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Researchers at the University of Arizona, led by Teresa Cummins, conducted an exploratory study on t...
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InWarMadeEasyNormanSolomondemolishesthemythofallindependentAmericanpresszealouslyguardingsacredvaluesoffreeexpression.AlthoughstrictlyfocusingontheshamelesshistoryofmediacheerleadingfortheprincipalpostWorldWar’ⅡAmericanwarsinvasionsandinterventionshecallsintoquestiontheentireconceptofthepressassomekindofinstitutionalcounterforcetogovernmentandcorporatepower.ManyoftheexamplescompiledinthisimpeccablydocumentedhistoricalreviewwillbefamiliartoreaderswhofollowthenewsontheInternet.ButsuchexamplesachievefleshimpactbecauseofthewaySolomonhasorganizedandanalyzedthem.EachchapterisdevotedtoasinglewarhawkargumentAmericaIsaFairandNobleSuperpowerOpposingtheWarMeansSidingwiththeEnemyOurSoldiersAreHeroesTheirsAreInhumanillustratedwithhistoricalexamplesfromconflictsintheDominicanRepublicE1SalvadorVietnamGrenadaPanamaKosovobothIraqwarsandothersinwhichthemediawerealmostuniversallyenthusiasticaccomplices.ThebookshouldreallybesubtitledWarreportingdoesn’tjustsuckitkills.Itmakesyoufeellikedemandingaspecialwarcrimestribunalforcorporatemediaexecutivesandownerswhojoinedtheroll-uptoshockandaweasnon-uniformedpsywarops.TobesurethiswouldraisetheissueofwhetherornotfollowingordersmightsufficeforthedefenseofobedientslavessuchasMaryMcGroryandRichardCohenwhoperformedaboveandbeyondthecallofduty.HepersuadedmeMcGrorygushedthemorningafterColinPowelladdressedaplenarysessionoftheUnitedNationsonFebruary52003declaringthatIraqhadweaponsofmassdestruction.Thecumulativeeffectwasstunning.InthesameWashingtonPosteditionCohenwrote.TheevidencehepresentedtotheUnitedNations—someofitcircumstantialsomeofitabsolutelybone-chillinginitsdetail—hadtoprovetoanyonethatIraqnotonlyhasn’taccountedforitsweaponsofmassdestructionbutwithoutadoubtstillretainsthem.Onlyafoolcouldconcludeotherwise.Solomondemonstrateshowthiskindofpeppyprewarwarm-updegeneratesintodroolingandheavybreathingoncethekillingbegins.Asifobservingaheavymetalcomputergamethepornographersofdeathconcentrateontheexquisitecraftsmanshipandvisualdesignofthemurdermachinesandthemagnificenceofthefieryexplosionstheyproduce.ItcanbeimpliedthattheconflictsinE1SalvadorVietnamGrenadaPanamaKosovo______.
WorklooksabettercureforpovertythanwelfareEspeciallyasfewerandfewercountrieswillbeabletoaffordtopaypotentialworkerstostayathomeaVictorianideaisbackinfavour:manypoorpeoplearebetteroffwhentheyarepulledbackintothelabourmarket.TheidearevivedfirstintheUnitedStates.Thereinitsharshestformtheunemployedworkinexchangeforwelfare.ButcountrieswithgovernmentstotheleftofAmerica’sincludingLabourAustraliaandSocialistFrancearenowalsoexploringwaystolinkincomesupportandemploymentpolicy.Comingfromdifferentdirectionstherightandtheleftaregraduallyfindingnewcommonground.Fortherightitseemsdeplorabletoencouragethepoortorelyonthestateforcashbecausetheygethookedongovernmenthelpandaccustomedtobeingpoor.Fortheleftitseemsdeplorabletoallowworkerstodropoutofthejobmarketforlongperiodsbecauseitmakesitharderforthemtofindnewjobs.Forboththeansweristogetthepoortowork.Mostindustrialcountrieshaveatwo-tiersystemofsocialprotection:asocial-securityschemewhereworkersandtheirbossesmakeregularcontributionsinexchangeforpaymentstoworkerswhentheyareunemployedsickorretired;andasafety-nettogivesomeincometothosepoorpeoplewhohaveexhaustedtheirsocialinsuranceorwhohavenoneTheformerisusuallynotmeans-testedbutfortheunemployedisoflimitedduration;thelatterisalmostalwaystiedtoincomeThepublictendstoapproveofcontributorybenefitswhichiswhatdesignersofsuchschemesintended.Safety-netbenefitscarrynosuchsenseofentitlementandarelesspopular.Yettheyhavegrownmorerapidlyinlargepartbecausethe1980-82recessionincreasedthenumberofpeopleofworkingagewhohadexhaustedtheirrighttocontributorybenefits.Andanincreasingproportionofthepoorarepeopleforwhomthecontributorysystemswereneverdesigned:theyoungandlonemothers.Inconsequencepaymentswhichcarryaclearentitlementhavebecomelesssignificantcomparedwiththosewhichappeartodependpurelyonstatecharity.Theriseinthebillfortheunpopularkindofsocialprotectioncomesatatimewhengovernmentswanttocurbstatespending.Itcomestooatatimewhenmanycountrieshavedonealmosteverythingtheycanthinkoftoprotectthepoor.Adecadeagomanyontheleftarguedthatpovertywasusuallycausedbycircumstancesoutsidethecontrolofthepoor—alackofjobsdisabilityoldageracialdiscriminationbrokenmarriages.Onewayoranothergovernmentshavetriedtotacklemostoftheseproblems.Stillthepoorremain.Thegeneralattitudeofthepublictowardsbenefitsisthat______.
Here’sataleoftwocompanies.Bothareforeignownedandbothareembroiledinscandalsinvolvingallegationsofsexualharassment.CompanyAisconfrontedwiththeproblemandpunishestopexecs.CompanyBstonewallsandmountsanaggressivecampaigntodiscredititsaccusersandportrayitselfasavictimofslander. 41Forbusinessschoolslookingforafewgoodcasestudiesindamagecontrollastweekwasaboutasgoodasitgets.OnewasSwedishpharmaceuticalscompanyAstraUSAamakerofasthmamedicationsandthepopularanestheticXylocaine.FacingsimilarchargesMitsubishiMotormanufacturingofAmericaoptedforin-your-facedenial.WhodiditrightIt’stoosoontoknowforsure.Astra’sstrategymayseemsmarter.FinanciallyspeakingatleastonecanseewhyMitsubishiisreluctanttoissueapublicmeaculpa.Fessingupcouldexposeittoasmuchas$200millionindamages. Suchcontroversiesarenoraritythesedays.TheEqualEmploymentOpportunitycommissionalonereceivedmorethan15000complaintsofsexualharassmentlastyearmorethantwiceasmanyasin1991.ItssuitagainstMitsubishifiledlastmonthmayturnouttobebyfarthebiggestever—andcouldeventuallyinvolveasmanyastwothirdsofthecompany’s900femaleworkers. 42Mitsubishi’sresponsewasclearfromthebeginning.WhentheEEOCannounceditscaseagainsttheIllinoisautomakerthecompanydispatchedbusloadsofworkerstopickettheagency’sChicagooffices.AttorneysforMitsubishiwillnodoubtprobetheprivatelivesofthewomenlodgingcomplaintsandmayevenaccusethemof"Japanbashing."Mitsubishi’sbrassinTokyoseemedabittakenabackbytheferocityofthecounteroffensivetothepointofsuggestingthatmaybethecasecouldbequietlysettled. 43CouldsuchtacticsbeeffectiveIfaggressivePRmakespeopledoubttheallegationsagainstthecompanyorencouragesfederalinvestigatorstosettleonmorefavorabletermsthenthestrategywillhavesucceeded.ButtherearerisksespeciallyforconsumercompanieslikeMitsubishi. 44That’snosmallthreatconsideringthatMitsubishiisstrugglingtoturnaprofitinthiscountry. 