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Icebergs ? ?1 ?Icebergs are among nature’s most spectacular(壮观的) creations, and yet most people have...
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warmcalllightbutdangerabovebelievesinkmustlandtowa
下面的短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第1～4段每段选择1个最佳标题2第
下面的短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第1～4段每段选择1个最佳标题2第
下面的短文后有2项测试任务1第23-26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第1-4段每段选择1个最佳标题2第
下面的短文后有2项测试任务1第23-26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第1-4段每段选择1个最佳标题2第
下面的短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第1～4段每段选择1个最佳标题2第
A．largerthanthepartyabovethewaterB．staynearthe ic
下面的短文后有2项测试任务1第23-26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第1-4段每段选择1个最佳标题2第
Icebergs??1?Icebergsareamongnature’smostspectacula
根据短文内容从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项选项中有两项为多余选项Obtainingfre
A.largerthanthepartyabovethewaterB.stayneartheiceb
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Icebergs??1?Icebergsareamongnature’smostspectacula
Icebergsareamongnature’smostimpressivecreationsand
下面的短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第1～4段每段选择1个最佳标题2第
Icebergs??1?Icebergsareamongnature’smostspectacula
下面的短文后有2项测试任务1第23-26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第1-4段每段选择1个最佳标题2第
根据短文内容从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项选项中有两项为多余选项Obtainingfre
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UpinSmoke IbegantosmokewhenIwasinhighschool.InfactIremembertheeveningIwasatagirlfriend’shouseandwewerewatchingamovie--aterriblyromanticmovie.Hetheheroofthemoviewasinloveshehisladywasbeautifulandtheywerebothsmoking.Myfriendhadonlytwocigarettesfromapackinhermother’spurseandshegaveonetome.Itwasmyfirsttime. Myparentsdidn’tcaremuch.Theybothsmokedandmyolderbrotherdidtoo.Mymothertoldmethatsmokersdon’tgrowtallbutIwasalready5’6"tallerthanmostoftheboysinmyclasssoIwashappytohearthat"fact.’Inschooltheteacherstalkedagainstsmokingbutthecigaretteadvertisementsweresoexciting.Themenintheadsweresogood-lookingandsosuccessfulandthewomenwere--welltheywerebeautifulandsophisticated老于世故的. IreadabookcalledHowtoStopSmoking.Thewritersaidthatsmokingwastestimeandthatcigarettescostalotofmoney."Sowhat"Ithought.Thebookdidn’tsaythatsmokingcantakeawayyearsofyourlife.Buttenyearslatereveryonebegantohearaboutthenegativeeffectsofcigarettesmoke:lungdiseasecancerandheartproblems.Afterthattherewasahealthwarningoneverypackofcigarettes.Ididn’tpaymuchattentiontothereportsandwarnings.IfelthealthyandIthoughtIwastakinggoodcareofmyself. Thentwoeventschangedmymind.FirstIstartedtocough.Ithoughtitwasjustacoldbutitdidn’tgetbetter.Secondmybrothergotlungcancer.Hegotsickerandsicker.MybrotherandIusedtosmokecigarettestogetherovertwentyyearsagoandwesmokedourlastcigarettestogetherthedaybeforehedied.IsatwithhiminhishospitalroomandIdecidedtoquit."NOmorecigarettesever"Isaidtomyself. Howeveritwasveryhardtostop.Nicotine尼古丁isadrug;asaresultCigarettescauseapowerfuladdiction.Itriedseveraltimestoquitonmyown--withoutsuccess.Imadeexcuses.Itoldmyself:Smokinghelpsmekeepmyfigure--i.e.Idon’tgainweightwhenIsmoke.Smokingnotonlyrelaxesmebutitalsohelpsmethinkclearly.I’mafreeliberatedwoman.IcansmokewhenIwantto. FinallyIranoutofexcuses--Imightsaymyexcuseswentupinsmoke.Ijoinedthe"StopSmoking"programatthelocalhospitalwhichalsoendedupinfailure. Thewriterdecidedtoquitsmokingpartlybecause
{{*HTML*}}A.late18thcentury??B.equaleducationandemploymentwithmen??C.weakerandlowerinsocialposition??D.early20thcentury??E.herchildren??F.therightsofvotingTraditionallythelawdidnotallowwomentohavethecontrolover
Pleaseputupyourhandsifyoucananswerthisquestion.
{{*HTML*}}A.itsdetectingpower??B.millionsoflightyearsawayinspace??C.thelocationoftheVLT??D.asanexample??E.thebirthoftheearth??F.therotationoftheearthScientistsbelievetheVLTwilltellusmoreabout______.
