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Hurricanes 1 Did you know that before 1950, hurricanes had no names They were simply given numbers....
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Hurricanes龙卷风??1.Didyouknowthatbefore1950hurricane
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Hurricanes龙卷风Didyouknowthatbefore1950hurricaneshad
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Hurricanes龙卷风??1.Didyouknowthatbefore1950hurricane
Hurricanes1Didyouknowthatbefore1950hurricaneshadno
A.Wheredohurricanesusuallyhappen???B.Whatdamagesca
Hurricanes龙卷风??1.Didyouknowthatbefore1950hurricane
A.WheredohurricanesusuallyhappenB.Whatdamagescanah
A.WheredohurricanesusuallyhappenB.Whatdamagescanah
A.Wheredohurricanesusuallyhappen???B.Whatdamagesca
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HumanHeartCanMakeNewCellsSolvingalongstandingmysteryscientistshavefoundthatthehumanheartcontinuestogeneratenewcardiaccellsthroughoutthelifespanalthoughtherateofnewcellproductionslowswithage.ThefindingpublishedintheApril3issueofSciencecouldopenanewpathforthetreatmentofheartdiseasessuchasheartfailureandheartattackexpertssay.WefindthatthebeatingcellsintheheartcardiomyocytesarerenewedsaidleadresearcherDr.JonasFrisenaprofessorofstemcellresearchattheKarolinskaInstituteinStockholmSweden.Ithaspreviouslynotbeenknownwhetherwewerelimitedtothecardiomyocyteswearebornwithoriftheycouldberenewedhesaid.TheprocessofrenewingthesecellschangesovertimeFrisenadded.Ina20-year-oldabout1percentofcardiomyocytesareexchangedeachyearbuttheturnoverratedecreaseswithagetoonly0.45percentbyage75.IfwecanunderstandhowthegenerationofnewcardiomyocytesisregulateditmaybepotentiallypossibletodeveloppharmaceuticalsthatpromotethisprocesstostimulateregenerationafterforexampleaheartattackFrisensaid.Thatcouldleadtotreatmentthathelpsrestoredamagedhearts.Alotofpeoplesufferfromchronicheartfailurenotedco-authorDr.RatanBhardwaj.RatanBhardwajalsofromtheKarolinskaInstitute.Chronicheartfailurearisesfromheartcellsdyinghesaid.WiththisfindingscientistsareopeningthedoortopotentialtherapiestohavingourselveshealourselvesBhardwajsaid.Maybeonecoulddeviseapharmaceuticalagentthatwouldmakeheartcellsmakenewandmorecellstoovercometheproblemtheyarefacing.Butbarriersremain.AccordingtoBhardwajscientistsdonotyetknowhowtoincreaseheartcellproductiontoaratethatwouldreplacecellsfasterthantheyaredyingoffespeciallyinolderpatientswithheartfailure.Inadditionthenumberofnewcellstheheartproduceswasestimatedusinghealthyhearts-whethertherateofcellturnoverindiseasedheartsisthesameremainsunknown.Inpeopleintheirmid-70sonly0.45percentofcardiomyocytes______.
TheIdealHusbandSciencenowmightbeabletoexplainwomen’sfascinationwithBradPitt’sfaceandGeorgeClooney’seyes.Womenseemto51potentialmatebyhowmasculinetheirfeaturesarenewresearchshows.Menwithsquarejawsandwell-definedbrowridgesareseenasgoodshort-termpartners52thosewithmorefemininetraitssuchasarounderfaceandfullerlipsareperceivedasbetterlong-termmates.InthestudybyDanielKrugerattheUS’sUniversityofMichigan854subjectsviewedaseriesof53headshotsthathadbeendigitallychangedtoexaggerateorminimizemasculinetraits.Theythen54questionsabouthowtheyexpectedthemeninthephotostobehave.Mostparticipantssaidthatthosewithmoremasculinefeatureswere55toberiskycompetitiveandmoreapttofightchallengebossescheatonspousesandputlesseffortintoparenting.Thosewithmorefeminine56wereseenasgoodparentsandhusbandshardworkersandemotionallysupportivemates.Butdespiteallthenegativecharacteristicswhenaskedwhotheywouldchooseforashort-termrelationshipwomenselectedthemoremasculine57men.BradandGeorgebothchiseledjawsandwell-definedbrowsthenwouldbegoodfora58romancenotforsomethinglonger.ThestudywaspublishedintheDecemberissueoftheUSjournalPersonalRelationships.Krugersaidthatfromanevolutionaryperspectivethis59sense.Thekeyistestosteronethehormoneresponsible60thedevelopmentofmasculinefacialfeaturesandothersexualcharacteristics.Ithasbeenfoundtoaffectthebody’sabilitytofightdisease:menwithhighlevelsofthehormonearetypically61andhealthy-traitswomenwanttopassontotheirchildren.Howeverincreasedtestosteronehasalsobeenlinkedto62andviolenceinrelationships.Sothesemen63producehighqualityoffspringbuttheydon’talwaysmakegreatparentsorfaithfulmatesKrugersays.Thescientificcommunityhave64skepticismtowardphysiognomywhichlinksfacialcharacteristicstocertainbehavioraltraits.ButKrugerarguesthattheresearchisavaluabletoolforunderstandingmatingstrategies.AndofcourseforexplainingwhyTonyLeungandTakeshiKanesshirohavemillionsoffemale65.Itmighthavetodowiththeirgenes.Orsomethingtodowithours.
