarmfolklikeMr.KnoxandMr.Williamsareweighinguptheiroptions.Manywillmigratetoremoterplaceswherelandischeaperandnotcrowdedwithcitypeople.Youngeronestakeonside-jobsascontractorsandarecattle-handspart-time.Oldercowboysaren’tsurewhattodo. Thepesticidesandthesmellofmanurearementionedto
AstudyreleasedalittleoveraweekagowhichfoundthateldestchildrenenduponaveragewithslightlyhigherIQ’sthanyoungersiblingswasareminderthatthefightforself-definitionstartsmuchearlierthanfreshmanyear.Familieswhatevertherelativeintelligenceoftheirmembersoftentreatthefirstbornasifheorshewerethemostacademicandtheyoungersiblingsfillinotherniches:thewildonetheflirt. Theseimposedcaricaturesincombinationwiththeotherlabelsthataccumulatefromthesandboxthroughadolescencecanseemovertimelikeamiserableentourageofidentitiesthatcanbesilencedonlywithhoursoftherapy.Butthere’sanotherwaytoseethesealternateidentities:aschallengesthatcansharpenpsychologicalskills.InacountrywherereinventionisconsideredabirthrightmanypeopleseemtotreatoldidentitiesthewayHoudinitreatedpadlockedboxes:somethingtowrigglefreefrombeforebeingdraggeddown.Andpsychologicalresearchsuggeststhatthisabilitycanbeasignofmentalresilienceoftakingcontrolofyourownstoryratherthanbeingtrappedbyit. Thelate-nightbullsessionsincollegeoratbackyardbarbecuesareatsomelevellikeout-of-bodyexperiencesallowingare-coloringofpastexperiencetoconnectwithnewacquaintances.Amoreobviousoutlettoexpandidentity—andonethat’savailabletothosewhohavenotorcannotescapethefamilyandcommunitywherethey’reknownandlabeled—istheInternet.Admittedlyalotoftherole-playingontheInternetcanhaveadeviantquality.Butresearchershavefoundthatmanypeoplewhoplaylife-simulationgamesforexamplesetupthekindoffamiliestheywouldliketohavehadevenscriptalternateversionsoftheirownroleinthefamilyorinapeergroup. DecadesagothepsychologistErikEricksonconceivedofmiddleageasastageoflifedefinedbyatensionbetweenstagnationandgenerativity-ahealthysenseofguidingandnourishingthenextgenerationofhelpingthecommunity.InaseriesofstudiestheNorthwesternpsychologistDanP.McAdamshasfoundthatadultsintheir40sand50swhoselivesshowthisgenerousquality—whooftenvolunteerwhohaveasenseofaccomplishment—tellverysimilarstoriesabouthowtheycametobewhotheyare.WhethertheygrewupinruralpovertyorwithviewsofCentralParktheytoldtheirlifestoriesasseriesofredemptivelessons.Whentheyfailedagradetheyfoundawonderfultutorandlatermadethehonorroll;whenfiredFromagoodjobtheywereforcedtostarttheirownbusiness. Thissimilarityinnarrativeconstructionsmostlikelyreflectssomeagencyawillfulreshapingandre-imaginingofthepastthatinformsthepresent.Thesearepeoplewhowhetherpeggedasnerdsorrebelsorploddershavetakencontrolofthestoriesthatformtheiridentities. Inconversationpeopleareoftenwillingtohandoutthumbnaildescriptionsofthemselves:"I’mkindofahermit."Oratalkerapracticaljokerastriverasnobamorningperson.Buttheyaremorelikelytowincewhensomeoneelsedescribesthemsoauthoritatively. Maybethat’sbecausetheyhavecometoofarshakenoffenougholdlabelsalready.Likeescapeartistswithalifetime’sexperienceslippingthroughchainstheydon’twantorneedanyadditionalwork.Becausewhilemostpeoplecanleavetheirfamilynichesschoolyardnicknamesandhighschoolreputationsbehindtheydon’teverentirelyforgetthem. TheauthormentionedHoudiniinthetextto
