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A Small Event One afternoon in January 1989, Suzan Sharp, 43, ...
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Flatterywillgetyounowhere.
Countlesspeoplearebornwith生来就具有某种特点thesusceptibilitytoinheritageneticdisease.Butscientificprogressespeciallytheartofinterferingwith干涉阻碍thegeneticmakeupofthehumanbodyhashelpeddoctorspreventmoreandmoreinheriteddisordersinthelastdecade. Dr.ThomasCaskeyoftheBaylorUniversityCollegeofmedicineinHoustonTexasisapioneerinmolecularbiology分子生物学.Throughthetechniquesofgeneticengineering基因工程hetransfersgenesfromoneorganismtoanother.Caskeyusesacertaintypeofviruscalledaretrovirus逆转录病毒asthevehicleforthegenetransfer.Hefirstcripplesthevirusbyremovingtheportionitneedstoreproduceitself.Thecrippledvirusbecomesharmlesswhilestillbeingabletodeliveracargotoitsdestination. ThecargoinCaskey’sexperimentisthehumanA-D-Agenetakenfrombonemarrow.A-D-Astandsfor代表adenosinedeaminase腺苷脱氨酶animportantcomponentofthehumanimmunesystem.AdefectintheA-D-Ageneleadstoimmunedeficiencyrendering致使thebodydefenselessagainstinfections.Caskey’spurposewastoseeifthehumanA-D-Agenecouldrepairthedefectiveimmunesystemofamouse. Intheexperimentthemousewasgivenadoseofradiationheavyenoughtodestroyitsimmunesystem.TheanimalnextwasinjectedwiththecrippledviruscarryingthehumanA-D-Agene.AccordingtoCaskey"themousewilldiewithin10to14daysunlessasuccessfultransferofbonemarrowcellstakesplace.Sowelethallyirradiateandsubsequentlyrescuethemousebybonemarrowtransplantation骨髓移植withthecellsthathavebeeninfectedwiththevirus."Themousenowcarriesthehumangenethatsalvageditsimmunesystem. Bonemarrowtransplantationhasanestablishedplaceincontemporarymedicalpractice.Employedtorestoretheimmunesystemofcertaincancerpatientsandofpeoplewhohavebeenexposedtoradiationbonemarrowtransplantationworksonlyifthereisagoodmatchbetweendonorandrecipient. Theprocedurewouldbemucheasierifbonemarrowwerelikeblood.PeoplewithtypeObloodareuniversaldonors万能供体.Theirbloodmaybetransfusedtothosewhohavedifferentbloodtypes.Unfortunatelythereisnosuchthingasauniversalbone-marrowtype.Researchersmayhavefoundawayhowevertoovercomethisproblem.Thesolutionifitworkswouldbetoimplantthepatientwithhisownperfectlymatching型配bonemarrow. TheideaasCaskeyexplainsitisto"correctthepatient’sdiseasewithhisownceilsbutthosecellshaveaddedtothemanormallyfunctioninggene."Inotherwordssurgeonswouldtakedefectivebone-marrowcellsfromthepatientandputthemintoalaboratorydishwherethecellswouldbeexposedtoacrippledviruscarryingahealthyAD-Agenefromadonor.TheA-D-Agenewouldrepairthedefectivecellsandthenthecellswouldbereinjectedintothepatient.ThusinCaskeywords"thepatientwouldbetransplantedbyhisownceilscontainingtheaddednormalgene." Thetechniquesoundsdeceptively靠不住地simple.Inrealitythough可是不过然而itiscomplex.AnumberoflaboratorieshavetestedvariousintermediatestepsoftheprocessbutaccordingtoCaskey"nosinglelaboratoryhasputtogethertheentiretechnologysuccessfullyandhighlyreproduciblytoproceedwithagenetransferat-temptinman." ForsometimenowtheU.S.NationalInstituteofHealthhasbeentakingacloselookat仔细研究theeffectivenessandsafetyoftheprocedureaswellastheethicalquestionsitraises.Theredoesn’tseemtobemuchconcernabouttheethicsofgenetransferintoahumanbeingtocorrectageneticdefect. Dr.W.FrenchAndersonofN.I.H.wroterecentlythat"claimsthatneworgansdesignedpersonalitiesmasterracesorFrankenstein佛兰肯思泰因一个创造怪物而自己被它毁灭的医学研究者英国女作家MaryW.Shelly同名小说中的主角monsterswillbecreatedcanbegivennocredenceinthelightof根据从……来看whatispresentlyknown."Andheaddedthatawell-informedpublicisthebestassuranceagainstanyfuturemisusesofgeneticengineering. WhattechniqueisneededtorepairthedefectivecellswithA-D-Agene
ZYBANisaprescription处方medicinetohelppeoplequitsmoking.StudieshaveshownthatmorethanonethirdofpeoplequitsmokingforatleastonemonthwhiletakingZYBAN.FormanypatientsZYBANreduceswithdrawalsymptoms脱瘾过程中产生的症状andthestrongwishtosmoke.2ZYBANshouldbetakenasdirectedbyyourdoctor.Theusualrecommendeddosing剂量istotakeone150-mgtabletinthemorningforthefirst3days.Onthefourthdaybegintakingone150-mgtabletinthemorningandone150-mgtabletintheearlyevening.Dosesshouldbetakenatleast8hoursapart.3.Formostpatientstreatmentwilllast7to12weeks.BecauseresultsvaryitmaytakelongerforsomepeoplePossiblyupto6monthsdependingontheindividual.Ifyou'vebeensmokingforalongtimeZYBANwillhelptoreducewithdrawalsymptoms.It'simportanttoremainonZYBANforatleast7to12weeksinordertoquitforgood.YourdoctorshoulddeterminewhentostoptakingZYBAN4.Ittakesabout1weekforZYBANtoreachtherightlevelsinyourbodytobeeffectiveSotoincreaseyourchanceofquittingasmuchaspossibleyoushouldnotstopsmokinguntilyouhavebeentakingZYBANfor1week.Youshouldsetadatetostopsmokingduringthesecondweekyou'retakingZYBAN.5.Thesideeffects副作用associatedwithZYBANaregenerallymildandoftendisappearafterafewweeks.Themostcommonsideeffectsaredrymouthanddifficultyinsleeping.Ifyouhavedifficultysleepingavoidtakingyourmedicinetooclosetobedtime Paragraph2
Cancerdevelopsoveralongtimewhichmeansthatyouhaveyears——typicallydecades——inwhichtohinderorpromoteit.Researchersarefindingthatwhatyoueatmayinterferewithcancergrowthatvariousstages.Forexamplecertainfoodscanblockthechemicalsthatinitatecancer.Antioxidants抗氧化剂foundinsomevitaminsandmineralscansnuffoutoxygenfreeradicls氧自由基substancesthatarethoughttomakecellsmoresusceptibletocancerandtheycanevenrepairsomeofthecellulardamagethathasbeendone.Andsomefood—wheatbran麦糠inparticular—hasbeenshowntoshrinkprecancerous癌症前期的cells. Arecentreviewof17studiesfrom17nationsrevealsthatpeoplewhoeatthemostfruitsandvegetableshaveabouthalfthecancerratersofthosewhoeattheleast.Infactsomeresearchsuggeststhatfrequentconsumptionoffruitsandvegetablescancuttheriskoflungcancereveninsmokers. Oneofthemoststudiedantioxidantsinvegetablesandfruitsthoughttoprotectagainstcancerisbeta-caroteneβ胡萝卜素concentratedindeepgreenyellowandorangevegetablessuchascarrotssweetpotatoesandspinach. Researchalsoshowsthatbeta-carotenecanchangeinthebodytoretinoicacid维生素A酸asubstanceusedinclinicaltrialstotreatcertaincancers. Herearesomeofthefoodsthatcontaincancer-fightingchemicals. Tomatoes.Oneofthecompoundsintomatoesthatisthoughttoreducetheriskofcancerislycopene蕃茄素thepigment色素thatmakestomatoesred.Lycopeneanantioxidantthatisalsofoundinwatermelonsandapricotsquenchescertaincancer-triggeringoxygenfreefadicals.Healthypeoplewiththemostbloodlycopene. GreenVegetables.ArecentItalianstudyshowedthatdark-greenleafyvegetableslowertheriskofmanycancer.Spinachbroccolikaleanddark-greenlettucesarechock-fullofantioxidantsincludingbeta-carotenefolate叶酸andlutein叶黄素.Agoodruleofthumb单凭经验的做法:thedarkerthevegetablethemoreantioxidantswithin. Pungentpreventives刺激性的预防物.Awholehostofchemicalsthoughttohavecancer-inhibitingpropertieshavebeenidentifiedinalliumvegetableswhichincludegarliconionsandscallions大葱.Animalstudiesshowthatmanyofthesechemicalsblockcarcinogensthathavebeenlinkedtocolonstomachlungandlivercancer.AstudyatPennsylvaniaStateUniversityfoundthatfeedingratsvariousgarlicextractsandpreparations配制好的食物reducedmammarytumorsbyasmuchas71percent.Inhumansstudiessuggestthatthosewhoeatmoreonionsandgarlicarelesspronetogastrointestinalcancer. Researchsuggeststhatgarliccompoundsmayeveninterferewithcancerprogression.ArecentGermanstudyfoundthatajoeneagarliccompoundistoxictomalignantcells.Garlicmayalsoantagonizeexistingcancerbyboosting促进immunefunctionsaccordingtoresearchersatLomaLindaUniversitySchoolofMedicine.Theirstudydoneonmicefoundthatgarlic’ssulfurcompoundsincreasedtheactivityofmacrophagesandT-lymphocytes淋巴细胞twoofthecomponentsoftheimmunesystemthatdestroytumorceils. Citrusfruitmaybeparticularlyeffectiveinreducingtheriskofpancreaticcancer.
