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2.FindingYourselfwithoutGPSAsmoremobilephonestapintotheInternetpeopleincreasinglyturntothemforlocation-centricserviceslikegettingdirectionsandfindingnearbyrestaurants.WhileGlobalPositioningSystemGPStechnologyprovidesexcellentaccuracyonlyafractionofphoneshavethiscapability.What’smoreGPScoverageisspottyindenseurbanenvironmentsandin—phonereceiverscanbeslowanddrainaphone’sbattery.TosidestepthisproblemlastweekGoogleaddedanewfeaturecalledMyLocationtoitsWeb-basedmappingservice.MyLocationcollectsinformationfromthenearestcell-phonetowertoestimateaperson’slocationwithinadistanceofabout1000meters.Thisresolutionisobviouslynotsufficientfordrivingdirectionsbutitcanbefineforsearchingforarestaurantorastore.AcommonuseofGoogleMapsistosearchnearbysaysSteveLeeproductmanagerforGoogleMapswholikenedtheapproachtosearchingforsomethingwithinanurbanzipcodebutwithoutknowingthatcode.Inanewcityyoumightnotknowthezipcodeorevenifyouknowitittakestimetoenteritandthentozoominandpanaroundthemap.Manyphonessupportsoftwarethatisabletoreadtheuniqueidentificationofacell-phonetowerandthecoverageareathatsurroundsitisusuallysplitintothreeregions.LeeexplainsthatMyLocationusessuchsoftwaretolearnwhichtowerisservingthephone—andwhichcoverageareathecellphoneisoperatingin.GooglealsousesdatafromcellphonesintheareathatdohaveGPStohelpestimatethelocationsofthedeviceswithoutit.InthiswayGoogleaddsgeographicinformationtothecell—phonetower’sidentifiersthatthecompanystoresinadatabase.AsthedatabasegrowssaysLeetheservicewillbecomemoreaccurate.ItwillneverbeasaccurateasGPSbutheexpectsthatitcouldeventuallyfindapersonwithinacouplehundredmeters.Googleprovidesamappingserviceonline.
RadiationEffectSpaceisadangerousplacenotonlybecauseofmeteors流星butalsobecauseofraysfromthesunandotherstars.Theatmosphereagainactsasourprotectiveblanketonearthlightgetsthroughandthisisessentialforplantstomakethefoodthatweeat.Heattoomakesourenvironmentendurable.Variouskindsofrayscomethroughtheairfromouterspacebutenormousquantitiesofradiationfromthesunarescreenedoff.Assoonasmenleavetheatmospheretheyareexposedtothisradiationbuttheirspacesuitsorthewallsoftheirspacecraftsiftheyareinsidedopreventalotofradiationdamage.Radiationisthegreatestknowndangertoexplorersinspace.Theunitofradiationiscalledrem雷姆.Scientistshavereasontothinkthatamancanputupwithfarmoreradiationthan0.1remwithoutbeingdamagedthefigureof60reinshasbeenagreedon.Thetroubleisthatitisextremelydifficulttobesureaboutradiationdamage-apersonmayfeelperfectlywellbutthecellsofhisorhersexorgansmaybedamagedandthiswillnotbediscovereduntilthebirthofdeformed畸形的childrenorevengrandchildren.MissionsoftheApolloflightshavehadtocrossbeltsofhighradiationandduringtheoutwardandreturnjourneystheApollocrewaccumulatedalargeramountofreins.SofarnodangerousamountsofradiationhavebeenreportedbuttheApollomissionshavebeenquiteshort.Wesimplydonotknowyethowmenaregoingtogetonwhentheyspendweeksandmonthsoutsidetheprotectionoftheatmosphereworkinginaspacelaboratory.Drugsmighthelptodecreasethedamageclonebyradiationbutnoreallyeffectiveoneshavebeenfoundsofar.TheharmradiationhasdonetotheApollocrewmembers______.
LakeErieislinkedtoLakeOntariobytheNiagaraRiver.