TeachingPoetryNopoemshouldeverbediscussedoranalyzeduntilithasbeenreadaloudbysomeoneteacherorstudent.Betterstillperhapsisthepracticeofreadingittwiceonceatthebeginningofthediscussionandonceattheendsothesoundofthepoemisthelastthingonehearsofit.Alldiscussionsofpoetryareinfactpreparationsforreadingitaloudandthereadingofthepoemisfinallythemosttellinginterpretationofitsuggestingtonerhythmandmeaningallatonce.Hearingapoetreadthewordinhisorherownvoiceonrecordsoronfilmisobviouslyaspecialreward.Buteventhoseaidstoteachingcannotreplacethestudentandteacherreadingitorbestofallreciting背诵it.Ihavecometothinkinfactthattimespentreadingapoemaloudismuchmoreimportantthananalyzingitifthereisn’ttimeforboth.IthinkoneofourgoalsasteachersofEnglishistohavestudentslovepoetry.Poetryisacriticismoflifeandaheightening提升oflife.Itisanapproachtothetruthoffeelinganditcansaveyourlife.Italsodeservesaplaceintheteachingoflanguageandliteraturemorecentralthanitpresentlyoccupies.IamnotsayingthateveryEnglishteachermustteachpoetry.Thosewhodon’tlikeitshouldnotbeforcedtoputthatdislikeonanyoneelse.Butthosewhodoteachpoetrymustkeepinmindafewthingsaboutitsessentialnatureaboutitssoundaswellasitssenseandtheymustmakeroomintheclassroomforhearingpoetryaswellasthinkingaboutit.Thephrasemakeroominthelastparagraphcouldbebestreplacedby______.
AmericanpubliceducationhaschangednumbersofAmericanparentsandteachersareinrecentyears.Onechangeisthatincreasingstartingindependentpublicschools51charterschools特许学校. In1991therewerenocharterschoolsintheUnitedStates.Todaymorethan2300charterschools52in34statesandtheDistrictofColumbia.575000students53theseschools.Thestudentsarefrom5yearsofagethrough18orolder.Acharterschoolis54bygroupsofparentsteachersandcommunity社区members.Itissimilarinsomeways55atraditionalpublicschool.Itreceivestaxmoneytooperatejustasotherpublicschoolsdo.The56itreceivesdependsonthenumberofstudents.Thecharterschoolmustprovetolocalorstategovernmentsthatitsstudentsarelearning.Thesegovernments57theschoolwiththeagreementorcharterthatpermitsittooperate.Unlikeatraditionalpublicschool58thecharterschooldoesnothavetoobeymostlawsgoverningpublicschools.Localstateorfederalgovernmentscannottellitwhat59.Eachschoolcanchooseitsowngoalsanddecidethewaysitwantsto60thosegoals.Classsizesusuallyaresmallerthaninmanytraditionalpublicschools.Manystudentsandparentssay61incharterschoolscanbemorecreative. Howeverstateeducationagencieslocaleducation-governingcommitteesandunionsoften62charterschools.Theysaytheseschoolsmayreceivemoneybadly63bytraditionalpublicschools.Expertssaysomecharterschoolsaredoingwellwhileothersarestruggling.Congressprovided200milliondollarsfor64charterschoolsinthe2002federalbudget预算.Butoftentheschoolssaytheylackenoughmoneyfortheir65.Manyalsolackneededspace. 60
Thenewstyleofshoesappealstothosestudents.
AmericanpubliceducationhaschangednumbersofAmericanparentsandteachersareinrecentyears.Onechangeisthatincreasingstartingindependentpublicschools51charterschools特许学校. In1991therewerenocharterschoolsintheUnitedStates.Todaymorethan2300charterschools52in34statesandtheDistrictofColumbia.575000students53theseschools.Thestudentsarefrom5yearsofagethrough18orolder.Acharterschoolis54bygroupsofparentsteachersandcommunity社区members.Itissimilarinsomeways55atraditionalpublicschool.Itreceivestaxmoneytooperatejustasotherpublicschoolsdo.The56itreceivesdependsonthenumberofstudents.Thecharterschoolmustprovetolocalorstategovernmentsthatitsstudentsarelearning.Thesegovernments57theschoolwiththeagreementorcharterthatpermitsittooperate.Unlikeatraditionalpublicschool58thecharterschooldoesnothavetoobeymostlawsgoverningpublicschools.Localstateorfederalgovernmentscannottellitwhat59.Eachschoolcanchooseitsowngoalsanddecidethewaysitwantsto60thosegoals.Classsizesusuallyaresmallerthaninmanytraditionalpublicschools.Manystudentsandparentssay61incharterschoolscanbemorecreative. Howeverstateeducationagencieslocaleducation-governingcommitteesandunionsoften62charterschools.Theysaytheseschoolsmayreceivemoneybadly63bytraditionalpublicschools.Expertssaysomecharterschoolsaredoingwellwhileothersarestruggling.Congressprovided200milliondollarsfor64charterschoolsinthe2002federalbudget预算.Butoftentheschoolssaytheylackenoughmoneyfortheir65.Manyalsolackneededspace. 58
