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Successful Language Learners ? ?1 ? Some people seem to have a knack for learning languages. They ca...
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SuccessfulLanguageLearners??1.Somepeopleseemtohave
SuccessfulLanguageLearners??1.Somepeopleseemtohave
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SuccessfulLanguageLearners??1.Somepeopleseemtohave
SuccessfulLanguageLearners??1.Somepeopleseemtohave
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SuccessfulLanguageLearners??1.Somepeopleseemtohave
阅读下列短文根据短文内容从短文后的选项中选出适当的选项补全短文Learningalanguageis
阅读下列短文根据短文内容从短文后的选项中选出适当的选项补全短文Learningfllanguagei
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Successfullanguagelearnersderiveconclusions______.
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ScientistsDevelopWaysofDetectingHeartAttack Germanresearchershave1anewgenerationofdefibrillatorsandearly-warningsoftwareaimedatofferingheartpatientsgreaterprotection2suddendeathfromcardiacarrest. InGermanyalonearound100000peopledieannuallyasaresultofcardiacarrestandmanyofthesecases3bydisruptiontotheheart’srhythm.Thosemostatriskarepatientswhohave4sufferedaheartattackandforyearstheuseofdefibrillatorshasprovedusefulindiagnosing5disruptionstoheartrhythmsandcorrectingthemautomaticallybyinterveningwithinseconds.Thesedevices6arangeoffunctionssuchasthatofpacemaker. HeartspecialistsatFreiburg’sUniversityClinichavenowachievedabreakthroughwithanimplanteddefibrillator7ofgeneratingasix-channelelectrocardiogramECGwithinthebody.Thisintegratedsystemallowsearlydiagnosisof8blood-flowproblemsandapendingheartattack.Itwillbeimplantedinpatientsforthefirsttimethisyear.MeanwhileresearchersattheFraunhoferInstituteforAppliedMathematicsinKaiserslautemhavedevelopednewcomputersoftwarethatrenderstheevaluationofECGdata9. Theoverwhelming10ofpatientsatriskwillnothaveanimplanteddefibrillatorandmustforthisreasonundergoregularECGs."Manyofthecurrentprogramsonly11intoaccountalinearcorrelationofthedata.Wearehowevermakinguse12anon-linearprocessthatrevealsthechaoticpatternsofheartbeatsasanopenandcomplexsystem"HagenKnafsays"13changesintheheartbeatsovertimecanbemonitoredandindividualvariationsinpatientstakenintoaccount."AnoldstudyofECGdatabased14600patientswhohadsufferedasubsequentheartattackenabledtheresearcherstocomparerisksandtoshow15thenewsoftwareevaluatesthedataconsiderablybetter. 3
Dreams Everyonecandream.Indeedeveryonedoesdream.Thosewho1thattheyneverdreamatallactuallydream2asfrequentlyastherestofus3theymaynotrememberanythingaboutit.Eventhoseofuswhoareperfectly4ofdreamingnight5nightveryseldomrememberthosedreamsin6detailbutmerelyretainanuntidymixtureofseeminglyunrelatedimpressions.Dreamsarenotsimplyvisual-wedreamwithallour7sothatweappeartoexperiencesoundtouchsmellandtaste. Oneoftheworld’soldest8writtendocumentsistheEgyptianBookofDreams.Thisvolumeisaboutfivethousandyearsoldsoyoucan9thatdreamswerebelievedtohaveaspecialsignificanceeventhen.Manyancientcivilisationsbelievedthatyou10neverwakeasleepingpersonasduringsleepthesoulhadleftthebodyandmightnotbeabletoreturn11timeifthesleeperweresuddenly12. Fromancienttimestothepresent13peoplehavebeen14attemptstointerpretdreamsandtoexplaintheirsignificance.Therearemanybooksavailableonthesubjectofdreaminterpretationalthoughunfortunatelytherearealmostasmanymeaningsforaparticulardream15therearebooks. 12
Dreams Everyonecandream.Indeedeveryonedoesdream.Thosewho1thattheyneverdreamatallactuallydream2asfrequentlyastherestofus3theymaynotrememberanythingaboutit.Eventhoseofuswhoareperfectly4ofdreamingnight5nightveryseldomrememberthosedreamsin6detailbutmerelyretainanuntidymixtureofseeminglyunrelatedimpressions.Dreamsarenotsimplyvisual-wedreamwithallour7sothatweappeartoexperiencesoundtouchsmellandtaste. Oneoftheworld’soldest8writtendocumentsistheEgyptianBookofDreams.Thisvolumeisaboutfivethousandyearsoldsoyoucan9thatdreamswerebelievedtohaveaspecialsignificanceeventhen.Manyancientcivilisationsbelievedthatyou10neverwakeasleepingpersonasduringsleepthesoulhadleftthebodyandmightnotbeabletoreturn11timeifthesleeperweresuddenly12. Fromancienttimestothepresent13peoplehavebeen14attemptstointerpretdreamsandtoexplaintheirsignificance.Therearemanybooksavailableonthesubjectofdreaminterpretationalthoughunfortunatelytherearealmostasmanymeaningsforaparticulardream15therearebooks. 8
ScientistsDevelopWaysofDetectingHeartAttack Germanresearchershave1anewgenerationofdefibrillatorsandearly-warningsoftwareaimedatofferingheartpatientsgreaterprotection2suddendeathfromcardiacarrest. InGermanyalonearound100000peopledieannuallyasaresultofcardiacarrestandmanyofthesecases3bydisruptiontotheheart’srhythm.Thosemostatriskarepatientswhohave4sufferedaheartattackandforyearstheuseofdefibrillatorshasprovedusefulindiagnosing5disruptionstoheartrhythmsandcorrectingthemautomaticallybyinterveningwithinseconds.Thesedevices6arangeoffunctionssuchasthatofpacemaker. HeartspecialistsatFreiburg’sUniversityClinichavenowachievedabreakthroughwithanimplanteddefibrillator7ofgeneratingasix-channelelectrocardiogramECGwithinthebody.Thisintegratedsystemallowsearlydiagnosisof8blood-flowproblemsandapendingheartattack.Itwillbeimplantedinpatientsforthefirsttimethisyear.MeanwhileresearchersattheFraunhoferInstituteforAppliedMathematicsinKaiserslautemhavedevelopednewcomputersoftwarethatrenderstheevaluationofECGdata9. Theoverwhelming10ofpatientsatriskwillnothaveanimplanteddefibrillatorandmustforthisreasonundergoregularECGs."Manyofthecurrentprogramsonly11intoaccountalinearcorrelationofthedata.Wearehowevermakinguse12anon-linearprocessthatrevealsthechaoticpatternsofheartbeatsasanopenandcomplexsystem"HagenKnafsays"13changesintheheartbeatsovertimecanbemonitoredandindividualvariationsinpatientstakenintoaccount."AnoldstudyofECGdatabased14600patientswhohadsufferedasubsequentheartattackenabledtheresearcherstocomparerisksandtoshow15thenewsoftwareevaluatesthedataconsiderablybetter. 7