Therearetwogreatmysteriesaboutthebeach.Oneiswhyhumanbeingsflocktherebythousandsonlytoprostrate俯卧themselvesindensepacksofglisteningflesh.Theotheriswhythesandgoesthere.Strangeasitseemsoceanographershaveneverreallyunderstoodwhysandpilesupontheshore.NowDouglasInmanandDanielConleythinktheyhavesolvedthepuzzle. Thepuzzlehadtodowithwaves.Thoughitmightseemintuitivethatwavescarrywatertoshoreandsandalongwithitit’snotthatsimple.Thecrest浪尖ofapassingwaveliftsagivenhitofwaterupwardandlandwardbuttheensuingtrough波谷pushesthewaterbackdownandOuttosea.Nearthebottomtherethesandisthewaterwasalwaysassumedtojustslidebackandforth—andthesandwithit."Ifyoutakeaveryalooflookatabeach"saysInman"you’llrealizethatifthetwomotionsmovesandbackandforththesameamountthenallthesandshouldendupindeepwater.’ Soforbeachestoexistthecrest’sonshoreflowmustsomehowmoveenoughsandupthebeachtocountertheseawardtugofboththetroughandgravity.ThepressurechangesinthesandbedInmanandConleythinkarethekeytobeachcreation.Theyfoundthatsanddoesn’tjustslidebackandforthwitheachpassingwave.Underatroughitdoesslideseawardinathinlayerjustabovethebottom.Butunderacrestitsmovementisoftenmoreelaborate.Thehigherpressureunderacrest—higherbecausethewaterispiledhigher—forceswaterintotheporous多孔的sand.Thiscreatesstrongwhirlpoolsjustabovethesandwhichhelploosenit.Asthecrestpassesoverheadthesandfirstrushesacrossthebottom;thenitabruptlyturnsviolentliftingoffthebottominlargeboilingbunches.Finallyjustafterthecrestpassesthesandexplodesupintothegreatwatercolumn.Theboilingandrushingmovemoresandthanthebackslidingunderatroughsothere’sanetmovementofsandtowardtheshore. Whichofthefollowingisnotastepofbeachcreation
Thegreatchangeofthecityastonishedallthevisitors．
Late-NightDrinkingCoffeeloversbeware.Havingaquickpick-me-upcupofcoffeelateinthedaywillplayhavocwithyoursleep.Aswellasbeingastimulantcaffeineinterruptstheflowofmelatoninthebrainhormonethatsendspeopleintoasleep.Melatoninlevelsnormallystarttoriseabouttwohoursbeforebedtime.Levelsthenpeakbetween2amand4ambeforefallingagain.It’stheneurohormonethatcontrolsoursleepandtellsourbodywhentosleepandwhentowakesaysMauriceOhayonoftheStanfordSleepEpiderniologyResearchCenteratStanfordUniversityinCalifornia.ButresearchersinIsraelhavefoundthatcaffeinatedcoffeehalvesthebody’slevelsofthissleephormone.LotanShiloandateamattheSapirMedicalCenterinTelAvivUniversityfoundthatsixvolunteerssleptlesswellafteracupofcaffeinatedcoffeethanafterdrinkingthesameamountofdecalOnaveragesubjectsslept336minutespernightafterdrinkingcaffeinatedcoffeecomparedwith415minutesafterdecaf.Theyalsotookhaftanhourtodropoff--twiceaslongasusual--andjiggedaroundinbedtwiceasmuch.Inthesecondphaseoftheexperimenttheresearcherswokethevolunteerseverythreehoursandaskedthemtogiveaurinesample.Shilomeasuredconcentrationsofabreakdownproductofmelatonin.Theresultssuggestthatmelatoninconcentrationsincaffeinedrinkerswerehalfthoseindecafdrinkers.InapaperacceptedforpublicationinSleepMedicinetheresearcherssuggestthatcaffeineblocksproductionoftheenzymethatdrivesmelatoninproduction.BecauseitcantakemanyhourstoeliminatecaffeinefromthebodyOhayonrecommendsthatcoffeeloversswitchtodecafafterlunch.Whatdoesparagraph3mainlydiscuss
ThegraduatestudentswillconveneintheStudentUnion.
Thenurseryisbrightandcheerful.
Hewaswearyoftheconstantbattlebetweenthem.
UndergroundCoalFires--aLoomingCatastropheCoalburningdeepundergroundinChinaIndiaandIndonesiaisthreateningtheenvironmentandhumanlifescientistshavewarned.Theselarge-scaleundergroundblazescausethegroundtemperaturetoheatupandkillsurroundingvegetationproducegreenhousegasesandcanevenigniteforestfiresapanelofscientiststoldtheannualmeetingoftheAmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofScienceinDenver.Theresultingreleaseofpoisonouselementslikearsenicandmercurycanalsopollutelocalwatersourcesandsoilstheywarned.CoalfiresareaglobalcatastrophesaidAssociateProfessorGlennStracherofEastGeorgiaCollegeinSwainsboroUSA.Butsurprisinglyfewpeopleknowaboutthem.Coalcanheatuponitsownandeventuallycatchfireandburnifthereisacontinuousoxygensupply.Theheatproducedisnotcausedtodisappearandundertherightcombinationsofsunlightandoxygencantriggerspontaneouscatchingfireandburning.Thiscanoccurundergroundincoalstockpilesabandonedminesorevenascoalistransported.SuchfiresinChinaconsumeupto200milliontonesofcoalperyeardelegatesweretold.IncomparisontheU.S.economyconsumesaboutonebilliontonesofcoalannuallysaidStracherwhoseanalysisofthelikelyimpactofcoalfireshasbeenacceptedforpublicationintheInternationalJournalofCoalEcology.Onceunderwaycoalfirescanbumfordecadesevencenturies.Intheprocesstheyreleaselargevolumesofgreenhousegasespoisonousfumesandblackparticlesintotheatmosphere.Themembersofthepaneldiscussedtheimpactthesefiresmaybehavingonglobalandregionalclimatechangeandagreedthattheundergroundnatureofthefiresmakesthemdifficulttodetect.OneofthemembersofthepanelAssistantProfessorPaulVanDijkoftheInternationalInstituteforGeo-InformationScienceandEarthObservationintheNetherlandshasbeenworkingwiththeChinesegovernmenttodetectandmonitorfiresinthenorthernregionsofthecountry.Ultimatelytheremotesensingandothertechniquesshouldallowscientiststoestimatehowmuchcarbondioxidethesefiresareemitting.OnesuggestedmethodofcontainingthefireswaspresentedbyGaryColaizzioftheengineeringfirmGoodsonwhichhasdevelopedaheat-resistantgroutathinmortarusedtofillcracksandcreviceswhichisdesignedtobepumpedintothecoalfiretocutofftheoxygensupply.Accordingtothefirstparagraphoneofthewarningsgivenbythescientistsisthat
Thebookprovidesaconciseanalysisofthecountry'shistory.