PopulationTheadvantagesanddisadvantagesoflargepopulationhavelongbeenasubjectofdiscussionamongeconomists46.Tofeedalargepopulationinferiorlandmustbecultivatedandthegoodlandworkedintensively.47.Othereconomistshavearguedthatalargepopulationgivesmorescopeforspecializationandthedevelopmentoffacilitiessuchasportsroadsandrailways48.Oneofthedifficultiesincarryingoutaworldwidebirthcontrolprogramliesinthefactthatofficialattitudestopopulationgrowthvaryfromcountrytocountrydependingonthelevelofindustrialdevelopmentandtheavailabilityoffoodandrawmaterials.Inthedevelopingcountrywhereavastlyexpandedpopulationispressingharduponthelimitsoffoodspaceandnaturalresources49.Inahighlyindustrializedsocietytheproblemmaybemorecomplex.Adecreasingbirthratemayleadtounemployment50.Whenthepressureofpopulationonhousingdeclinespricesalsodeclineandthebuildingindustryisweakened.Facedwithconsiderationssuchasthesethegovernmentofadevelopedcountrymaywellprefertoseeaslowlyincreasingpopulationratherthanonewhichisstableorindecline.A.whicharenotlikelytobebuiltunlessthereisabigdemandtojustifythemB.IthasbeenarguedthatthesupplyofgoodlandislimitedC.itwillbethefirstconcernofgovernmenttoplanealimitonthebirthratewhatevertheconsequencesmaybeD.ThuseachpersonproduceslessandthismeansaloweraverageincomethancouldbeobtainedwithasmallerpopulationE.AsmallpopulationmaymeanlowerproductivitybutahigheraverageincomeF.becauseitresultsinadecliningmarketformanufacturedgoods
HumanHeartCanMakeNewCellsSolvingalongstandingmysteryscientistshavefoundthatthehumanheartcontinuestogeneratenewcardiaccellsthroughoutthelifespanalthoughtherateofnewcellproductionslowswithage.ThefindingpublishedintheApril3issueofSciencecouldopenanewpathforthetreatmentofheartdiseasessuchasheartfailureandheartattackexpertssay.WefindthatthebeatingcellsintheheartcardiomyocytesarerenewedsaidleadresearcherDr.JonasFrisenaprofessorofstemcellresearchattheKarolinskaInstituteinStockholmSweden.Ithaspreviouslynotbeenknownwhetherwewerelimitedtothecardiomyocyteswearebornwithoriftheycouldberenewedhesaid.TheprocessofrenewingthesecellschangesovertimeFrisenadded.Ina20-year-oldabout1percentofcardiomyocytesareexchangedeachyearbuttheturnoverratedecreaseswithagetoonly0.45percentbyage75.IfwecanunderstandhowthegenerationofnewcardiomyocytesisregulateditmaybepotentiallypossibletodeveloppharmaceuticalsthatpromotethisprocesstostimulateregenerationafterforexampleaheartattackFrisensaid.Thatcouldleadtotreatmentthathelpsrestoredamagedhearts.Alotofpeoplesufferfromchronicheartfailurenotedco-authorDr.RatanBhardwaj.RatanBhardwajalsofromtheKarolinskaInstitute.Chronicheartfailurearisesfromheartcellsdyinghesaid.WiththisfindingscientistsareopeningthedoortopotentialtherapiestohavingourselveshealourselvesBhardwajsaid.Maybeonecoulddeviseapharmaceuticalagentthatwouldmakeheartcellsmakenewandmorecellstoovercometheproblemtheyarefacing.Butbarriersremain.AccordingtoBhardwajscientistsdonotyetknowhowtoincreaseheartcellproductiontoaratethatwouldreplacecellsfasterthantheyaredyingoffespeciallyinolderpatientswithheartfailure.Inadditionthenumberofnewcellstheheartproduceswasestimatedusinghealthyhearts-whethertherateofcellturnoverindiseasedheartsisthesameremainsunknown.Thehumanheartstopsproducingcardiaccells______.
TheOnlyWayIsUpThinkofamodemcityandthefirstimagethatcometomindistheskyline.Itisfullofgreatbuildingspointinglikefingerstoheaven.Itistruethatsomecitiesdon’tpermitbuildingstogoaboveacertainheight.Butthesearecitiesconcernedwiththepast.Thefirstthinganycitydoeswhenitwantstotelltheworldthatithasarrivedistobuildskyscrapers.Whenpeoplegathertogetherincitiestheycreateademandforlandsincecitiesareplaceswheremoneyismadethatdemandcanbemet.Andthebestwaytomakemoneyoutofcitylandistoputasmanypeopleaspossibleinaspacethatcoversthesmallestamountofgroundthatmeansbuildingupwards.Thetechnologyexistedtodothisasearlyasthe19thcentury.Buttheheightofbuildingswaslimitedbyoneimportantfactor.Theyhadtobesmallenoughforpeopleonthetopfloorstoclimbstairs.Peoplecouldnotbeexpectedtoclimbamountainattheendoftheirjourneytoworkorhome.ElishaOtisaUSinventorwasthemanwhobroughtustheliftorelevatorashepreferredtocallit.HowevermostofthetechnologyisveryoldliftsworkusingthesamepulleysystemtheEgyptiansusedtocreatethePyramids.WhatOtisdidwasattachthesystemtoasteamengineanddeveloptheelevatorbrakewhichstopstheliftfallingifthecordsthatholdituparebroken.Itwasthisthatdidthemosttogainpublicconfidenceinthenewinvention.Infacthespentanumberofyearsexhibitingliftsatfairgroundsgivingpeoplethechancetotrythemoutbeforesellingtheideatoarchitectsandbuilders.Aliftwouldnotbeaverygoodthemeparkattractionnow.Goinginaliftissuchaneverydaythingthatitwouldjustbeboring.Yetpsychologistsandotherswhostudyhumanbehaviorfindliftsfascinating.Thereasonissimple.Scientistshavealwaysstudiedanimalsinzoos.Thenearesttheycangettothatwithhumansisinobservingtheminlifts.Itbreaksalltheusualconventionsaboutthebubbleofpersonalspacewecarryaroundwithusandyoujustcan’tchoosetomoveawaysaysworkplacepsychologistGaryFitzgibbon.Beingtrappedinthissettingcancreatedifferenttypesoftensionshesays.Somepeoplearescaredofthem.Othersusethemasanopportunitytogetclosetotheboss.Somestandclosetothedoor.Othershideinthecomers.Mostpeopletryandshrinkintothebackgroundbutsomebehaveinawaythatmakesothersnoticethem.Thereareafewpeoplewhojuststandinacomertakingnotes.Don’tworryaboutthem.Theyareprobablyfromauniversity.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheexperienceofgoinginaliftnow
TheIdealHusbandSciencenowmightbeabletoexplainwomen’sfascinationwithBradPitt’sfaceandGeorgeClooney’seyes.Womenseemto51potentialmatebyhowmasculinetheirfeaturesarenewresearchshows.Menwithsquarejawsandwell-definedbrowridgesareseenasgoodshort-termpartners52thosewithmorefemininetraitssuchasarounderfaceandfullerlipsareperceivedasbetterlong-termmates.InthestudybyDanielKrugerattheUS’sUniversityofMichigan854subjectsviewedaseriesof53headshotsthathadbeendigitallychangedtoexaggerateorminimizemasculinetraits.Theythen54questionsabouthowtheyexpectedthemeninthephotostobehave.Mostparticipantssaidthatthosewithmoremasculinefeatureswere55toberiskycompetitiveandmoreapttofightchallengebossescheatonspousesandputlesseffortintoparenting.Thosewithmorefeminine56wereseenasgoodparentsandhusbandshardworkersandemotionallysupportivemates.Butdespiteallthenegativecharacteristicswhenaskedwhotheywouldchooseforashort-termrelationshipwomenselectedthemoremasculine57men.BradandGeorgebothchiseledjawsandwell-definedbrowsthenwouldbegoodfora58romancenotforsomethinglonger.ThestudywaspublishedintheDecemberissueoftheUSjournalPersonalRelationships.Krugersaidthatfromanevolutionaryperspectivethis59sense.Thekeyistestosteronethehormoneresponsible60thedevelopmentofmasculinefacialfeaturesandothersexualcharacteristics.Ithasbeenfoundtoaffectthebody’sabilitytofightdisease:menwithhighlevelsofthehormonearetypically61andhealthy-traitswomenwanttopassontotheirchildren.Howeverincreasedtestosteronehasalsobeenlinkedto62andviolenceinrelationships.Sothesemen63producehighqualityoffspringbuttheydon’talwaysmakegreatparentsorfaithfulmatesKrugersays.Thescientificcommunityhave64skepticismtowardphysiognomywhichlinksfacialcharacteristicstocertainbehavioraltraits.ButKrugerarguesthattheresearchisavaluabletoolforunderstandingmatingstrategies.AndofcourseforexplainingwhyTonyLeungandTakeshiKanesshirohavemillionsoffemale65.Itmighthavetodowiththeirgenes.Orsomethingtodowithours.
HumanHeartCanMakeNewCellsSolvingalongstandingmysteryscientistshavefoundthatthehumanheartcontinuestogeneratenewcardiaccellsthroughoutthelifespanalthoughtherateofnewcellproductionslowswithage.ThefindingpublishedintheApril3issueofSciencecouldopenanewpathforthetreatmentofheartdiseasessuchasheartfailureandheartattackexpertssay.WefindthatthebeatingcellsintheheartcardiomyocytesarerenewedsaidleadresearcherDr.JonasFrisenaprofessorofstemcellresearchattheKarolinskaInstituteinStockholmSweden.Ithaspreviouslynotbeenknownwhetherwewerelimitedtothecardiomyocyteswearebornwithoriftheycouldberenewedhesaid.TheprocessofrenewingthesecellschangesovertimeFrisenadded.Ina20-year-oldabout1percentofcardiomyocytesareexchangedeachyearbuttheturnoverratedecreaseswithagetoonly0.45percentbyage75.IfwecanunderstandhowthegenerationofnewcardiomyocytesisregulateditmaybepotentiallypossibletodeveloppharmaceuticalsthatpromotethisprocesstostimulateregenerationafterforexampleaheartattackFrisensaid.Thatcouldleadtotreatmentthathelpsrestoredamagedhearts.Alotofpeoplesufferfromchronicheartfailurenotedco-authorDr.RatanBhardwaj.RatanBhardwajalsofromtheKarolinskaInstitute.Chronicheartfailurearisesfromheartcellsdyinghesaid.WiththisfindingscientistsareopeningthedoortopotentialtherapiestohavingourselveshealourselvesBhardwajsaid.Maybeonecoulddeviseapharmaceuticalagentthatwouldmakeheartcellsmakenewandmorecellstoovercometheproblemtheyarefacing.Butbarriersremain.AccordingtoBhardwajscientistsdonotyetknowhowtoincreaseheartcellproductiontoaratethatwouldreplacecellsfasterthantheyaredyingoffespeciallyinolderpatientswithheartfailure.Inadditionthenumberofnewcellstheheartproduceswasestimatedusinghealthyhearts-whethertherateofcellturnoverindiseasedheartsisthesameremainsunknown.Itisnotknownyetiftherateofcellturnoverindiseasedhearts______.