Avarietyofillegalactscommittedbypeopleinthecourseoftheiremploymentfortheirownpersonalgainarecollectivelyknownaswhite-collarcrime.Embezzlementtheftandtradingsecurities1insiderinformationarecommonformsofwhite-collarcrime.Themajorityofcasesinvolvelow-levelemployeeswhostealbecausetheyareunder2financialstress.Manyplanto3themoneybackassoonaspossiblebutmayneverdoso.Theircrimesareusuallynever4becausetheamountsofmoneyaresmallandnoonenoticesthe5. 6therearesomeverylargecasesofwhite-collarcrimesuchasmultimillion-dollarstockmarketorbankingseamsthattakeyearstodiscoverandareextremelydifficultandexpensiveto7. White-collarcrimeisnot8tothebusinesssector.Governmentemploymentespecially9thecitylevelalsoprovidesopportunitiesto10one’spockets.11buildinginspectorsacceptbribesandfull-timeemployeesreceive12payments. Althoughwhite-collarcrimeisless13thanstreetcrimeitinvolves14moremoneyandharmtothepublicthancrimescommittedbystreetcriminals.Itis15thattherearemorecriminals16theofficesuitesthaninthestreetsyetthe17ofwhite-collarmakesitdifficulttouncovertheoffensesandpursuetheoffenders.Astheeconomy18frommanufacturingtoservicesandelectroniccommerceopportunitiesforwhite-collarcrime19whilethetechnologyneededtostopsuchcrimeswill20. 9
GeorgeWilliamsoneofScottsdale’slastremainingcowboyshasbeenraisinghorsesandcattleonhis120acresfor20years.Thecattlegototheslaughterhousethehorsestorodeos.ButMr.Williamsisstompingmad.Hisproblemsbeganlastyearwhendishonestneighboursstartedtostealhiscattle.Thenotherneighboursmostofthemnewcomerstookoffenceathishorsesroamingontheirproperties. SuchgrumblesarecommoninArizona.ThemostrecentDepartmentofAgriculturecensusshowsthat1213ofArizona’s8507farmscloseddownbetween1997and2002.Manycattlemenaremovingouttoremoterpartsofthestate. DocLaneisanexecutiveattheArizonaCattlemen’sAssociationatradegroup.HesaysArizona’slargerranchownersaremakingdecentprofitsfromselling.Itisthesmallerplayerswhoarethevictimsofrisinglandvalueshighermortgagesandstiffercitycouncilrules.Whathappensalltoooftenisthatpeoplemoveinnexttoafarmbecausetheythinkthelandpretty.Butsoontheystartcomplainingtothecouncil.InMr.Williams’scaseitwasthehorsesthatannoyedthem.Othernewcomersdon’tlikethenoisethepesticidesandthesmellofmanure. Localsworryaboutthepreciousdwindlingcowboyculture.Arizona’stourismboardsliketopromoteasteadyinterestinallthingsaboutcowboyandwestern.LastyearmoreBritishandGermantouristscamethanusualandmanyofthemwerelookingpreciselyforthat.Arizona’sDudeRanchAssociationfillsits$350-a-nightluxuryranchesmostoftheyear;roughlyathirdoftheguestsareEuropean. Manyoftheranchersthemselvesseeallthistourismasacheekyattempttocommercialisearealandvanishingculture.InPrescottestateagentspromote"AmericanRanch-style"homeswithpostersofhorseriders.OntheothersideofthestreetisWhiskeyRowafamousstripofhistoriccowboybars.ButinMatt’sSaloononSaturdaynightrealcattlemencouldnotbefound. FarmfolklikeMr.KnoxandMr.Williamsareweighinguptheiroptions.Manywillmigratetoremoterplaceswherelandischeaperandnotcrowdedwithcitypeople.Youngeronestakeonside-jobsascontractorsandarecattle-handspart-time.Oldercowboysaren’tsurewhattodo. Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardscattlemen
Researchersinvestigatingbrainsizeandmentalabilitysaytheirworkoffersevidencethateducationprotectsthemindfromthebrain’sphysicaldeterioration.46isknownthatthebrainshrinksasthebodyagesbuttheeffectsonmentalabilityaredifferentfrompersontoperson.Interestinglyinastudyofelderlymenandwomenthosewhohadmoreeducationactuallyhadmorebrainshrinkage.ThatmayseemlikebadnewssaidstudyauthorDr.EdwardCoffeyaprofessorofpsychiatryandofneurologyatHenryFordHealthSysteminDetroit.47Howeverheexplainedthefindingsuggeststhateducationallowspeopletowithstandmorebraintissuelossbeforetheirmentalfunctioningbeginstobreakdown..ThestudypublishedintheJulyissueofNeurologyisthefirsttoprovidebiologicalevidencetosupportaconceptcalledthereservehypothesisaccordingtotheresearchers.Inrecentyearsinvestigatorshavedevelopedtheideathatpeoplewhoaremoreeducatedhavegreatercognitivereservestodrawuponasthebrainages;inessencetheyhavemorebraintissuetospare.48Examiningbrainscansof320healthymenandwomenaged66to90researchersfoundthatforeachyearofeducationthesubjectshadtherewasgreatershrinkageoftheouterlayerofthebrainknownasthecortex.Yetontestsofcognitionandmemoryallparticipantsscoredintherangeindicatingnormal.EveryonehassomedegreeofbrainshrinkageCoffeysaid.Peopleloseonaverage2.5percentperdecadestartinginadulthood.ThereishoweveraremarkablerangeofshrinkageamongpeoplewhoshownosignsofmentaldeclineCoffeynoted.Overallhealthhesaidaccountsforsomedifferencesinbrainsize.Alcoholordruguseaswellasmedicalconditionssuchasdiabetesandhighbloodpressurecontributetobraintissuelossthroughoutadulthood.IntheabsenceofsuchmedicalconditionsCoffeysaideducationlevelhelpsexplaintherangeofbrainshrinkageexhibitedamongthementally-fitelderly.Themore-educatedcanwithstandgreaterloss.49Coffeyandcolleaguesgaugedshrinkageofthecortexbymeasuringthecerebrospinalfluidsurroundingthebrain.Thegreatertheamountoffluidthegreaterthecorticalshrinkage.Controllingforthehealthfactorsthatcontributetobraininjurytheresearchersfoundthateducationwasrelatedtotheseverityofbrainshrinkage.Foreachyearofeducationfromfirstgradeonsubjectshadanaverageof1.77millilitersmorecerebrospinalfluidaroundthebrain.Justhoweducationmightaffectbraincellsisunknown.50Intheirreporttheresearchersspeculatedthatinpeoplewithmoreeducationcertainbrainstructuresdeeperthanthecortexmaystayintacttocompensateforcorticalshrinkage.
Avarietyofillegalactscommittedbypeopleinthecourseoftheiremploymentfortheirownpersonalgainarecollectivelyknownaswhite-collarcrime.Embezzlementtheftandtradingsecurities1insiderinformationarecommonformsofwhite-collarcrime.Themajorityofcasesinvolvelow-levelemployeeswhostealbecausetheyareunder2financialstress.Manyplanto3themoneybackassoonaspossiblebutmayneverdoso.Theircrimesareusuallynever4becausetheamountsofmoneyaresmallandnoonenoticesthe5. 6therearesomeverylargecasesofwhite-collarcrimesuchasmultimillion-dollarstockmarketorbankingseamsthattakeyearstodiscoverandareextremelydifficultandexpensiveto7. White-collarcrimeisnot8tothebusinesssector.Governmentemploymentespecially9thecitylevelalsoprovidesopportunitiesto10one’spockets.11buildinginspectorsacceptbribesandfull-timeemployeesreceive12payments. Althoughwhite-collarcrimeisless13thanstreetcrimeitinvolves14moremoneyandharmtothepublicthancrimescommittedbystreetcriminals.Itis15thattherearemorecriminals16theofficesuitesthaninthestreetsyetthe17ofwhite-collarmakesitdifficulttouncovertheoffensesandpursuetheoffenders.Astheeconomy18frommanufacturingtoservicesandelectroniccommerceopportunitiesforwhite-collarcrime19whilethetechnologyneededtostopsuchcrimeswill20. 11