Peoplearoundtheglobehittheheightoftheirmiseryanddepressionin51ageanewinternationalstudysuggests. ThefindingbyBritishandAmericanresearcherswasbasedonananalysisofwell-beingamongapproximately2millionpeoplein80nations.Withfewexceptionstheobservationappearstoapplyacrosstheboardregardless{{U}}52{{/U}}genderculturegeographywealthjobhistoryeducationandmarriageorparentalstatus. "Thescientificfactseemstobethathappinessandpositivementalhealthfollowagiant’U’53 throughlife"saidstudyauthorAndrewJ.OswaldaprofessorofeconomicsatWarwickUniversityinWarwickshireEngland."Fortheaveragepersonit’shighwhenyou’re20andthenitslowlyfallsandbottomsout54 your40s.Butthegoodnewsisthatyour55 healthpicksupagainandeventuallygetsbacktothehighlevelsofouryouth." Thefindingwas56 onthepoolingofseveraldifferentsourcesofhappinessdataincluding:twomulti-decadehappiness/satisfactionsurveysfirstlaunchedinthe1970sinvolvingabout500000AmericanandWesternEuropeanmenandwomen;fourroundsofthe80-nation"WorldValuesSurvey"57 between1981and2004inNorthAmericaEasternandWesternEuropeAsiaAfricaAustraliaandCentralandSouthAmerica;anda2004—2007survey58 nearly1millionBritons. Thebottom-line:Formostpeoplethroughouttheworldthehighestprobabilityfordepressionstrikingisaround44yearsof59. IntheUnitedStateshoweversomeas-yetunexplained60 differenceswereobservedwithhappinessamongmendippingthemostintheirearly50swhereaswomenhittheirNadiraroundtheageof40. Theresearcherscautionedthatcheerfulpeopletendtolivelongerthanunhappy61—afactthatmighthaveskewedtheoverallfinding.Buttheyalsosuggestedthatevidenceofahappiness62 mightsimplyreflectamidlifechoicetogiveuplong-heldbutnolongertenableaspirationsfollowedbyasenior’ssenseofgratitudeforhavingsuccessfullyendured63 othersdidnot. "Thatsaidsomemightfindithelpfulsimplytounderstandthegeneral64ofmentalhealthastheygothroughtheirownlife"saidOswald."Itmightbeusefulforpeopletorealizethatiftheyare65 intheir40sthisisnormalitisnotexceptional.Andjustknowingthismighthelp." 59.
WilliamwhoconqueredEnglandsome930yearsagohadwealthpowerandaruthlessarmy.YetalthoughWilliamwasstupefyinglyrichbythestandardofhistimehehadnothingremotelyresemblingaflushtoilet.Nopapertowelsnoridinglawnmower.Howdidhegetby HistorybooksarefilledwithwealthypeoplewhowerepracticallydestitutecomparedtomeIhavetripe-trackedstormwindow;Croesusdidnot.EntirenationstrembledbeforeAlexandertheGreatbuthecouldn’tbuycatfoodinbulk.CzarNicholasⅡlackedacompound-mitersaw. GivenhowmuchbetteroffIamthansomanyfamousdeadpeopleyou’dthinkI’dbecontent.ThetroubleisthatlikemostpeopleIcomparemyprosperitywiththatoflivingpersons:neighborshigh-schoolclassmatesTVpersonalities.ThecovetousnessIfeeltowardmyfriendHoward’skitchenisnotmitigatedbythefactthatnoFrenchmonarcheverhadarefrigeratorwithglassdoors. Thereisreallynorisingorfallingstandardofliving.Overthecenturiespeoplesimplyfinddifferentstufftofeelgrumpyabout.You’dthinkthatmerelynothavingbubonicplague腺鼠疫wouldputusinagoodmood.Butnowewantahottubtoo. OfcourseonewaytoachievehappinesswouldbetorealizethatevenbycontemporarystandardsthethingsIownareprettynice.Myhouseissmallerthanthehousesofmanyinvestmentbankers’butevensoithasalotmoreroomsthanmywife’sandIcankeepclean.Besidestopeoplelookingbackatourerafromacenturyortwointhefuturethosebankers’fancycountertopsandmyownwornFormica福米加塑料桌面willseemequallyshabby.Ican’tkeepupwithmyneighborrightnow.butjustwait. Fromthepassageyoumayinferthatmostpeople
Somepeoplecanquiteaccuratelytimetheendoftheirnight’ssleepatwillwithoutusinganalarmclockdemonstratingthatitispossibletovoluntarilycontrolastateofconsciousnessthatischaracterizedbyalossofvolitionandattentionalguidance.Hereweshowthattheexpectationthatsleepwillcometoanendatacertaintimeinducesamarkedincreaseintheconcentrationofthehormoneadrenocorticotriopin促肾上腺皮质激素inthebloodonehourbeforewaking.Theregulationofadrenocorticotropinreleaseduringnocturnalsleepisthereforenotconfinedtodailyrhythms;46 47 Normallythereleaseofadrenocorticotropinandcortisol皮质醇increasesduringlatestagesofsleepingreachingadailymaximumatthetimeofspontaneouswaking.Adrenocorticotropinandcortisolarealsoreleasedfromthepituitary-adrenalsysteminamajoradaptiveresponsetostressandaresecretedinanticipationofstressfulevents.Weinvestigatedwhethertheincreaseinthesecretionofpituitary-adrenalhormonesduringthelatestagesofsleepinginpartreflectsanticipationofthe’stress’ofthewakingphase.48 Wemaderecordingsofelectroencephalogramelectrooculogramandelectromyogramthroughoutthenightandtookbloodsamplesevery15minutestodetermineplasmaconcentrationsofadrenocorticortropinandcortisol.Lightswereturnedoffatmidnightaftersubjectshadbeentoldtheywouldbewokenateither6:00’shortsleep’ononenightor9:00’longsleep’ontheothertwonights.Ononeofthelong-sleepnightstheywerewokenat9:00astheyexpectedbutontheothernighttheywereinsteadwokenat6:00’surprise’underthepretenceofatechnicalproblem.49 Weinterviewedthevolunteersattheendoftheexperimentsandfoundthatallbutoneofthesubjectshadexpectedtobewokenupatthespecifiedtime.Theorderofthethreeexperimentalnightswasbalancedacrosssubjectswithfivesubjectsstartingwithshortsleepfivewithlongsleepandfivewiththesurprisecondition.Theincreaseinadrenocorticotropinreleasebeforetheexpectedtimeofwakingindicatesthatanticipationwhichisgenerallyconsideredtobeauniquecharacteristicoftheregulationofconsciousactionpervadessleep50 Theregulationofadrenocorticotropinreleasepointstoamechanismthatquicklyadjustsendocrineactivitytosharpchangesintheduration. A.Theregulationofsleepterminationhasbeenthoughttoembeddedinadailyrhythmcontrollinginparallelingthereleaseofpituitaryandadrenalhormones. B.Fifteenhealthyvolunteerswithregularsleep-wakerhythmswerestudiedduringthreenights.C.Italsoreflectsapreparatoryprocessinanticipationoftheendofsleep D.Afterbeingwokensubjectsstayedinbedforanotherthreehours E.Theanticipatoryadrenocorticotropinincreasemayalsofacilitatespontaneouswaking F.About10millionAmericansconsultdoctorssleepproblemseachyear 49.
BetweennowJuneandLaborDaymillionsofAmericanwillofferuptheirbodiestothesun’srays.Atanindicateshealthandbeautyandmostsunworshipperswillsacrificealottoachieveit—includingthemselves.Witheachhourthesun’sultravioletradiationproducesirreversibledamagehasteningthedevelopmentofunsightlywrinkles.Andwitheachyearonthebeachorrooftopthesunbatherincreaseshisriskofgettingskincancer. Skincancerisbyfarthemostcommonformofcancer.Anestimated400000newcaseswillbedetectedthisyearintheUnitedStatesandalmostallofthemcanbeblamedonoverexposuretothesun.Fortunatelymostofthesecancersarehighlycurable.Buttheycanbedisfiguringandtaketimetotreat.Forthatreasonsunworshippersshouldtreatdeitywithagooddealofawe. SunburnofcourseistheinitialhazardposedbyUVradiation.ProlongedexposuretoUVhoweverinterfereswiththeproductionofcollagenfibersinthedermiscausingtheskintoloseelasticityandcreatingprematurewrinkles.Furtherdeteriorationofthedermisdeprivestheepidermisofnutritionandcausesittobecomethinanddry. CancerisUV’sfinalinsult.Short-waveradiantenergyespeciallyfromtheUV-BbandbreaksthestrandsofDNA.EnzymesworkconstantlytorearrangetheDNAintopropersequencebutwithrepeatedUVexposuretherepairprocessmayeventuallybreakdown.ThenthemutantDNAmayproduceacolonyofcancercells. Butskincancermaybeavoidedwithagooddoseofcommonsense.Peoplewithfairskinandblueeyeswhoburneasilystandthehighestrisk.Specialdangerspotsarethepartsofthebodymostconstantlyexposedtothesunsuchasthecheeksnoselowerlipandtheears.Peoplewhohavealreadydevelopedprecancerouslesionsorhadoneskincancergrowthstandagreatlyincreasedchanceofdevelopingothers.Dermatologistsrecommendavoidingthesunwhenitismostintense—between11a.m.and3p.m.Anyonewhoinsistsonsunbathingshoulduseagoodsunscreen.TheselotionsandsalvescontainchemicalssuchasparaaminobenzoicacidthatblockouttheburningUV-Bradiationwhilepermittingthetanningraystoreachtheskin. Theworddeityinthesecondparagraphrefersto
Peoplearoundtheglobehittheheightoftheirmiseryanddepressionin51ageanewinternationalstudysuggests. ThefindingbyBritishandAmericanresearcherswasbasedonananalysisofwell-beingamongapproximately2millionpeoplein80nations.Withfewexceptionstheobservationappearstoapplyacrosstheboardregardless{{U}}52{{/U}}genderculturegeographywealthjobhistoryeducationandmarriageorparentalstatus. "Thescientificfactseemstobethathappinessandpositivementalhealthfollowagiant’U’53 throughlife"saidstudyauthorAndrewJ.OswaldaprofessorofeconomicsatWarwickUniversityinWarwickshireEngland."Fortheaveragepersonit’shighwhenyou’re20andthenitslowlyfallsandbottomsout54 your40s.Butthegoodnewsisthatyour55 healthpicksupagainandeventuallygetsbacktothehighlevelsofouryouth." Thefindingwas56 onthepoolingofseveraldifferentsourcesofhappinessdataincluding:twomulti-decadehappiness/satisfactionsurveysfirstlaunchedinthe1970sinvolvingabout500000AmericanandWesternEuropeanmenandwomen;fourroundsofthe80-nation"WorldValuesSurvey"57 between1981and2004inNorthAmericaEasternandWesternEuropeAsiaAfricaAustraliaandCentralandSouthAmerica;anda2004—2007survey58 nearly1millionBritons. Thebottom-line:Formostpeoplethroughouttheworldthehighestprobabilityfordepressionstrikingisaround44yearsof59. IntheUnitedStateshoweversomeas-yetunexplained60 differenceswereobservedwithhappinessamongmendippingthemostintheirearly50swhereaswomenhittheirNadiraroundtheageof40. Theresearcherscautionedthatcheerfulpeopletendtolivelongerthanunhappy61—afactthatmighthaveskewedtheoverallfinding.Buttheyalsosuggestedthatevidenceofahappiness62 mightsimplyreflectamidlifechoicetogiveuplong-heldbutnolongertenableaspirationsfollowedbyasenior’ssenseofgratitudeforhavingsuccessfullyendured63 othersdidnot. "Thatsaidsomemightfindithelpfulsimplytounderstandthegeneral64ofmentalhealthastheygothroughtheirownlife"saidOswald."Itmightbeusefulforpeopletorealizethatiftheyare65 intheir40sthisisnormalitisnotexceptional.Andjustknowingthismighthelp." 63.
Peoplearoundtheglobehittheheightoftheirmiseryanddepressionin51ageanewinternationalstudysuggests. ThefindingbyBritishandAmericanresearcherswasbasedonananalysisofwell-beingamongapproximately2millionpeoplein80nations.Withfewexceptionstheobservationappearstoapplyacrosstheboardregardless{{U}}52{{/U}}genderculturegeographywealthjobhistoryeducationandmarriageorparentalstatus. "Thescientificfactseemstobethathappinessandpositivementalhealthfollowagiant’U’53 throughlife"saidstudyauthorAndrewJ.OswaldaprofessorofeconomicsatWarwickUniversityinWarwickshireEngland."Fortheaveragepersonit’shighwhenyou’re20andthenitslowlyfallsandbottomsout54 your40s.Butthegoodnewsisthatyour55 healthpicksupagainandeventuallygetsbacktothehighlevelsofouryouth." Thefindingwas56 onthepoolingofseveraldifferentsourcesofhappinessdataincluding:twomulti-decadehappiness/satisfactionsurveysfirstlaunchedinthe1970sinvolvingabout500000AmericanandWesternEuropeanmenandwomen;fourroundsofthe80-nation"WorldValuesSurvey"57 between1981and2004inNorthAmericaEasternandWesternEuropeAsiaAfricaAustraliaandCentralandSouthAmerica;anda2004—2007survey58 nearly1millionBritons. Thebottom-line:Formostpeoplethroughouttheworldthehighestprobabilityfordepressionstrikingisaround44yearsof59. IntheUnitedStateshoweversomeas-yetunexplained60 differenceswereobservedwithhappinessamongmendippingthemostintheirearly50swhereaswomenhittheirNadiraroundtheageof40. Theresearcherscautionedthatcheerfulpeopletendtolivelongerthanunhappy61—afactthatmighthaveskewedtheoverallfinding.Buttheyalsosuggestedthatevidenceofahappiness62 mightsimplyreflectamidlifechoicetogiveuplong-heldbutnolongertenableaspirationsfollowedbyasenior’ssenseofgratitudeforhavingsuccessfullyendured63 othersdidnot. "Thatsaidsomemightfindithelpfulsimplytounderstandthegeneral64ofmentalhealthastheygothroughtheirownlife"saidOswald."Itmightbeusefulforpeopletorealizethatiftheyare65 intheir40sthisisnormalitisnotexceptional.Andjustknowingthismighthelp." 65.