YoungAdultsWhoExerciseGetHigherIQScores YoungadultswhoarefithaveahigherIQandaremore1togoontouniversityrevealsamajornewstudycarriedoutattheSahlgrenskaAcademyandSahlgrenskaUniversityHospital. TheresultswererecentlypublishedintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciencesPNAS.Thestudyinvolved1.2millionSwedishmendoingmilitaryservicewhowerebornbetween1950and1976.Theresearchgroupanalysedthe2ofbothphysicalandIQteststheyoungsterstookrightaftertheystartedservingthearmy. Thestudyshowsaclearlink3goodphysicalfitnessandbetterresultsfortheIQtest.Thestrongestlinksarefor4thinkingandverbalcomprehension.Butitisonlyfitnessthatplaysa5intheresultsfortheIQtestandnotstrength."Beingfitmeansthatyoualsohavegoodheartandlung6andthatyourbraingetsplentyof7"saysMichaelNilssonprofessorattheSahlgrenskaAcademyandchiefphysicianattheSahlgrenskaUniversityHospital."Thismaybeoneofthereasons8wecanseeaclearlinkwithfitnessbutnotwithmuscular9.Wearealsoseeingthattherearegrowthfactorsthatareimportant." Byanalysingdatafortwinstheresearchershavebeen10todeterminethatitisprimarilyenvironmentalfactorsandnotgenesthatexplainthelinkbetweenfitnessanda11IQ. "Wehavealsoshownthatthoseyoungsterswho12theirphysicalfitnessbetweentheagesof15and18increasetheircognitiveperformance"saysMariaAbergresearcherattheSahlgrenskaAcademyandphysicianatAbyhealthcentre."Thisbeingthecasephysical13isasubjectthathasanimportantplaceinschoolsandisanabsolutemustifwewanttodowellinmathsandothertheoreticalsubjects." Theresearchershavealsocomparedtheresultsfromfitnesstests14nationalservicewiththesocio-economicstatusofthemenlaterin15.Thosewhowerefitat18weremorelikelytogointohighereducationandmanysecuredmorequalifiedjobs. 10
LifeExpectancyintheLastHundredYears A.hundredyearsagolifeexpectancyindevelopedcountrieswasabout47;intheearly2lstcenturymenintheUnitedStatesandtheUnitedKingdomcanexpecttolivetoabout74womentoabout80andthese1arerisingallthetime.Whathasbrought2thesechangesWhenwelookatthelife3ofpeople100yearsagoweneedtolookatthegreatest4ofthetime.Intheearly20thcenturytheseweretheacuteandoften5infectiousdiseasessuchassmallpox.Manychildrendiedveryyoungfromthesediseasesandothersandtheweakandelderlywerealwaysatrisk. Inthe6worldthesediseasesarefar7todayandinsomecaseshavealmostdisappeared.Anumberof8haveledtothis:improvementsinsanitationandhygienethediscoveryanduseofantibioticswhich9bacterialdiseasesmuchlessdangerousandvaccinations10commondiseases.11people’sgeneralhealthhasimprovedwithimprovementsinourgeneralenvironment:cleanerairbettermeansofpreservingfoodbetterandwarmerhousingandbetterunderstandingofnutrition. Geneticallyweshouldallbeabletolivetoabout85but12peopledolivelongertodaytherearestillsomebigkillersaroundthatarepreventingusfromconsistentlyreachingthatage.Theproblemsthataffectpeopletodayarethemorechronicillnessessuchasheartdiseaseandstrokesandthose13byvirusessuchasinfluenzaandAIDS.Ofcoursecancerisahugekilleraswell.Inmostcasesthesediseasesaffect14peoplebutthereareworryingtrendsinthedevelopedworldwithproblemssuchasobesity15moreheartdiseaseandillnessessuchasdiabetesatyoungerages. Thekillerstodaycanbeclassedas"lifestylediseases"whichmeansthatitmaybepossibletohalttheirprogress. 3
YoungAdultsWhoExerciseGetHigherIQScores YoungadultswhoarefithaveahigherIQandaremore1togoontouniversityrevealsamajornewstudycarriedoutattheSahlgrenskaAcademyandSahlgrenskaUniversityHospital. TheresultswererecentlypublishedintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciencesPNAS.Thestudyinvolved1.2millionSwedishmendoingmilitaryservicewhowerebornbetween1950and1976.Theresearchgroupanalysedthe2ofbothphysicalandIQteststheyoungsterstookrightaftertheystartedservingthearmy. Thestudyshowsaclearlink3goodphysicalfitnessandbetterresultsfortheIQtest.Thestrongestlinksarefor4thinkingandverbalcomprehension.Butitisonlyfitnessthatplaysa5intheresultsfortheIQtestandnotstrength."Beingfitmeansthatyoualsohavegoodheartandlung6andthatyourbraingetsplentyof7"saysMichaelNilssonprofessorattheSahlgrenskaAcademyandchiefphysicianattheSahlgrenskaUniversityHospital."Thismaybeoneofthereasons8wecanseeaclearlinkwithfitnessbutnotwithmuscular9.Wearealsoseeingthattherearegrowthfactorsthatareimportant." Byanalysingdatafortwinstheresearchershavebeen10todeterminethatitisprimarilyenvironmentalfactorsandnotgenesthatexplainthelinkbetweenfitnessanda11IQ. "Wehavealsoshownthatthoseyoungsterswho12theirphysicalfitnessbetweentheagesof15and18increasetheircognitiveperformance"saysMariaAbergresearcherattheSahlgrenskaAcademyandphysicianatAbyhealthcentre."Thisbeingthecasephysical13isasubjectthathasanimportantplaceinschoolsandisanabsolutemustifwewanttodowellinmathsandothertheoreticalsubjects." Theresearchershavealsocomparedtheresultsfromfitnesstests14nationalservicewiththesocio-economicstatusofthemenlaterin15.Thosewhowerefitat18weremorelikelytogointohighereducationandmanysecuredmorequalifiedjobs. 14