Avarietyofillegalactscommittedbypeopleinthecourseoftheiremploymentfortheirownpersonalgainarecollectivelyknownaswhite-collarcrime.Embezzlementtheftandtradingsecurities1insiderinformationarecommonformsofwhite-collarcrime.Themajorityofcasesinvolvelow-levelemployeeswhostealbecausetheyareunder2financialstress.Manyplanto3themoneybackassoonaspossiblebutmayneverdoso.Theircrimesareusuallynever4becausetheamountsofmoneyaresmallandnoonenoticesthe5. 6therearesomeverylargecasesofwhite-collarcrimesuchasmultimillion-dollarstockmarketorbankingseamsthattakeyearstodiscoverandareextremelydifficultandexpensiveto7. White-collarcrimeisnot8tothebusinesssector.Governmentemploymentespecially9thecitylevelalsoprovidesopportunitiesto10one’spockets.11buildinginspectorsacceptbribesandfull-timeemployeesreceive12payments. Althoughwhite-collarcrimeisless13thanstreetcrimeitinvolves14moremoneyandharmtothepublicthancrimescommittedbystreetcriminals.Itis15thattherearemorecriminals16theofficesuitesthaninthestreetsyetthe17ofwhite-collarmakesitdifficulttouncovertheoffensesandpursuetheoffenders.Astheeconomy18frommanufacturingtoservicesandelectroniccommerceopportunitiesforwhite-collarcrime19whilethetechnologyneededtostopsuchcrimeswill20. 5
已知T4噬菌体rⅡ的突变体ABCB×C产生重组子但A×B与A×C都不产生重组子1画出ABC缺失位置2假如又发现一个新突变体它与BC都能产生重组子但不能与A形成重组子你能确定它缺失的位置吗
InFebruaryof1997DollythefirstsuccessfulmammalianclonewasborninEdinburghScotland.WiththeextensivenewscoverageofthismomentouseventthestudyofgeneticengineeringandrecombinantDNAwasthrownintothepublicspotlight.41__________Muchofthisunfoundedfearisbaseduponmemoriesofpoorlyresearchedsciencefictionnovelsfearoftheunknownandagrowingmistrustofscience.42__________Forexampleitwillbepossibleforcowstobegeneticallyengineeredtoproducepharmaceuticalsintheirmilk.Thismeansthatvaccinationshotsandpillswouldbecomeobsolete.Babiescouldbebroughtupimmunetodiseasesbysimplybeingfedthismilk.ImaginetheimpactonthequalityoflifeforpeoplewholiveinthirdworldcountrieslikeSomalia.Wholecountriescouldbemadehealthyandimmunetodisease.43__________Ricedoesnotprovideallofthenutrientsthatthebodyneedsandinthesecountriesotherfoodisveryscarce.Ifriceorbreadanothermajorstaplearegeneticallyengineeredtocontainadditionalnecessaryvitaminsandmineralsthenwecouldgoalongwaytowardswipingoutmalnutritionallovertheworld.44__________Organtransplantsandcosmeticprocedureslikesiliconebreastimplantsthatmaycausediseasewouldsoonceasetoexist.Insteadofusingmaterialsforeigntothebodyforsuchproceduresdoctorswillbeabletomanufacturebonefatconnectivetissueorcartilagethatmatchthepatient’stissuesexactlythusensuringthattheneededtissuewillbefreeofrejectionbytheirimmunesystem.Victimsofterribleaccidentsthatdeformthefaceandbodywouldbeabletohavetheirfeaturesrepairedwithnewsafertechnology.45__________Throughouttimepeoplehavealwaysbeenafraidofnewtechnologyandthepoweritmightpossess.Whenthecarwasfirstinventedsomecontemporaryscientistswereconvincedthatthehumanbodycouldnotsurviveatspeedsashighastwentymilesperhour.Atonetimebirthcontrolpillsinvitrofertilizationandhearttransplantswerecriticizedonthesamegrounds.Geneticengineeringisanextremelynewaspectofourtechnologicalresearchandshouldatallcostsbeallowedtodevelopfurther.Theimmensepossiblebenefitsfromgeneticengineeringareendlessandshouldnotbeoverlooked.Geneticengineeringthenisatoolthathumanscanusetocuremanyoftheirproblems.