UndergroundCoalFires--aLoomingCatastrophe CoalburningdeepundergroundinChinaIndiaandIndonesiaisthreateningtheenvironmentandhumanlifescientistshavewarned.Theselarge-scaleundergroundblazescausethegroundtemperaturetoheatupandkillsurroundingvegetationproducegreenhousegasesandcanevenigniteforestfiresapanelofscientiststoldtheannualmeetingoftheAmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofScienceinDenver.Theresultingreleaseofpoisonouselementslikearsenicandmercurycanalsopollutelocalwatersourcesandsoilstheywarned. "Coalfiresareaglobalcatastrophe"saidAssociateProfessorGlennStracherofEastGeorgiaCollegeinSwainsboroUSA.Butsurprisinglyfewpeopleknowaboutthem. Coalcanheatuponitsownandeventuallycatchfireandburnifthereisacontinuousoxygensupply.Theheatproducedisnotcausedtodisappearandundertherightcombinationsofsunlightandoxygencantriggerspontaneouscatchingfireandburning.Thiscanoccurundergroundincoalstockpilesabandonedminesorevenascoalistransported.SuchfiresinChinaconsumeupto200milliontonesofcoalperyeardelegatesweretold.IncomparisontheU.S.economyconsumesaboutonebilliontonesofcoalannuallysaidStracherwhoseanalysisofthelikelyimpactofcoalfireshasbeenacceptedforpublicationintheInternationalJournalofCoalEcology.Onceunderwaycoalfirescanbumfordecadesevencenturies.Intheprocesstheyreleaselargevolumesofgreenhousegasespoisonousfumesandblackparticlesintotheatmosphere. Themembersofthepaneldiscussedtheimpactthesefiresmaybehavingonglobalandregionalclimatechangeandagreedthattheundergroundnatureofthefiresmakesthemdifficulttodetect.OneofthemembersofthepanelAssistantProfessorPaulVanDijkoftheInternationalInstituteforGeo-InformationScienceandEarthObservationintheNetherlandshasbeenworkingwiththeChinesegovernmenttodetectandmonitorfiresinthenorthernregionsofthecountry. Ultimatelytheremotesensingandothertechniquesshouldallowscientiststoestimatehowmuchcarbondioxidethesefiresareemitting.OnesuggestedmethodofcontainingthefireswaspresentedbyGaryColaizzioftheengineeringfirmGoodsonwhichhasdevelopedaheat-resistantgroutathinmortarusedtofillcracksandcreviceswhichisdesignedtobepumpedintothecoalfiretocutofftheoxygensupply. Accordingtothefifthparagraphwhatisthesuggestedmethodtocontrolundergroundfires
{{*HTML*}}FemaleBullfighting??Itwasauniqueeye-catchingsight:anattractivewomaninashinybullfighter’ssuitswordinhandfacingthesharphornsofablack500-kilogrambeast.??MostpeoplethoughtthedaysoffemalebullfightingwereoverinSpain.?46?.??ThefirstwomanfighterCristinaSanchezquitin1999becauseofmalediscrimination歧视.ButVegaisdeterminedtobreakintowhatcouldbeSpain’smostresistantmalefield.?47?.??Spanishwomenhaveconqueredalmostallmaleprofessions.?48?Thebulldoesnotaskforyouridentitycardshesaidinaninterviewafewyearsago.Sheinsistedthatshebejudgedforherskillsratherthanherfemaleness.??Vegabecameamatador斗牛士in1997inthesouthwesterncityofCaceres.???49?SheenteredabullfightingschoolinMalagaatagenineandperformedherfirstmajorbullfightatage14.ShehasfacedasmuchoppositionasSanchezdid.AndthedifficultieshavemadehergrowintoaverystrongbullfighterherbrotherJorgesays.??The1.68-metretallandsomewhatshyVegasaysherloveofbullfightingdoesnotmakeheranylessofawoman.?50?.A?SheintendstobecomeevenbetterthanSanchezwas.B?Herfatherwasanaspiring有雄心壮志的bullfighter.C?Butmanybullfightingprofessionalscontinuetoinsistthatwomendonothavewhatittakestoperformthecountry’snationalshow.D?I’mawomanfromheadtotoeandproudofitsheoncesaid.E?Shelookslikeamalebullfighter.F?Butrecently29-year-oldMariPazVegabecamethesecondwomaninSpanishhistorytofightagainstthoseheavyanimals.