45Astra’sstrategyseemssavvier.Itsopennessandpromptresponsemighthelpitevadepunitivedamagesshouldanyofthecomplaintsgotoajury.Infactthatmaybeachiefreasonthecompanyactedevenbeforeitcompleteditsowninvestigation.ThatsaidAstraisinthesouptobeginwithbecauseithadnoadequatemechanismsforreportingincidentsandbecauseitfailedtodealwithitsproblemsbeforetheybecamepublic.Womenhavecomplainedofharassmentatthecompanyformorethanadecade.BusinessWeekreportsincidentsrangingfromgropingsatcompanyretreatstosuggestionsthatfemalesalesrepscouldadvancetheircareersbyputtingoutsexuallyfortheirbosses—includingtheheadofthecompanyLarsBildman.Hislawyerdeniestheallegationsasdotheotherexecutives.SofarAstraitselfhasofferednoevidencesuggestinganyofthethreeareguilty. Bothcompaniesnowpromisetodobetter.Astraisoverhaulingitscorporatepersonnelpoliciesandplanstotrainmanagersonhowtohandleissuesofsexualdiscrimination.SoisMitsubishi.Saystheautomaker’sgeneralcounselGaryShultz:"Wearegoingtobecomethemodelinhandlingsexual-harassmentand-discriminationcases."Thatremainstobeseen.Ifthesesortsofscandalsforcecompaniestosetuprulesthatactuallyworkthatmaybethebestcasestudyofall. [A]That’spreciselywhatthecompanydidinresponsetoapriorsexual-harassmentsuitfiledby29womenin1994. [B]"Agreatdealofattentionshouldbepaidtotheseaffairs"saysMitsubishis’sspokesman. [C]But"we’retakingtheseallegationsveryseriously"saysAstraspokesmanBenjaminKincannon. [D]Outragedbytheautomaker’sseemingdisregardofitsproblemsperennialpresidentialhopefulJesseJacksonandtheNationalOrganizationforWomencalledoncarbuyerstoboycottthecompany. [E]WhenBusinessWeekpublishedtalesofwide-rangingabuseatAstra’sAmericansubsidiaryoutsideBostonthecompanyquicklyfaceduptotheproblemandsuspendeditsU.S.chiefexecutivealongwithtwotoplieutenants. [F]Prof.MartinStolleracrisis-managementexpertatNorthwesternUniversitythinksso."Theaimofcrisismanagementistostoptheattackers"hesays. [G]AstraandMitsubishihavejoinedhandwitheachothertosolvetheproblemofsexualharassment. 43
Here’sataleoftwocompanies.Bothareforeignownedandbothareembroiledinscandalsinvolvingallegationsofsexualharassment.CompanyAisconfrontedwiththeproblemandpunishestopexecs.CompanyBstonewallsandmountsanaggressivecampaigntodiscredititsaccusersandportrayitselfasavictimofslander. 41Forbusinessschoolslookingforafewgoodcasestudiesindamagecontrollastweekwasaboutasgoodasitgets.OnewasSwedishpharmaceuticalscompanyAstraUSAamakerofasthmamedicationsandthepopularanestheticXylocaine.FacingsimilarchargesMitsubishiMotormanufacturingofAmericaoptedforin-your-facedenial.WhodiditrightIt’stoosoontoknowforsure.Astra’sstrategymayseemsmarter.FinanciallyspeakingatleastonecanseewhyMitsubishiisreluctanttoissueapublicmeaculpa.Fessingupcouldexposeittoasmuchas$200millionindamages. Suchcontroversiesarenoraritythesedays.TheEqualEmploymentOpportunitycommissionalonereceivedmorethan15000complaintsofsexualharassmentlastyearmorethantwiceasmanyasin1991.ItssuitagainstMitsubishifiledlastmonthmayturnouttobebyfarthebiggestever—andcouldeventuallyinvolveasmanyastwothirdsofthecompany’s900femaleworkers. 42Mitsubishi’sresponsewasclearfromthebeginning.WhentheEEOCannounceditscaseagainsttheIllinoisautomakerthecompanydispatchedbusloadsofworkerstopickettheagency’sChicagooffices.AttorneysforMitsubishiwillnodoubtprobetheprivatelivesofthewomenlodgingcomplaintsandmayevenaccusethemof"Japanbashing."Mitsubishi’sbrassinTokyoseemedabittakenabackbytheferocityofthecounteroffensivetothepointofsuggestingthatmaybethecasecouldbequietlysettled. 43CouldsuchtacticsbeeffectiveIfaggressivePRmakespeopledoubttheallegationsagainstthecompanyorencouragesfederalinvestigatorstosettleonmorefavorabletermsthenthestrategywillhavesucceeded.ButtherearerisksespeciallyforconsumercompanieslikeMitsubishi. 44That’snosmallthreatconsideringthatMitsubishiisstrugglingtoturnaprofitinthiscountry. 45Astra’sstrategyseemssavvier.Itsopennessandpromptresponsemighthelpitevadepunitivedamagesshouldanyofthecomplaintsgotoajury.Infactthatmaybeachiefreasonthecompanyactedevenbeforeitcompleteditsowninvestigation.ThatsaidAstraisinthesouptobeginwithbecauseithadnoadequatemechanismsforreportingincidentsandbecauseitfailedtodealwithitsproblemsbeforetheybecamepublic.Womenhavecomplainedofharassmentatthecompanyformorethanadecade.BusinessWeekreportsincidentsrangingfromgropingsatcompanyretreatstosuggestionsthatfemalesalesrepscouldadvancetheircareersbyputtingoutsexuallyfortheirbosses—includingtheheadofthecompanyLarsBildman.Hislawyerdeniestheallegationsasdotheotherexecutives.SofarAstraitselfhasofferednoevidencesuggestinganyofthethreeareguilty. Bothcompaniesnowpromisetodobetter.Astraisoverhaulingitscorporatepersonnelpoliciesandplanstotrainmanagersonhowtohandleissuesofsexualdiscrimination.SoisMitsubishi.Saystheautomaker’sgeneralcounselGaryShultz:"Wearegoingtobecomethemodelinhandlingsexual-harassmentand-discriminationcases."Thatremainstobeseen.Ifthesesortsofscandalsforcecompaniestosetuprulesthatactuallyworkthatmaybethebestcasestudyofall. [A]That’spreciselywhatthecompanydidinresponsetoapriorsexual-harassmentsuitfiledby29womenin1994. [B]"Agreatdealofattentionshouldbepaidtotheseaffairs"saysMitsubishis’sspokesman. [C]But"we’retakingtheseallegationsveryseriously"saysAstraspokesmanBenjaminKincannon. [D]Outragedbytheautomaker’sseemingdisregardofitsproblemsperennialpresidentialhopefulJesseJacksonandtheNationalOrganizationforWomencalledoncarbuyerstoboycottthecompany. [E]WhenBusinessWeekpublishedtalesofwide-rangingabuseatAstra’sAmericansubsidiaryoutsideBostonthecompanyquicklyfaceduptotheproblemandsuspendeditsU.S.chiefexecutivealongwithtwotoplieutenants. [F]Prof.MartinStolleracrisis-managementexpertatNorthwesternUniversitythinksso."Theaimofcrisismanagementistostoptheattackers"hesays. [G]AstraandMitsubishihavejoinedhandwitheachothertosolvetheproblemofsexualharassment. 41
Earlierthisyear13-year-oldShannonSullivanwassocializinginthesamewayasdozensofherclassmates.Shemaintainedapersonalizedpageonawebsitethatcontainedherphotographanddetailsaboutwhatmakesherunique.Butthenhermotherfoundout.Andnowhersiteandthoseofherfriends—oncelovinglyadornedwitheverythingfromsoundbitestovideoclips—arefastdisappearingattheinsistenceoftheirsafety-mindedparents.They’renotawarehoweasilysomethingpredatorycanhappenovertheInternetsaysShannon’smotherMargaretMaybewhenthey’reolderincollegeorsomethingbutit’sjustnotsafebeforethat.Internetstalkershavekilledatleastfourminorsinthepastthreeyearsandlawenforcementauthoritiescountabout5000reportsofattemptedsexualpredationovertheInternetinthepastyearaccordingtoParryArabexecutivedirectorofanInternetsafetyorganization.Givensuchstatisticsparentsneedtogetoverthefeelingthatthey’reinvadingtheirchildren’sprivacybyreadingtheirblogsMs.Aftabsays.Shebelievesthatparentsmustbringtheirjudgmenttobearonthecontentofwhat’sposted.Othersfearhoweverthatcertainprecautionscouldamounttoswattingaflywithasledgehammerandcouldtakeaheftytollonfamilylife.ThelikelihoodoftragedyisfargreaterwheneverachildridesinacarorgoesswimmingthanwhenheorshepostshisorhernamephotographandotherpersonalinformationontheInternetsaysLaurenceSteinberganexpertinadolescentpsychologyatTempleUniversity.Thedownsideofprohibitingitisworsethanthedownsideofallowingithesays.Agoodparent-childrelationshipisbasedontrust.IthinkpeopledogetespeciallyworkedupforsomereasonovertheInternet.ButsnoopingonwhatyourchilddoesontheInternettomeinsomewaysisnodifferentfromreadingyourchild’sdiary.Thoughthevalueofpursuingareasonablelevelofsafetygoesundisputedinthisdiscussionadultsdifferonthevalueofincreasingachild’sfreedomandprivacyovertimeespeciallyincyberspace.Aftabsupportsadolescentprivacywithpen-and-paperdiariesforinstancebecausethecontentthereisbetweenthechildandthepagewhereaswebsitecontentisforthewholeworldtosee.PostingprivateWebcontentbeforeage16onlyinvitestroubleshesaysyetmanyteensdoitinahighlypublicbidforattentionrecognitionandaffection.StillSteinbergsayswhileparentsneedtomonitorWebusagebyteenstheyalsoshouldacceptthattheywon’talwaysknoweverythingaboutachild’slifeespeciallyaschildrenbecomeolderteens.TherearegoingtobelotsofthingsthatIdon’tknowaboutinmychild’slifeandthat’sOKSteinbergsays.It’spartofthedevelopmentprocess./AccordingtoShannon’smother______.