BetweennowJuneandLaborDaymillionsofAmericanwillofferuptheirbodiestothesun’srays.Atanindicateshealthandbeautyandmostsunworshipperswillsacrificealottoachieveit—includingthemselves.Witheachhourthesun’sultravioletradiationproducesirreversibledamagehasteningthedevelopmentofunsightlywrinkles.Andwitheachyearonthebeachorrooftopthesunbatherincreaseshisriskofgettingskincancer. Skincancerisbyfarthemostcommonformofcancer.Anestimated400000newcaseswillbedetectedthisyearintheUnitedStatesandalmostallofthemcanbeblamedonoverexposuretothesun.Fortunatelymostofthesecancersarehighlycurable.Buttheycanbedisfiguringandtaketimetotreat.Forthatreasonsunworshippersshouldtreatdeitywithagooddealofawe. SunburnofcourseistheinitialhazardposedbyUVradiation.ProlongedexposuretoUVhoweverinterfereswiththeproductionofcollagenfibersinthedermiscausingtheskintoloseelasticityandcreatingprematurewrinkles.Furtherdeteriorationofthedermisdeprivestheepidermisofnutritionandcausesittobecomethinanddry. CancerisUV’sfinalinsult.Short-waveradiantenergyespeciallyfromtheUV-BbandbreaksthestrandsofDNA.EnzymesworkconstantlytorearrangetheDNAintopropersequencebutwithrepeatedUVexposuretherepairprocessmayeventuallybreakdown.ThenthemutantDNAmayproduceacolonyofcancercells. Butskincancermaybeavoidedwithagooddoseofcommonsense.Peoplewithfairskinandblueeyeswhoburneasilystandthehighestrisk.Specialdangerspotsarethepartsofthebodymostconstantlyexposedtothesunsuchasthecheeksnoselowerlipandtheears.Peoplewhohavealreadydevelopedprecancerouslesionsorhadoneskincancergrowthstandagreatlyincreasedchanceofdevelopingothers.Dermatologistsrecommendavoidingthesunwhenitismostintense—between11a.m.and3p.m.Anyonewhoinsistsonsunbathingshoulduseagoodsunscreen.TheselotionsandsalvescontainchemicalssuchasparaaminobenzoicacidthatblockouttheburningUV-Bradiationwhilepermittingthetanningraystoreachtheskin. WhydoestherepairprocessoftheDNAmayfinallyfail
Countlesspeoplearebornwith生来就具有某种特点thesusceptibilitytoinheritageneticdisease.Butscientificprogressespeciallytheartofinterferingwith干涉阻碍thegeneticmakeupofthehumanbodyhashelpeddoctorspreventmoreandmoreinheriteddisordersinthelastdecade. Dr.ThomasCaskeyoftheBaylorUniversityCollegeofmedicineinHoustonTexasisapioneerinmolecularbiology分子生物学.Throughthetechniquesofgeneticengineering基因工程hetransfersgenesfromoneorganismtoanother.Caskeyusesacertaintypeofviruscalledaretrovirus逆转录病毒asthevehicleforthegenetransfer.Hefirstcripplesthevirusbyremovingtheportionitneedstoreproduceitself.Thecrippledvirusbecomesharmlesswhilestillbeingabletodeliveracargotoitsdestination. ThecargoinCaskey’sexperimentisthehumanA-D-Agenetakenfrombonemarrow.A-D-Astandsfor代表adenosinedeaminase腺苷脱氨酶animportantcomponentofthehumanimmunesystem.AdefectintheA-D-Ageneleadstoimmunedeficiencyrendering致使thebodydefenselessagainstinfections.Caskey’spurposewastoseeifthehumanA-D-Agenecouldrepairthedefectiveimmunesystemofamouse. Intheexperimentthemousewasgivenadoseofradiationheavyenoughtodestroyitsimmunesystem.TheanimalnextwasinjectedwiththecrippledviruscarryingthehumanA-D-Agene.AccordingtoCaskey"themousewilldiewithin10to14daysunlessasuccessfultransferofbonemarrowcellstakesplace.Sowelethallyirradiateandsubsequentlyrescuethemousebybonemarrowtransplantation骨髓移植withthecellsthathavebeeninfectedwiththevirus."Themousenowcarriesthehumangenethatsalvageditsimmunesystem. Bonemarrowtransplantationhasanestablishedplaceincontemporarymedicalpractice.Employedtorestoretheimmunesystemofcertaincancerpatientsandofpeoplewhohavebeenexposedtoradiationbonemarrowtransplantationworksonlyifthereisagoodmatchbetweendonorandrecipient. Theprocedurewouldbemucheasierifbonemarrowwerelikeblood.PeoplewithtypeObloodareuniversaldonors万能供体.Theirbloodmaybetransfusedtothosewhohavedifferentbloodtypes.Unfortunatelythereisnosuchthingasauniversalbone-marrowtype.Researchersmayhavefoundawayhowevertoovercomethisproblem.Thesolutionifitworkswouldbetoimplantthepatientwithhisownperfectlymatching型配bonemarrow. TheideaasCaskeyexplainsitisto"correctthepatient’sdiseasewithhisownceilsbutthosecellshaveaddedtothemanormallyfunctioninggene."Inotherwordssurgeonswouldtakedefectivebone-marrowcellsfromthepatientandputthemintoalaboratorydishwherethecellswouldbeexposedtoacrippledviruscarryingahealthyAD-Agenefromadonor.TheA-D-Agenewouldrepairthedefectivecellsandthenthecellswouldbereinjectedintothepatient.ThusinCaskeywords"thepatientwouldbetransplantedbyhisownceilscontainingtheaddednormalgene." Thetechniquesoundsdeceptively靠不住地simple.Inrealitythough可是不过然而itiscomplex.AnumberoflaboratorieshavetestedvariousintermediatestepsoftheprocessbutaccordingtoCaskey"nosinglelaboratoryhasputtogethertheentiretechnologysuccessfullyandhighlyreproduciblytoproceedwithagenetransferat-temptinman." ForsometimenowtheU.S.NationalInstituteofHealthhasbeentakingacloselookat仔细研究theeffectivenessandsafetyoftheprocedureaswellastheethicalquestionsitraises.Theredoesn’tseemtobemuchconcernabouttheethicsofgenetransferintoahumanbeingtocorrectageneticdefect. Dr.W.FrenchAndersonofN.I.H.wroterecentlythat"claimsthatneworgansdesignedpersonalitiesmasterracesorFrankenstein佛兰肯思泰因一个创造怪物而自己被它毁灭的医学研究者英国女作家MaryW.Shelly同名小说中的主角monsterswillbecreatedcanbegivennocredenceinthelightof根据从……来看whatispresentlyknown."Andheaddedthatawell-informedpublicisthebestassuranceagainstanyfuturemisusesofgeneticengineering. WhatisitthatpeoplecanNOTdothroughthetechniquesofgeneticengineering
Somepeoplecanquiteaccuratelytimetheendoftheirnight’ssleepatwillwithoutusinganalarmclockdemonstratingthatitispossibletovoluntarilycontrolastateofconsciousnessthatischaracterizedbyalossofvolitionandattentionalguidance.Hereweshowthattheexpectationthatsleepwillcometoanendatacertaintimeinducesamarkedincreaseintheconcentrationofthehormoneadrenocorticotriopin促肾上腺皮质激素inthebloodonehourbeforewaking.Theregulationofadrenocorticotropinreleaseduringnocturnalsleepisthereforenotconfinedtodailyrhythms;46 47 Normallythereleaseofadrenocorticotropinandcortisol皮质醇increasesduringlatestagesofsleepingreachingadailymaximumatthetimeofspontaneouswaking.Adrenocorticotropinandcortisolarealsoreleasedfromthepituitary-adrenalsysteminamajoradaptiveresponsetostressandaresecretedinanticipationofstressfulevents.Weinvestigatedwhethertheincreaseinthesecretionofpituitary-adrenalhormonesduringthelatestagesofsleepinginpartreflectsanticipationofthe’stress’ofthewakingphase.48 Wemaderecordingsofelectroencephalogramelectrooculogramandelectromyogramthroughoutthenightandtookbloodsamplesevery15minutestodetermineplasmaconcentrationsofadrenocorticortropinandcortisol.Lightswereturnedoffatmidnightaftersubjectshadbeentoldtheywouldbewokenateither6:00’shortsleep’ononenightor9:00’longsleep’ontheothertwonights.Ononeofthelong-sleepnightstheywerewokenat9:00astheyexpectedbutontheothernighttheywereinsteadwokenat6:00’surprise’underthepretenceofatechnicalproblem.49 Weinterviewedthevolunteersattheendoftheexperimentsandfoundthatallbutoneofthesubjectshadexpectedtobewokenupatthespecifiedtime.Theorderofthethreeexperimentalnightswasbalancedacrosssubjectswithfivesubjectsstartingwithshortsleepfivewithlongsleepandfivewiththesurprisecondition.Theincreaseinadrenocorticotropinreleasebeforetheexpectedtimeofwakingindicatesthatanticipationwhichisgenerallyconsideredtobeauniquecharacteristicoftheregulationofconsciousactionpervadessleep50 Theregulationofadrenocorticotropinreleasepointstoamechanismthatquicklyadjustsendocrineactivitytosharpchangesintheduration. A.Theregulationofsleepterminationhasbeenthoughttoembeddedinadailyrhythmcontrollinginparallelingthereleaseofpituitaryandadrenalhormones. B.Fifteenhealthyvolunteerswithregularsleep-wakerhythmswerestudiedduringthreenights.C.Italsoreflectsapreparatoryprocessinanticipationoftheendofsleep D.Afterbeingwokensubjectsstayedinbedforanotherthreehours E.Theanticipatoryadrenocorticotropinincreasemayalsofacilitatespontaneouswaking F.About10millionAmericansconsultdoctorssleepproblemseachyear 47.