ScientistsDevelopWaysofDetectingHeartAttack Germanresearchershave1anewgenerationofdefibrillatorsandearly-warningsoftwareaimedatofferingheartpatientsgreaterprotection2suddendeathfromcardiacarrest. InGermanyalonearound100000peopledieannuallyasaresultofcardiacarrestandmanyofthesecases3bydisruptiontotheheart’srhythm.Thosemostatriskarepatientswhohave4sufferedaheartattackandforyearstheuseofdefibrillatorshasprovedusefulindiagnosing5disruptionstoheartrhythmsandcorrectingthemautomaticallybyinterveningwithinseconds.Thesedevices6arangeoffunctionssuchasthatofpacemaker. HeartspecialistsatFreiburg’sUniversityClinichavenowachievedabreakthroughwithanimplanteddefibrillator7ofgeneratingasix-channelelectrocardiogramECGwithinthebody.Thisintegratedsystemallowsearlydiagnosisof8blood-flowproblemsandapendingheartattack.Itwillbeimplantedinpatientsforthefirsttimethisyear.MeanwhileresearchersattheFraunhoferInstituteforAppliedMathematicsinKaiserslautemhavedevelopednewcomputersoftwarethatrenderstheevaluationofECGdata9. Theoverwhelming10ofpatientsatriskwillnothaveanimplanteddefibrillatorandmustforthisreasonundergoregularECGs."Manyofthecurrentprogramsonly11intoaccountalinearcorrelationofthedata.Wearehowevermakinguse12anon-linearprocessthatrevealsthechaoticpatternsofheartbeatsasanopenandcomplexsystem"HagenKnafsays"13changesintheheartbeatsovertimecanbemonitoredandindividualvariationsinpatientstakenintoaccount."AnoldstudyofECGdatabased14600patientswhohadsufferedasubsequentheartattackenabledtheresearcherstocomparerisksandtoshow15thenewsoftwareevaluatesthedataconsiderablybetter. 1
MigrantWorkers Inthepasttwentyyearstherehasbeenanincreasingtendencyforworkerstomovefromonecountrytoanother.1somenewlyindependentcountrieshaveunderstandablyrestrictedmostjobstolocalpeopleothershaveattractedandwelcomedmigrantworkers.ThisisparticularlythecaseintheMiddleEast2increasedoilincomeshaveenabledmanycountriesto3outsiderstoimprovelocalfacilities.4theMiddleEasthasattractedoil-workersfromtheUSAandEurope.Ithasbroughtinconstructionworkersandtechniciansfrommanycountries5SouthKoreaandJapan. InviewofthedifficultlivingandworkingconditionsintheMiddleEastitisnot6thatthepayishightoattractsuitableworkers.Manyengineersandtechnicianscanearnatleast7moneyintheMiddleEastastheycanintheirowncountryandthisisamajorattraction.Analliedbenefitisthelowtaxationorcompletelackofit.Thisincreasesthenetamountofpayreceivedbyvisitingworkersandisverypopularwiththem. Sometimesadisadvantagehasacompensatingadvantage.8thedifficultlivingconditionsoftenleadtoincreasedfriendshipwhenworkershavetodependoneachother9safetyandcomfort.10manymigrantworkerscansavelargesumsofmoneypartly11thelackofentertainmentfacilities.Theworkisoftencomplexandfullofproblemsbutthismerelypresentsgreaterchallengetoengineerswhoprefertofindsolutions12problemsratherthandoroutineworkintheirhomecountry. Onemajorproblemwhich13migrantworkersintheMiddleEastisthattheirjobsaretemporaryones.Theyarenearlyalwaysoncontractsoitisnoteasyforthemtoplanaheadwithgreatconfidence.Thisistobeexpectedsincenocountrywelcomesalargenumberofforeignworkersaspermanentresidents.14migrantworkersacceptthisdisadvantagealongwithothersbecauseofthe15financialbenefitswhichtheyreceive. 15
YoungAdultsWhoExerciseGetHigherIQScores YoungadultswhoarefithaveahigherIQandaremore1togoontouniversityrevealsamajornewstudycarriedoutattheSahlgrenskaAcademyandSahlgrenskaUniversityHospital. TheresultswererecentlypublishedintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciencesPNAS.Thestudyinvolved1.2millionSwedishmendoingmilitaryservicewhowerebornbetween1950and1976.Theresearchgroupanalysedthe2ofbothphysicalandIQteststheyoungsterstookrightaftertheystartedservingthearmy. Thestudyshowsaclearlink3goodphysicalfitnessandbetterresultsfortheIQtest.Thestrongestlinksarefor4thinkingandverbalcomprehension.Butitisonlyfitnessthatplaysa5intheresultsfortheIQtestandnotstrength."Beingfitmeansthatyoualsohavegoodheartandlung6andthatyourbraingetsplentyof7"saysMichaelNilssonprofessorattheSahlgrenskaAcademyandchiefphysicianattheSahlgrenskaUniversityHospital."Thismaybeoneofthereasons8wecanseeaclearlinkwithfitnessbutnotwithmuscular9.Wearealsoseeingthattherearegrowthfactorsthatareimportant." Byanalysingdatafortwinstheresearchershavebeen10todeterminethatitisprimarilyenvironmentalfactorsandnotgenesthatexplainthelinkbetweenfitnessanda11IQ. "Wehavealsoshownthatthoseyoungsterswho12theirphysicalfitnessbetweentheagesof15and18increasetheircognitiveperformance"saysMariaAbergresearcherattheSahlgrenskaAcademyandphysicianatAbyhealthcentre."Thisbeingthecasephysical13isasubjectthathasanimportantplaceinschoolsandisanabsolutemustifwewanttodowellinmathsandothertheoreticalsubjects." Theresearchershavealsocomparedtheresultsfromfitnesstests14nationalservicewiththesocio-economicstatusofthemenlaterin15.Thosewhowerefitat18weremorelikelytogointohighereducationandmanysecuredmorequalifiedjobs. 8
YoungAdultsWhoExerciseGetHigherIQScores YoungadultswhoarefithaveahigherIQandaremore1togoontouniversityrevealsamajornewstudycarriedoutattheSahlgrenskaAcademyandSahlgrenskaUniversityHospital. TheresultswererecentlypublishedintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciencesPNAS.Thestudyinvolved1.2millionSwedishmendoingmilitaryservicewhowerebornbetween1950and1976.Theresearchgroupanalysedthe2ofbothphysicalandIQteststheyoungsterstookrightaftertheystartedservingthearmy. Thestudyshowsaclearlink3goodphysicalfitnessandbetterresultsfortheIQtest.Thestrongestlinksarefor4thinkingandverbalcomprehension.Butitisonlyfitnessthatplaysa5intheresultsfortheIQtestandnotstrength."Beingfitmeansthatyoualsohavegoodheartandlung6andthatyourbraingetsplentyof7"saysMichaelNilssonprofessorattheSahlgrenskaAcademyandchiefphysicianattheSahlgrenskaUniversityHospital."Thismaybeoneofthereasons8wecanseeaclearlinkwithfitnessbutnotwithmuscular9.Wearealsoseeingthattherearegrowthfactorsthatareimportant." Byanalysingdatafortwinstheresearchershavebeen10todeterminethatitisprimarilyenvironmentalfactorsandnotgenesthatexplainthelinkbetweenfitnessanda11IQ. "Wehavealsoshownthatthoseyoungsterswho12theirphysicalfitnessbetweentheagesof15and18increasetheircognitiveperformance"saysMariaAbergresearcherattheSahlgrenskaAcademyandphysicianatAbyhealthcentre."Thisbeingthecasephysical13isasubjectthathasanimportantplaceinschoolsandisanabsolutemustifwewanttodowellinmathsandothertheoreticalsubjects." Theresearchershavealsocomparedtheresultsfromfitnesstests14nationalservicewiththesocio-economicstatusofthemenlaterin15.Thosewhowerefitat18weremorelikelytogointohighereducationandmanysecuredmorequalifiedjobs. 12