BlastsfromthePast1Volcanoesweremoredestructiveinancienthistory.Notbecausetheywerebiggerbutbecausethecarbontheyreleasedwipedoutlifewithgreaterease.2PaulWignallfromtheUniversityofLeedswasinvestigatingthelinkbetweenvolcaniceruptionsandmassextinctions.Notallvolcaniceruptionskilledofflargenumbersofanimalsbutallthemassextinctionsoverthepast300millionyearscoincidedwithhugeformationsofvolcanicrock.Tohissurprisetheolderthemassivevolcaniceruptionswerethemoredamagetheyseemedtodo.3Wignallcalculatedthekillingefficiencyforthesevolcanoesbycomparingtheproportionoflifetheykilledoffwiththevolumeoflavathattheyproduced.Hefoundthatsizeforsizeolderruptionswereatleast10timesaseffectiveatwipingoutlifeastheirmorerecentrivals.4ThePermianextinctionforexamplewhichhappened250millionyearsagoismarkedbyfloodsofvolcanicrockin.SiberiathatcoveranarearoughlythesizeofwesternEuropeThosevolcanoesarethoughttohavepumpedoutabout10rigatonisofcarbonascarbondioxideTheglobalwaningthatfollowedwipedout8percentofallmarinegeneraatthetimeandittook5millionyearsfartireplanettorecover.5Yet60millionyearsagointhelatePaleocenetherewasanotherhugeamountofvolcanicactivityandglobal-warmingbutnomassextinction.SomeanimalsdiddisappearbutthingsreturnedtonormalwithintenthousandsofyearsThemostrecentoneshardlyhaveaneffectatallWignallsays.HeignoredtheextinctionwhichwipedoutthedinosaursattheendoftheCretaceous65millionyearsagobecausemanyscientistsbelieveitwasprimarilycausedbytheimpactofanasteroid.6WignallthinksthatoldervolcanoeshadmorekillingpowerbecausemorerecentlifeformswerebetteradaptedtodealingwithincreasedlevelsofCO2Oceanchemistrymayalsohaveplayedarole.Asthesupercontinentsbrokeupandexposedmorecoastlinetheremayhavebeenmoreweatheringofsilicarocks.ThiswouldhaveencouragedthegrowthofphytoplanktonintheoceansincreasingtheamountofCO2absorbedfromtheatmosphere.7VincentCourtillotdirectoroftheParisGeophysicalInstituteinFrancesaysthatWignall’sideaisprovocative.Buthesaysitisincrediblyhardtodothesesortsofcalculations.Hepointsoutthatthekillingpowerofvolcaniceruptionsdependsonhowlongtheyfasted.Anditisimpossibletotellwhetherthehugeblastslastedforthousandsormillionsofyears.8CourtillotalsoaddsthatitisdifficulttoestimatehowmuchlavaprehistoricVolcanoesproducedandthatlavavolumemaynotnecessarilycorrespondtocarbondioxideorsculpturedioxideemissions.A.KillingPowerofAncientVolcanicEruptionsB.AssociationofMassExtinctionwithVolcanicEruptionC.CalculationoftheKillingPowerofOlderEruptionsD.AMassExtinctionE.VolcanicEruptionsThatCausedNoMassExtinctionF.AccountingfortheKillingPowerofOlderEruptionsParagraph4______
ATaleofScottishRuralLifeLewisGrassicGibbon’sSunsetSony1932wasvotedthebestScottishnovelofalltimebyScottish’sreadingpublicin2005.OnceconsideredshockingforitsfrankdescriptionofaspectsofthelivesofScotland’spoorruralfarmersithasbeenadaptedforstagefilmTVandradioinrecentdecades.ThenovelissetonthefictionalestateofKinraddieinthefanningcountryoftheScottishnorthwestintheyearsuptoandbeyondWorldWarI.AtitsheartisthestoryofChriswhoisbothpartofthecommunityandalittleoutsideit.GrassicGibbongivesusthemostdetailedandintimateaccountofthelifeofhisheroine.Wewatchhergrowthroughachildhooddominatedbyhercruelbuthard-workingfather;experiencetragedyhermother’ssuicideandmurderofhertwinchildren;andlearnaboutherfeelingsasshegrowsintowoman.Weseehermarryloseherhusbandthenmarryagain.Chrishasseemedsoconvincingafiguretosomefemalereadersthattheycannotbelievethatsheisthecreationofaman.ButitwouldbemisleadingtosuggestthatthisbookisjustaboutChris.Itistrulyanovelofaplaceanditspeople.ItsopeningsectiontellsofKinraddie’slonghistoryinalanguagethatimitatestheplace’schangingpatternsofspeechandwriting.Thestoryitselfisamazinglyfullofcharactersandincidents.ItistoldfromChris’pointofviewbutalsofromthatofthegossipingcommunityacommunitywhereeverybodyknowseverybodyelse’sbusinessandnothingiseverforgotten.SunsetSonghasasocialthemetoo.ItisconcernedwithwhatGrassicGibbonperceivesasthedestructionoftraditionalScottishrurallifefirstbymodernizationandthenbyWorldWarI.Gibbontriedhardtoshowhowcertaincharactersresistthewar.Despitethisthewartakestheyoungmenawayanumberofthemtotheirdeaths.InparticularittakesawayChris’husbandEwanTavendale.ThewarfinallykillsEwanbutnotinthewayhiswidowistoldInfacttheGermansaren’tresponsibleforhisdeathbuthisownside.Heisshotbecauseheissaidtohaverunawayfromabattle.IfthenovelisabouttheendofonewayoflifeitalsolooksaheaditisaSunsetSongbutisconcernedtoowiththenewKinraddieindeedofthenewEuropeanworldGrassicGibbonwentontopublishtwoothernovelsabouttheplacethatcontinueitsstory.Thewordsunsetoccurringinthetitleofthenovelmostprobablymeans______.
SmokingCanIncreaseDepressiveSymptomsinTeensWhilesometeenagersmaypuffoncigarettestoself-medicateagainstthebluesscientistsattheUniversityofTorontoandtheUniversityofMontrealhavefoundthatsmokingmayactually51depressivesymptomsinsometeens.Thisobservationalstudyisoneofthefewtoexaminetheperceived52benefitsofsmokingamongteenssaysleadresearcherMichaelChatomaresearchassociateattheOntarioTobaccoResearchUnitoftheUniversityofToronto.53cigarettesmayappeartohaveself-medicating54ortoimprovemoodinthelongtermwefoundthatteenswhostartedtosmokereportedhigherdepressivesymptoms.Aspartofthestudysome662highschoolteenagerscompletedupto20questionnaires55theiruseofcigarettestoaffectmood.SecondaryschoolswereselectedtoprovideamixofFrenchandEnglishparticipantsurbanandruralschoolsandschools56inhighmoderateandlowsocioeconomicneighborhoods.Participantsweredividedintothree57:neversmokers;smokerswhodidnotusecigarettestoself-medicateimprovemoodorphysical58;smokerswhousedcigarettestoself-medicate.Depressivesymptomsweremeasuredusingascalethataskedhowfelttoofiredtodothings:had59goingtosleeporstaying60;feltunhappysadordepressed;felthopelessaboutthefuture;feltvexedantsyortense;andworriedtoomuchaboutthings.Smokerswhousedcigarettesasmood61hadhigherrisksofelevateddepressivesymptomsthanteenswhohadneversmokedsaysco-researcherJenniferO’LoughlinaprofessorattheUniversityofMontrealDepartmentofSocialandPreventiveMedicine.Ourstudyfoundthatteensmokerswhoreportedemotionalbenefitsfromsmokingareathigherriskof62depressivesymptoms.63betweendepressionandsmokingexists64amongteensthatusecigarettestofeelbetter.It’s65toemphasizethatdepressivesymptomscoreswerehigheramongteenagerswhoreportedemotionalbenefitsfromsmokingaftertheybegantosmokesaysDr.Chaiton.