46U.S.farmersareplantingmoreacresofcropsusingsoilbuildingandpollutionfightingfarmingsystemsthantraditionalmethodsthatrelyontheploworintensivetillageaccordingtoareportduetobereleasedearlynextmonth.Thereporttitled"NationalCropResidueManagementSurvey"showsa6millionacregainforenvironmentallyfriendlyfarmingsystemsthisyear. 47Italsoshowstraditionalfarmingmethodswhichresultingreatersoilerosionandrunofffromfieldsdeclinedby4millionacres.48TheSurveyconductedonacounty-by-countybasisbyUSDANaturalResourcesConservationServiceNRCSindicatesthatfarmersinIowaIllinoisSouthDakotaKansasandIndianacontributedthemosttotheincreaseillacresgrownwithenvironmentallyfriendlyfarmingsystemsknownasconservationtillagesystems. Thesestatesaccountedfor5millionofthe6millionacreincreaseinconservationtillagethisyear.Allconservationtillagesystemssuchasno-tillmulch-tillridge-tillstrip-tillandzone-tillrelyonlesstillageorlesssoildisturbancetoplantandmanagecrops.Farmerswhousethesesystemsleaveplantmaterials-stemsstalksandleaves-onthesurfaceoffieldsafterharvest. Theplantmaterialsalsocalledcropresiduesserveasablankettoprotectthesoilfromerosion.Thecropresiduesslowlydecomposetoaddorganicmattertothesoilmuchlikemulchingorcompostingaddsorganicmattertoagarden.Thesurveyresultsfor1997indicatethatconservationtillagesystemsnowaccountfor109.8millionacresorfully37percentofthe294.6millionannuallyplantedcroplandacresintheUnitedStates.Inthemeantimetraditionalsystemsthatrelyontheploworintensivetillagefellto107.6millionacresthisyear.Theremainingacresareinanintermediatefarmingsystemknownasreducedtill.49Theheadofthenonprofitcenterthatcompilesandpublishestheannualsurveyiscallingonconsumersandfarmersaliketofocusincreasedattentiononconservationtillagesystems."50Independentresearchandpracticalapplicationacrossthecountryshowthatthesesystemsnotonlyreplenishandbuildorganicmatterinthesoilforimprovedfuturefoodproductivitybuttheywillalsoprotectwaterqualityandenhancewildlifeandtheenvironmentforfuturegenerations"saysJohnHebblethwaiteexecutivedirectoroftheConservationTechnologyInformationCenter."Thereisalsogrowingevidencethatthesesystemscanevenhelpuscombatthepotentialforglobalwarming"headds 49
OnApril202000inAccraGhanatheleadersofsixWestAfricancountriesdeclaredtheirintentiontoproceedtomonetaryunionamongthenon-CFAfranccountriesoftheregionbyJanuary2003asfirststeptowardawidermonetaryunionincludingalltheECOWAScountriesin2004.Thesixcountries1themselvestoreducingcentralbankfinancingofbudgetdeficits210percentofthepreviousyearsgovernment3;reducingbudgetdeficitsto4percentofthesecondphaseby2003;creatingaConvergenceCounciltohelp4macroeconomicpolicies;and5upacommoncentralbank.Theirdeclaration6that"MemberStates7theneed8strongpoliticalcommitmentand9to10allsuchnationalpolicies11wouldfacilitatetheregionalmonetaryintegrationprocess." ThegoalofamonetaryunioninECOWAShaslongbeenanobjectiveoftheorganizationgoingbacktoitsformationin1975andisintendedto12broaderintegrationprocessthatwouldincludeenhancedregionaltradeand13institutions.Inthecolonialperiodcurrencyboardslinkedsetsofcountriesintheregion.14independence15thesecurrencyboardswere16withthe17oftheCFAfranczonewhichincludedthefrancophonecountriesoftheregion.AlthoughtherehavebeenattemptstoadvancetheagendaofECOWASmonetarycooperationpoliticalproblemsandothereconomicprioritiesinseveraloftheregion’scountrieshaveto18inhibitedprogress.Althoughsomeproblemsremaintherecentinitiativehasbeenbolsteredbytheelectionin1999ofademocraticgovernmentandaleaderwhoiscommittedtoregional19inNigeriathelargesteconomyoftheregionraisinghopesthatthelong-delayedprojectcanbe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
OnApril202000inAccraGhanatheleadersofsixWestAfricancountriesdeclaredtheirintentiontoproceedtomonetaryunionamongthenon-CFAfranccountriesoftheregionbyJanuary2003asfirststeptowardawidermonetaryunionincludingalltheECOWAScountriesin2004.Thesixcountries1themselvestoreducingcentralbankfinancingofbudgetdeficits210percentofthepreviousyearsgovernment3;reducingbudgetdeficitsto4percentofthesecondphaseby2003;creatingaConvergenceCounciltohelp4macroeconomicpolicies;and5upacommoncentralbank.Theirdeclaration6that"MemberStates7theneed8strongpoliticalcommitmentand9to10allsuchnationalpolicies11wouldfacilitatetheregionalmonetaryintegrationprocess." ThegoalofamonetaryunioninECOWAShaslongbeenanobjectiveoftheorganizationgoingbacktoitsformationin1975andisintendedto12broaderintegrationprocessthatwouldincludeenhancedregionaltradeand13institutions.Inthecolonialperiodcurrencyboardslinkedsetsofcountriesintheregion.14independence15thesecurrencyboardswere16withthe17oftheCFAfranczonewhichincludedthefrancophonecountriesoftheregion.AlthoughtherehavebeenattemptstoadvancetheagendaofECOWASmonetarycooperationpoliticalproblemsandothereconomicprioritiesinseveraloftheregion’scountrieshaveto18inhibitedprogress.Althoughsomeproblemsremaintherecentinitiativehasbeenbolsteredbytheelectionin1999ofademocraticgovernmentandaleaderwhoiscommittedtoregional19inNigeriathelargesteconomyoftheregionraisinghopesthatthelong-delayedprojectcanbe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.7
OnApril202000inAccraGhanatheleadersofsixWestAfricancountriesdeclaredtheirintentiontoproceedtomonetaryunionamongthenon-CFAfranccountriesoftheregionbyJanuary2003asfirststeptowardawidermonetaryunionincludingalltheECOWAScountriesin2004.Thesixcountries1themselvestoreducingcentralbankfinancingofbudgetdeficits210percentofthepreviousyearsgovernment3;reducingbudgetdeficitsto4percentofthesecondphaseby2003;creatingaConvergenceCounciltohelp4macroeconomicpolicies;and5upacommoncentralbank.Theirdeclaration6that"MemberStates7theneed8strongpoliticalcommitmentand9to10allsuchnationalpolicies11wouldfacilitatetheregionalmonetaryintegrationprocess." ThegoalofamonetaryunioninECOWAShaslongbeenanobjectiveoftheorganizationgoingbacktoitsformationin1975andisintendedto12broaderintegrationprocessthatwouldincludeenhancedregionaltradeand13institutions.Inthecolonialperiodcurrencyboardslinkedsetsofcountriesintheregion.14independence15thesecurrencyboardswere16withthe17oftheCFAfranczonewhichincludedthefrancophonecountriesoftheregion.AlthoughtherehavebeenattemptstoadvancetheagendaofECOWASmonetarycooperationpoliticalproblemsandothereconomicprioritiesinseveraloftheregion’scountrieshaveto18inhibitedprogress.Althoughsomeproblemsremaintherecentinitiativehasbeenbolsteredbytheelectionin1999ofademocraticgovernmentandaleaderwhoiscommittedtoregional19inNigeriathelargesteconomyoftheregionraisinghopesthatthelong-delayedprojectcanbe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.11
Earlierthisyear13-year-oldShannonSullivanwassocializinginthesamewayasdozensofherclassmates.Shemaintainedapersonalizedpageonawebsitethatcontainedherphotographanddetailsaboutwhatmakesherunique.Butthenhermotherfoundout.Andnowhersiteandthoseofherfriends—oncelovinglyadornedwitheverythingfromsoundbitestovideoclips—arefastdisappearingattheinsistenceoftheirsafety-mindedparents.They’renotawarehoweasilysomethingpredatorycanhappenovertheInternetsaysShannon’smotherMargaretMaybewhenthey’reolderincollegeorsomethingbutit’sjustnotsafebeforethat.Internetstalkershavekilledatleastfourminorsinthepastthreeyearsandlawenforcementauthoritiescountabout5000reportsofattemptedsexualpredationovertheInternetinthepastyearaccordingtoParryArabexecutivedirectorofanInternetsafetyorganization.Givensuchstatisticsparentsneedtogetoverthefeelingthatthey’reinvadingtheirchildren’sprivacybyreadingtheirblogsMs.Aftabsays.Shebelievesthatparentsmustbringtheirjudgmenttobearonthecontentofwhat’sposted.Othersfearhoweverthatcertainprecautionscouldamounttoswattingaflywithasledgehammerandcouldtakeaheftytollonfamilylife.ThelikelihoodoftragedyisfargreaterwheneverachildridesinacarorgoesswimmingthanwhenheorshepostshisorhernamephotographandotherpersonalinformationontheInternetsaysLaurenceSteinberganexpertinadolescentpsychologyatTempleUniversity.Thedownsideofprohibitingitisworsethanthedownsideofallowingithesays.Agoodparent-childrelationshipisbasedontrust.IthinkpeopledogetespeciallyworkedupforsomereasonovertheInternet.ButsnoopingonwhatyourchilddoesontheInternettomeinsomewaysisnodifferentfromreadingyourchild’sdiary.Thoughthevalueofpursuingareasonablelevelofsafetygoesundisputedinthisdiscussionadultsdifferonthevalueofincreasingachild’sfreedomandprivacyovertimeespeciallyincyberspace.Aftabsupportsadolescentprivacywithpen-and-paperdiariesforinstancebecausethecontentthereisbetweenthechildandthepagewhereaswebsitecontentisforthewholeworldtosee.PostingprivateWebcontentbeforeage16onlyinvitestroubleshesaysyetmanyteensdoitinahighlypublicbidforattentionrecognitionandaffection.StillSteinbergsayswhileparentsneedtomonitorWebusagebyteenstheyalsoshouldacceptthattheywon’talwaysknoweverythingaboutachild’slifeespeciallyaschildrenbecomeolderteens.TherearegoingtobelotsofthingsthatIdon’tknowaboutinmychild’slifeandthat’sOKSteinbergsays.It’spartofthedevelopmentprocess./Blogsdifferfromdiariesmostlybytheir______.