Dreams Everyonecandream.Indeedeveryonedoesdream.Thosewho1thattheyneverdreamatallactuallydream2asfrequentlyastherestofus3theymaynotrememberanythingaboutit.Eventhoseofuswhoareperfectly4ofdreamingnight5nightveryseldomrememberthosedreamsin6detailbutmerelyretainanuntidymixtureofseeminglyunrelatedimpressions.Dreamsarenotsimplyvisual-wedreamwithallour7sothatweappeartoexperiencesoundtouchsmellandtaste. Oneoftheworld’soldest8writtendocumentsistheEgyptianBookofDreams.Thisvolumeisaboutfivethousandyearsoldsoyoucan9thatdreamswerebelievedtohaveaspecialsignificanceeventhen.Manyancientcivilisationsbelievedthatyou10neverwakeasleepingpersonasduringsleepthesoulhadleftthebodyandmightnotbeabletoreturn11timeifthesleeperweresuddenly12. Fromancienttimestothepresent13peoplehavebeen14attemptstointerpretdreamsandtoexplaintheirsignificance.Therearemanybooksavailableonthesubjectofdreaminterpretationalthoughunfortunatelytherearealmostasmanymeaningsforaparticulardream15therearebooks. 2
Dreams Everyonecandream.Indeedeveryonedoesdream.Thosewho1thattheyneverdreamatallactuallydream2asfrequentlyastherestofus3theymaynotrememberanythingaboutit.Eventhoseofuswhoareperfectly4ofdreamingnight5nightveryseldomrememberthosedreamsin6detailbutmerelyretainanuntidymixtureofseeminglyunrelatedimpressions.Dreamsarenotsimplyvisual-wedreamwithallour7sothatweappeartoexperiencesoundtouchsmellandtaste. Oneoftheworld’soldest8writtendocumentsistheEgyptianBookofDreams.Thisvolumeisaboutfivethousandyearsoldsoyoucan9thatdreamswerebelievedtohaveaspecialsignificanceeventhen.Manyancientcivilisationsbelievedthatyou10neverwakeasleepingpersonasduringsleepthesoulhadleftthebodyandmightnotbeabletoreturn11timeifthesleeperweresuddenly12. Fromancienttimestothepresent13peoplehavebeen14attemptstointerpretdreamsandtoexplaintheirsignificance.Therearemanybooksavailableonthesubjectofdreaminterpretationalthoughunfortunatelytherearealmostasmanymeaningsforaparticulardream15therearebooks. 4
MigrantWorkers Inthepasttwentyyearstherehasbeenanincreasingtendencyforworkerstomovefromonecountrytoanother.1somenewlyindependentcountrieshaveunderstandablyrestrictedmostjobstolocalpeopleothershaveattractedandwelcomedmigrantworkers.ThisisparticularlythecaseintheMiddleEast2increasedoilincomeshaveenabledmanycountriesto3outsiderstoimprovelocalfacilities.4theMiddleEasthasattractedoil-workersfromtheUSAandEurope.Ithasbroughtinconstructionworkersandtechniciansfrommanycountries5SouthKoreaandJapan. InviewofthedifficultlivingandworkingconditionsintheMiddleEastitisnot6thatthepayishightoattractsuitableworkers.Manyengineersandtechnicianscanearnatleast7moneyintheMiddleEastastheycanintheirowncountryandthisisamajorattraction.Analliedbenefitisthelowtaxationorcompletelackofit.Thisincreasesthenetamountofpayreceivedbyvisitingworkersandisverypopularwiththem. Sometimesadisadvantagehasacompensatingadvantage.8thedifficultlivingconditionsoftenleadtoincreasedfriendshipwhenworkershavetodependoneachother9safetyandcomfort.10manymigrantworkerscansavelargesumsofmoneypartly11thelackofentertainmentfacilities.Theworkisoftencomplexandfullofproblemsbutthismerelypresentsgreaterchallengetoengineerswhoprefertofindsolutions12problemsratherthandoroutineworkintheirhomecountry. Onemajorproblemwhich13migrantworkersintheMiddleEastisthattheirjobsaretemporaryones.Theyarenearlyalwaysoncontractsoitisnoteasyforthemtoplanaheadwithgreatconfidence.Thisistobeexpectedsincenocountrywelcomesalargenumberofforeignworkersaspermanentresidents.14migrantworkersacceptthisdisadvantagealongwithothersbecauseofthe15financialbenefitswhichtheyreceive. 13
MigrantWorkers Inthepasttwentyyearstherehasbeenanincreasingtendencyforworkerstomovefromonecountrytoanother.1somenewlyindependentcountrieshaveunderstandablyrestrictedmostjobstolocalpeopleothershaveattractedandwelcomedmigrantworkers.ThisisparticularlythecaseintheMiddleEast2increasedoilincomeshaveenabledmanycountriesto3outsiderstoimprovelocalfacilities.4theMiddleEasthasattractedoil-workersfromtheUSAandEurope.Ithasbroughtinconstructionworkersandtechniciansfrommanycountries5SouthKoreaandJapan. InviewofthedifficultlivingandworkingconditionsintheMiddleEastitisnot6thatthepayishightoattractsuitableworkers.Manyengineersandtechnicianscanearnatleast7moneyintheMiddleEastastheycanintheirowncountryandthisisamajorattraction.Analliedbenefitisthelowtaxationorcompletelackofit.Thisincreasesthenetamountofpayreceivedbyvisitingworkersandisverypopularwiththem. Sometimesadisadvantagehasacompensatingadvantage.8thedifficultlivingconditionsoftenleadtoincreasedfriendshipwhenworkershavetodependoneachother9safetyandcomfort.10manymigrantworkerscansavelargesumsofmoneypartly11thelackofentertainmentfacilities.Theworkisoftencomplexandfullofproblemsbutthismerelypresentsgreaterchallengetoengineerswhoprefertofindsolutions12problemsratherthandoroutineworkintheirhomecountry. Onemajorproblemwhich13migrantworkersintheMiddleEastisthattheirjobsaretemporaryones.Theyarenearlyalwaysoncontractsoitisnoteasyforthemtoplanaheadwithgreatconfidence.Thisistobeexpectedsincenocountrywelcomesalargenumberofforeignworkersaspermanentresidents.14migrantworkersacceptthisdisadvantagealongwithothersbecauseofthe15financialbenefitswhichtheyreceive. 7