ATaleofScottishRuralLifeLewisGrassicGibbon’sSunsetSony1932wasvotedthebestScottishnovelofalltimebyScottish’sreadingpublicin2005.OnceconsideredshockingforitsfrankdescriptionofaspectsofthelivesofScotland’spoorruralfarmersithasbeenadaptedforstagefilmTVandradioinrecentdecades.ThenovelissetonthefictionalestateofKinraddieinthefanningcountryoftheScottishnorthwestintheyearsuptoandbeyondWorldWarI.AtitsheartisthestoryofChriswhoisbothpartofthecommunityandalittleoutsideit.GrassicGibbongivesusthemostdetailedandintimateaccountofthelifeofhisheroine.Wewatchhergrowthroughachildhooddominatedbyhercruelbuthard-workingfather;experiencetragedyhermother’ssuicideandmurderofhertwinchildren;andlearnaboutherfeelingsasshegrowsintowoman.Weseehermarryloseherhusbandthenmarryagain.Chrishasseemedsoconvincingafiguretosomefemalereadersthattheycannotbelievethatsheisthecreationofaman.ButitwouldbemisleadingtosuggestthatthisbookisjustaboutChris.Itistrulyanovelofaplaceanditspeople.ItsopeningsectiontellsofKinraddie’slonghistoryinalanguagethatimitatestheplace’schangingpatternsofspeechandwriting.Thestoryitselfisamazinglyfullofcharactersandincidents.ItistoldfromChris’pointofviewbutalsofromthatofthegossipingcommunityacommunitywhereeverybodyknowseverybodyelse’sbusinessandnothingiseverforgotten.SunsetSonghasasocialthemetoo.ItisconcernedwithwhatGrassicGibbonperceivesasthedestructionoftraditionalScottishrurallifefirstbymodernizationandthenbyWorldWarI.Gibbontriedhardtoshowhowcertaincharactersresistthewar.Despitethisthewartakestheyoungmenawayanumberofthemtotheirdeaths.InparticularittakesawayChris’husbandEwanTavendale.ThewarfinallykillsEwanbutnotinthewayhiswidowistoldInfacttheGermansaren’tresponsibleforhisdeathbuthisownside.Heisshotbecauseheissaidtohaverunawayfromabattle.IfthenovelisabouttheendofonewayoflifeitalsolooksaheaditisaSunsetSongbutisconcernedtoowiththenewKinraddieindeedofthenewEuropeanworldGrassicGibbonwentontopublishtwoothernovelsabouttheplacethatcontinueitsstory.WhatisSunsetSongmainlyabout
IwasamazedatthebeautyofthemountainwhenIreachedthetop.
A.thanmorerecentonesB.thekillingefficiencyforoldereruptionsC.hasremainedcontroversialD.Wignall’scalculationsasacceptableE.hasbeenmowntousallF.hisideasThecauseoftheextinctionofdinosaurs______.
SmokingCanIncreaseDepressiveSymptomsinTeensWhilesometeenagersmaypuffoncigarettestoself-medicateagainstthebluesscientistsattheUniversityofTorontoandtheUniversityofMontrealhavefoundthatsmokingmayactually51depressivesymptomsinsometeens.Thisobservationalstudyisoneofthefewtoexaminetheperceived52benefitsofsmokingamongteenssaysleadresearcherMichaelChatomaresearchassociateattheOntarioTobaccoResearchUnitoftheUniversityofToronto.53cigarettesmayappeartohaveself-medicating54ortoimprovemoodinthelongtermwefoundthatteenswhostartedtosmokereportedhigherdepressivesymptoms.Aspartofthestudysome662highschoolteenagerscompletedupto20questionnaires55theiruseofcigarettestoaffectmood.SecondaryschoolswereselectedtoprovideamixofFrenchandEnglishparticipantsurbanandruralschoolsandschools56inhighmoderateandlowsocioeconomicneighborhoods.Participantsweredividedintothree57:neversmokers;smokerswhodidnotusecigarettestoself-medicateimprovemoodorphysical58;smokerswhousedcigarettestoself-medicate.Depressivesymptomsweremeasuredusingascalethataskedhowfelttoofiredtodothings:had59goingtosleeporstaying60;feltunhappysadordepressed;felthopelessaboutthefuture;feltvexedantsyortense;andworriedtoomuchaboutthings.Smokerswhousedcigarettesasmood61hadhigherrisksofelevateddepressivesymptomsthanteenswhohadneversmokedsaysco-researcherJenniferO’LoughlinaprofessorattheUniversityofMontrealDepartmentofSocialandPreventiveMedicine.Ourstudyfoundthatteensmokerswhoreportedemotionalbenefitsfromsmokingareathigherriskof62depressivesymptoms.63betweendepressionandsmokingexists64amongteensthatusecigarettestofeelbetter.It’s65toemphasizethatdepressivesymptomscoreswerehigheramongteenagerswhoreportedemotionalbenefitsfromsmokingaftertheybegantosmokesaysDr.Chaiton.
Shecouldfixthemachinewithoutreferringtotheinstructions.
Sincethe1950’sliterarycriticshaveattemptedtoanswerthequestion:Whendidchildren’sliteraturefirstemergeasadistinctliterarygenre
Thepolarlightsoneofthemostunusualphenomenainnatureisbeautifultobehold.
Thegovernmenthaslaunchedamassivecampaignagainstcrimesinthebigcities.