Youpossessaffluencebutitdoesn'tmeanyoucanhaveeverythinginhand.
WilliamwhoconqueredEnglandsome930yearsagohadwealthpowerandaruthlessarmy.YetalthoughWilliamwasstupefyinglyrichbythestandardofhistimehehadnothingremotelyresemblingaflushtoilet.Nopapertowelsnoridinglawnmower.Howdidhegetby HistorybooksarefilledwithwealthypeoplewhowerepracticallydestitutecomparedtomeIhavetripe-trackedstormwindow;Croesusdidnot.EntirenationstrembledbeforeAlexandertheGreatbuthecouldn’tbuycatfoodinbulk.CzarNicholasⅡlackedacompound-mitersaw. GivenhowmuchbetteroffIamthansomanyfamousdeadpeopleyou’dthinkI’dbecontent.ThetroubleisthatlikemostpeopleIcomparemyprosperitywiththatoflivingpersons:neighborshigh-schoolclassmatesTVpersonalities.ThecovetousnessIfeeltowardmyfriendHoward’skitchenisnotmitigatedbythefactthatnoFrenchmonarcheverhadarefrigeratorwithglassdoors. Thereisreallynorisingorfallingstandardofliving.Overthecenturiespeoplesimplyfinddifferentstufftofeelgrumpyabout.You’dthinkthatmerelynothavingbubonicplague腺鼠疫wouldputusinagoodmood.Butnowewantahottubtoo. OfcourseonewaytoachievehappinesswouldbetorealizethatevenbycontemporarystandardsthethingsIownareprettynice.Myhouseissmallerthanthehousesofmanyinvestmentbankers’butevensoithasalotmoreroomsthanmywife’sandIcankeepclean.Besidestopeoplelookingbackatourerafromacenturyortwointhefuturethosebankers’fancycountertopsandmyownwornFormica福米加塑料桌面willseemequallyshabby.Ican’tkeepupwithmyneighborrightnow.butjustwait. Accordingtotheauthorawaytoachievehappinessis
Peoplearoundtheglobehittheheightoftheirmiseryanddepressionin51ageanewinternationalstudysuggests. ThefindingbyBritishandAmericanresearcherswasbasedonananalysisofwell-beingamongapproximately2millionpeoplein80nations.Withfewexceptionstheobservationappearstoapplyacrosstheboardregardless{{U}}52{{/U}}genderculturegeographywealthjobhistoryeducationandmarriageorparentalstatus. "Thescientificfactseemstobethathappinessandpositivementalhealthfollowagiant’U’53 throughlife"saidstudyauthorAndrewJ.OswaldaprofessorofeconomicsatWarwickUniversityinWarwickshireEngland."Fortheaveragepersonit’shighwhenyou’re20andthenitslowlyfallsandbottomsout54 your40s.Butthegoodnewsisthatyour55 healthpicksupagainandeventuallygetsbacktothehighlevelsofouryouth." Thefindingwas56 onthepoolingofseveraldifferentsourcesofhappinessdataincluding:twomulti-decadehappiness/satisfactionsurveysfirstlaunchedinthe1970sinvolvingabout500000AmericanandWesternEuropeanmenandwomen;fourroundsofthe80-nation"WorldValuesSurvey"57 between1981and2004inNorthAmericaEasternandWesternEuropeAsiaAfricaAustraliaandCentralandSouthAmerica;anda2004—2007survey58 nearly1millionBritons. Thebottom-line:Formostpeoplethroughouttheworldthehighestprobabilityfordepressionstrikingisaround44yearsof59. IntheUnitedStateshoweversomeas-yetunexplained60 differenceswereobservedwithhappinessamongmendippingthemostintheirearly50swhereaswomenhittheirNadiraroundtheageof40. Theresearcherscautionedthatcheerfulpeopletendtolivelongerthanunhappy61—afactthatmighthaveskewedtheoverallfinding.Buttheyalsosuggestedthatevidenceofahappiness62 mightsimplyreflectamidlifechoicetogiveuplong-heldbutnolongertenableaspirationsfollowedbyasenior’ssenseofgratitudeforhavingsuccessfullyendured63 othersdidnot. "Thatsaidsomemightfindithelpfulsimplytounderstandthegeneral64ofmentalhealthastheygothroughtheirownlife"saidOswald."Itmightbeusefulforpeopletorealizethatiftheyare65 intheir40sthisisnormalitisnotexceptional.Andjustknowingthismighthelp." 51.
Peoplearoundtheglobehittheheightoftheirmiseryanddepressionin51ageanewinternationalstudysuggests. ThefindingbyBritishandAmericanresearcherswasbasedonananalysisofwell-beingamongapproximately2millionpeoplein80nations.Withfewexceptionstheobservationappearstoapplyacrosstheboardregardless{{U}}52{{/U}}genderculturegeographywealthjobhistoryeducationandmarriageorparentalstatus. "Thescientificfactseemstobethathappinessandpositivementalhealthfollowagiant’U’53 throughlife"saidstudyauthorAndrewJ.OswaldaprofessorofeconomicsatWarwickUniversityinWarwickshireEngland."Fortheaveragepersonit’shighwhenyou’re20andthenitslowlyfallsandbottomsout54 your40s.Butthegoodnewsisthatyour55 healthpicksupagainandeventuallygetsbacktothehighlevelsofouryouth." Thefindingwas56 onthepoolingofseveraldifferentsourcesofhappinessdataincluding:twomulti-decadehappiness/satisfactionsurveysfirstlaunchedinthe1970sinvolvingabout500000AmericanandWesternEuropeanmenandwomen;fourroundsofthe80-nation"WorldValuesSurvey"57 between1981and2004inNorthAmericaEasternandWesternEuropeAsiaAfricaAustraliaandCentralandSouthAmerica;anda2004—2007survey58 nearly1millionBritons. Thebottom-line:Formostpeoplethroughouttheworldthehighestprobabilityfordepressionstrikingisaround44yearsof59. IntheUnitedStateshoweversomeas-yetunexplained60 differenceswereobservedwithhappinessamongmendippingthemostintheirearly50swhereaswomenhittheirNadiraroundtheageof40. Theresearcherscautionedthatcheerfulpeopletendtolivelongerthanunhappy61—afactthatmighthaveskewedtheoverallfinding.Buttheyalsosuggestedthatevidenceofahappiness62 mightsimplyreflectamidlifechoicetogiveuplong-heldbutnolongertenableaspirationsfollowedbyasenior’ssenseofgratitudeforhavingsuccessfullyendured63 othersdidnot. "Thatsaidsomemightfindithelpfulsimplytounderstandthegeneral64ofmentalhealthastheygothroughtheirownlife"saidOswald."Itmightbeusefulforpeopletorealizethatiftheyare65 intheir40sthisisnormalitisnotexceptional.Andjustknowingthismighthelp." 57.