{{*HTML*}}A.Featuresandapplications??B.Displayanddataconnection??C.Onlinestores??D.DifferencesfromiPhone??E.Businessusage??F.OperatingsystemParagraph4______
Youshouldhaveblendedthebutterwiththesugarthoroughly
RadiationEffectSpaceisadangerousplacenotonlybecauseofmeteors流星butalsobecauseofraysfromthesunandotherstars.Theatmosphereagainactsasourprotectiveblanketonearthlightgetsthroughandthisisessentialforplantstomakethefoodthatweeat.Heattoomakesourenvironmentendurable.Variouskindsofrayscomethroughtheairfromouterspacebutenormousquantitiesofradiationfromthesunarescreenedoff.Assoonasmenleavetheatmospheretheyareexposedtothisradiationbuttheirspacesuitsorthewallsoftheirspacecraftsiftheyareinsidedopreventalotofradiationdamage.Radiationisthegreatestknowndangertoexplorersinspace.Theunitofradiationiscalledrem雷姆.Scientistshavereasontothinkthatamancanputupwithfarmoreradiationthan0.1remwithoutbeingdamagedthefigureof60reinshasbeenagreedon.Thetroubleisthatitisextremelydifficulttobesureaboutradiationdamage-apersonmayfeelperfectlywellbutthecellsofhisorhersexorgansmaybedamagedandthiswillnotbediscovereduntilthebirthofdeformed畸形的childrenorevengrandchildren.MissionsoftheApolloflightshavehadtocrossbeltsofhighradiationandduringtheoutwardandreturnjourneystheApollocrewaccumulatedalargeramountofreins.SofarnodangerousamountsofradiationhavebeenreportedbuttheApollomissionshavebeenquiteshort.Wesimplydonotknowyethowmenaregoingtogetonwhentheyspendweeksandmonthsoutsidetheprotectionoftheatmosphereworkinginaspacelaboratory.Drugsmighthelptodecreasethedamageclonebyradiationbutnoreallyeffectiveoneshavebeenfoundsofar.Accordingtothefirstparagraphtheatmosphereisessentialtomaninthat______
{{*HTML*}}A.totrackhurricanesandissuewarnings??B.toavoidconfusion??C.tostayathome??D.tobegiventotropicalstorms??E.tomakepredictions??F.tokillatleast15peopleOveramillionpeoplewerewarnednot______.
RadiationEffectSpaceisadangerousplacenotonlybecauseofmeteors流星butalsobecauseofraysfromthesunandotherstars.Theatmosphereagainactsasourprotectiveblanketonearthlightgetsthroughandthisisessentialforplantstomakethefoodthatweeat.Heattoomakesourenvironmentendurable.Variouskindsofrayscomethroughtheairfromouterspacebutenormousquantitiesofradiationfromthesunarescreenedoff.Assoonasmenleavetheatmospheretheyareexposedtothisradiationbuttheirspacesuitsorthewallsoftheirspacecraftsiftheyareinsidedopreventalotofradiationdamage.Radiationisthegreatestknowndangertoexplorersinspace.Theunitofradiationiscalledrem雷姆.Scientistshavereasontothinkthatamancanputupwithfarmoreradiationthan0.1remwithoutbeingdamagedthefigureof60reinshasbeenagreedon.Thetroubleisthatitisextremelydifficulttobesureaboutradiationdamage-apersonmayfeelperfectlywellbutthecellsofhisorhersexorgansmaybedamagedandthiswillnotbediscovereduntilthebirthofdeformed畸形的childrenorevengrandchildren.MissionsoftheApolloflightshavehadtocrossbeltsofhighradiationandduringtheoutwardandreturnjourneystheApollocrewaccumulatedalargeramountofreins.SofarnodangerousamountsofradiationhavebeenreportedbuttheApollomissionshavebeenquiteshort.Wesimplydonotknowyethowmenaregoingtogetonwhentheyspendweeksandmonthsoutsidetheprotectionoftheatmosphereworkinginaspacelaboratory.Drugsmighthelptodecreasethedamageclonebyradiationbutnoreallyeffectiveoneshavebeenfoundsofar.Thebesttitleforthispassagewouldbe______.