TVGamesShowsOneofthemostfascinatingthingsabouttelevisionisthesizeoftheaudience.Anovelcanbeonthebestsellerslistwithasaleoffewerthan100000copiesbutapopularTVshowmighthave70millionTVviewers.TVcanmakeanythingoranyonewellknownovernight.ThisistheprinciplebehindquizorgameshowswhichputordinarypeopleonTVtoplayagamefortheprizeandmoney.Aquizshowcanmakeanyoneastaranditcangiveawaythousandsofdollarsjustforfun.Butallofthismoneycancreateproblems.Forinstanceinthe1950squizshowswereverypopularintheU.S.andalmosteveryonewatchedthem.CharlesVanDorenanEnglishinstructorbecamerichandfamousafterwinningmoneyonseveralshows.Heevenhadacareerasatelevisionpersonality.ButoneofthelosersprovedthatCharlesVanDorenwascheating.Itturnedoutthattheshow’sproducerswhowerepullingthestringsgavetheanswerstothemostpopularcontestantsbeforehand.WhyBecauseiftheaudiencedidn’tlikethepersonwhowonthegametheyturnedtheshowoff.BasedonhisstoryamovieunderthetitleQuizShowison40yearslater.CharlesVanDorenisnolongerinvolvedwithTV.Butgameshowsarestillherethoughtheyaren’ttakenasseriously.Infactsomeofthemtrytobeasridiculousaspossible.Thereareshowsthatsendstrangersonvacationtripstogetherorthattrytocausenewly-marriedcouplestofightonTVorthatpunishlosersbyhumiliatingthem.TheentertainmentnowistoseewhatpeoplewilldojusttobeonTV.Peoplestillwinmoneybuttherealprizeistobeinfrontofanaudienceofmillions.Nowadaysgameshowsarenottreatedasseriouslyastheyusedtobe.
Hemadeagreatshowofreluctancebutfinallyacceptedmyoffer.
BlastsfromthePast1Volcanoesweremoredestructiveinancienthistory.Notbecausetheywerebiggerbutbecausethecarbontheyreleasedwipedoutlifewithgreaterease.2PaulWignallfromtheUniversityofLeedswasinvestigatingthelinkbetweenvolcaniceruptionsandmassextinctions.Notallvolcaniceruptionskilledofflargenumbersofanimalsbutallthemassextinctionsoverthepast300millionyearscoincidedwithhugeformationsofvolcanicrock.Tohissurprisetheolderthemassivevolcaniceruptionswerethemoredamagetheyseemedtodo.3Wignallcalculatedthekillingefficiencyforthesevolcanoesbycomparingtheproportionoflifetheykilledoffwiththevolumeoflavathattheyproduced.Hefoundthatsizeforsizeolderruptionswereatleast10timesaseffectiveatwipingoutlifeastheirmorerecentrivals.4ThePermianextinctionforexamplewhichhappened250millionyearsagoismarkedbyfloodsofvolcanicrockin.SiberiathatcoveranarearoughlythesizeofwesternEuropeThosevolcanoesarethoughttohavepumpedoutabout10rigatonisofcarbonascarbondioxideTheglobalwaningthatfollowedwipedout8percentofallmarinegeneraatthetimeandittook5millionyearsfartireplanettorecover.5Yet60millionyearsagointhelatePaleocenetherewasanotherhugeamountofvolcanicactivityandglobal-warmingbutnomassextinction.SomeanimalsdiddisappearbutthingsreturnedtonormalwithintenthousandsofyearsThemostrecentoneshardlyhaveaneffectatallWignallsays.HeignoredtheextinctionwhichwipedoutthedinosaursattheendoftheCretaceous65millionyearsagobecausemanyscientistsbelieveitwasprimarilycausedbytheimpactofanasteroid.6WignallthinksthatoldervolcanoeshadmorekillingpowerbecausemorerecentlifeformswerebetteradaptedtodealingwithincreasedlevelsofCO2Oceanchemistrymayalsohaveplayedarole.Asthesupercontinentsbrokeupandexposedmorecoastlinetheremayhavebeenmoreweatheringofsilicarocks.ThiswouldhaveencouragedthegrowthofphytoplanktonintheoceansincreasingtheamountofCO2absorbedfromtheatmosphere.7VincentCourtillotdirectoroftheParisGeophysicalInstituteinFrancesaysthatWignall’sideaisprovocative.Buthesaysitisincrediblyhardtodothesesortsofcalculations.Hepointsoutthatthekillingpowerofvolcaniceruptionsdependsonhowlongtheyfasted.Anditisimpossibletotellwhetherthehugeblastslastedforthousandsormillionsofyears.8CourtillotalsoaddsthatitisdifficulttoestimatehowmuchlavaprehistoricVolcanoesproducedandthatlavavolumemaynotnecessarilycorrespondtocarbondioxideorsculpturedioxideemissions.A.KillingPowerofAncientVolcanicEruptionsB.AssociationofMassExtinctionwithVolcanicEruptionC.CalculationoftheKillingPowerofOlderEruptionsD.AMassExtinctionE.VolcanicEruptionsThatCausedNoMassExtinctionF.AccountingfortheKillingPowerofOlderEruptionsParagraph2______
TVGamesShowsOneofthemostfascinatingthingsabouttelevisionisthesizeoftheaudience.Anovelcanbeonthebestsellerslistwithasaleoffewerthan100000copiesbutapopularTVshowmighthave70millionTVviewers.TVcanmakeanythingoranyonewellknownovernight.ThisistheprinciplebehindquizorgameshowswhichputordinarypeopleonTVtoplayagamefortheprizeandmoney.Aquizshowcanmakeanyoneastaranditcangiveawaythousandsofdollarsjustforfun.Butallofthismoneycancreateproblems.Forinstanceinthe1950squizshowswereverypopularintheU.S.andalmosteveryonewatchedthem.CharlesVanDorenanEnglishinstructorbecamerichandfamousafterwinningmoneyonseveralshows.Heevenhadacareerasatelevisionpersonality.ButoneofthelosersprovedthatCharlesVanDorenwascheating.Itturnedoutthattheshow’sproducerswhowerepullingthestringsgavetheanswerstothemostpopularcontestantsbeforehand.WhyBecauseiftheaudiencedidn’tlikethepersonwhowonthegametheyturnedtheshowoff.BasedonhisstoryamovieunderthetitleQuizShowison40yearslater.CharlesVanDorenisnolongerinvolvedwithTV.Butgameshowsarestillherethoughtheyaren’ttakenasseriously.Infactsomeofthemtrytobeasridiculousaspossible.Thereareshowsthatsendstrangersonvacationtripstogetherorthattrytocausenewly-marriedcouplestofightonTVorthatpunishlosersbyhumiliatingthem.TheentertainmentnowistoseewhatpeoplewilldojusttobeonTV.Peoplestillwinmoneybuttherealprizeistobeinfrontofanaudienceofmillions.OneoftheTVpersonalitiesCharlesVanDorenwasprovedtobecheatingbypersuadingtheShow’sproducerstogivehimtheanswersbeforehand.