Cancerdevelopsoveralongtimewhichmeansthatyouhaveyears——typicallydecades——inwhichtohinderorpromoteit.Researchersarefindingthatwhatyoueatmayinterferewithcancergrowthatvariousstages.Forexamplecertainfoodscanblockthechemicalsthatinitatecancer.Antioxidants抗氧化剂foundinsomevitaminsandmineralscansnuffoutoxygenfreeradicls氧自由基substancesthatarethoughttomakecellsmoresusceptibletocancerandtheycanevenrepairsomeofthecellulardamagethathasbeendone.Andsomefood—wheatbran麦糠inparticular—hasbeenshowntoshrinkprecancerous癌症前期的cells. Arecentreviewof17studiesfrom17nationsrevealsthatpeoplewhoeatthemostfruitsandvegetableshaveabouthalfthecancerratersofthosewhoeattheleast.Infactsomeresearchsuggeststhatfrequentconsumptionoffruitsandvegetablescancuttheriskoflungcancereveninsmokers. Oneofthemoststudiedantioxidantsinvegetablesandfruitsthoughttoprotectagainstcancerisbeta-caroteneβ胡萝卜素concentratedindeepgreenyellowandorangevegetablessuchascarrotssweetpotatoesandspinach. Researchalsoshowsthatbeta-carotenecanchangeinthebodytoretinoicacid维生素A酸asubstanceusedinclinicaltrialstotreatcertaincancers. Herearesomeofthefoodsthatcontaincancer-fightingchemicals. Tomatoes.Oneofthecompoundsintomatoesthatisthoughttoreducetheriskofcancerislycopene蕃茄素thepigment色素thatmakestomatoesred.Lycopeneanantioxidantthatisalsofoundinwatermelonsandapricotsquenchescertaincancer-triggeringoxygenfreefadicals.Healthypeoplewiththemostbloodlycopene. GreenVegetables.ArecentItalianstudyshowedthatdark-greenleafyvegetableslowertheriskofmanycancer.Spinachbroccolikaleanddark-greenlettucesarechock-fullofantioxidantsincludingbeta-carotenefolate叶酸andlutein叶黄素.Agoodruleofthumb单凭经验的做法:thedarkerthevegetablethemoreantioxidantswithin. Pungentpreventives刺激性的预防物.Awholehostofchemicalsthoughttohavecancer-inhibitingpropertieshavebeenidentifiedinalliumvegetableswhichincludegarliconionsandscallions大葱.Animalstudiesshowthatmanyofthesechemicalsblockcarcinogensthathavebeenlinkedtocolonstomachlungandlivercancer.AstudyatPennsylvaniaStateUniversityfoundthatfeedingratsvariousgarlicextractsandpreparations配制好的食物reducedmammarytumorsbyasmuchas71percent.Inhumansstudiessuggestthatthosewhoeatmoreonionsandgarlicarelesspronetogastrointestinalcancer. Researchsuggeststhatgarliccompoundsmayeveninterferewithcancerprogression.ArecentGermanstudyfoundthatajoeneagarliccompoundistoxictomalignantcells.Garlicmayalsoantagonizeexistingcancerbyboosting促进immunefunctionsaccordingtoresearchersatLomaLindaUniversitySchoolofMedicine.Theirstudydoneonmicefoundthatgarlic’ssulfurcompoundsincreasedtheactivityofmacrophagesandT-lymphocytes淋巴细胞twoofthecomponentsoftheimmunesystemthatdestroytumorceils. Beta-caroteneisoneofthemoststudiedantioxidantsthatarethoughttoprotectagainstcancer.
WilliamwhoconqueredEnglandsome930yearsagohadwealthpowerandaruthlessarmy.YetalthoughWilliamwasstupefyinglyrichbythestandardofhistimehehadnothingremotelyresemblingaflushtoilet.Nopapertowelsnoridinglawnmower.Howdidhegetby HistorybooksarefilledwithwealthypeoplewhowerepracticallydestitutecomparedtomeIhavetripe-trackedstormwindow;Croesusdidnot.EntirenationstrembledbeforeAlexandertheGreatbuthecouldn’tbuycatfoodinbulk.CzarNicholasⅡlackedacompound-mitersaw. GivenhowmuchbetteroffIamthansomanyfamousdeadpeopleyou’dthinkI’dbecontent.ThetroubleisthatlikemostpeopleIcomparemyprosperitywiththatoflivingpersons:neighborshigh-schoolclassmatesTVpersonalities.ThecovetousnessIfeeltowardmyfriendHoward’skitchenisnotmitigatedbythefactthatnoFrenchmonarcheverhadarefrigeratorwithglassdoors. Thereisreallynorisingorfallingstandardofliving.Overthecenturiespeoplesimplyfinddifferentstufftofeelgrumpyabout.You’dthinkthatmerelynothavingbubonicplague腺鼠疫wouldputusinagoodmood.Butnowewantahottubtoo. OfcourseonewaytoachievehappinesswouldbetorealizethatevenbycontemporarystandardsthethingsIownareprettynice.Myhouseissmallerthanthehousesofmanyinvestmentbankers’butevensoithasalotmoreroomsthanmywife’sandIcankeepclean.Besidestopeoplelookingbackatourerafromacenturyortwointhefuturethosebankers’fancycountertopsandmyownwornFormica福米加塑料桌面willseemequallyshabby.Ican’tkeepupwithmyneighborrightnow.butjustwait. WhichofthefollowingwaspossessedbytheKingWilliamⅠ
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Peoplearoundtheglobehittheheightoftheirmiseryanddepressionin51ageanewinternationalstudysuggests. ThefindingbyBritishandAmericanresearcherswasbasedonananalysisofwell-beingamongapproximately2millionpeoplein80nations.Withfewexceptionstheobservationappearstoapplyacrosstheboardregardless{{U}}52{{/U}}genderculturegeographywealthjobhistoryeducationandmarriageorparentalstatus. "Thescientificfactseemstobethathappinessandpositivementalhealthfollowagiant’U’53 throughlife"saidstudyauthorAndrewJ.OswaldaprofessorofeconomicsatWarwickUniversityinWarwickshireEngland."Fortheaveragepersonit’shighwhenyou’re20andthenitslowlyfallsandbottomsout54 your40s.Butthegoodnewsisthatyour55 healthpicksupagainandeventuallygetsbacktothehighlevelsofouryouth." Thefindingwas56 onthepoolingofseveraldifferentsourcesofhappinessdataincluding:twomulti-decadehappiness/satisfactionsurveysfirstlaunchedinthe1970sinvolvingabout500000AmericanandWesternEuropeanmenandwomen;fourroundsofthe80-nation"WorldValuesSurvey"57 between1981and2004inNorthAmericaEasternandWesternEuropeAsiaAfricaAustraliaandCentralandSouthAmerica;anda2004—2007survey58 nearly1millionBritons. Thebottom-line:Formostpeoplethroughouttheworldthehighestprobabilityfordepressionstrikingisaround44yearsof59. IntheUnitedStateshoweversomeas-yetunexplained60 differenceswereobservedwithhappinessamongmendippingthemostintheirearly50swhereaswomenhittheirNadiraroundtheageof40. Theresearcherscautionedthatcheerfulpeopletendtolivelongerthanunhappy61—afactthatmighthaveskewedtheoverallfinding.Buttheyalsosuggestedthatevidenceofahappiness62 mightsimplyreflectamidlifechoicetogiveuplong-heldbutnolongertenableaspirationsfollowedbyasenior’ssenseofgratitudeforhavingsuccessfullyendured63 othersdidnot. "Thatsaidsomemightfindithelpfulsimplytounderstandthegeneral64ofmentalhealthastheygothroughtheirownlife"saidOswald."Itmightbeusefulforpeopletorealizethatiftheyare65 intheir40sthisisnormalitisnotexceptional.Andjustknowingthismighthelp." 61.
ZYBANisaprescription处方medicinetohelppeoplequitsmoking.StudieshaveshownthatmorethanonethirdofpeoplequitsmokingforatleastonemonthwhiletakingZYBAN.FormanypatientsZYBANreduceswithdrawalsymptoms脱瘾过程中产生的症状andthestrongwishtosmoke.2ZYBANshouldbetakenasdirectedbyyourdoctor.Theusualrecommendeddosing剂量istotakeone150-mgtabletinthemorningforthefirst3days.Onthefourthdaybegintakingone150-mgtabletinthemorningandone150-mgtabletintheearlyevening.Dosesshouldbetakenatleast8hoursapart.3.Formostpatientstreatmentwilllast7to12weeks.BecauseresultsvaryitmaytakelongerforsomepeoplePossiblyupto6monthsdependingontheindividual.Ifyou'vebeensmokingforalongtimeZYBANwillhelptoreducewithdrawalsymptoms.It'simportanttoremainonZYBANforatleast7to12weeksinordertoquitforgood.YourdoctorshoulddeterminewhentostoptakingZYBAN4.Ittakesabout1weekforZYBANtoreachtherightlevelsinyourbodytobeeffectiveSotoincreaseyourchanceofquittingasmuchaspossibleyoushouldnotstopsmokinguntilyouhavebeentakingZYBANfor1week.Youshouldsetadatetostopsmokingduringthesecondweekyou'retakingZYBAN.5.Thesideeffects副作用associatedwithZYBANaregenerallymildandoftendisappearafterafewweeks.Themostcommonsideeffectsaredrymouthanddifficultyinsleeping.Ifyouhavedifficultysleepingavoidtakingyourmedicinetooclosetobedtime Paragraph4
Peoplearoundtheglobehittheheightoftheirmiseryanddepressionin51ageanewinternationalstudysuggests. ThefindingbyBritishandAmericanresearcherswasbasedonananalysisofwell-beingamongapproximately2millionpeoplein80nations.Withfewexceptionstheobservationappearstoapplyacrosstheboardregardless{{U}}52{{/U}}genderculturegeographywealthjobhistoryeducationandmarriageorparentalstatus. "Thescientificfactseemstobethathappinessandpositivementalhealthfollowagiant’U’53 throughlife"saidstudyauthorAndrewJ.OswaldaprofessorofeconomicsatWarwickUniversityinWarwickshireEngland."Fortheaveragepersonit’shighwhenyou’re20andthenitslowlyfallsandbottomsout54 your40s.Butthegoodnewsisthatyour55 healthpicksupagainandeventuallygetsbacktothehighlevelsofouryouth." Thefindingwas56 onthepoolingofseveraldifferentsourcesofhappinessdataincluding:twomulti-decadehappiness/satisfactionsurveysfirstlaunchedinthe1970sinvolvingabout500000AmericanandWesternEuropeanmenandwomen;fourroundsofthe80-nation"WorldValuesSurvey"57 between1981and2004inNorthAmericaEasternandWesternEuropeAsiaAfricaAustraliaandCentralandSouthAmerica;anda2004—2007survey58 nearly1millionBritons. Thebottom-line:Formostpeoplethroughouttheworldthehighestprobabilityfordepressionstrikingisaround44yearsof59. IntheUnitedStateshoweversomeas-yetunexplained60 differenceswereobservedwithhappinessamongmendippingthemostintheirearly50swhereaswomenhittheirNadiraroundtheageof40. Theresearcherscautionedthatcheerfulpeopletendtolivelongerthanunhappy61—afactthatmighthaveskewedtheoverallfinding.Buttheyalsosuggestedthatevidenceofahappiness62 mightsimplyreflectamidlifechoicetogiveuplong-heldbutnolongertenableaspirationsfollowedbyasenior’ssenseofgratitudeforhavingsuccessfullyendured63 othersdidnot. "Thatsaidsomemightfindithelpfulsimplytounderstandthegeneral64ofmentalhealthastheygothroughtheirownlife"saidOswald."Itmightbeusefulforpeopletorealizethatiftheyare65 intheir40sthisisnormalitisnotexceptional.Andjustknowingthismighthelp." 53.
Countlesspeoplearebornwith生来就具有某种特点thesusceptibilitytoinheritageneticdisease.Butscientificprogressespeciallytheartofinterferingwith干涉阻碍thegeneticmakeupofthehumanbodyhashelpeddoctorspreventmoreandmoreinheriteddisordersinthelastdecade. Dr.ThomasCaskeyoftheBaylorUniversityCollegeofmedicineinHoustonTexasisapioneerinmolecularbiology分子生物学.Throughthetechniquesofgeneticengineering基因工程hetransfersgenesfromoneorganismtoanother.Caskeyusesacertaintypeofviruscalledaretrovirus逆转录病毒asthevehicleforthegenetransfer.Hefirstcripplesthevirusbyremovingtheportionitneedstoreproduceitself.Thecrippledvirusbecomesharmlesswhilestillbeingabletodeliveracargotoitsdestination. ThecargoinCaskey’sexperimentisthehumanA-D-Agenetakenfrombonemarrow.A-D-Astandsfor代表adenosinedeaminase腺苷脱氨酶animportantcomponentofthehumanimmunesystem.AdefectintheA-D-Ageneleadstoimmunedeficiencyrendering致使thebodydefenselessagainstinfections.Caskey’spurposewastoseeifthehumanA-D-Agenecouldrepairthedefectiveimmunesystemofamouse. Intheexperimentthemousewasgivenadoseofradiationheavyenoughtodestroyitsimmunesystem.TheanimalnextwasinjectedwiththecrippledviruscarryingthehumanA-D-Agene.AccordingtoCaskey"themousewilldiewithin10to14daysunlessasuccessfultransferofbonemarrowcellstakesplace.Sowelethallyirradiateandsubsequentlyrescuethemousebybonemarrowtransplantation骨髓移植withthecellsthathavebeeninfectedwiththevirus."Themousenowcarriesthehumangenethatsalvageditsimmunesystem. Bonemarrowtransplantationhasanestablishedplaceincontemporarymedicalpractice.Employedtorestoretheimmunesystemofcertaincancerpatientsandofpeoplewhohavebeenexposedtoradiationbonemarrowtransplantationworksonlyifthereisagoodmatchbetweendonorandrecipient. Theprocedurewouldbemucheasierifbonemarrowwerelikeblood.PeoplewithtypeObloodareuniversaldonors万能供体.Theirbloodmaybetransfusedtothosewhohavedifferentbloodtypes.Unfortunatelythereisnosuchthingasauniversalbone-marrowtype.Researchersmayhavefoundawayhowevertoovercomethisproblem.Thesolutionifitworkswouldbetoimplantthepatientwithhisownperfectlymatching型配bonemarrow. TheideaasCaskeyexplainsitisto"correctthepatient’sdiseasewithhisownceilsbutthosecellshaveaddedtothemanormallyfunctioninggene."Inotherwordssurgeonswouldtakedefectivebone-marrowcellsfromthepatientandputthemintoalaboratorydishwherethecellswouldbeexposedtoacrippledviruscarryingahealthyAD-Agenefromadonor.TheA-D-Agenewouldrepairthedefectivecellsandthenthecellswouldbereinjectedintothepatient.ThusinCaskeywords"thepatientwouldbetransplantedbyhisownceilscontainingtheaddednormalgene." Thetechniquesoundsdeceptively靠不住地simple.Inrealitythough可是不过然而itiscomplex.AnumberoflaboratorieshavetestedvariousintermediatestepsoftheprocessbutaccordingtoCaskey"nosinglelaboratoryhasputtogethertheentiretechnologysuccessfullyandhighlyreproduciblytoproceedwithagenetransferat-temptinman." ForsometimenowtheU.S.NationalInstituteofHealthhasbeentakingacloselookat仔细研究theeffectivenessandsafetyoftheprocedureaswellastheethicalquestionsitraises.Theredoesn’tseemtobemuchconcernabouttheethicsofgenetransferintoahumanbeingtocorrectageneticdefect. Dr.W.FrenchAndersonofN.I.H.wroterecentlythat"claimsthatneworgansdesignedpersonalitiesmasterracesorFrankenstein佛兰肯思泰因一个创造怪物而自己被它毁灭的医学研究者英国女作家MaryW.Shelly同名小说中的主角monsterswillbecreatedcanbegivennocredenceinthelightof根据从……来看whatispresentlyknown."Andheaddedthatawell-informedpublicisthebestassuranceagainstanyfuturemisusesofgeneticengineering. Whatisthemostimportantconditionwhenbonemarrowtransplantationisusedtorestoretheimmunesystemofcertainpatients