OnApril202000inAccraGhanatheleadersofsixWestAfricancountriesdeclaredtheirintentiontoproceedtomonetaryunionamongthenon-CFAfranccountriesoftheregionbyJanuary2003asfirststeptowardawidermonetaryunionincludingalltheECOWAScountriesin2004.Thesixcountries1themselvestoreducingcentralbankfinancingofbudgetdeficits210percentofthepreviousyearsgovernment3;reducingbudgetdeficitsto4percentofthesecondphaseby2003;creatingaConvergenceCounciltohelp4macroeconomicpolicies;and5upacommoncentralbank.Theirdeclaration6that"MemberStates7theneed8strongpoliticalcommitmentand9to10allsuchnationalpolicies11wouldfacilitatetheregionalmonetaryintegrationprocess." ThegoalofamonetaryunioninECOWAShaslongbeenanobjectiveoftheorganizationgoingbacktoitsformationin1975andisintendedto12broaderintegrationprocessthatwouldincludeenhancedregionaltradeand13institutions.Inthecolonialperiodcurrencyboardslinkedsetsofcountriesintheregion.14independence15thesecurrencyboardswere16withthe17oftheCFAfranczonewhichincludedthefrancophonecountriesoftheregion.AlthoughtherehavebeenattemptstoadvancetheagendaofECOWASmonetarycooperationpoliticalproblemsandothereconomicprioritiesinseveraloftheregion’scountrieshaveto18inhibitedprogress.Althoughsomeproblemsremaintherecentinitiativehasbeenbolsteredbytheelectionin1999ofademocraticgovernmentandaleaderwhoiscommittedtoregional19inNigeriathelargesteconomyoftheregionraisinghopesthatthelong-delayedprojectcanbe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
46U.S.farmersareplantingmoreacresofcropsusingsoilbuildingandpollutionfightingfarmingsystemsthantraditionalmethodsthatrelyontheploworintensivetillageaccordingtoareportduetobereleasedearlynextmonth.Thereporttitled"NationalCropResidueManagementSurvey"showsa6millionacregainforenvironmentallyfriendlyfarmingsystemsthisyear. 47Italsoshowstraditionalfarmingmethodswhichresultingreatersoilerosionandrunofffromfieldsdeclinedby4millionacres.48TheSurveyconductedonacounty-by-countybasisbyUSDANaturalResourcesConservationServiceNRCSindicatesthatfarmersinIowaIllinoisSouthDakotaKansasandIndianacontributedthemosttotheincreaseillacresgrownwithenvironmentallyfriendlyfarmingsystemsknownasconservationtillagesystems. Thesestatesaccountedfor5millionofthe6millionacreincreaseinconservationtillagethisyear.Allconservationtillagesystemssuchasno-tillmulch-tillridge-tillstrip-tillandzone-tillrelyonlesstillageorlesssoildisturbancetoplantandmanagecrops.Farmerswhousethesesystemsleaveplantmaterials-stemsstalksandleaves-onthesurfaceoffieldsafterharvest. Theplantmaterialsalsocalledcropresiduesserveasablankettoprotectthesoilfromerosion.Thecropresiduesslowlydecomposetoaddorganicmattertothesoilmuchlikemulchingorcompostingaddsorganicmattertoagarden.Thesurveyresultsfor1997indicatethatconservationtillagesystemsnowaccountfor109.8millionacresorfully37percentofthe294.6millionannuallyplantedcroplandacresintheUnitedStates.Inthemeantimetraditionalsystemsthatrelyontheploworintensivetillagefellto107.6millionacresthisyear.Theremainingacresareinanintermediatefarmingsystemknownasreducedtill.49Theheadofthenonprofitcenterthatcompilesandpublishestheannualsurveyiscallingonconsumersandfarmersaliketofocusincreasedattentiononconservationtillagesystems."50Independentresearchandpracticalapplicationacrossthecountryshowthatthesesystemsnotonlyreplenishandbuildorganicmatterinthesoilforimprovedfuturefoodproductivitybuttheywillalsoprotectwaterqualityandenhancewildlifeandtheenvironmentforfuturegenerations"saysJohnHebblethwaiteexecutivedirectoroftheConservationTechnologyInformationCenter."Thereisalsogrowingevidencethatthesesystemscanevenhelpuscombatthepotentialforglobalwarming"headds 47
OnApril202000inAccraGhanatheleadersofsixWestAfricancountriesdeclaredtheirintentiontoproceedtomonetaryunionamongthenon-CFAfranccountriesoftheregionbyJanuary2003asfirststeptowardawidermonetaryunionincludingalltheECOWAScountriesin2004.Thesixcountries1themselvestoreducingcentralbankfinancingofbudgetdeficits210percentofthepreviousyearsgovernment3;reducingbudgetdeficitsto4percentofthesecondphaseby2003;creatingaConvergenceCounciltohelp4macroeconomicpolicies;and5upacommoncentralbank.Theirdeclaration6that"MemberStates7theneed8strongpoliticalcommitmentand9to10allsuchnationalpolicies11wouldfacilitatetheregionalmonetaryintegrationprocess." ThegoalofamonetaryunioninECOWAShaslongbeenanobjectiveoftheorganizationgoingbacktoitsformationin1975andisintendedto12broaderintegrationprocessthatwouldincludeenhancedregionaltradeand13institutions.Inthecolonialperiodcurrencyboardslinkedsetsofcountriesintheregion.14independence15thesecurrencyboardswere16withthe17oftheCFAfranczonewhichincludedthefrancophonecountriesoftheregion.AlthoughtherehavebeenattemptstoadvancetheagendaofECOWASmonetarycooperationpoliticalproblemsandothereconomicprioritiesinseveraloftheregion’scountrieshaveto18inhibitedprogress.Althoughsomeproblemsremaintherecentinitiativehasbeenbolsteredbytheelectionin1999ofademocraticgovernmentandaleaderwhoiscommittedtoregional19inNigeriathelargesteconomyoftheregionraisinghopesthatthelong-delayedprojectcanbe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.5
OnApril202000inAccraGhanatheleadersofsixWestAfricancountriesdeclaredtheirintentiontoproceedtomonetaryunionamongthenon-CFAfranccountriesoftheregionbyJanuary2003asfirststeptowardawidermonetaryunionincludingalltheECOWAScountriesin2004.Thesixcountries1themselvestoreducingcentralbankfinancingofbudgetdeficits210percentofthepreviousyearsgovernment3;reducingbudgetdeficitsto4percentofthesecondphaseby2003;creatingaConvergenceCounciltohelp4macroeconomicpolicies;and5upacommoncentralbank.Theirdeclaration6that"MemberStates7theneed8strongpoliticalcommitmentand9to10allsuchnationalpolicies11wouldfacilitatetheregionalmonetaryintegrationprocess." ThegoalofamonetaryunioninECOWAShaslongbeenanobjectiveoftheorganizationgoingbacktoitsformationin1975andisintendedto12broaderintegrationprocessthatwouldincludeenhancedregionaltradeand13institutions.Inthecolonialperiodcurrencyboardslinkedsetsofcountriesintheregion.14independence15thesecurrencyboardswere16withthe17oftheCFAfranczonewhichincludedthefrancophonecountriesoftheregion.AlthoughtherehavebeenattemptstoadvancetheagendaofECOWASmonetarycooperationpoliticalproblemsandothereconomicprioritiesinseveraloftheregion’scountrieshaveto18inhibitedprogress.Althoughsomeproblemsremaintherecentinitiativehasbeenbolsteredbytheelectionin1999ofademocraticgovernmentandaleaderwhoiscommittedtoregional19inNigeriathelargesteconomyoftheregionraisinghopesthatthelong-delayedprojectcanbe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.3
Sometimesit’sjusthardtochoose.You’reinarestaurantandthewaiterhashispenattheready.Asyouhesitatehegraduallybeginstotakeacloseinterestintheceilinghisfingernailstheninyourdiningpartner.Eachdishonthemenubecomesablurasyourollyoureyesupanddowninagrowingpanic.Finallyyoudesperatelyoptforsomethingthatturnsouttobewhatyouhate.Itseemsthatweneeddevicestoprotectusfromourhopelessnessatdecidingbetween57barelydifferentiatedvarietiesofstuff-betheyTVchannelsgourmetcoffeedownloadableringtonesorperhapsultimatelyeveninterchangeablelovers.Thisthoughtisopposedtoourgovernment’sphilosophywhichsuggeststhatgreaterchoiceoverrailwayselectricitysuppliersandeducationwillmakeushappy.Inmyexperiencetheydoanythingbut.Perhapsthehappiestpeoplearethosewhodonothavemuchchoiceandaren’tconfrontedbythemiseryofendlesschoice.Truethatmiserymaynotbeobvioustopeoplewhodon’thaveavarietyofluxuries.IfyouliveinMadagascarsaywhereaveragelifeexpectancyisbelow40andtheydon’thavedigitalTVorStarbucksyoumightnotbeimpressedbytheanxietyandperpetualstressourdecision-makingparalysiscauses.Choicewasn’tsupposedtomakepeoplemiserable.Itwassupposedtobethehallmarkofself-determinationthatwesocherishinmodemsociety.Butitobviouslyisn’t:evermorechoiceincreasesthefeelingofmissedopportunitiesandthisleadstoself-blamewhenchoicesfailtomeetexpectations.WhatistobedoneAnewbookbyanAmericansocialscientistBarrySchwartzcalledTheParadoxofChoicesuggeststhatreducingchoicescanlimitanxiety.Schwartzoffersaself-helpguidetogooddecision-makingthathelpsustolimitourchoicestoamanageablenumberandultimatelyderivegreatersatisfactionfromthechoiceswemake.ButonceyourealizethatyourSchwartzianfiltersaredeprivingyouofsomethingyoumighthavefoundenjoyableyouwillexperiencethesameanxietyasbeforeworryingthatyoumadethewrongdecisionindrawingupyourchoice-limitingfilters.Arguablywewillalwaysbedoomedtobuyers’remorseandthemiseryitentails.TheproblemofchoiceisperhapsmoredifficultthanSchwartzallows.WemayconcludethatitisNOToneoftheauthor’spurposesto______.