Therearetwogreatmysteriesaboutthebeach.Oneiswhyhumanbeingsflocktherebythousandsonlytoprostrate俯卧themselvesindensepacksofglisteningflesh.Theotheriswhythesandgoesthere.Strangeasitseemsoceanographershaveneverreallyunderstoodwhysandpilesupontheshore.NowDouglasInmanandDanielConleythinktheyhavesolvedthepuzzle. Thepuzzlehadtodowithwaves.Thoughitmightseemintuitivethatwavescarrywatertoshoreandsandalongwithitit’snotthatsimple.Thecrest浪尖ofapassingwaveliftsagivenhitofwaterupwardandlandwardbuttheensuingtrough波谷pushesthewaterbackdownandOuttosea.Nearthebottomtherethesandisthewaterwasalwaysassumedtojustslidebackandforth—andthesandwithit."Ifyoutakeaveryalooflookatabeach"saysInman"you’llrealizethatifthetwomotionsmovesandbackandforththesameamountthenallthesandshouldendupindeepwater.’ Soforbeachestoexistthecrest’sonshoreflowmustsomehowmoveenoughsandupthebeachtocountertheseawardtugofboththetroughandgravity.ThepressurechangesinthesandbedInmanandConleythinkarethekeytobeachcreation.Theyfoundthatsanddoesn’tjustslidebackandforthwitheachpassingwave.Underatroughitdoesslideseawardinathinlayerjustabovethebottom.Butunderacrestitsmovementisoftenmoreelaborate.Thehigherpressureunderacrest—higherbecausethewaterispiledhigher—forceswaterintotheporous多孔的sand.Thiscreatesstrongwhirlpoolsjustabovethesandwhichhelploosenit.Asthecrestpassesoverheadthesandfirstrushesacrossthebottom;thenitabruptlyturnsviolentliftingoffthebottominlargeboilingbunches.Finallyjustafterthecrestpassesthesandexplodesupintothegreatwatercolumn.Theboilingandrushingmovemoresandthanthebackslidingunderatroughsothere’sanetmovementofsandtowardtheshore. Thispassageismostprobablyanexcerptfrom
Late-NightDrinking Coffeeloversbeware.Havingaquick"pick-me-up"cupofcoffeelateinthedaywillplayhavocwithyoursleep.Aswellasbeingastimulantcaffeineinterruptstheflowofmelatoninthebrainhormonethatsendspeopleintoasleep. Melatoninlevelsnormallystarttoriseabouttwohoursbeforebedtime.Levelsthenpeakbetween2amand4ambeforefallingagain."It’stheneurohormonethatcontrolsoursleepandtellsourbodywhentosleepandwhentowake"saysMauriceOhayonoftheStanfordSleepEpiderniologyResearchCenteratStanfordUniversityinCalifornia.ButresearchersinIsraelhavefoundthatcaffeinatedcoffeehalvesthebody’slevelsofthissleephormone. LotanShiloandateamattheSapirMedicalCenterinTelAvivUniversityfoundthatsixvolunteerssleptlesswellafteracupofcaffeinatedcoffeethanafterdrinkingthesameamountofdecalOnaveragesubjectsslept336minutespernightafterdrinkingcaffeinatedcoffeecomparedwith415minutesafterdecaf.Theyalsotookhaftanhourtodropoff--twiceaslongasusual--andjiggedaroundinbedtwiceasmuch. Inthesecondphaseoftheexperimenttheresearcherswokethevolunteerseverythreehoursandaskedthemtogiveaurinesample.Shilomeasuredconcentrationsofabreakdownproductofmelatonin.Theresultssuggestthatmelatoninconcentrationsincaffeinedrinkerswerehalfthoseindecafdrinkers.InapaperacceptedforpublicationinSleepMedicinetheresearcherssuggestthatcaffeineblocksproductionoftheenzymethatdrivesmelatoninproduction. BecauseitcantakemanyhourstoeliminatecaffeinefromthebodyOhayonrecommendsthatcoffeeloversswitchtodecafafterlunch. Theauthorofthis’passageprobablyagreesthat
EiffelIsanEyefulSome300metersupneartheEiffelTower’swind-whippedsummittheworldcomestoscribble.JapaneseBraziliansAmericanstheygraffititheirnameslovesandpoliticsonthecoldiron--transformingthemostFrenchofmonumentsintosymbolofaworldonthemove.WithParislaidoutinminiaturebelowitseemsstrangethatvisitorswouldratherwastetimemarkingtheirpresencethanadmiretheview.Butthegraffitialsoraisesaquestion:Whynearly114yearsafteritwascompletedanddecadesafteritceasedtobetheworld’stalleststructureislaTourEiffelstillsopopularThereasonsareascomplexastheironworkthatgracesastructuresome90storieshigh.Butpartoftheanswerisnodoubtitsagelessness.Regularlymaintaineditshouldneverrustaway.Graffitiisregularlypaintedoverbutthetowerliveson.EiffelrepresentsParisandParisisFrance.ItIsverysymbolicsaysHuguesRicharda31-year-oldFrenchmanwhoholdstherecordforcyclinguptothetower’ssecondfloor--747stepsin19minutesand4secondswithouttouchingthefloorwithhisfeet.It’sironladyitinspiresushesays.ButtowhatAfterallthetowerdoesn’thaveapurpose.Itceasedtobetheworld’stallestin1930whentheChryslerBuildingwentupinNewYork.YestelevisionandradiosignalsarebeamedfromthetopandGustaveEiffelafreneticbuilderwhodiedonDecember27aged91useditsheightforconductingresearchintoweatheraerodynamicsandradiocommunication.Butinessencethetowerinspiressimplybybeingthere--ablankcanvasforvisitorstomakeofitwhattheywill.Tothetechnicallymindedit’sanengineeringtriumph.Forloversit’sromantic.ThetowerwilloutlastallofusandbyalongwaysaysIsabelleEsnouswhosecompanymanagesEiffelTower.WhatdidthebuilderusetheEiffelTowerfor
EiffelIsanEyeful Some300metersupneartheEiffelTower’swind-whippedsummittheworldcomestoscribble.JapaneseBraziliansAmericanstheygraffititheirnameslovesandpoliticsonthecoldiron--transformingthemostFrenchofmonumentsintosymbolofaworldonthemove. WithParislaidoutinminiaturebelowitseemsstrangethatvisitorswouldratherwastetimemarkingtheirpresencethanadmiretheview.Butthegraffitialsoraisesaquestion:Whynearly114yearsafteritwascompletedanddecadesafteritceasedtobetheworld’stalleststructureislaTourEiffelstillsopopular Thereasonsareascomplexastheironworkthatgracesastructuresome90storieshigh.Butpartoftheanswerisnodoubtitsagelessness.Regularlymaintaineditshouldneverrustaway.Graffitiisregularlypaintedoverbutthetowerliveson. "EiffelrepresentsParisandParisisFrance.ItIsverysymbolic"saysHuguesRicharda31-year-oldFrenchmanwhoholdstherecordforcyclinguptothetower’ssecondfloor--747stepsin19minutesand4secondswithouttouchingthefloorwithhisfeet."It’sironladyitinspiresus"hesays. ButtowhatAfterallthetowerdoesn’thaveapurpose.Itceasedtobetheworld’stallestin1930whentheChryslerBuildingwentupinNewYork.YestelevisionandradiosignalsarebeamedfromthetopandGustaveEiffelafreneticbuilderwhodiedonDecember27aged91useditsheightforconductingresearchintoweatheraerodynamicsandradiocommunication. Butinessencethetowerinspiressimplybybeingthere--ablankcanvasforvisitorstomakeofitwhattheywill.Tothetechnicallymindedit’sanengineeringtriumph.Forloversit’sromantic. "Thetowerwilloutlastallofusandbyalongway"saysIsabelleEsnouswhosecompanymanagesEiffelTower. Whatseemsstrangetotheauthor
2.FindingYourselfwithoutGPSAsmoremobilephonestapintotheInternetpeopleincreasinglyturntothemforlocation-centricserviceslikegettingdirectionsandfindingnearbyrestaurants.WhileGlobalPositioningSystemGPStechnologyprovidesexcellentaccuracyonlyafractionofphoneshavethiscapability.What’smoreGPScoverageisspottyindenseurbanenvironmentsandin—phonereceiverscanbeslowanddrainaphone’sbattery.TosidestepthisproblemlastweekGoogleaddedanewfeaturecalledMyLocationtoitsWeb-basedmappingservice.MyLocationcollectsinformationfromthenearestcell-phonetowertoestimateaperson’slocationwithinadistanceofabout1000meters.Thisresolutionisobviouslynotsufficientfordrivingdirectionsbutitcanbefineforsearchingforarestaurantorastore.AcommonuseofGoogleMapsistosearchnearbysaysSteveLeeproductmanagerforGoogleMapswholikenedtheapproachtosearchingforsomethingwithinanurbanzipcodebutwithoutknowingthatcode.Inanewcityyoumightnotknowthezipcodeorevenifyouknowitittakestimetoenteritandthentozoominandpanaroundthemap.Manyphonessupportsoftwarethatisabletoreadtheuniqueidentificationofacell-phonetowerandthecoverageareathatsurroundsitisusuallysplitintothreeregions.LeeexplainsthatMyLocationusessuchsoftwaretolearnwhichtowerisservingthephone—andwhichcoverageareathecellphoneisoperatingin.GooglealsousesdatafromcellphonesintheareathatdohaveGPStohelpestimatethelocationsofthedeviceswithoutit.InthiswayGoogleaddsgeographicinformationtothecell—phonetower’sidentifiersthatthecompanystoresinadatabase.AsthedatabasegrowssaysLeetheservicewillbecomemoreaccurate.ItwillneverbeasaccurateasGPSbutheexpectsthatitcouldeventuallyfindapersonwithinacouplehundredmeters.SteveLeesaysGoogleMapsaremostlyusedtosearchtheneighborhood.