AmericanpubliceducationhaschangednumbersofAmericanparentsandteachersareinrecentyears.Onechangeisthatincreasingstartingindependentpublicschools51charterschools特许学校. In1991therewerenocharterschoolsintheUnitedStates.Todaymorethan2300charterschools52in34statesandtheDistrictofColumbia.575000students53theseschools.Thestudentsarefrom5yearsofagethrough18orolder.Acharterschoolis54bygroupsofparentsteachersandcommunity社区members.Itissimilarinsomeways55atraditionalpublicschool.Itreceivestaxmoneytooperatejustasotherpublicschoolsdo.The56itreceivesdependsonthenumberofstudents.Thecharterschoolmustprovetolocalorstategovernmentsthatitsstudentsarelearning.Thesegovernments57theschoolwiththeagreementorcharterthatpermitsittooperate.Unlikeatraditionalpublicschool58thecharterschooldoesnothavetoobeymostlawsgoverningpublicschools.Localstateorfederalgovernmentscannottellitwhat59.Eachschoolcanchooseitsowngoalsanddecidethewaysitwantsto60thosegoals.Classsizesusuallyaresmallerthaninmanytraditionalpublicschools.Manystudentsandparentssay61incharterschoolscanbemorecreative. Howeverstateeducationagencieslocaleducation-governingcommitteesandunionsoften62charterschools.Theysaytheseschoolsmayreceivemoneybadly63bytraditionalpublicschools.Expertssaysomecharterschoolsaredoingwellwhileothersarestruggling.Congressprovided200milliondollarsfor64charterschoolsinthe2002federalbudget预算.Butoftentheschoolssaytheylackenoughmoneyfortheir65.Manyalsolackneededspace. 62
AmericanpubliceducationhaschangednumbersofAmericanparentsandteachersareinrecentyears.Onechangeisthatincreasingstartingindependentpublicschools51charterschools特许学校. In1991therewerenocharterschoolsintheUnitedStates.Todaymorethan2300charterschools52in34statesandtheDistrictofColumbia.575000students53theseschools.Thestudentsarefrom5yearsofagethrough18orolder.Acharterschoolis54bygroupsofparentsteachersandcommunity社区members.Itissimilarinsomeways55atraditionalpublicschool.Itreceivestaxmoneytooperatejustasotherpublicschoolsdo.The56itreceivesdependsonthenumberofstudents.Thecharterschoolmustprovetolocalorstategovernmentsthatitsstudentsarelearning.Thesegovernments57theschoolwiththeagreementorcharterthatpermitsittooperate.Unlikeatraditionalpublicschool58thecharterschooldoesnothavetoobeymostlawsgoverningpublicschools.Localstateorfederalgovernmentscannottellitwhat59.Eachschoolcanchooseitsowngoalsanddecidethewaysitwantsto60thosegoals.Classsizesusuallyaresmallerthaninmanytraditionalpublicschools.Manystudentsandparentssay61incharterschoolscanbemorecreative. Howeverstateeducationagencieslocaleducation-governingcommitteesandunionsoften62charterschools.Theysaytheseschoolsmayreceivemoneybadly63bytraditionalpublicschools.Expertssaysomecharterschoolsaredoingwellwhileothersarestruggling.Congressprovided200milliondollarsfor64charterschoolsinthe2002federalbudget预算.Butoftentheschoolssaytheylackenoughmoneyfortheir65.Manyalsolackneededspace. 64
MoreThanaRidetoSchoolTheNationalEducationAssociationclaimsTheschoolbusisamirrorofthecommunity.Theyfurtheraddthatunfortunatelywhatappearsontheexteriordoesnotalwaysreflecttherealityofachosencommunity.Theyarerightandsometimesitreflectsmore!JustaskLieslDensonRidingtheschoolbushasbeenmorethanaridetoschoolforLiesl.BruceHardyschoolbusdriverforAlthouseBusCompanyhasbeenLiesl’sbusdriversincekindergartenlastyearwhenLiesl’sfamilymovedtoParkesburg.Knowingherbuswentbyhernewresidencesherequestedtoridethesamebus.ThisyearLieslisaseniorandwillenjoyherlastyearridingthebus.ShesaysIt’sbeenagreatridesofar!Mybusdriverissocoolandhasalwaysbeenagoodfriendandagoodlistener.Sometimeswhenyou’reachildadultsdonotthinkthatwhatyouhavetosayisimportant.Mr.Hardyalwayslistenstowhatyouhavetosayandmakesyoufeelimportant.HerfriendsAshleyBatistaandAmandaWolfcagree.BraceHardyhasbeenmakingOctorarastudentsfeelspecialsince1975.Thisyearhewillcelebrate30yearsworkingforAlthouseBusTransportation.CompanyPresidentLarryAlthouseacknowledgesBruceHardy’soutstandingrecord.YoudonotcomebyemployeeslikeBrucethesedays;hehasnevermissedadayofworkandhasaperfectdrivingrecord.Recognizedin2000bythePennsylvaniaSchoolBusAssociationfordriving350000accidentfreemilesHardy’sreputationismadefurtherevidentthroughtherelationshipshehasmadewiththestudentsthatridehisbus.AlthousefurtheraddedAlthouseBusTransportationwasestablished70yearsagoandhasbeenprovidingqualitytransportationeversincemygrandfatherstartedthebusinesswithonebus.AlthouseBusTransportationisdelightedtohavetheopportunitytobringdistinctiveandsafeservicetoourlocalschoolandcommunityandlooksforwardtocontinuingtoprovidequalityserviceformanymoreyearstocome.Threegenerationsofbusinessisnotallthecompanyhasenjoyed.ThankstodriverslikeBruceHardytheyhavebeenbuildingrelationshipsthroughgenerations.Liesl’smotherCarolalsoenjoysfondmemoriesofridingBruceHardy’sbustotheOctoraraSchoolDistrict.WhofoundedAlthouseBusTransportation
SequoyahcreatedtheCherokeesyllabaryanextraordinaryachievementthatmadeitpossiblefortheCherokeetoprintnewspapersintheirownlanguage.