Mathematicalabilityandmusicalabilitymaynotseemonthesurfacetobeconnectedbutpeoplewhohaveresearchedthesubject—andstudiedthebrain—saythattheyare.ResearchformybookLate—TalkingChildrendrovehomethepointtome.Threequartersofthebrightbutspeech-delayedchildreninthegroupIstudiedhadacloserelativewhowasanengineermathematicianorscientist—andfour—fifthshadacloserelativewhoplayedamusicalinstrument.Thechildrenthemselvesusuallytookreadilytomathandotheranalyticalsubjects—andtomusic.BlackwhiteandAsianchildreninthisgroupshowedthesamepatterns.HoweverlookingatthelargerworldaroundusitisclearthatblackshavebeengreatlyoverrepresentedinthedevelopmentofAmericanpopularmusicandgreatlyunderrepresentedinsuchfieldsasmathematicsscienceandengineering.IftheabilitiesrequiredinanalyticalfieldsandinmusicaresocloselyrelatedhowcantherebethisgreatdiscrepancyOnereasonisthatthedevelopmentofmathematicalandothersuchabilitiesrequiresyearsofformalschoolingwhilecertainmusicaltalentscanbedevelopedwithlittleornoformaltrainingashashappenedwithanumberofwell-knownblackmusicians.Itispreciselyinthosekindsofmusicwhereonecanacquiregreatskillwithoutformaltrainingthatblackshaveexcelled—popularmusicratherthanclassicalmusicpianoratherthanviolinbluesratherthanopera.ThisisreadilyunderstandablegiventhatmostblacksformostofAmericanhistoryhavenothadeitherthemoneyortheleisureforlongyearsofformalstudyinmusic.BlackshavenotmerelyheldtheirowninAmericanpopularmusic.Theyhaveplayedadisproportionatelylargeroleinthedevelopmentofjazzbothtraditionalandmodem.Alongstringofnamescomestomind—DukeEllingtonScottJoplinW.C.HandyLouisArmstrongCharlieParkerandsoon.Noneofthispresupposesanyspecialinnateabilityofblacksinmusic.Onthecontraryitisperfectlyconsistentwithblackshavingnomoresuchinbornabilitythananyoneelsebutbeinglimitedtobeingabletoexpresssuchabilityinnarrowerchannelsthanotherswhohavehadthemoneythetimeandtheformaleducationtospreadoutoverawiderrangeofmusicaswellasintomathematicsscienceandengineering.Whatcanbeinferredaboutopera
InWarMadeEasyNormanSolomondemolishesthemythofallindependentAmericanpresszealouslyguardingsacredvaluesoffreeexpression.AlthoughstrictlyfocusingontheshamelesshistoryofmediacheerleadingfortheprincipalpostWorldWar’ⅡAmericanwarsinvasionsandinterventionshecallsintoquestiontheentireconceptofthepressassomekindofinstitutionalcounterforcetogovernmentandcorporatepower.ManyoftheexamplescompiledinthisimpeccablydocumentedhistoricalreviewwillbefamiliartoreaderswhofollowthenewsontheInternet.ButsuchexamplesachievefleshimpactbecauseofthewaySolomonhasorganizedandanalyzedthem.EachchapterisdevotedtoasinglewarhawkargumentAmericaIsaFairandNobleSuperpowerOpposingtheWarMeansSidingwiththeEnemyOurSoldiersAreHeroesTheirsAreInhumanillustratedwithhistoricalexamplesfromconflictsintheDominicanRepublicE1SalvadorVietnamGrenadaPanamaKosovobothIraqwarsandothersinwhichthemediawerealmostuniversallyenthusiasticaccomplices.ThebookshouldreallybesubtitledWarreportingdoesn’tjustsuckitkills.Itmakesyoufeellikedemandingaspecialwarcrimestribunalforcorporatemediaexecutivesandownerswhojoinedtheroll-uptoshockandaweasnon-uniformedpsywarops.TobesurethiswouldraisetheissueofwhetherornotfollowingordersmightsufficeforthedefenseofobedientslavessuchasMaryMcGroryandRichardCohenwhoperformedaboveandbeyondthecallofduty.HepersuadedmeMcGrorygushedthemorningafterColinPowelladdressedaplenarysessionoftheUnitedNationsonFebruary52003declaringthatIraqhadweaponsofmassdestruction.Thecumulativeeffectwasstunning.InthesameWashingtonPosteditionCohenwrote.TheevidencehepresentedtotheUnitedNations—someofitcircumstantialsomeofitabsolutelybone-chillinginitsdetail—hadtoprovetoanyonethatIraqnotonlyhasn’taccountedforitsweaponsofmassdestructionbutwithoutadoubtstillretainsthem.Onlyafoolcouldconcludeotherwise.Solomondemonstrateshowthiskindofpeppyprewarwarm-updegeneratesintodroolingandheavybreathingoncethekillingbegins.Asifobservingaheavymetalcomputergamethepornographersofdeathconcentrateontheexquisitecraftsmanshipandvisualdesignofthemurdermachinesandthemagnificenceofthefieryexplosionstheyproduce.WhatisacommonmisperceptionofAmericanpress
Directions:WritealettertoinviteafriendAnnatotravelabroadwithyou.Intheletter·tellherwhyyouintendtotravel.·what’syourplanforthetravel.·explainwhyyouinviteher.Writeyourletterinnolessthan100words.WriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter;useLiMinginstead.Donotwritetheaddress.
Sometimesit’sjusthardtochoose.You’reinarestaurantandthewaiterhashispenattheready.Asyouhesitatehegraduallybeginstotakeacloseinterestintheceilinghisfingernailstheninyourdiningpartner.Eachdishonthemenubecomesablurasyourollyoureyesupanddowninagrowingpanic.Finallyyoudesperatelyoptforsomethingthatturnsouttobewhatyouhate.Itseemsthatweneeddevicestoprotectusfromourhopelessnessatdecidingbetween57barelydifferentiatedvarietiesofstuff-betheyTVchannelsgourmetcoffeedownloadableringtonesorperhapsultimatelyeveninterchangeablelovers.Thisthoughtisopposedtoourgovernment’sphilosophywhichsuggeststhatgreaterchoiceoverrailwayselectricitysuppliersandeducationwillmakeushappy.Inmyexperiencetheydoanythingbut.Perhapsthehappiestpeoplearethosewhodonothavemuchchoiceandaren’tconfrontedbythemiseryofendlesschoice.Truethatmiserymaynotbeobvioustopeoplewhodon’thaveavarietyofluxuries.IfyouliveinMadagascarsaywhereaveragelifeexpectancyisbelow40andtheydon’thavedigitalTVorStarbucksyoumightnotbeimpressedbytheanxietyandperpetualstressourdecision-makingparalysiscauses.Choicewasn’tsupposedtomakepeoplemiserable.Itwassupposedtobethehallmarkofself-determinationthatwesocherishinmodemsociety.Butitobviouslyisn’t:evermorechoiceincreasesthefeelingofmissedopportunitiesandthisleadstoself-blamewhenchoicesfailtomeetexpectations.WhatistobedoneAnewbookbyanAmericansocialscientistBarrySchwartzcalledTheParadoxofChoicesuggeststhatreducingchoicescanlimitanxiety.Schwartzoffersaself-helpguidetogooddecision-makingthathelpsustolimitourchoicestoamanageablenumberandultimatelyderivegreatersatisfactionfromthechoiceswemake.ButonceyourealizethatyourSchwartzianfiltersaredeprivingyouofsomethingyoumighthavefoundenjoyableyouwillexperiencethesameanxietyasbeforeworryingthatyoumadethewrongdecisionindrawingupyourchoice-limitingfilters.Arguablywewillalwaysbedoomedtobuyers’remorseandthemiseryitentails.TheproblemofchoiceisperhapsmoredifficultthanSchwartzallows.Wecaninferthattheauthor’sattitudetowardschoiceisthat______.