PopulationTheadvantagesanddisadvantagesoflargepopulationhavelongbeenasubjectofdiscussionamongeconomists46.Tofeedalargepopulationinferiorlandmustbecultivatedandthegoodlandworkedintensively.47.Othereconomistshavearguedthatalargepopulationgivesmorescopeforspecializationandthedevelopmentoffacilitiessuchasportsroadsandrailways48.Oneofthedifficultiesincarryingoutaworldwidebirthcontrolprogramliesinthefactthatofficialattitudestopopulationgrowthvaryfromcountrytocountrydependingonthelevelofindustrialdevelopmentandtheavailabilityoffoodandrawmaterials.Inthedevelopingcountrywhereavastlyexpandedpopulationispressingharduponthelimitsoffoodspaceandnaturalresources49.Inahighlyindustrializedsocietytheproblemmaybemorecomplex.Adecreasingbirthratemayleadtounemployment50.Whenthepressureofpopulationonhousingdeclinespricesalsodeclineandthebuildingindustryisweakened.Facedwithconsiderationssuchasthesethegovernmentofadevelopedcountrymaywellprefertoseeaslowlyincreasingpopulationratherthanonewhichisstableorindecline.A.whicharenotlikelytobebuiltunlessthereisabigdemandtojustifythemB.IthasbeenarguedthatthesupplyofgoodlandislimitedC.itwillbethefirstconcernofgovernmenttoplanealimitonthebirthratewhatevertheconsequencesmaybeD.ThuseachpersonproduceslessandthismeansaloweraverageincomethancouldbeobtainedwithasmallerpopulationE.AsmallpopulationmaymeanlowerproductivitybutahigheraverageincomeF.becauseitresultsinadecliningmarketformanufacturedgoods
TheOnlyWayIsUpThinkofamodemcityandthefirstimagethatcometomindistheskyline.Itisfullofgreatbuildingspointinglikefingerstoheaven.Itistruethatsomecitiesdon’tpermitbuildingstogoaboveacertainheight.Butthesearecitiesconcernedwiththepast.Thefirstthinganycitydoeswhenitwantstotelltheworldthatithasarrivedistobuildskyscrapers.Whenpeoplegathertogetherincitiestheycreateademandforlandsincecitiesareplaceswheremoneyismadethatdemandcanbemet.Andthebestwaytomakemoneyoutofcitylandistoputasmanypeopleaspossibleinaspacethatcoversthesmallestamountofgroundthatmeansbuildingupwards.Thetechnologyexistedtodothisasearlyasthe19thcentury.Buttheheightofbuildingswaslimitedbyoneimportantfactor.Theyhadtobesmallenoughforpeopleonthetopfloorstoclimbstairs.Peoplecouldnotbeexpectedtoclimbamountainattheendoftheirjourneytoworkorhome.ElishaOtisaUSinventorwasthemanwhobroughtustheliftorelevatorashepreferredtocallit.HowevermostofthetechnologyisveryoldliftsworkusingthesamepulleysystemtheEgyptiansusedtocreatethePyramids.WhatOtisdidwasattachthesystemtoasteamengineanddeveloptheelevatorbrakewhichstopstheliftfallingifthecordsthatholdituparebroken.Itwasthisthatdidthemosttogainpublicconfidenceinthenewinvention.Infacthespentanumberofyearsexhibitingliftsatfairgroundsgivingpeoplethechancetotrythemoutbeforesellingtheideatoarchitectsandbuilders.Aliftwouldnotbeaverygoodthemeparkattractionnow.Goinginaliftissuchaneverydaythingthatitwouldjustbeboring.Yetpsychologistsandotherswhostudyhumanbehaviorfindliftsfascinating.Thereasonissimple.Scientistshavealwaysstudiedanimalsinzoos.Thenearesttheycangettothatwithhumansisinobservingtheminlifts.Itbreaksalltheusualconventionsaboutthebubbleofpersonalspacewecarryaroundwithusandyoujustcan’tchoosetomoveawaysaysworkplacepsychologistGaryFitzgibbon.Beingtrappedinthissettingcancreatedifferenttypesoftensionshesays.Somepeoplearescaredofthem.Othersusethemasanopportunitytogetclosetotheboss.Somestandclosetothedoor.Othershideinthecomers.Mostpeopletryandshrinkintothebackgroundbutsomebehaveinawaythatmakesothersnoticethem.Thereareafewpeoplewhojuststandinacomertakingnotes.Don’tworryaboutthem.Theyareprobablyfromauniversity.Thedifficultyinconstructingtallbuildingsinthe19thcenturyliesin______.