Shewasapuzzle.
UndergroundCoalFires--aLoomingCatastrophe CoalburningdeepundergroundinChinaIndiaandIndonesiaisthreateningtheenvironmentandhumanlifescientistshavewarned.Theselarge-scaleundergroundblazescausethegroundtemperaturetoheatupandkillsurroundingvegetationproducegreenhousegasesandcanevenigniteforestfiresapanelofscientiststoldtheannualmeetingoftheAmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofScienceinDenver.Theresultingreleaseofpoisonouselementslikearsenicandmercurycanalsopollutelocalwatersourcesandsoilstheywarned. "Coalfiresareaglobalcatastrophe"saidAssociateProfessorGlennStracherofEastGeorgiaCollegeinSwainsboroUSA.Butsurprisinglyfewpeopleknowaboutthem. Coalcanheatuponitsownandeventuallycatchfireandburnifthereisacontinuousoxygensupply.Theheatproducedisnotcausedtodisappearandundertherightcombinationsofsunlightandoxygencantriggerspontaneouscatchingfireandburning.Thiscanoccurundergroundincoalstockpilesabandonedminesorevenascoalistransported.SuchfiresinChinaconsumeupto200milliontonesofcoalperyeardelegatesweretold.IncomparisontheU.S.economyconsumesaboutonebilliontonesofcoalannuallysaidStracherwhoseanalysisofthelikelyimpactofcoalfireshasbeenacceptedforpublicationintheInternationalJournalofCoalEcology.Onceunderwaycoalfirescanbumfordecadesevencenturies.Intheprocesstheyreleaselargevolumesofgreenhousegasespoisonousfumesandblackparticlesintotheatmosphere. Themembersofthepaneldiscussedtheimpactthesefiresmaybehavingonglobalandregionalclimatechangeandagreedthattheundergroundnatureofthefiresmakesthemdifficulttodetect.OneofthemembersofthepanelAssistantProfessorPaulVanDijkoftheInternationalInstituteforGeo-InformationScienceandEarthObservationintheNetherlandshasbeenworkingwiththeChinesegovernmenttodetectandmonitorfiresinthenorthernregionsofthecountry. Ultimatelytheremotesensingandothertechniquesshouldallowscientiststoestimatehowmuchcarbondioxidethesefiresareemitting.OnesuggestedmethodofcontainingthefireswaspresentedbyGaryColaizzioftheengineeringfirmGoodsonwhichhasdevelopedaheat-resistantgroutathinmortarusedtofillcracksandcreviceswhichisdesignedtobepumpedintothecoalfiretocutofftheoxygensupply. WhatdidStracheranalyzeinhisarticlepublishedintheInternationalJournalofCoalEcology
{{*HTML*}}FemaleBullfighting??Itwasauniqueeye-catchingsight:anattractivewomaninashinybullfighter’ssuitswordinhandfacingthesharphornsofablack500-kilogrambeast.??MostpeoplethoughtthedaysoffemalebullfightingwereoverinSpain.?46?.??ThefirstwomanfighterCristinaSanchezquitin1999becauseofmalediscrimination歧视.ButVegaisdeterminedtobreakintowhatcouldbeSpain’smostresistantmalefield.?47?.??Spanishwomenhaveconqueredalmostallmaleprofessions.?48?Thebulldoesnotaskforyouridentitycardshesaidinaninterviewafewyearsago.Sheinsistedthatshebejudgedforherskillsratherthanherfemaleness.??Vegabecameamatador斗牛士in1997inthesouthwesterncityofCaceres.???49?SheenteredabullfightingschoolinMalagaatagenineandperformedherfirstmajorbullfightatage14.ShehasfacedasmuchoppositionasSanchezdid.AndthedifficultieshavemadehergrowintoaverystrongbullfighterherbrotherJorgesays.??The1.68-metretallandsomewhatshyVegasaysherloveofbullfightingdoesnotmakeheranylessofawoman.?50?.A?SheintendstobecomeevenbetterthanSanchezwas.B?Herfatherwasanaspiring有雄心壮志的bullfighter.C?Butmanybullfightingprofessionalscontinuetoinsistthatwomendonothavewhatittakestoperformthecountry’snationalshow.D?I’mawomanfromheadtotoeandproudofitsheoncesaid.E?Shelookslikeamalebullfighter.F?Butrecently29-year-oldMariPazVegabecamethesecondwomaninSpanishhistorytofightagainstthoseheavyanimals.