[A]Eventhoughtherisksaregreatthebeneficialpossibilitiesareendless.Geneticengineeringshouldbeallowedtoprogressbecauseofthepotentialbenefitsforthehumanspeciesoutweightheconsequences.[B]Scientistsareonlybeginningtoexplorethedangersandbenefitsofgeneticengineering.YetinsteadofseeingtheimmensepotentialbenefitsmuchoftheAmericanpublicisautomaticallyrejectingthisfieldofresearch.[C]Geneticengineeringalsohasthepowertocureinfertilitywhichapainfulrealitythatmanycouplesthroughouttheworldface.[D]Evenwithallthesemiraculousbenefitsmanypeoplethroughouttheworldfeelthattheissueofgeneticengineeringisabsolutelypreposterousandextremelyunethical.Suchopinionsareunderstandableconsideringthatthemajorityofpeoplearealwaysgoingtobeafraidoftheunknown.[E]Malnutritionacommonprobleminmanythirdworldcountrieswhereimpoverishedpeoplesrelyonasinglecropsuchasriceforthemainstapleoftheirdietcouldalsopossiblybecuredwithgeneticengineering.[F]Butperhapstheareathatstandstobenefitthemostfromgeneticengineeringismedicine.[G]Geneticengineeringislikeperformingheartsurgerywithashovel.ScientistsdonotyetunderstandlivingsystemscompletelyenoughtoperformDNAsurgerywithoutcreatingmutationswhichcouldbeharmfultotheenvironmentandourhealth.
Avarietyofillegalactscommittedbypeopleinthecourseoftheiremploymentfortheirownpersonalgainarecollectivelyknownaswhite-collarcrime.Embezzlementtheftandtradingsecurities1insiderinformationarecommonformsofwhite-collarcrime.Themajorityofcasesinvolvelow-levelemployeeswhostealbecausetheyareunder2financialstress.Manyplanto3themoneybackassoonaspossiblebutmayneverdoso.Theircrimesareusuallynever4becausetheamountsofmoneyaresmallandnoonenoticesthe5. 6therearesomeverylargecasesofwhite-collarcrimesuchasmultimillion-dollarstockmarketorbankingseamsthattakeyearstodiscoverandareextremelydifficultandexpensiveto7. White-collarcrimeisnot8tothebusinesssector.Governmentemploymentespecially9thecitylevelalsoprovidesopportunitiesto10one’spockets.11buildinginspectorsacceptbribesandfull-timeemployeesreceive12payments. Althoughwhite-collarcrimeisless13thanstreetcrimeitinvolves14moremoneyandharmtothepublicthancrimescommittedbystreetcriminals.Itis15thattherearemorecriminals16theofficesuitesthaninthestreetsyetthe17ofwhite-collarmakesitdifficulttouncovertheoffensesandpursuetheoffenders.Astheeconomy18frommanufacturingtoservicesandelectroniccommerceopportunitiesforwhite-collarcrime19whilethetechnologyneededtostopsuchcrimeswill20. 7
Avarietyofillegalactscommittedbypeopleinthecourseoftheiremploymentfortheirownpersonalgainarecollectivelyknownaswhite-collarcrime.Embezzlementtheftandtradingsecurities1insiderinformationarecommonformsofwhite-collarcrime.Themajorityofcasesinvolvelow-levelemployeeswhostealbecausetheyareunder2financialstress.Manyplanto3themoneybackassoonaspossiblebutmayneverdoso.Theircrimesareusuallynever4becausetheamountsofmoneyaresmallandnoonenoticesthe5. 