Dreams Everyonecandream.Indeedeveryonedoesdream.Thosewho1thattheyneverdreamatallactuallydream2asfrequentlyastherestofus3theymaynotrememberanythingaboutit.Eventhoseofuswhoareperfectly4ofdreamingnight5nightveryseldomrememberthosedreamsin6detailbutmerelyretainanuntidymixtureofseeminglyunrelatedimpressions.Dreamsarenotsimplyvisual-wedreamwithallour7sothatweappeartoexperiencesoundtouchsmellandtaste. Oneoftheworld’soldest8writtendocumentsistheEgyptianBookofDreams.Thisvolumeisaboutfivethousandyearsoldsoyoucan9thatdreamswerebelievedtohaveaspecialsignificanceeventhen.Manyancientcivilisationsbelievedthatyou10neverwakeasleepingpersonasduringsleepthesoulhadleftthebodyandmightnotbeabletoreturn11timeifthesleeperweresuddenly12. Fromancienttimestothepresent13peoplehavebeen14attemptstointerpretdreamsandtoexplaintheirsignificance.Therearemanybooksavailableonthesubjectofdreaminterpretationalthoughunfortunatelytherearealmostasmanymeaningsforaparticulardream15therearebooks. 10
MigrantWorkers Inthepasttwentyyearstherehasbeenanincreasingtendencyforworkerstomovefromonecountrytoanother.1somenewlyindependentcountrieshaveunderstandablyrestrictedmostjobstolocalpeopleothershaveattractedandwelcomedmigrantworkers.ThisisparticularlythecaseintheMiddleEast2increasedoilincomeshaveenabledmanycountriesto3outsiderstoimprovelocalfacilities.4theMiddleEasthasattractedoil-workersfromtheUSAandEurope.Ithasbroughtinconstructionworkersandtechniciansfrommanycountries5SouthKoreaandJapan. InviewofthedifficultlivingandworkingconditionsintheMiddleEastitisnot6thatthepayishightoattractsuitableworkers.Manyengineersandtechnicianscanearnatleast7moneyintheMiddleEastastheycanintheirowncountryandthisisamajorattraction.Analliedbenefitisthelowtaxationorcompletelackofit.Thisincreasesthenetamountofpayreceivedbyvisitingworkersandisverypopularwiththem. Sometimesadisadvantagehasacompensatingadvantage.8thedifficultlivingconditionsoftenleadtoincreasedfriendshipwhenworkershavetodependoneachother9safetyandcomfort.10manymigrantworkerscansavelargesumsofmoneypartly11thelackofentertainmentfacilities.Theworkisoftencomplexandfullofproblemsbutthismerelypresentsgreaterchallengetoengineerswhoprefertofindsolutions12problemsratherthandoroutineworkintheirhomecountry. Onemajorproblemwhich13migrantworkersintheMiddleEastisthattheirjobsaretemporaryones.Theyarenearlyalwaysoncontractsoitisnoteasyforthemtoplanaheadwithgreatconfidence.Thisistobeexpectedsincenocountrywelcomesalargenumberofforeignworkersaspermanentresidents.14migrantworkersacceptthisdisadvantagealongwithothersbecauseofthe15financialbenefitswhichtheyreceive. 9
LifeExpectancyintheLastHundredYears A.hundredyearsagolifeexpectancyindevelopedcountrieswasabout47;intheearly2lstcenturymenintheUnitedStatesandtheUnitedKingdomcanexpecttolivetoabout74womentoabout80andthese1arerisingallthetime.Whathasbrought2thesechangesWhenwelookatthelife3ofpeople100yearsagoweneedtolookatthegreatest4ofthetime.Intheearly20thcenturytheseweretheacuteandoften5infectiousdiseasessuchassmallpox.Manychildrendiedveryyoungfromthesediseasesandothersandtheweakandelderlywerealwaysatrisk. Inthe6worldthesediseasesarefar7todayandinsomecaseshavealmostdisappeared.Anumberof8haveledtothis:improvementsinsanitationandhygienethediscoveryanduseofantibioticswhich9bacterialdiseasesmuchlessdangerousandvaccinations10commondiseases.11people’sgeneralhealthhasimprovedwithimprovementsinourgeneralenvironment:cleanerairbettermeansofpreservingfoodbetterandwarmerhousingandbetterunderstandingofnutrition. Geneticallyweshouldallbeabletolivetoabout85but12peopledolivelongertodaytherearestillsomebigkillersaroundthatarepreventingusfromconsistentlyreachingthatage.Theproblemsthataffectpeopletodayarethemorechronicillnessessuchasheartdiseaseandstrokesandthose13byvirusessuchasinfluenzaandAIDS.Ofcoursecancerisahugekilleraswell.Inmostcasesthesediseasesaffect14peoplebutthereareworryingtrendsinthedevelopedworldwithproblemssuchasobesity15moreheartdiseaseandillnessessuchasdiabetesatyoungerages. Thekillerstodaycanbeclassedas"lifestylediseases"whichmeansthatitmaybepossibletohalttheirprogress. 5
Dreams Everyonecandream.Indeedeveryonedoesdream.Thosewho1thattheyneverdreamatallactuallydream2asfrequentlyastherestofus3theymaynotrememberanythingaboutit.Eventhoseofuswhoareperfectly4ofdreamingnight5nightveryseldomrememberthosedreamsin6detailbutmerelyretainanuntidymixtureofseeminglyunrelatedimpressions.Dreamsarenotsimplyvisual-wedreamwithallour7sothatweappeartoexperiencesoundtouchsmellandtaste. Oneoftheworld’soldest8writtendocumentsistheEgyptianBookofDreams.Thisvolumeisaboutfivethousandyearsoldsoyoucan9thatdreamswerebelievedtohaveaspecialsignificanceeventhen.Manyancientcivilisationsbelievedthatyou10neverwakeasleepingpersonasduringsleepthesoulhadleftthebodyandmightnotbeabletoreturn11timeifthesleeperweresuddenly12. Fromancienttimestothepresent13peoplehavebeen14attemptstointerpretdreamsandtoexplaintheirsignificance.Therearemanybooksavailableonthesubjectofdreaminterpretationalthoughunfortunatelytherearealmostasmanymeaningsforaparticulardream15therearebooks. 6