{{*HTML*}}Explanation??Whatdoesascientistdowhenheorsheexplainssomething?Scientificexplanationcomesintwoforms:generalizationandreduction.?46?.Theyexplainparticularinstancesofbehaviorasexamplesofgenerallaws?47?.Presumablythepersonwasfrightened’earlierinlifebyadog.Anunpleasantstimuluswaspairedwiththesightoftheanimalperhapsthepersonwasknockeddownbyanexuberantdogandthesubsequentsightofdogsevokestheearlierresponse—fear.??Mostphysiologistsdealwithreduction.Phenomenaareexplainedintermsofsimplerphenomena.Forexamplethemovementofamuscleisexplainedintermsofchangesinthemembraneofmusclecellsentryofparticularchemicalsandinteractionsbetweenproteinmoleculeswithinthesecell.?48?.??Thetaskofphysiologicalpsychologyistoexplainbehaviorinphysiologicalterms.?49?.Thusthelawsofbehaviorcanbereducedtodescriptionsofphysiologicalprocesses.??Howdoesonestudythephysiologyofbehavior?Physiologicalpsychologistscannotsimplybereductionists.Itisnotenoughtoobservebehaviorsandcorrelatethemwithphysiologicaleventsthatoccuratthesametime.Identicalbehaviorsunderdifferentconditionsmayoccurfordifferentreasonsandthusbeinitiatedbydifferentphysiologicalmechanisms:?50?.??A.Forinstancemostpsychologistswouldexplainapathologicallystrongfearofdogsasanexampleofclassicalconditioning.??B.Amolecularbiologistwouldexplaintheseeventsintermsofforcesthatbindvariousmoleculestogetherandcausevariouspartsofthesemoleculestobeattractedtooneanother.??C.Mostpsychologistsdealwithgeneralization.??D.Howscientistsdifferintheirapproachestoexplainingnaturalphenomena.??E.Thismeansthatwemustunderstandpsychologicallywhyaparticularbehaviouroccursbeforewecanunderstandwhatphysiologicaleventsmadeitoccur.??F.Likeotherscientistsphysiologicalpsychologistsbelievethatallnaturalphenomena—includinghumanbehavior—aresubjecttothelawsofphysics.
Agoalofmoderndanceoftenistoexpressthedancer'sinnermostfeelingsandemotions.
UpinSmoke IbegantosmokewhenIwasinhighschool.InfactIremembertheeveningIwasatagirlfriend’shouseandwewerewatchingamovie--aterriblyromanticmovie.Hetheheroofthemoviewasinloveshehisladywasbeautifulandtheywerebothsmoking.Myfriendhadonlytwocigarettesfromapackinhermother’spurseandshegaveonetome.Itwasmyfirsttime. Myparentsdidn’tcaremuch.Theybothsmokedandmyolderbrotherdidtoo.Mymothertoldmethatsmokersdon’tgrowtallbutIwasalready5’6"tallerthanmostoftheboysinmyclasssoIwashappytohearthat"fact.’Inschooltheteacherstalkedagainstsmokingbutthecigaretteadvertisementsweresoexciting.Themenintheadsweresogood-lookingandsosuccessfulandthewomenwere--welltheywerebeautifulandsophisticated老于世故的. IreadabookcalledHowtoStopSmoking.Thewritersaidthatsmokingwastestimeandthatcigarettescostalotofmoney."Sowhat"Ithought.Thebookdidn’tsaythatsmokingcantakeawayyearsofyourlife.Buttenyearslatereveryonebegantohearaboutthenegativeeffectsofcigarettesmoke:lungdiseasecancerandheartproblems.Afterthattherewasahealthwarningoneverypackofcigarettes.Ididn’tpaymuchattentiontothereportsandwarnings.IfelthealthyandIthoughtIwastakinggoodcareofmyself. Thentwoeventschangedmymind.FirstIstartedtocough.Ithoughtitwasjustacoldbutitdidn’tgetbetter.Secondmybrothergotlungcancer.Hegotsickerandsicker.MybrotherandIusedtosmokecigarettestogetherovertwentyyearsagoandwesmokedourlastcigarettestogetherthedaybeforehedied.IsatwithhiminhishospitalroomandIdecidedtoquit."NOmorecigarettesever"Isaidtomyself. Howeveritwasveryhardtostop.Nicotine尼古丁isadrug;asaresultCigarettescauseapowerfuladdiction.Itriedseveraltimestoquitonmyown--withoutsuccess.Imadeexcuses.Itoldmyself:Smokinghelpsmekeepmyfigure--i.e.Idon’tgainweightwhenIsmoke.Smokingnotonlyrelaxesmebutitalsohelpsmethinkclearly.I’mafreeliberatedwoman.IcansmokewhenIwantto. FinallyIranoutofexcuses--Imightsaymyexcuseswentupinsmoke.Ijoinedthe"StopSmoking"programatthelocalhospitalwhichalsoendedupinfailure. ThefactinParagraph2refersto
Theeternalmotionofthestarsfascinatedhim.