6therearesomeverylargecasesofwhite-collarcrimesuchasmultimillion-dollarstockmarketorbankingseamsthattakeyearstodiscoverandareextremelydifficultandexpensiveto7. White-collarcrimeisnot8tothebusinesssector.Governmentemploymentespecially9thecitylevelalsoprovidesopportunitiesto10one’spockets.11buildinginspectorsacceptbribesandfull-timeemployeesreceive12payments. Althoughwhite-collarcrimeisless13thanstreetcrimeitinvolves14moremoneyandharmtothepublicthancrimescommittedbystreetcriminals.Itis15thattherearemorecriminals16theofficesuitesthaninthestreetsyetthe17ofwhite-collarmakesitdifficulttouncovertheoffensesandpursuetheoffenders.Astheeconomy18frommanufacturingtoservicesandelectroniccommerceopportunitiesforwhite-collarcrime19whilethetechnologyneededtostopsuchcrimeswill20. 13
Avarietyofillegalactscommittedbypeopleinthecourseoftheiremploymentfortheirownpersonalgainarecollectivelyknownaswhite-collarcrime.Embezzlementtheftandtradingsecurities1insiderinformationarecommonformsofwhite-collarcrime.Themajorityofcasesinvolvelow-levelemployeeswhostealbecausetheyareunder2financialstress.Manyplanto3themoneybackassoonaspossiblebutmayneverdoso.Theircrimesareusuallynever4becausetheamountsofmoneyaresmallandnoonenoticesthe5. 6therearesomeverylargecasesofwhite-collarcrimesuchasmultimillion-dollarstockmarketorbankingseamsthattakeyearstodiscoverandareextremelydifficultandexpensiveto7. White-collarcrimeisnot8tothebusinesssector.Governmentemploymentespecially9thecitylevelalsoprovidesopportunitiesto10one’spockets.11buildinginspectorsacceptbribesandfull-timeemployeesreceive12payments. Althoughwhite-collarcrimeisless13thanstreetcrimeitinvolves14moremoneyandharmtothepublicthancrimescommittedbystreetcriminals.Itis15thattherearemorecriminals16theofficesuitesthaninthestreetsyetthe17ofwhite-collarmakesitdifficulttouncovertheoffensesandpursuetheoffenders.Astheeconomy18frommanufacturingtoservicesandelectroniccommerceopportunitiesforwhite-collarcrime19whilethetechnologyneededtostopsuchcrimeswill20. 1
Avarietyofillegalactscommittedbypeopleinthecourseoftheiremploymentfortheirownpersonalgainarecollectivelyknownaswhite-collarcrime.Embezzlementtheftandtradingsecurities1insiderinformationarecommonformsofwhite-collarcrime.Themajorityofcasesinvolvelow-levelemployeeswhostealbecausetheyareunder2financialstress.Manyplanto3themoneybackassoonaspossiblebutmayneverdoso.Theircrimesareusuallynever4becausetheamountsofmoneyaresmallandnoonenoticesthe5. 6therearesomeverylargecasesofwhite-collarcrimesuchasmultimillion-dollarstockmarketorbankingseamsthattakeyearstodiscoverandareextremelydifficultandexpensiveto7. White-collarcrimeisnot8tothebusinesssector.Governmentemploymentespecially9thecitylevelalsoprovidesopportunitiesto10one’spockets.11buildinginspectorsacceptbribesandfull-timeemployeesreceive12payments. Althoughwhite-collarcrimeisless13thanstreetcrimeitinvolves14moremoneyandharmtothepublicthancrimescommittedbystreetcriminals.Itis15thattherearemorecriminals16theofficesuitesthaninthestreetsyetthe17ofwhite-collarmakesitdifficulttouncovertheoffensesandpursuetheoffenders.Astheeconomy18frommanufacturingtoservicesandelectroniccommerceopportunitiesforwhite-collarcrime19whilethetechnologyneededtostopsuchcrimeswill20. 3
在接合试验中有Hfra+b+strs与F-a-b-strr杂交已知a和b基因控制营养需要先将杂交菌株接种在有链霉素的完全培养基上生长然后在不同的培养基上测试100个菌落结果如下①添加a物质得40个菌落②添加b物质得20个菌落③基本培养基得10个菌落分别写出这3种菌落的基因型基因a和b之间的重组频率是多少
大肠杆菌的8个突变株都不能在没有组氨酸的培养基上生长两两进行重组实验发现所有的顺式杂合体都能在基本培养基上生长而反式杂合体中有的能在基本培养基中生长+有的则不能-如图所示是否能确定这8个突变位点分属于几个不同的顺反子反式杂合体在基本培养基上的生长情况突变体123456788000000+07++++++0600000050000040000300020010