Manythingsmakepeoplethinkartistsareweird—theoddhoursthenonconformitytheclovecigarettes.Howevertheweirdestmaybethis:artists’onlyjobsaretoexploreemotionsandyettheychoosetofocusontheonesthatfeellousy.Thiswasn’talwaysso.Theearliestformsofartlikepaintingandmusicarethosebestsuitedforexpressingjoy.Butsomewhereinthe19thcenturymoreartistsbeganseeinghappinessasinsipidphonyorworstofallboring.Inthe20thcenturyclassicalmusicbecamemoreatonalvisualartmoreunsettling.Suretherehavebeenexceptionsbutitwouldnotbeastretchtosaythatforthepastcenturyorsoseriousarthasbeenatwarwithhappiness.In1824BeethovencompletedhisOdetoJoy.In1962novelistAnthonyBurgessuseditinAClockworkOrangeasthefavoritemusicofhisultra-violentantihero.Youcouldarguethatartbecamemoreskepticalofhappinessbecausemodemtimeshaveseensuchmisery.Butthereasonmayactuallybejusttheopposite:thereistoomuchhappinessintheworldtoday.IntheWestbeforemasscommunicationandliteracythemostpowerfulmassmediumwasthechurchwhichremindedworshippersthattheirsoulswereinperilandthattheywouldsomedaybemeatforworms.TodaythemessagesthattheaverageWesternerisbombardedwitharenotreligiousbutcommercialandrelentlesslyhappy.Sincethesemessageshaveanagenda—topryourwalletsfromourpockets—theymaketheveryideaofhappinessseembogus.Celebrate!commandedtheadsforthearthritisdrugCelebrexbeforewefoundoutitcouldincreasetheriskofheartattack.Whatweforget—whatoureconomydependsonusforgetting—isthathappinessismorethanpleasurewithoutpain.Thethingsthatbringthegreatestjoycarrythegreatestpotentialforlossanddisappointment.TodaysurroundedbypromisesofeasyhappinessweneedsomeonetotellusthatitisOKnottobehappythatsadnessmakeshappinessdeeper.AsthewineconnoisseurmovieSidewaystellsusitisthekissofdecayandmortalitythatmakesgrapejuiceintoPinotNoir.Weneedarttotellusasreligiononcedidthatyouwilldiethateverythingendsandthathappinesscomesnotindenyingthisbutinlivingwithit.It’samessageevenmorebitterthanaclovecigaretteyetsomehowisabreathoffreshair.TheexamplethatOdetoJoywasusedinBurgess’snovelismeanttoillustratethat______.
OnApril202000inAccraGhanatheleadersofsixWestAfricancountriesdeclaredtheirintentiontoproceedtomonetaryunionamongthenon-CFAfranccountriesoftheregionbyJanuary2003asfirststeptowardawidermonetaryunionincludingalltheECOWAScountriesin2004.Thesixcountries1themselvestoreducingcentralbankfinancingofbudgetdeficits210percentofthepreviousyearsgovernment3;reducingbudgetdeficitsto4percentofthesecondphaseby2003;creatingaConvergenceCounciltohelp4macroeconomicpolicies;and5upacommoncentralbank.Theirdeclaration6that"MemberStates7theneed8strongpoliticalcommitmentand9to10allsuchnationalpolicies11wouldfacilitatetheregionalmonetaryintegrationprocess." ThegoalofamonetaryunioninECOWAShaslongbeenanobjectiveoftheorganizationgoingbacktoitsformationin1975andisintendedto12broaderintegrationprocessthatwouldincludeenhancedregionaltradeand13institutions.Inthecolonialperiodcurrencyboardslinkedsetsofcountriesintheregion.14independence15thesecurrencyboardswere16withthe17oftheCFAfranczonewhichincludedthefrancophonecountriesoftheregion.AlthoughtherehavebeenattemptstoadvancetheagendaofECOWASmonetarycooperationpoliticalproblemsandothereconomicprioritiesinseveraloftheregion’scountrieshaveto18inhibitedprogress.Althoughsomeproblemsremaintherecentinitiativehasbeenbolsteredbytheelectionin1999ofademocraticgovernmentandaleaderwhoiscommittedtoregional19inNigeriathelargesteconomyoftheregionraisinghopesthatthelong-delayedprojectcanbe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
WorklooksabettercureforpovertythanwelfareEspeciallyasfewerandfewercountrieswillbeabletoaffordtopaypotentialworkerstostayathomeaVictorianideaisbackinfavour:manypoorpeoplearebetteroffwhentheyarepulledbackintothelabourmarket.TheidearevivedfirstintheUnitedStates.Thereinitsharshestformtheunemployedworkinexchangeforwelfare.ButcountrieswithgovernmentstotheleftofAmerica’sincludingLabourAustraliaandSocialistFrancearenowalsoexploringwaystolinkincomesupportandemploymentpolicy.Comingfromdifferentdirectionstherightandtheleftaregraduallyfindingnewcommonground.Fortherightitseemsdeplorabletoencouragethepoortorelyonthestateforcashbecausetheygethookedongovernmenthelpandaccustomedtobeingpoor.Fortheleftitseemsdeplorabletoallowworkerstodropoutofthejobmarketforlongperiodsbecauseitmakesitharderforthemtofindnewjobs.Forboththeansweristogetthepoortowork.Mostindustrialcountrieshaveatwo-tiersystemofsocialprotection:asocial-securityschemewhereworkersandtheirbossesmakeregularcontributionsinexchangeforpaymentstoworkerswhentheyareunemployedsickorretired;andasafety-nettogivesomeincometothosepoorpeoplewhohaveexhaustedtheirsocialinsuranceorwhohavenoneTheformerisusuallynotmeans-testedbutfortheunemployedisoflimitedduration;thelatterisalmostalwaystiedtoincomeThepublictendstoapproveofcontributorybenefitswhichiswhatdesignersofsuchschemesintended.Safety-netbenefitscarrynosuchsenseofentitlementandarelesspopular.Yettheyhavegrownmorerapidlyinlargepartbecausethe1980-82recessionincreasedthenumberofpeopleofworkingagewhohadexhaustedtheirrighttocontributorybenefits.Andanincreasingproportionofthepoorarepeopleforwhomthecontributorysystemswereneverdesigned:theyoungandlonemothers.Inconsequencepaymentswhichcarryaclearentitlementhavebecomelesssignificantcomparedwiththosewhichappeartodependpurelyonstatecharity.Theriseinthebillfortheunpopularkindofsocialprotectioncomesatatimewhengovernmentswanttocurbstatespending.Itcomestooatatimewhenmanycountrieshavedonealmosteverythingtheycanthinkoftoprotectthepoor.Adecadeagomanyontheleftarguedthatpovertywasusuallycausedbycircumstancesoutsidethecontrolofthepoor—alackofjobsdisabilityoldageracialdiscriminationbrokenmarriages.Onewayoranothergovernmentshavetriedtotacklemostoftheseproblems.Stillthepoorremain.Asafety-netbenefitsystemisone______.