Peterisexperiencingadifficulttimeinhislife.
{{*HTML*}}Explanation??Whatdoesascientistdowhenheorsheexplainssomething?Scientificexplanationcomesintwoforms:generalizationandreduction.?46?.Theyexplainparticularinstancesofbehaviorasexamplesofgenerallaws?47?.Presumablythepersonwasfrightened’earlierinlifebyadog.Anunpleasantstimuluswaspairedwiththesightoftheanimalperhapsthepersonwasknockeddownbyanexuberantdogandthesubsequentsightofdogsevokestheearlierresponse—fear.??Mostphysiologistsdealwithreduction.Phenomenaareexplainedintermsofsimplerphenomena.Forexamplethemovementofamuscleisexplainedintermsofchangesinthemembraneofmusclecellsentryofparticularchemicalsandinteractionsbetweenproteinmoleculeswithinthesecell.?48?.??Thetaskofphysiologicalpsychologyistoexplainbehaviorinphysiologicalterms.?49?.Thusthelawsofbehaviorcanbereducedtodescriptionsofphysiologicalprocesses.??Howdoesonestudythephysiologyofbehavior?Physiologicalpsychologistscannotsimplybereductionists.Itisnotenoughtoobservebehaviorsandcorrelatethemwithphysiologicaleventsthatoccuratthesametime.Identicalbehaviorsunderdifferentconditionsmayoccurfordifferentreasonsandthusbeinitiatedbydifferentphysiologicalmechanisms:?50?.??A.Forinstancemostpsychologistswouldexplainapathologicallystrongfearofdogsasanexampleofclassicalconditioning.??B.Amolecularbiologistwouldexplaintheseeventsintermsofforcesthatbindvariousmoleculestogetherandcausevariouspartsofthesemoleculestobeattractedtooneanother.??C.Mostpsychologistsdealwithgeneralization.??D.Howscientistsdifferintheirapproachestoexplainingnaturalphenomena.??E.Thismeansthatwemustunderstandpsychologicallywhyaparticularbehaviouroccursbeforewecanunderstandwhatphysiologicaleventsmadeitoccur.??F.Likeotherscientistsphysiologicalpsychologistsbelievethatallnaturalphenomena—includinghumanbehavior—aresubjecttothelawsofphysics.
{{*HTML*}}A.late18thcentury??B.equaleducationandemploymentwithmen??C.weakerandlowerinsocialposition??D.early20thcentury??E.herchildren??F.therightsofvotingActsofCongressgavewomentherightof
TeachingPoetryNopoemshouldeverbediscussedoranalyzeduntilithasbeenreadaloudbysomeoneteacherorstudent.Betterstillperhapsisthepracticeofreadingittwiceonceatthebeginningofthediscussionandonceattheendsothesoundofthepoemisthelastthingonehearsofit.Alldiscussionsofpoetryareinfactpreparationsforreadingitaloudandthereadingofthepoemisfinallythemosttellinginterpretationofitsuggestingtonerhythmandmeaningallatonce.Hearingapoetreadthewordinhisorherownvoiceonrecordsoronfilmisobviouslyaspecialreward.Buteventhoseaidstoteachingcannotreplacethestudentandteacherreadingitorbestofallreciting背诵it.Ihavecometothinkinfactthattimespentreadingapoemaloudismuchmoreimportantthananalyzingitifthereisn’ttimeforboth.IthinkoneofourgoalsasteachersofEnglishistohavestudentslovepoetry.Poetryisacriticismoflifeandaheightening提升oflife.Itisanapproachtothetruthoffeelinganditcansaveyourlife.Italsodeservesaplaceintheteachingoflanguageandliteraturemorecentralthanitpresentlyoccupies.IamnotsayingthateveryEnglishteachermustteachpoetry.Thosewhodon’tlikeitshouldnotbeforcedtoputthatdislikeonanyoneelse.Butthosewhodoteachpoetrymustkeepinmindafewthingsaboutitsessentialnatureaboutitssoundaswellasitssenseandtheymustmakeroomintheclassroomforhearingpoetryaswellasthinkingaboutit.AccordingtothewriteroneofthepurposesofteachingEnglishistogetstudents______.