InFebruaryof1997DollythefirstsuccessfulmammalianclonewasborninEdinburghScotland.WiththeextensivenewscoverageofthismomentouseventthestudyofgeneticengineeringandrecombinantDNAwasthrownintothepublicspotlight.41__________Muchofthisunfoundedfearisbaseduponmemoriesofpoorlyresearchedsciencefictionnovelsfearoftheunknownandagrowingmistrustofscience.42__________Forexampleitwillbepossibleforcowstobegeneticallyengineeredtoproducepharmaceuticalsintheirmilk.Thismeansthatvaccinationshotsandpillswouldbecomeobsolete.Babiescouldbebroughtupimmunetodiseasesbysimplybeingfedthismilk.ImaginetheimpactonthequalityoflifeforpeoplewholiveinthirdworldcountrieslikeSomalia.Wholecountriescouldbemadehealthyandimmunetodisease.43__________Ricedoesnotprovideallofthenutrientsthatthebodyneedsandinthesecountriesotherfoodisveryscarce.Ifriceorbreadanothermajorstaplearegeneticallyengineeredtocontainadditionalnecessaryvitaminsandmineralsthenwecouldgoalongwaytowardswipingoutmalnutritionallovertheworld.44__________Organtransplantsandcosmeticprocedureslikesiliconebreastimplantsthatmaycausediseasewouldsoonceasetoexist.Insteadofusingmaterialsforeigntothebodyforsuchproceduresdoctorswillbeabletomanufacturebonefatconnectivetissueorcartilagethatmatchthepatient’stissuesexactlythusensuringthattheneededtissuewillbefreeofrejectionbytheirimmunesystem.Victimsofterribleaccidentsthatdeformthefaceandbodywouldbeabletohavetheirfeaturesrepairedwithnewsafertechnology.45__________Throughouttimepeoplehavealwaysbeenafraidofnewtechnologyandthepoweritmightpossess.Whenthecarwasfirstinventedsomecontemporaryscientistswereconvincedthatthehumanbodycouldnotsurviveatspeedsashighastwentymilesperhour.Atonetimebirthcontrolpillsinvitrofertilizationandhearttransplantswerecriticizedonthesamegrounds.Geneticengineeringisanextremelynewaspectofourtechnologicalresearchandshouldatallcostsbeallowedtodevelopfurther.Theimmensepossiblebenefitsfromgeneticengineeringareendlessandshouldnotbeoverlooked.Geneticengineeringthenisatoolthathumanscanusetocuremanyoftheirproblems.[A]Eventhoughtherisksaregreatthebeneficialpossibilitiesareendless.Geneticengineeringshouldbeallowedtoprogressbecauseofthepotentialbenefitsforthehumanspeciesoutweightheconsequences.[B]Scientistsareonlybeginningtoexplorethedangersandbenefitsofgeneticengineering.YetinsteadofseeingtheimmensepotentialbenefitsmuchoftheAmericanpublicisautomaticallyrejectingthisfieldofresearch.[C]Geneticengineeringalsohasthepowertocureinfertilitywhichapainfulrealitythatmanycouplesthroughouttheworldface.[D]Evenwithallthesemiraculousbenefitsmanypeoplethroughouttheworldfeelthattheissueofgeneticengineeringisabsolutelypreposterousandextremelyunethical.Suchopinionsareunderstandableconsideringthatthemajorityofpeoplearealwaysgoingtobeafraidoftheunknown.[E]Malnutritionacommonprobleminmanythirdworldcountrieswhereimpoverishedpeoplesrelyonasinglecropsuchasriceforthemainstapleoftheirdietcouldalsopossiblybecuredwithgeneticengineering.[F]Butperhapstheareathatstandstobenefitthemostfromgeneticengineeringismedicine.[G]Geneticengineeringislikeperformingheartsurgerywithashovel.ScientistsdonotyetunderstandlivingsystemscompletelyenoughtoperformDNAsurgerywithoutcreatingmutationswhichcouldbeharmfultotheenvironmentandourhealth.