ZYBANisaprescription处方medicinetohelppeoplequitsmoking.StudieshaveshownthatmorethanonethirdofpeoplequitsmokingforatleastonemonthwhiletakingZYBAN.FormanypatientsZYBANreduceswithdrawalsymptoms脱瘾过程中产生的症状andthestrongwishtosmoke.2ZYBANshouldbetakenasdirectedbyyourdoctor.Theusualrecommendeddosing剂量istotakeone150-mgtabletinthemorningforthefirst3days.Onthefourthdaybegintakingone150-mgtabletinthemorningandone150-mgtabletintheearlyevening.Dosesshouldbetakenatleast8hoursapart.3.Formostpatientstreatmentwilllast7to12weeks.BecauseresultsvaryitmaytakelongerforsomepeoplePossiblyupto6monthsdependingontheindividual.Ifyou'vebeensmokingforalongtimeZYBANwillhelptoreducewithdrawalsymptoms.It'simportanttoremainonZYBANforatleast7to12weeksinordertoquitforgood.YourdoctorshoulddeterminewhentostoptakingZYBAN4.Ittakesabout1weekforZYBANtoreachtherightlevelsinyourbodytobeeffectiveSotoincreaseyourchanceofquittingasmuchaspossibleyoushouldnotstopsmokinguntilyouhavebeentakingZYBANfor1week.Youshouldsetadatetostopsmokingduringthesecondweekyou'retakingZYBAN.5.Thesideeffects副作用associatedwithZYBANaregenerallymildandoftendisappearafterafewweeks.Themostcommonsideeffectsaredrymouthanddifficultyinsleeping.Ifyouhavedifficultysleepingavoidtakingyourmedicinetooclosetobedtime ThetimeittakesforZYBANtobeeffectiveis
ZYBANisaprescription处方medicinetohelppeoplequitsmoking.StudieshaveshownthatmorethanonethirdofpeoplequitsmokingforatleastonemonthwhiletakingZYBAN.FormanypatientsZYBANreduceswithdrawalsymptoms脱瘾过程中产生的症状andthestrongwishtosmoke.2ZYBANshouldbetakenasdirectedbyyourdoctor.Theusualrecommendeddosing剂量istotakeone150-mgtabletinthemorningforthefirst3days.Onthefourthdaybegintakingone150-mgtabletinthemorningandone150-mgtabletintheearlyevening.Dosesshouldbetakenatleast8hoursapart.3.Formostpatientstreatmentwilllast7to12weeks.BecauseresultsvaryitmaytakelongerforsomepeoplePossiblyupto6monthsdependingontheindividual.Ifyou'vebeensmokingforalongtimeZYBANwillhelptoreducewithdrawalsymptoms.It'simportanttoremainonZYBANforatleast7to12weeksinordertoquitforgood.YourdoctorshoulddeterminewhentostoptakingZYBAN4.Ittakesabout1weekforZYBANtoreachtherightlevelsinyourbodytobeeffectiveSotoincreaseyourchanceofquittingasmuchaspossibleyoushouldnotstopsmokinguntilyouhavebeentakingZYBANfor1week.Youshouldsetadatetostopsmokingduringthesecondweekyou'retakingZYBAN.5.Thesideeffects副作用associatedwithZYBANaregenerallymildandoftendisappearafterafewweeks.Themostcommonsideeffectsaredrymouthanddifficultyinsleeping.Ifyouhavedifficultysleepingavoidtakingyourmedicinetooclosetobedtime Forthefirst3daysZYBANshouldbetaken
Peoplearoundtheglobehittheheightoftheirmiseryanddepressionin51ageanewinternationalstudysuggests. ThefindingbyBritishandAmericanresearcherswasbasedonananalysisofwell-beingamongapproximately2millionpeoplein80nations.Withfewexceptionstheobservationappearstoapplyacrosstheboardregardless{{U}}52{{/U}}genderculturegeographywealthjobhistoryeducationandmarriageorparentalstatus. "Thescientificfactseemstobethathappinessandpositivementalhealthfollowagiant’U’53 throughlife"saidstudyauthorAndrewJ.OswaldaprofessorofeconomicsatWarwickUniversityinWarwickshireEngland."Fortheaveragepersonit’shighwhenyou’re20andthenitslowlyfallsandbottomsout54 your40s.Butthegoodnewsisthatyour55 healthpicksupagainandeventuallygetsbacktothehighlevelsofouryouth." Thefindingwas56 onthepoolingofseveraldifferentsourcesofhappinessdataincluding:twomulti-decadehappiness/satisfactionsurveysfirstlaunchedinthe1970sinvolvingabout500000AmericanandWesternEuropeanmenandwomen;fourroundsofthe80-nation"WorldValuesSurvey"57 between1981and2004inNorthAmericaEasternandWesternEuropeAsiaAfricaAustraliaandCentralandSouthAmerica;anda2004—2007survey58 nearly1millionBritons. Thebottom-line:Formostpeoplethroughouttheworldthehighestprobabilityfordepressionstrikingisaround44yearsof59. IntheUnitedStateshoweversomeas-yetunexplained60 differenceswereobservedwithhappinessamongmendippingthemostintheirearly50swhereaswomenhittheirNadiraroundtheageof40. Theresearcherscautionedthatcheerfulpeopletendtolivelongerthanunhappy61—afactthatmighthaveskewedtheoverallfinding.Buttheyalsosuggestedthatevidenceofahappiness62 mightsimplyreflectamidlifechoicetogiveuplong-heldbutnolongertenableaspirationsfollowedbyasenior’ssenseofgratitudeforhavingsuccessfullyendured63 othersdidnot. "Thatsaidsomemightfindithelpfulsimplytounderstandthegeneral64ofmentalhealthastheygothroughtheirownlife"saidOswald."Itmightbeusefulforpeopletorealizethatiftheyare65 intheir40sthisisnormalitisnotexceptional.Andjustknowingthismighthelp." 55.
Cancerdevelopsoveralongtimewhichmeansthatyouhaveyears——typicallydecades——inwhichtohinderorpromoteit.Researchersarefindingthatwhatyoueatmayinterferewithcancergrowthatvariousstages.Forexamplecertainfoodscanblockthechemicalsthatinitatecancer.Antioxidants抗氧化剂foundinsomevitaminsandmineralscansnuffoutoxygenfreeradicls氧自由基substancesthatarethoughttomakecellsmoresusceptibletocancerandtheycanevenrepairsomeofthecellulardamagethathasbeendone.Andsomefood—wheatbran麦糠inparticular—hasbeenshowntoshrinkprecancerous癌症前期的cells. Arecentreviewof17studiesfrom17nationsrevealsthatpeoplewhoeatthemostfruitsandvegetableshaveabouthalfthecancerratersofthosewhoeattheleast.Infactsomeresearchsuggeststhatfrequentconsumptionoffruitsandvegetablescancuttheriskoflungcancereveninsmokers. Oneofthemoststudiedantioxidantsinvegetablesandfruitsthoughttoprotectagainstcancerisbeta-caroteneβ胡萝卜素concentratedindeepgreenyellowandorangevegetablessuchascarrotssweetpotatoesandspinach. Researchalsoshowsthatbeta-carotenecanchangeinthebodytoretinoicacid维生素A酸asubstanceusedinclinicaltrialstotreatcertaincancers. Herearesomeofthefoodsthatcontaincancer-fightingchemicals. Tomatoes.Oneofthecompoundsintomatoesthatisthoughttoreducetheriskofcancerislycopene蕃茄素thepigment色素thatmakestomatoesred.Lycopeneanantioxidantthatisalsofoundinwatermelonsandapricotsquenchescertaincancer-triggeringoxygenfreefadicals.Healthypeoplewiththemostbloodlycopene. GreenVegetables.ArecentItalianstudyshowedthatdark-greenleafyvegetableslowertheriskofmanycancer.Spinachbroccolikaleanddark-greenlettucesarechock-fullofantioxidantsincludingbeta-carotenefolate叶酸andlutein叶黄素.Agoodruleofthumb单凭经验的做法:thedarkerthevegetablethemoreantioxidantswithin. Pungentpreventives刺激性的预防物.Awholehostofchemicalsthoughttohavecancer-inhibitingpropertieshavebeenidentifiedinalliumvegetableswhichincludegarliconionsandscallions大葱.Animalstudiesshowthatmanyofthesechemicalsblockcarcinogensthathavebeenlinkedtocolonstomachlungandlivercancer.AstudyatPennsylvaniaStateUniversityfoundthatfeedingratsvariousgarlicextractsandpreparations配制好的食物reducedmammarytumorsbyasmuchas71percent.Inhumansstudiessuggestthatthosewhoeatmoreonionsandgarlicarelesspronetogastrointestinalcancer. Researchsuggeststhatgarliccompoundsmayeveninterferewithcancerprogression.ArecentGermanstudyfoundthatajoeneagarliccompoundistoxictomalignantcells.Garlicmayalsoantagonizeexistingcancerbyboosting促进immunefunctionsaccordingtoresearchersatLomaLindaUniversitySchoolofMedicine.Theirstudydoneonmicefoundthatgarlic’ssulfurcompoundsincreasedtheactivityofmacrophagesandT-lymphocytes淋巴细胞twoofthecomponentsoftheimmunesystemthatdestroytumorceils. Greenvegetablescontainsuchantioxidantsasbeta-carotenefolateandlutein.
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