{{*HTML*}}Explanation??Whatdoesascientistdowhenheorsheexplainssomething?Scientificexplanationcomesintwoforms:generalizationandreduction.?46?.Theyexplainparticularinstancesofbehaviorasexamplesofgenerallaws?47?.Presumablythepersonwasfrightened’earlierinlifebyadog.Anunpleasantstimuluswaspairedwiththesightoftheanimalperhapsthepersonwasknockeddownbyanexuberantdogandthesubsequentsightofdogsevokestheearlierresponse—fear.??Mostphysiologistsdealwithreduction.Phenomenaareexplainedintermsofsimplerphenomena.Forexamplethemovementofamuscleisexplainedintermsofchangesinthemembraneofmusclecellsentryofparticularchemicalsandinteractionsbetweenproteinmoleculeswithinthesecell.?48?.??Thetaskofphysiologicalpsychologyistoexplainbehaviorinphysiologicalterms.?49?.Thusthelawsofbehaviorcanbereducedtodescriptionsofphysiologicalprocesses.??Howdoesonestudythephysiologyofbehavior?Physiologicalpsychologistscannotsimplybereductionists.Itisnotenoughtoobservebehaviorsandcorrelatethemwithphysiologicaleventsthatoccuratthesametime.Identicalbehaviorsunderdifferentconditionsmayoccurfordifferentreasonsandthusbeinitiatedbydifferentphysiologicalmechanisms:?50?.??A.Forinstancemostpsychologistswouldexplainapathologicallystrongfearofdogsasanexampleofclassicalconditioning.??B.Amolecularbiologistwouldexplaintheseeventsintermsofforcesthatbindvariousmoleculestogetherandcausevariouspartsofthesemoleculestobeattractedtooneanother.??C.Mostpsychologistsdealwithgeneralization.??D.Howscientistsdifferintheirapproachestoexplainingnaturalphenomena.??E.Thismeansthatwemustunderstandpsychologicallywhyaparticularbehaviouroccursbeforewecanunderstandwhatphysiologicaleventsmadeitoccur.??F.Likeotherscientistsphysiologicalpsychologistsbelievethatallnaturalphenomena—includinghumanbehavior—aresubjecttothelawsofphysics.
AmericanpubliceducationhaschangednumbersofAmericanparentsandteachersareinrecentyears.Onechangeisthatincreasingstartingindependentpublicschools51charterschools特许学校. In1991therewerenocharterschoolsintheUnitedStates.Todaymorethan2300charterschools52in34statesandtheDistrictofColumbia.575000students53theseschools.Thestudentsarefrom5yearsofagethrough18orolder.Acharterschoolis54bygroupsofparentsteachersandcommunity社区members.Itissimilarinsomeways55atraditionalpublicschool.Itreceivestaxmoneytooperatejustasotherpublicschoolsdo.The56itreceivesdependsonthenumberofstudents.Thecharterschoolmustprovetolocalorstategovernmentsthatitsstudentsarelearning.Thesegovernments57theschoolwiththeagreementorcharterthatpermitsittooperate.Unlikeatraditionalpublicschool58thecharterschooldoesnothavetoobeymostlawsgoverningpublicschools.Localstateorfederalgovernmentscannottellitwhat59.Eachschoolcanchooseitsowngoalsanddecidethewaysitwantsto60thosegoals.Classsizesusuallyaresmallerthaninmanytraditionalpublicschools.Manystudentsandparentssay61incharterschoolscanbemorecreative. Howeverstateeducationagencieslocaleducation-governingcommitteesandunionsoften62charterschools.Theysaytheseschoolsmayreceivemoneybadly63bytraditionalpublicschools.Expertssaysomecharterschoolsaredoingwellwhileothersarestruggling.Congressprovided200milliondollarsfor64charterschoolsinthe2002federalbudget预算.Butoftentheschoolssaytheylackenoughmoneyfortheir65.Manyalsolackneededspace. 56
TeachingPoetryNopoemshouldeverbediscussedoranalyzeduntilithasbeenreadaloudbysomeoneteacherorstudent.Betterstillperhapsisthepracticeofreadingittwiceonceatthebeginningofthediscussionandonceattheendsothesoundofthepoemisthelastthingonehearsofit.Alldiscussionsofpoetryareinfactpreparationsforreadingitaloudandthereadingofthepoemisfinallythemosttellinginterpretationofitsuggestingtonerhythmandmeaningallatonce.Hearingapoetreadthewordinhisorherownvoiceonrecordsoronfilmisobviouslyaspecialreward.Buteventhoseaidstoteachingcannotreplacethestudentandteacherreadingitorbestofallreciting背诵it.Ihavecometothinkinfactthattimespentreadingapoemaloudismuchmoreimportantthananalyzingitifthereisn’ttimeforboth.IthinkoneofourgoalsasteachersofEnglishistohavestudentslovepoetry.Poetryisacriticismoflifeandaheightening提升oflife.Itisanapproachtothetruthoffeelinganditcansaveyourlife.Italsodeservesaplaceintheteachingoflanguageandliteraturemorecentralthanitpresentlyoccupies.IamnotsayingthateveryEnglishteachermustteachpoetry.Thosewhodon’tlikeitshouldnotbeforcedtoputthatdislikeonanyoneelse.Butthosewhodoteachpoetrymustkeepinmindafewthingsaboutitsessentialnatureaboutitssoundaswellasitssenseandtheymustmakeroomintheclassroomforhearingpoetryaswellasthinkingaboutit.Tohaveabetterunderstandingofapoemoneshould______.