LifeExpectancyintheLastHundredYears A.hundredyearsagolifeexpectancyindevelopedcountrieswasabout47;intheearly2lstcenturymenintheUnitedStatesandtheUnitedKingdomcanexpecttolivetoabout74womentoabout80andthese1arerisingallthetime.Whathasbrought2thesechangesWhenwelookatthelife3ofpeople100yearsagoweneedtolookatthegreatest4ofthetime.Intheearly20thcenturytheseweretheacuteandoften5infectiousdiseasessuchassmallpox.Manychildrendiedveryyoungfromthesediseasesandothersandtheweakandelderlywerealwaysatrisk. Inthe6worldthesediseasesarefar7todayandinsomecaseshavealmostdisappeared.Anumberof8haveledtothis:improvementsinsanitationandhygienethediscoveryanduseofantibioticswhich9bacterialdiseasesmuchlessdangerousandvaccinations10commondiseases.11people’sgeneralhealthhasimprovedwithimprovementsinourgeneralenvironment:cleanerairbettermeansofpreservingfoodbetterandwarmerhousingandbetterunderstandingofnutrition. Geneticallyweshouldallbeabletolivetoabout85but12peopledolivelongertodaytherearestillsomebigkillersaroundthatarepreventingusfromconsistentlyreachingthatage.Theproblemsthataffectpeopletodayarethemorechronicillnessessuchasheartdiseaseandstrokesandthose13byvirusessuchasinfluenzaandAIDS.Ofcoursecancerisahugekilleraswell.Inmostcasesthesediseasesaffect14peoplebutthereareworryingtrendsinthedevelopedworldwithproblemssuchasobesity15moreheartdiseaseandillnessessuchasdiabetesatyoungerages. Thekillerstodaycanbeclassedas"lifestylediseases"whichmeansthatitmaybepossibletohalttheirprogress. 1
YoungAdultsWhoExerciseGetHigherIQScores YoungadultswhoarefithaveahigherIQandaremore1togoontouniversityrevealsamajornewstudycarriedoutattheSahlgrenskaAcademyandSahlgrenskaUniversityHospital. TheresultswererecentlypublishedintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciencesPNAS.Thestudyinvolved1.2millionSwedishmendoingmilitaryservicewhowerebornbetween1950and1976.Theresearchgroupanalysedthe2ofbothphysicalandIQteststheyoungsterstookrightaftertheystartedservingthearmy. Thestudyshowsaclearlink3goodphysicalfitnessandbetterresultsfortheIQtest.Thestrongestlinksarefor4thinkingandverbalcomprehension.Butitisonlyfitnessthatplaysa5intheresultsfortheIQtestandnotstrength."Beingfitmeansthatyoualsohavegoodheartandlung6andthatyourbraingetsplentyof7"saysMichaelNilssonprofessorattheSahlgrenskaAcademyandchiefphysicianattheSahlgrenskaUniversityHospital."Thismaybeoneofthereasons8wecanseeaclearlinkwithfitnessbutnotwithmuscular9.Wearealsoseeingthattherearegrowthfactorsthatareimportant." Byanalysingdatafortwinstheresearchershavebeen10todeterminethatitisprimarilyenvironmentalfactorsandnotgenesthatexplainthelinkbetweenfitnessanda11IQ. "Wehavealsoshownthatthoseyoungsterswho12theirphysicalfitnessbetweentheagesof15and18increasetheircognitiveperformance"saysMariaAbergresearcherattheSahlgrenskaAcademyandphysicianatAbyhealthcentre."Thisbeingthecasephysical13isasubjectthathasanimportantplaceinschoolsandisanabsolutemustifwewanttodowellinmathsandothertheoreticalsubjects." Theresearchershavealsocomparedtheresultsfromfitnesstests14nationalservicewiththesocio-economicstatusofthemenlaterin15.Thosewhowerefitat18weremorelikelytogointohighereducationandmanysecuredmorequalifiedjobs. 2
ScientistsDevelopWaysofDetectingHeartAttack Germanresearchershave1anewgenerationofdefibrillatorsandearly-warningsoftwareaimedatofferingheartpatientsgreaterprotection2suddendeathfromcardiacarrest. InGermanyalonearound100000peopledieannuallyasaresultofcardiacarrestandmanyofthesecases3bydisruptiontotheheart’srhythm.Thosemostatriskarepatientswhohave4sufferedaheartattackandforyearstheuseofdefibrillatorshasprovedusefulindiagnosing5disruptionstoheartrhythmsandcorrectingthemautomaticallybyinterveningwithinseconds.Thesedevices6arangeoffunctionssuchasthatofpacemaker. HeartspecialistsatFreiburg’sUniversityClinichavenowachievedabreakthroughwithanimplanteddefibrillator7ofgeneratingasix-channelelectrocardiogramECGwithinthebody.Thisintegratedsystemallowsearlydiagnosisof8blood-flowproblemsandapendingheartattack.Itwillbeimplantedinpatientsforthefirsttimethisyear.MeanwhileresearchersattheFraunhoferInstituteforAppliedMathematicsinKaiserslautemhavedevelopednewcomputersoftwarethatrenderstheevaluationofECGdata9. Theoverwhelming10ofpatientsatriskwillnothaveanimplanteddefibrillatorandmustforthisreasonundergoregularECGs."Manyofthecurrentprogramsonly11intoaccountalinearcorrelationofthedata.Wearehowevermakinguse12anon-linearprocessthatrevealsthechaoticpatternsofheartbeatsasanopenandcomplexsystem"HagenKnafsays"13changesintheheartbeatsovertimecanbemonitoredandindividualvariationsinpatientstakenintoaccount."AnoldstudyofECGdatabased14600patientswhohadsufferedasubsequentheartattackenabledtheresearcherstocomparerisksandtoshow15thenewsoftwareevaluatesthedataconsiderablybetter. 9
YoungAdultsWhoExerciseGetHigherIQScores YoungadultswhoarefithaveahigherIQandaremore1togoontouniversityrevealsamajornewstudycarriedoutattheSahlgrenskaAcademyandSahlgrenskaUniversityHospital. TheresultswererecentlypublishedintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciencesPNAS.Thestudyinvolved1.2millionSwedishmendoingmilitaryservicewhowerebornbetween1950and1976.Theresearchgroupanalysedthe2ofbothphysicalandIQteststheyoungsterstookrightaftertheystartedservingthearmy. Thestudyshowsaclearlink3goodphysicalfitnessandbetterresultsfortheIQtest.Thestrongestlinksarefor4thinkingandverbalcomprehension.Butitisonlyfitnessthatplaysa5intheresultsfortheIQtestandnotstrength."Beingfitmeansthatyoualsohavegoodheartandlung6andthatyourbraingetsplentyof7"saysMichaelNilssonprofessorattheSahlgrenskaAcademyandchiefphysicianattheSahlgrenskaUniversityHospital."Thismaybeoneofthereasons8wecanseeaclearlinkwithfitnessbutnotwithmuscular9.Wearealsoseeingthattherearegrowthfactorsthatareimportant." Byanalysingdatafortwinstheresearchershavebeen10todeterminethatitisprimarilyenvironmentalfactorsandnotgenesthatexplainthelinkbetweenfitnessanda11IQ. "Wehavealsoshownthatthoseyoungsterswho12theirphysicalfitnessbetweentheagesof15and18increasetheircognitiveperformance"saysMariaAbergresearcherattheSahlgrenskaAcademyandphysicianatAbyhealthcentre."Thisbeingthecasephysical13isasubjectthathasanimportantplaceinschoolsandisanabsolutemustifwewanttodowellinmathsandothertheoreticalsubjects." Theresearchershavealsocomparedtheresultsfromfitnesstests14nationalservicewiththesocio-economicstatusofthemenlaterin15.Thosewhowerefitat18weremorelikelytogointohighereducationandmanysecuredmorequalifiedjobs. 6