OnApril202000inAccraGhanatheleadersofsixWestAfricancountriesdeclaredtheirintentiontoproceedtomonetaryunionamongthenon-CFAfranccountriesoftheregionbyJanuary2003asfirststeptowardawidermonetaryunionincludingalltheECOWAScountriesin2004.Thesixcountries1themselvestoreducingcentralbankfinancingofbudgetdeficits210percentofthepreviousyearsgovernment3;reducingbudgetdeficitsto4percentofthesecondphaseby2003;creatingaConvergenceCounciltohelp4macroeconomicpolicies;and5upacommoncentralbank.Theirdeclaration6that"MemberStates7theneed8strongpoliticalcommitmentand9to10allsuchnationalpolicies11wouldfacilitatetheregionalmonetaryintegrationprocess." ThegoalofamonetaryunioninECOWAShaslongbeenanobjectiveoftheorganizationgoingbacktoitsformationin1975andisintendedto12broaderintegrationprocessthatwouldincludeenhancedregionaltradeand13institutions.Inthecolonialperiodcurrencyboardslinkedsetsofcountriesintheregion.14independence15thesecurrencyboardswere16withthe17oftheCFAfranczonewhichincludedthefrancophonecountriesoftheregion.AlthoughtherehavebeenattemptstoadvancetheagendaofECOWASmonetarycooperationpoliticalproblemsandothereconomicprioritiesinseveraloftheregion’scountrieshaveto18inhibitedprogress.Althoughsomeproblemsremaintherecentinitiativehasbeenbolsteredbytheelectionin1999ofademocraticgovernmentandaleaderwhoiscommittedtoregional19inNigeriathelargesteconomyoftheregionraisinghopesthatthelong-delayedprojectcanbe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
OnApril202000inAccraGhanatheleadersofsixWestAfricancountriesdeclaredtheirintentiontoproceedtomonetaryunionamongthenon-CFAfranccountriesoftheregionbyJanuary2003asfirststeptowardawidermonetaryunionincludingalltheECOWAScountriesin2004.Thesixcountries1themselvestoreducingcentralbankfinancingofbudgetdeficits210percentofthepreviousyearsgovernment3;reducingbudgetdeficitsto4percentofthesecondphaseby2003;creatingaConvergenceCounciltohelp4macroeconomicpolicies;and5upacommoncentralbank.Theirdeclaration6that"MemberStates7theneed8strongpoliticalcommitmentand9to10allsuchnationalpolicies11wouldfacilitatetheregionalmonetaryintegrationprocess." ThegoalofamonetaryunioninECOWAShaslongbeenanobjectiveoftheorganizationgoingbacktoitsformationin1975andisintendedto12broaderintegrationprocessthatwouldincludeenhancedregionaltradeand13institutions.Inthecolonialperiodcurrencyboardslinkedsetsofcountriesintheregion.14independence15thesecurrencyboardswere16withthe17oftheCFAfranczonewhichincludedthefrancophonecountriesoftheregion.AlthoughtherehavebeenattemptstoadvancetheagendaofECOWASmonetarycooperationpoliticalproblemsandothereconomicprioritiesinseveraloftheregion’scountrieshaveto18inhibitedprogress.Althoughsomeproblemsremaintherecentinitiativehasbeenbolsteredbytheelectionin1999ofademocraticgovernmentandaleaderwhoiscommittedtoregional19inNigeriathelargesteconomyoftheregionraisinghopesthatthelong-delayedprojectcanbe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.9
Mathematicalabilityandmusicalabilitymaynotseemonthesurfacetobeconnectedbutpeoplewhohaveresearchedthesubject—andstudiedthebrain—saythattheyare.ResearchformybookLate—TalkingChildrendrovehomethepointtome.Threequartersofthebrightbutspeech-delayedchildreninthegroupIstudiedhadacloserelativewhowasanengineermathematicianorscientist—andfour—fifthshadacloserelativewhoplayedamusicalinstrument.Thechildrenthemselvesusuallytookreadilytomathandotheranalyticalsubjects—andtomusic.BlackwhiteandAsianchildreninthisgroupshowedthesamepatterns.HoweverlookingatthelargerworldaroundusitisclearthatblackshavebeengreatlyoverrepresentedinthedevelopmentofAmericanpopularmusicandgreatlyunderrepresentedinsuchfieldsasmathematicsscienceandengineering.IftheabilitiesrequiredinanalyticalfieldsandinmusicaresocloselyrelatedhowcantherebethisgreatdiscrepancyOnereasonisthatthedevelopmentofmathematicalandothersuchabilitiesrequiresyearsofformalschoolingwhilecertainmusicaltalentscanbedevelopedwithlittleornoformaltrainingashashappenedwithanumberofwell-knownblackmusicians.Itispreciselyinthosekindsofmusicwhereonecanacquiregreatskillwithoutformaltrainingthatblackshaveexcelled—popularmusicratherthanclassicalmusicpianoratherthanviolinbluesratherthanopera.ThisisreadilyunderstandablegiventhatmostblacksformostofAmericanhistoryhavenothadeitherthemoneyortheleisureforlongyearsofformalstudyinmusic.BlackshavenotmerelyheldtheirowninAmericanpopularmusic.Theyhaveplayedadisproportionatelylargeroleinthedevelopmentofjazzbothtraditionalandmodem.Alongstringofnamescomestomind—DukeEllingtonScottJoplinW.C.HandyLouisArmstrongCharlieParkerandsoon.Noneofthispresupposesanyspecialinnateabilityofblacksinmusic.Onthecontraryitisperfectlyconsistentwithblackshavingnomoresuchinbornabilitythananyoneelsebutbeinglimitedtobeingabletoexpresssuchabilityinnarrowerchannelsthanotherswhohavehadthemoneythetimeandtheformaleducationtospreadoutoverawiderrangeofmusicaswellasintomathematicsscienceandengineering.Whichofthefollowingdoestheauthormostprobablyagreewith
Manythingsmakepeoplethinkartistsareweird—theoddhoursthenonconformitytheclovecigarettes.Howevertheweirdestmaybethis:artists’onlyjobsaretoexploreemotionsandyettheychoosetofocusontheonesthatfeellousy.Thiswasn’talwaysso.Theearliestformsofartlikepaintingandmusicarethosebestsuitedforexpressingjoy.Butsomewhereinthe19thcenturymoreartistsbeganseeinghappinessasinsipidphonyorworstofallboring.Inthe20thcenturyclassicalmusicbecamemoreatonalvisualartmoreunsettling.Suretherehavebeenexceptionsbutitwouldnotbeastretchtosaythatforthepastcenturyorsoseriousarthasbeenatwarwithhappiness.In1824BeethovencompletedhisOdetoJoy.In1962novelistAnthonyBurgessuseditinAClockworkOrangeasthefavoritemusicofhisultra-violentantihero.Youcouldarguethatartbecamemoreskepticalofhappinessbecausemodemtimeshaveseensuchmisery.Butthereasonmayactuallybejusttheopposite:thereistoomuchhappinessintheworldtoday.IntheWestbeforemasscommunicationandliteracythemostpowerfulmassmediumwasthechurchwhichremindedworshippersthattheirsoulswereinperilandthattheywouldsomedaybemeatforworms.TodaythemessagesthattheaverageWesternerisbombardedwitharenotreligiousbutcommercialandrelentlesslyhappy.Sincethesemessageshaveanagenda—topryourwalletsfromourpockets—theymaketheveryideaofhappinessseembogus.Celebrate!commandedtheadsforthearthritisdrugCelebrexbeforewefoundoutitcouldincreasetheriskofheartattack.Whatweforget—whatoureconomydependsonusforgetting—isthathappinessismorethanpleasurewithoutpain.Thethingsthatbringthegreatestjoycarrythegreatestpotentialforlossanddisappointment.TodaysurroundedbypromisesofeasyhappinessweneedsomeonetotellusthatitisOKnottobehappythatsadnessmakeshappinessdeeper.AsthewineconnoisseurmovieSidewaystellsusitisthekissofdecayandmortalitythatmakesgrapejuiceintoPinotNoir.Weneedarttotellusasreligiononcedidthatyouwilldiethateverythingendsandthathappinesscomesnotindenyingthisbutinlivingwithit.It’samessageevenmorebitterthanaclovecigaretteyetsomehowisabreathoffreshair.Howcouldtheeconomydependonourforgettingthings
Sometimesit’sjusthardtochoose.You’reinarestaurantandthewaiterhashispenattheready.Asyouhesitatehegraduallybeginstotakeacloseinterestintheceilinghisfingernailstheninyourdiningpartner.Eachdishonthemenubecomesablurasyourollyoureyesupanddowninagrowingpanic.Finallyyoudesperatelyoptforsomethingthatturnsouttobewhatyouhate.Itseemsthatweneeddevicestoprotectusfromourhopelessnessatdecidingbetween57barelydifferentiatedvarietiesofstuff-betheyTVchannelsgourmetcoffeedownloadableringtonesorperhapsultimatelyeveninterchangeablelovers.Thisthoughtisopposedtoourgovernment’sphilosophywhichsuggeststhatgreaterchoiceoverrailwayselectricitysuppliersandeducationwillmakeushappy.Inmyexperiencetheydoanythingbut.Perhapsthehappiestpeoplearethosewhodonothavemuchchoiceandaren’tconfrontedbythemiseryofendlesschoice.Truethatmiserymaynotbeobvioustopeoplewhodon’thaveavarietyofluxuries.IfyouliveinMadagascarsaywhereaveragelifeexpectancyisbelow40andtheydon’thavedigitalTVorStarbucksyoumightnotbeimpressedbytheanxietyandperpetualstressourdecision-makingparalysiscauses.Choicewasn’tsupposedtomakepeoplemiserable.Itwassupposedtobethehallmarkofself-determinationthatwesocherishinmodemsociety.Butitobviouslyisn’t:evermorechoiceincreasesthefeelingofmissedopportunitiesandthisleadstoself-blamewhenchoicesfailtomeetexpectations.WhatistobedoneAnewbookbyanAmericansocialscientistBarrySchwartzcalledTheParadoxofChoicesuggeststhatreducingchoicescanlimitanxiety.Schwartzoffersaself-helpguidetogooddecision-makingthathelpsustolimitourchoicestoamanageablenumberandultimatelyderivegreatersatisfactionfromthechoiceswemake.ButonceyourealizethatyourSchwartzianfiltersaredeprivingyouofsomethingyoumighthavefoundenjoyableyouwillexperiencethesameanxietyasbeforeworryingthatyoumadethewrongdecisionindrawingupyourchoice-limitingfilters.Arguablywewillalwaysbedoomedtobuyers’remorseandthemiseryitentails.TheproblemofchoiceisperhapsmoredifficultthanSchwartzallows.Thewaitermentionedinthefirstparagraphwouldagreethatgivenavarietyofchoice______.