MoreThanaRidetoSchoolTheNationalEducationAssociationclaimsTheschoolbusisamirrorofthecommunity.Theyfurtheraddthatunfortunatelywhatappearsontheexteriordoesnotalwaysreflecttherealityofachosencommunity.Theyarerightandsometimesitreflectsmore!JustaskLieslDensonRidingtheschoolbushasbeenmorethanaridetoschoolforLiesl.BruceHardyschoolbusdriverforAlthouseBusCompanyhasbeenLiesl’sbusdriversincekindergartenlastyearwhenLiesl’sfamilymovedtoParkesburg.Knowingherbuswentbyhernewresidencesherequestedtoridethesamebus.ThisyearLieslisaseniorandwillenjoyherlastyearridingthebus.ShesaysIt’sbeenagreatridesofar!Mybusdriverissocoolandhasalwaysbeenagoodfriendandagoodlistener.Sometimeswhenyou’reachildadultsdonotthinkthatwhatyouhavetosayisimportant.Mr.Hardyalwayslistenstowhatyouhavetosayandmakesyoufeelimportant.HerfriendsAshleyBatistaandAmandaWolfcagree.BraceHardyhasbeenmakingOctorarastudentsfeelspecialsince1975.Thisyearhewillcelebrate30yearsworkingforAlthouseBusTransportation.CompanyPresidentLarryAlthouseacknowledgesBruceHardy’soutstandingrecord.YoudonotcomebyemployeeslikeBrucethesedays;hehasnevermissedadayofworkandhasaperfectdrivingrecord.Recognizedin2000bythePennsylvaniaSchoolBusAssociationfordriving350000accidentfreemilesHardy’sreputationismadefurtherevidentthroughtherelationshipshehasmadewiththestudentsthatridehisbus.AlthousefurtheraddedAlthouseBusTransportationwasestablished70yearsagoandhasbeenprovidingqualitytransportationeversincemygrandfatherstartedthebusinesswithonebus.AlthouseBusTransportationisdelightedtohavetheopportunitytobringdistinctiveandsafeservicetoourlocalschoolandcommunityandlooksforwardtocontinuingtoprovidequalityserviceformanymoreyearstocome.Threegenerationsofbusinessisnotallthecompanyhasenjoyed.ThankstodriverslikeBruceHardytheyhavebeenbuildingrelationshipsthroughgenerations.Liesl’smotherCarolalsoenjoysfondmemoriesofridingBruceHardy’sbustotheOctoraraSchoolDistrict.HowlonghasBruceHardybeenworkingforAlthouseBusTransportation
TheeconomycontinuedtoexhibitsignsofdeclineinSeptember.
AmericanpubliceducationhaschangednumbersofAmericanparentsandteachersareinrecentyears.Onechangeisthatincreasingstartingindependentpublicschools51charterschools特许学校. In1991therewerenocharterschoolsintheUnitedStates.Todaymorethan2300charterschools52in34statesandtheDistrictofColumbia.575000students53theseschools.Thestudentsarefrom5yearsofagethrough18orolder.Acharterschoolis54bygroupsofparentsteachersandcommunity社区members.Itissimilarinsomeways55atraditionalpublicschool.Itreceivestaxmoneytooperatejustasotherpublicschoolsdo.The56itreceivesdependsonthenumberofstudents.Thecharterschoolmustprovetolocalorstategovernmentsthatitsstudentsarelearning.Thesegovernments57theschoolwiththeagreementorcharterthatpermitsittooperate.Unlikeatraditionalpublicschool58thecharterschooldoesnothavetoobeymostlawsgoverningpublicschools.Localstateorfederalgovernmentscannottellitwhat59.Eachschoolcanchooseitsowngoalsanddecidethewaysitwantsto60thosegoals.Classsizesusuallyaresmallerthaninmanytraditionalpublicschools.Manystudentsandparentssay61incharterschoolscanbemorecreative. Howeverstateeducationagencieslocaleducation-governingcommitteesandunionsoften62charterschools.Theysaytheseschoolsmayreceivemoneybadly63bytraditionalpublicschools.Expertssaysomecharterschoolsaredoingwellwhileothersarestruggling.Congressprovided200milliondollarsfor64charterschoolsinthe2002federalbudget预算.Butoftentheschoolssaytheylackenoughmoneyfortheir65.Manyalsolackneededspace. 52
{{*HTML*}}A.itsdetectingpower??B.millionsoflightyearsawayinspace??C.thelocationoftheVLT??D.asanexample??E.thebirthoftheearth??F.therotationoftheearthThedesignersoftheV1Taresurprisedat______.