SmokingCanIncreaseDepressiveSymptomsinTeensWhilesometeenagersmaypuffoncigarettestoself-medicateagainstthebluesscientistsattheUniversityofTorontoandtheUniversityofMontrealhavefoundthatsmokingmayactually51depressivesymptomsinsometeens.Thisobservationalstudyisoneofthefewtoexaminetheperceived52benefitsofsmokingamongteenssaysleadresearcherMichaelChatomaresearchassociateattheOntarioTobaccoResearchUnitoftheUniversityofToronto.53cigarettesmayappeartohaveself-medicating54ortoimprovemoodinthelongtermwefoundthatteenswhostartedtosmokereportedhigherdepressivesymptoms.Aspartofthestudysome662highschoolteenagerscompletedupto20questionnaires55theiruseofcigarettestoaffectmood.SecondaryschoolswereselectedtoprovideamixofFrenchandEnglishparticipantsurbanandruralschoolsandschools56inhighmoderateandlowsocioeconomicneighborhoods.Participantsweredividedintothree57:neversmokers;smokerswhodidnotusecigarettestoself-medicateimprovemoodorphysical58;smokerswhousedcigarettestoself-medicate.Depressivesymptomsweremeasuredusingascalethataskedhowfelttoofiredtodothings:had59goingtosleeporstaying60;feltunhappysadordepressed;felthopelessaboutthefuture;feltvexedantsyortense;andworriedtoomuchaboutthings.Smokerswhousedcigarettesasmood61hadhigherrisksofelevateddepressivesymptomsthanteenswhohadneversmokedsaysco-researcherJenniferO’LoughlinaprofessorattheUniversityofMontrealDepartmentofSocialandPreventiveMedicine.Ourstudyfoundthatteensmokerswhoreportedemotionalbenefitsfromsmokingareathigherriskof62depressivesymptoms.63betweendepressionandsmokingexists64amongteensthatusecigarettestofeelbetter.It’s65toemphasizethatdepressivesymptomscoreswerehigheramongteenagerswhoreportedemotionalbenefitsfromsmokingaftertheybegantosmokesaysDr.Chaiton.
ATaleofScottishRuralLifeLewisGrassicGibbon’sSunsetSony1932wasvotedthebestScottishnovelofalltimebyScottish’sreadingpublicin2005.OnceconsideredshockingforitsfrankdescriptionofaspectsofthelivesofScotland’spoorruralfarmersithasbeenadaptedforstagefilmTVandradioinrecentdecades.ThenovelissetonthefictionalestateofKinraddieinthefanningcountryoftheScottishnorthwestintheyearsuptoandbeyondWorldWarI.AtitsheartisthestoryofChriswhoisbothpartofthecommunityandalittleoutsideit.GrassicGibbongivesusthemostdetailedandintimateaccountofthelifeofhisheroine.Wewatchhergrowthroughachildhooddominatedbyhercruelbuthard-workingfather;experiencetragedyhermother’ssuicideandmurderofhertwinchildren;andlearnaboutherfeelingsasshegrowsintowoman.Weseehermarryloseherhusbandthenmarryagain.Chrishasseemedsoconvincingafiguretosomefemalereadersthattheycannotbelievethatsheisthecreationofaman.ButitwouldbemisleadingtosuggestthatthisbookisjustaboutChris.Itistrulyanovelofaplaceanditspeople.ItsopeningsectiontellsofKinraddie’slonghistoryinalanguagethatimitatestheplace’schangingpatternsofspeechandwriting.Thestoryitselfisamazinglyfullofcharactersandincidents.ItistoldfromChris’pointofviewbutalsofromthatofthegossipingcommunityacommunitywhereeverybodyknowseverybodyelse’sbusinessandnothingiseverforgotten.SunsetSonghasasocialthemetoo.ItisconcernedwithwhatGrassicGibbonperceivesasthedestructionoftraditionalScottishrurallifefirstbymodernizationandthenbyWorldWarI.Gibbontriedhardtoshowhowcertaincharactersresistthewar.Despitethisthewartakestheyoungmenawayanumberofthemtotheirdeaths.InparticularittakesawayChris’husbandEwanTavendale.ThewarfinallykillsEwanbutnotinthewayhiswidowistoldInfacttheGermansaren’tresponsibleforhisdeathbuthisownside.Heisshotbecauseheissaidtohaverunawayfromabattle.IfthenovelisabouttheendofonewayoflifeitalsolooksaheaditisaSunsetSongbutisconcernedtoowiththenewKinraddieindeedofthenewEuropeanworldGrassicGibbonwentontopublishtwoothernovelsabouttheplacethatcontinueitsstory.Whatistheopeningsectionofthenovelmainlyconcernedwith
TVGamesShowsOneofthemostfascinatingthingsabouttelevisionisthesizeoftheaudience.Anovelcanbeonthebestsellerslistwithasaleoffewerthan100000copiesbutapopularTVshowmighthave70millionTVviewers.TVcanmakeanythingoranyonewellknownovernight.ThisistheprinciplebehindquizorgameshowswhichputordinarypeopleonTVtoplayagamefortheprizeandmoney.Aquizshowcanmakeanyoneastaranditcangiveawaythousandsofdollarsjustforfun.Butallofthismoneycancreateproblems.Forinstanceinthe1950squizshowswereverypopularintheU.S.andalmosteveryonewatchedthem.CharlesVanDorenanEnglishinstructorbecamerichandfamousafterwinningmoneyonseveralshows.Heevenhadacareerasatelevisionpersonality.ButoneofthelosersprovedthatCharlesVanDorenwascheating.Itturnedoutthattheshow’sproducerswhowerepullingthestringsgavetheanswerstothemostpopularcontestantsbeforehand.WhyBecauseiftheaudiencedidn’tlikethepersonwhowonthegametheyturnedtheshowoff.BasedonhisstoryamovieunderthetitleQuizShowison40yearslater.CharlesVanDorenisnolongerinvolvedwithTV.Butgameshowsarestillherethoughtheyaren’ttakenasseriously.Infactsomeofthemtrytobeasridiculousaspossible.Thereareshowsthatsendstrangersonvacationtripstogetherorthattrytocausenewly-marriedcouplestofightonTVorthatpunishlosersbyhumiliatingthem.TheentertainmentnowistoseewhatpeoplewilldojusttobeonTV.Peoplestillwinmoneybuttherealprizeistobeinfrontofanaudienceofmillions.TheprinciplebehindquizorgameshowsistoputordinarypeopleonTVtoplayagameforprizesandmoney.
OversixmillioncitizensoftheUnitedStatesbenefitfromprivatepensionplanseachyear.
HerdeathwasagreatgrieftohimandIdoubtifheeverrecoveredafterwards.
A.thanmorerecentonesB.thekillingefficiencyforoldereruptionsC.hasremainedcontroversialD.Wignall’scalculationsasacceptableE.hasbeenmowntousallF.hisideasOldereruptionsweremoredevastating______.
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