ScientistsDevelopWaysofDetectingHeartAttack Germanresearchershave1anewgenerationofdefibrillatorsandearly-warningsoftwareaimedatofferingheartpatientsgreaterprotection2suddendeathfromcardiacarrest. InGermanyalonearound100000peopledieannuallyasaresultofcardiacarrestandmanyofthesecases3bydisruptiontotheheart’srhythm.Thosemostatriskarepatientswhohave4sufferedaheartattackandforyearstheuseofdefibrillatorshasprovedusefulindiagnosing5disruptionstoheartrhythmsandcorrectingthemautomaticallybyinterveningwithinseconds.Thesedevices6arangeoffunctionssuchasthatofpacemaker. HeartspecialistsatFreiburg’sUniversityClinichavenowachievedabreakthroughwithanimplanteddefibrillator7ofgeneratingasix-channelelectrocardiogramECGwithinthebody.Thisintegratedsystemallowsearlydiagnosisof8blood-flowproblemsandapendingheartattack.Itwillbeimplantedinpatientsforthefirsttimethisyear.MeanwhileresearchersattheFraunhoferInstituteforAppliedMathematicsinKaiserslautemhavedevelopednewcomputersoftwarethatrenderstheevaluationofECGdata9. Theoverwhelming10ofpatientsatriskwillnothaveanimplanteddefibrillatorandmustforthisreasonundergoregularECGs."Manyofthecurrentprogramsonly11intoaccountalinearcorrelationofthedata.Wearehowevermakinguse12anon-linearprocessthatrevealsthechaoticpatternsofheartbeatsasanopenandcomplexsystem"HagenKnafsays"13changesintheheartbeatsovertimecanbemonitoredandindividualvariationsinpatientstakenintoaccount."AnoldstudyofECGdatabased14600patientswhohadsufferedasubsequentheartattackenabledtheresearcherstocomparerisksandtoshow15thenewsoftwareevaluatesthedataconsiderablybetter. 13
ScientistsDevelopWaysofDetectingHeartAttack Germanresearchershave1anewgenerationofdefibrillatorsandearly-warningsoftwareaimedatofferingheartpatientsgreaterprotection2suddendeathfromcardiacarrest. InGermanyalonearound100000peopledieannuallyasaresultofcardiacarrestandmanyofthesecases3bydisruptiontotheheart’srhythm.Thosemostatriskarepatientswhohave4sufferedaheartattackandforyearstheuseofdefibrillatorshasprovedusefulindiagnosing5disruptionstoheartrhythmsandcorrectingthemautomaticallybyinterveningwithinseconds.Thesedevices6arangeoffunctionssuchasthatofpacemaker. HeartspecialistsatFreiburg’sUniversityClinichavenowachievedabreakthroughwithanimplanteddefibrillator7ofgeneratingasix-channelelectrocardiogramECGwithinthebody.Thisintegratedsystemallowsearlydiagnosisof8blood-flowproblemsandapendingheartattack.Itwillbeimplantedinpatientsforthefirsttimethisyear.MeanwhileresearchersattheFraunhoferInstituteforAppliedMathematicsinKaiserslautemhavedevelopednewcomputersoftwarethatrenderstheevaluationofECGdata9. Theoverwhelming10ofpatientsatriskwillnothaveanimplanteddefibrillatorandmustforthisreasonundergoregularECGs."Manyofthecurrentprogramsonly11intoaccountalinearcorrelationofthedata.Wearehowevermakinguse12anon-linearprocessthatrevealsthechaoticpatternsofheartbeatsasanopenandcomplexsystem"HagenKnafsays"13changesintheheartbeatsovertimecanbemonitoredandindividualvariationsinpatientstakenintoaccount."AnoldstudyofECGdatabased14600patientswhohadsufferedasubsequentheartattackenabledtheresearcherstocomparerisksandtoshow15thenewsoftwareevaluatesthedataconsiderablybetter. 15
ScientistsDevelopWaysofDetectingHeartAttack Germanresearchershave1anewgenerationofdefibrillatorsandearly-warningsoftwareaimedatofferingheartpatientsgreaterprotection2suddendeathfromcardiacarrest. InGermanyalonearound100000peopledieannuallyasaresultofcardiacarrestandmanyofthesecases3bydisruptiontotheheart’srhythm.Thosemostatriskarepatientswhohave4sufferedaheartattackandforyearstheuseofdefibrillatorshasprovedusefulindiagnosing5disruptionstoheartrhythmsandcorrectingthemautomaticallybyinterveningwithinseconds.Thesedevices6arangeoffunctionssuchasthatofpacemaker. HeartspecialistsatFreiburg’sUniversityClinichavenowachievedabreakthroughwithanimplanteddefibrillator7ofgeneratingasix-channelelectrocardiogramECGwithinthebody.Thisintegratedsystemallowsearlydiagnosisof8blood-flowproblemsandapendingheartattack.Itwillbeimplantedinpatientsforthefirsttimethisyear.MeanwhileresearchersattheFraunhoferInstituteforAppliedMathematicsinKaiserslautemhavedevelopednewcomputersoftwarethatrenderstheevaluationofECGdata9. Theoverwhelming10ofpatientsatriskwillnothaveanimplanteddefibrillatorandmustforthisreasonundergoregularECGs."Manyofthecurrentprogramsonly11intoaccountalinearcorrelationofthedata.Wearehowevermakinguse12anon-linearprocessthatrevealsthechaoticpatternsofheartbeatsasanopenandcomplexsystem"HagenKnafsays"13changesintheheartbeatsovertimecanbemonitoredandindividualvariationsinpatientstakenintoaccount."AnoldstudyofECGdatabased14600patientswhohadsufferedasubsequentheartattackenabledtheresearcherstocomparerisksandtoshow15thenewsoftwareevaluatesthedataconsiderablybetter. 11