2.FindingYourselfwithoutGPSAsmoremobilephonestapintotheInternetpeopleincreasinglyturntothemforlocation-centricserviceslikegettingdirectionsandfindingnearbyrestaurants.WhileGlobalPositioningSystemGPStechnologyprovidesexcellentaccuracyonlyafractionofphoneshavethiscapability.What’smoreGPScoverageisspottyindenseurbanenvironmentsandin—phonereceiverscanbeslowanddrainaphone’sbattery.TosidestepthisproblemlastweekGoogleaddedanewfeaturecalledMyLocationtoitsWeb-basedmappingservice.MyLocationcollectsinformationfromthenearestcell-phonetowertoestimateaperson’slocationwithinadistanceofabout1000meters.Thisresolutionisobviouslynotsufficientfordrivingdirectionsbutitcanbefineforsearchingforarestaurantorastore.AcommonuseofGoogleMapsistosearchnearbysaysSteveLeeproductmanagerforGoogleMapswholikenedtheapproachtosearchingforsomethingwithinanurbanzipcodebutwithoutknowingthatcode.Inanewcityyoumightnotknowthezipcodeorevenifyouknowitittakestimetoenteritandthentozoominandpanaroundthemap.Manyphonessupportsoftwarethatisabletoreadtheuniqueidentificationofacell-phonetowerandthecoverageareathatsurroundsitisusuallysplitintothreeregions.LeeexplainsthatMyLocationusessuchsoftwaretolearnwhichtowerisservingthephone—andwhichcoverageareathecellphoneisoperatingin.GooglealsousesdatafromcellphonesintheareathatdohaveGPStohelpestimatethelocationsofthedeviceswithoutit.InthiswayGoogleaddsgeographicinformationtothecell—phonetower’sidentifiersthatthecompanystoresinadatabase.AsthedatabasegrowssaysLeetheservicewillbecomemoreaccurate.ItwillneverbeasaccurateasGPSbutheexpectsthatitcouldeventuallyfindapersonwithinacouplehundredmeters.Google’sdatabaseislargestaroundtheworld.
{{*HTML*}}A.Featuresandapplications??B.Displayanddataconnection??C.Onlinestores??D.DifferencesfromiPhone??E.Businessusage??F.OperatingsystemParagraph2______
{{*HTML*}}A.totrackhurricanesandissuewarnings??B.toavoidconfusion??C.tostayathome??D.tobegiventotropicalstorms??E.tomakepredictions??F.tokillatleast15peopleHurricanesaregivennames______.
Therearetwogreatmysteriesaboutthebeach.Oneiswhyhumanbeingsflocktherebythousandsonlytoprostrate俯卧themselvesindensepacksofglisteningflesh.Theotheriswhythesandgoesthere.Strangeasitseemsoceanographershaveneverreallyunderstoodwhysandpilesupontheshore.NowDouglasInmanandDanielConleythinktheyhavesolvedthepuzzle. Thepuzzlehadtodowithwaves.Thoughitmightseemintuitivethatwavescarrywatertoshoreandsandalongwithitit’snotthatsimple.Thecrest浪尖ofapassingwaveliftsagivenhitofwaterupwardandlandwardbuttheensuingtrough波谷pushesthewaterbackdownandOuttosea.Nearthebottomtherethesandisthewaterwasalwaysassumedtojustslidebackandforth—andthesandwithit."Ifyoutakeaveryalooflookatabeach"saysInman"you’llrealizethatifthetwomotionsmovesandbackandforththesameamountthenallthesandshouldendupindeepwater.’ Soforbeachestoexistthecrest’sonshoreflowmustsomehowmoveenoughsandupthebeachtocountertheseawardtugofboththetroughandgravity.ThepressurechangesinthesandbedInmanandConleythinkarethekeytobeachcreation.Theyfoundthatsanddoesn’tjustslidebackandforthwitheachpassingwave.Underatroughitdoesslideseawardinathinlayerjustabovethebottom.Butunderacrestitsmovementisoftenmoreelaborate.Thehigherpressureunderacrest—higherbecausethewaterispiledhigher—forceswaterintotheporous多孔的sand.Thiscreatesstrongwhirlpoolsjustabovethesandwhichhelploosenit.Asthecrestpassesoverheadthesandfirstrushesacrossthebottom;thenitabruptlyturnsviolentliftingoffthebottominlargeboilingbunches.Finallyjustafterthecrestpassesthesandexplodesupintothegreatwatercolumn.Theboilingandrushingmovemoresandthanthebackslidingunderatroughsothere’sanetmovementofsandtowardtheshore. Whatistheprimarypurposeofthispassage
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