GeorgeWilliamsoneofScottsdale’slastremainingcowboyshasbeenraisinghorsesandcattleonhis120acresfor20years.Thecattlegototheslaughterhousethehorsestorodeos.ButMr.Williamsisstompingmad.Hisproblemsbeganlastyearwhendishonestneighboursstartedtostealhiscattle.Thenotherneighboursmostofthemnewcomerstookoffenceathishorsesroamingontheirproperties. SuchgrumblesarecommoninArizona.ThemostrecentDepartmentofAgriculturecensusshowsthat1213ofArizona’s8507farmscloseddownbetween1997and2002.Manycattlemenaremovingouttoremoterpartsofthestate. DocLaneisanexecutiveattheArizonaCattlemen’sAssociationatradegroup.HesaysArizona’slargerranchownersaremakingdecentprofitsfromselling.Itisthesmallerplayerswhoarethevictimsofrisinglandvalueshighermortgagesandstiffercitycouncilrules.Whathappensalltoooftenisthatpeoplemoveinnexttoafarmbecausetheythinkthelandpretty.Butsoontheystartcomplainingtothecouncil.InMr.Williams’scaseitwasthehorsesthatannoyedthem.Othernewcomersdon’tlikethenoisethepesticidesandthesmellofmanure. Localsworryaboutthepreciousdwindlingcowboyculture.Arizona’stourismboardsliketopromoteasteadyinterestinallthingsaboutcowboyandwestern.LastyearmoreBritishandGermantouristscamethanusualandmanyofthemwerelookingpreciselyforthat.Arizona’sDudeRanchAssociationfillsits$350-a-nightluxuryranchesmostoftheyear;roughlyathirdoftheguestsareEuropean. Manyoftheranchersthemselvesseeallthistourismasacheekyattempttocommercialisearealandvanishingculture.InPrescottestateagentspromote"AmericanRanch-style"homeswithpostersofhorseriders.OntheothersideofthestreetisWhiskeyRowafamousstripofhistoriccowboybars.ButinMatt’sSaloononSaturdaynightrealcattlemencouldnotbefound. FarmfolklikeMr.KnoxandMr.Williamsareweighinguptheiroptions.Manywillmigratetoremoterplaceswherelandischeaperandnotcrowdedwithcitypeople.Youngeronestakeonside-jobsascontractorsandarecattle-handspart-time.Oldercowboysaren’tsurewhattodo. Fromthefirsttwoparagraphswelearnthat
Avarietyofillegalactscommittedbypeopleinthecourseoftheiremploymentfortheirownpersonalgainarecollectivelyknownaswhite-collarcrime.Embezzlementtheftandtradingsecurities1insiderinformationarecommonformsofwhite-collarcrime.Themajorityofcasesinvolvelow-levelemployeeswhostealbecausetheyareunder2financialstress.Manyplanto3themoneybackassoonaspossiblebutmayneverdoso.Theircrimesareusuallynever4becausetheamountsofmoneyaresmallandnoonenoticesthe5. 6therearesomeverylargecasesofwhite-collarcrimesuchasmultimillion-dollarstockmarketorbankingseamsthattakeyearstodiscoverandareextremelydifficultandexpensiveto7. White-collarcrimeisnot8tothebusinesssector.Governmentemploymentespecially9thecitylevelalsoprovidesopportunitiesto10one’spockets.11buildinginspectorsacceptbribesandfull-timeemployeesreceive12payments. Althoughwhite-collarcrimeisless13thanstreetcrimeitinvolves14moremoneyandharmtothepublicthancrimescommittedbystreetcriminals.Itis15thattherearemorecriminals16theofficesuitesthaninthestreetsyetthe17ofwhite-collarmakesitdifficulttouncovertheoffensesandpursuetheoffenders.Astheeconomy18frommanufacturingtoservicesandelectroniccommerceopportunitiesforwhite-collarcrime19whilethetechnologyneededtostopsuchcrimeswill20. 17
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