Dreams Everyonecandream.Indeedeveryonedoesdream.Thosewho1thattheyneverdreamatallactuallydream2asfrequentlyastherestofus3theymaynotrememberanythingaboutit.Eventhoseofuswhoareperfectly4ofdreamingnight5nightveryseldomrememberthosedreamsin6detailbutmerelyretainanuntidymixtureofseeminglyunrelatedimpressions.Dreamsarenotsimplyvisual-wedreamwithallour7sothatweappeartoexperiencesoundtouchsmellandtaste. Oneoftheworld’soldest8writtendocumentsistheEgyptianBookofDreams.Thisvolumeisaboutfivethousandyearsoldsoyoucan9thatdreamswerebelievedtohaveaspecialsignificanceeventhen.Manyancientcivilisationsbelievedthatyou10neverwakeasleepingpersonasduringsleepthesoulhadleftthebodyandmightnotbeabletoreturn11timeifthesleeperweresuddenly12. Fromancienttimestothepresent13peoplehavebeen14attemptstointerpretdreamsandtoexplaintheirsignificance.Therearemanybooksavailableonthesubjectofdreaminterpretationalthoughunfortunatelytherearealmostasmanymeaningsforaparticulardream15therearebooks. 14
YoungAdultsWhoExerciseGetHigherIQScores YoungadultswhoarefithaveahigherIQandaremore1togoontouniversityrevealsamajornewstudycarriedoutattheSahlgrenskaAcademyandSahlgrenskaUniversityHospital. TheresultswererecentlypublishedintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciencesPNAS.Thestudyinvolved1.2millionSwedishmendoingmilitaryservicewhowerebornbetween1950and1976.Theresearchgroupanalysedthe2ofbothphysicalandIQteststheyoungsterstookrightaftertheystartedservingthearmy. Thestudyshowsaclearlink3goodphysicalfitnessandbetterresultsfortheIQtest.Thestrongestlinksarefor4thinkingandverbalcomprehension.Butitisonlyfitnessthatplaysa5intheresultsfortheIQtestandnotstrength."Beingfitmeansthatyoualsohavegoodheartandlung6andthatyourbraingetsplentyof7"saysMichaelNilssonprofessorattheSahlgrenskaAcademyandchiefphysicianattheSahlgrenskaUniversityHospital."Thismaybeoneofthereasons8wecanseeaclearlinkwithfitnessbutnotwithmuscular9.Wearealsoseeingthattherearegrowthfactorsthatareimportant." Byanalysingdatafortwinstheresearchershavebeen10todeterminethatitisprimarilyenvironmentalfactorsandnotgenesthatexplainthelinkbetweenfitnessanda11IQ. "Wehavealsoshownthatthoseyoungsterswho12theirphysicalfitnessbetweentheagesof15and18increasetheircognitiveperformance"saysMariaAbergresearcherattheSahlgrenskaAcademyandphysicianatAbyhealthcentre."Thisbeingthecasephysical13isasubjectthathasanimportantplaceinschoolsandisanabsolutemustifwewanttodowellinmathsandothertheoreticalsubjects." Theresearchershavealsocomparedtheresultsfromfitnesstests14nationalservicewiththesocio-economicstatusofthemenlaterin15.Thosewhowerefitat18weremorelikelytogointohighereducationandmanysecuredmorequalifiedjobs. 4
MigrantWorkers Inthepasttwentyyearstherehasbeenanincreasingtendencyforworkerstomovefromonecountrytoanother.1somenewlyindependentcountrieshaveunderstandablyrestrictedmostjobstolocalpeopleothershaveattractedandwelcomedmigrantworkers.ThisisparticularlythecaseintheMiddleEast2increasedoilincomeshaveenabledmanycountriesto3outsiderstoimprovelocalfacilities.4theMiddleEasthasattractedoil-workersfromtheUSAandEurope.Ithasbroughtinconstructionworkersandtechniciansfrommanycountries5SouthKoreaandJapan. InviewofthedifficultlivingandworkingconditionsintheMiddleEastitisnot6thatthepayishightoattractsuitableworkers.Manyengineersandtechnicianscanearnatleast7moneyintheMiddleEastastheycanintheirowncountryandthisisamajorattraction.Analliedbenefitisthelowtaxationorcompletelackofit.Thisincreasesthenetamountofpayreceivedbyvisitingworkersandisverypopularwiththem. Sometimesadisadvantagehasacompensatingadvantage.8thedifficultlivingconditionsoftenleadtoincreasedfriendshipwhenworkershavetodependoneachother9safetyandcomfort.10manymigrantworkerscansavelargesumsofmoneypartly11thelackofentertainmentfacilities.Theworkisoftencomplexandfullofproblemsbutthismerelypresentsgreaterchallengetoengineerswhoprefertofindsolutions12problemsratherthandoroutineworkintheirhomecountry. Onemajorproblemwhich13migrantworkersintheMiddleEastisthattheirjobsaretemporaryones.Theyarenearlyalwaysoncontractsoitisnoteasyforthemtoplanaheadwithgreatconfidence.Thisistobeexpectedsincenocountrywelcomesalargenumberofforeignworkersaspermanentresidents.14migrantworkersacceptthisdisadvantagealongwithothersbecauseofthe15financialbenefitswhichtheyreceive. 11
ScientistsDevelopWaysofDetectingHeartAttack Germanresearchershave1anewgenerationofdefibrillatorsandearly-warningsoftwareaimedatofferingheartpatientsgreaterprotection2suddendeathfromcardiacarrest. InGermanyalonearound100000peopledieannuallyasaresultofcardiacarrestandmanyofthesecases3bydisruptiontotheheart’srhythm.Thosemostatriskarepatientswhohave4sufferedaheartattackandforyearstheuseofdefibrillatorshasprovedusefulindiagnosing5disruptionstoheartrhythmsandcorrectingthemautomaticallybyinterveningwithinseconds.Thesedevices6arangeoffunctionssuchasthatofpacemaker. HeartspecialistsatFreiburg’sUniversityClinichavenowachievedabreakthroughwithanimplanteddefibrillator7ofgeneratingasix-channelelectrocardiogramECGwithinthebody.Thisintegratedsystemallowsearlydiagnosisof8blood-flowproblemsandapendingheartattack.Itwillbeimplantedinpatientsforthefirsttimethisyear.MeanwhileresearchersattheFraunhoferInstituteforAppliedMathematicsinKaiserslautemhavedevelopednewcomputersoftwarethatrenderstheevaluationofECGdata9. Theoverwhelming10ofpatientsatriskwillnothaveanimplanteddefibrillatorandmustforthisreasonundergoregularECGs."Manyofthecurrentprogramsonly11intoaccountalinearcorrelationofthedata.Wearehowevermakinguse12anon-linearprocessthatrevealsthechaoticpatternsofheartbeatsasanopenandcomplexsystem"HagenKnafsays"13changesintheheartbeatsovertimecanbemonitoredandindividualvariationsinpatientstakenintoaccount."AnoldstudyofECGdatabased14600patientswhohadsufferedasubsequentheartattackenabledtheresearcherstocomparerisksandtoshow15thenewsoftwareevaluatesthedataconsiderablybetter. 5
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