TheAcquisitionofTwoCompanies TheProvidentCompaniestheNo.2sellerofindividualdisabilityinsurancepoliciesagreedyesterdaytobuytheNo.1insurerinthefieldinadealthatwouldgiveitmorethan1/3ofthemarket. The$1.2billiondealwouldeliminateabout600jobsgiveabigSwissmoney-losingpoliciessoldbytheinsurerthatisbeingacquiredthePaulReverecompany. LastyearProvident’sinsuranceunitshad$2.6billioninpremiumrevenuesandPaulReverehad$1.5billion.About57percentofthecombined$4.1billioninpremiumscamefromdisabilitypoliciesthatweresoldtoindividuals.Provident’snextlargestcompetitortheUNUMCorporationhasabout10percentofthemarket. PaulReverehasbeencontrolledsince1985byTextronInc.TextronacquiredtheinsurerwhenitboughtAvcoFinancialServiceswhichmakeshighinterestrateloanstopeoplewhoseemploymentandcredithistoriesmakethemtooriskyforbankloans. JamesF.HardymonTextron’schairmanandchiefexecutivesaidthesale"reinforcesTextron’sstrategytofocusonitscoremanufacturingandfinancebusinesses."Hesaidthatuptohalftheincomemightbeusedtopaydownthecompany’smorethan$10billionofdebtortobuybackstock.PaulRevere’sremainingpublicshareholderswillget$26incashforeachshareProvidentstockworth$26or$20incashandProvidentstockworth$6. TofinancethedealProvidentisgettinga$300millioninfusionofcashfromtheZurichinsuranceGroupofSwitzerlandwhichisbuyinga15.2%stakeinProvidentunderanagreementallowingittoincreasethestaketo40%. ProvidentwhichisbasedinChattanoogaTenn.announceda$423millionwrite-offonindividualdisabilitypoliciesinDecember1993.PaulReverewhichisbasedinWorchesterMass.hasnottakenasimilarwrite-offsaidJohnM.HanonananalystatDerbySecurities. ProvidentPaulRevereandothercompanieshavepreviouslysaidthattheyhadtopayclaimsondiseasesnotevenknownwhenthepolicieswerewrittenandthatmanydisabilityclaimsresultedinlargerthanexpectedbenefitspayment. Thedealdrewmixedresponsesfrominsuranceratingsagencieswhichhadrankedbothcompaniesintheuppergradesindicatingastronglikelihoodthattheywouldbeableoverthelonghaultopayclaims. Whowouldwriteoffthemoney-losingpolicies
Weexploredthepossibilityofclosertradelinksattheconference
AmericanpubliceducationhaschangednumbersofAmericanparentsandteachersareinrecentyears.Onechangeisthatincreasingstartingindependentpublicschools51charterschools特许学校. In1991therewerenocharterschoolsintheUnitedStates.Todaymorethan2300charterschools52in34statesandtheDistrictofColumbia.575000students53theseschools.Thestudentsarefrom5yearsofagethrough18orolder.Acharterschoolis54bygroupsofparentsteachersandcommunity社区members.Itissimilarinsomeways55atraditionalpublicschool.Itreceivestaxmoneytooperatejustasotherpublicschoolsdo.The56itreceivesdependsonthenumberofstudents.Thecharterschoolmustprovetolocalorstategovernmentsthatitsstudentsarelearning.Thesegovernments57theschoolwiththeagreementorcharterthatpermitsittooperate.Unlikeatraditionalpublicschool58thecharterschooldoesnothavetoobeymostlawsgoverningpublicschools.Localstateorfederalgovernmentscannottellitwhat59.Eachschoolcanchooseitsowngoalsanddecidethewaysitwantsto60thosegoals.Classsizesusuallyaresmallerthaninmanytraditionalpublicschools.Manystudentsandparentssay61incharterschoolscanbemorecreative. Howeverstateeducationagencieslocaleducation-governingcommitteesandunionsoften62charterschools.Theysaytheseschoolsmayreceivemoneybadly63bytraditionalpublicschools.Expertssaysomecharterschoolsaredoingwellwhileothersarestruggling.Congressprovided200milliondollarsfor64charterschoolsinthe2002federalbudget预算.Butoftentheschoolssaytheylackenoughmoneyfortheir65.Manyalsolackneededspace. 54
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