InWarMadeEasyNormanSolomondemolishesthemythofallindependentAmericanpresszealouslyguardingsacredvaluesoffreeexpression.AlthoughstrictlyfocusingontheshamelesshistoryofmediacheerleadingfortheprincipalpostWorldWar’ⅡAmericanwarsinvasionsandinterventionshecallsintoquestiontheentireconceptofthepressassomekindofinstitutionalcounterforcetogovernmentandcorporatepower.ManyoftheexamplescompiledinthisimpeccablydocumentedhistoricalreviewwillbefamiliartoreaderswhofollowthenewsontheInternet.ButsuchexamplesachievefleshimpactbecauseofthewaySolomonhasorganizedandanalyzedthem.EachchapterisdevotedtoasinglewarhawkargumentAmericaIsaFairandNobleSuperpowerOpposingtheWarMeansSidingwiththeEnemyOurSoldiersAreHeroesTheirsAreInhumanillustratedwithhistoricalexamplesfromconflictsintheDominicanRepublicE1SalvadorVietnamGrenadaPanamaKosovobothIraqwarsandothersinwhichthemediawerealmostuniversallyenthusiasticaccomplices.ThebookshouldreallybesubtitledWarreportingdoesn’tjustsuckitkills.Itmakesyoufeellikedemandingaspecialwarcrimestribunalforcorporatemediaexecutivesandownerswhojoinedtheroll-uptoshockandaweasnon-uniformedpsywarops.TobesurethiswouldraisetheissueofwhetherornotfollowingordersmightsufficeforthedefenseofobedientslavessuchasMaryMcGroryandRichardCohenwhoperformedaboveandbeyondthecallofduty.HepersuadedmeMcGrorygushedthemorningafterColinPowelladdressedaplenarysessionoftheUnitedNationsonFebruary52003declaringthatIraqhadweaponsofmassdestruction.Thecumulativeeffectwasstunning.InthesameWashingtonPosteditionCohenwrote.TheevidencehepresentedtotheUnitedNations—someofitcircumstantialsomeofitabsolutelybone-chillinginitsdetail—hadtoprovetoanyonethatIraqnotonlyhasn’taccountedforitsweaponsofmassdestructionbutwithoutadoubtstillretainsthem.Onlyafoolcouldconcludeotherwise.Solomondemonstrateshowthiskindofpeppyprewarwarm-updegeneratesintodroolingandheavybreathingoncethekillingbegins.Asifobservingaheavymetalcomputergamethepornographersofdeathconcentrateontheexquisitecraftsmanshipandvisualdesignofthemurdermachinesandthemagnificenceofthefieryexplosionstheyproduce.Inthesecondtolastparagraphcouldconcludeotherwiseprobablymeansthat______.
OnApril202000inAccraGhanatheleadersofsixWestAfricancountriesdeclaredtheirintentiontoproceedtomonetaryunionamongthenon-CFAfranccountriesoftheregionbyJanuary2003asfirststeptowardawidermonetaryunionincludingalltheECOWAScountriesin2004.Thesixcountries1themselvestoreducingcentralbankfinancingofbudgetdeficits210percentofthepreviousyearsgovernment3;reducingbudgetdeficitsto4percentofthesecondphaseby2003;creatingaConvergenceCounciltohelp4macroeconomicpolicies;and5upacommoncentralbank.Theirdeclaration6that"MemberStates7theneed8strongpoliticalcommitmentand9to10allsuchnationalpolicies11wouldfacilitatetheregionalmonetaryintegrationprocess." ThegoalofamonetaryunioninECOWAShaslongbeenanobjectiveoftheorganizationgoingbacktoitsformationin1975andisintendedto12broaderintegrationprocessthatwouldincludeenhancedregionaltradeand13institutions.Inthecolonialperiodcurrencyboardslinkedsetsofcountriesintheregion.14independence15thesecurrencyboardswere16withthe17oftheCFAfranczonewhichincludedthefrancophonecountriesoftheregion.AlthoughtherehavebeenattemptstoadvancetheagendaofECOWASmonetarycooperationpoliticalproblemsandothereconomicprioritiesinseveraloftheregion’scountrieshaveto18inhibitedprogress.Althoughsomeproblemsremaintherecentinitiativehasbeenbolsteredbytheelectionin1999ofademocraticgovernmentandaleaderwhoiscommittedtoregional19inNigeriathelargesteconomyoftheregionraisinghopesthatthelong-delayedprojectcanbe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.1
Here’sataleoftwocompanies.Bothareforeignownedandbothareembroiledinscandalsinvolvingallegationsofsexualharassment.CompanyAisconfrontedwiththeproblemandpunishestopexecs.CompanyBstonewallsandmountsanaggressivecampaigntodiscredititsaccusersandportrayitselfasavictimofslander. 41Forbusinessschoolslookingforafewgoodcasestudiesindamagecontrollastweekwasaboutasgoodasitgets.OnewasSwedishpharmaceuticalscompanyAstraUSAamakerofasthmamedicationsandthepopularanestheticXylocaine.FacingsimilarchargesMitsubishiMotormanufacturingofAmericaoptedforin-your-facedenial.WhodiditrightIt’stoosoontoknowforsure.Astra’sstrategymayseemsmarter.FinanciallyspeakingatleastonecanseewhyMitsubishiisreluctanttoissueapublicmeaculpa.Fessingupcouldexposeittoasmuchas$200millionindamages. Suchcontroversiesarenoraritythesedays.TheEqualEmploymentOpportunitycommissionalonereceivedmorethan15000complaintsofsexualharassmentlastyearmorethantwiceasmanyasin1991.ItssuitagainstMitsubishifiledlastmonthmayturnouttobebyfarthebiggestever—andcouldeventuallyinvolveasmanyastwothirdsofthecompany’s900femaleworkers. 42Mitsubishi’sresponsewasclearfromthebeginning.WhentheEEOCannounceditscaseagainsttheIllinoisautomakerthecompanydispatchedbusloadsofworkerstopickettheagency’sChicagooffices.AttorneysforMitsubishiwillnodoubtprobetheprivatelivesofthewomenlodgingcomplaintsandmayevenaccusethemof"Japanbashing."Mitsubishi’sbrassinTokyoseemedabittakenabackbytheferocityofthecounteroffensivetothepointofsuggestingthatmaybethecasecouldbequietlysettled. 43CouldsuchtacticsbeeffectiveIfaggressivePRmakespeopledoubttheallegationsagainstthecompanyorencouragesfederalinvestigatorstosettleonmorefavorabletermsthenthestrategywillhavesucceeded.ButtherearerisksespeciallyforconsumercompanieslikeMitsubishi. 44That’snosmallthreatconsideringthatMitsubishiisstrugglingtoturnaprofitinthiscountry. 45Astra’sstrategyseemssavvier.Itsopennessandpromptresponsemighthelpitevadepunitivedamagesshouldanyofthecomplaintsgotoajury.Infactthatmaybeachiefreasonthecompanyactedevenbeforeitcompleteditsowninvestigation.ThatsaidAstraisinthesouptobeginwithbecauseithadnoadequatemechanismsforreportingincidentsandbecauseitfailedtodealwithitsproblemsbeforetheybecamepublic.Womenhavecomplainedofharassmentatthecompanyformorethanadecade.BusinessWeekreportsincidentsrangingfromgropingsatcompanyretreatstosuggestionsthatfemalesalesrepscouldadvancetheircareersbyputtingoutsexuallyfortheirbosses—includingtheheadofthecompanyLarsBildman.Hislawyerdeniestheallegationsasdotheotherexecutives.SofarAstraitselfhasofferednoevidencesuggestinganyofthethreeareguilty. Bothcompaniesnowpromisetodobetter.Astraisoverhaulingitscorporatepersonnelpoliciesandplanstotrainmanagersonhowtohandleissuesofsexualdiscrimination.SoisMitsubishi.Saystheautomaker’sgeneralcounselGaryShultz:"Wearegoingtobecomethemodelinhandlingsexual-harassmentand-discriminationcases."Thatremainstobeseen.Ifthesesortsofscandalsforcecompaniestosetuprulesthatactuallyworkthatmaybethebestcasestudyofall. [A]That’spreciselywhatthecompanydidinresponsetoapriorsexual-harassmentsuitfiledby29womenin1994. [B]"Agreatdealofattentionshouldbepaidtotheseaffairs"saysMitsubishis’sspokesman. [C]But"we’retakingtheseallegationsveryseriously"saysAstraspokesmanBenjaminKincannon. [D]Outragedbytheautomaker’sseemingdisregardofitsproblemsperennialpresidentialhopefulJesseJacksonandtheNationalOrganizationforWomencalledoncarbuyerstoboycottthecompany. [E]WhenBusinessWeekpublishedtalesofwide-rangingabuseatAstra’sAmericansubsidiaryoutsideBostonthecompanyquicklyfaceduptotheproblemandsuspendeditsU.S.chiefexecutivealongwithtwotoplieutenants. [F]Prof.MartinStolleracrisis-managementexpertatNorthwesternUniversitythinksso."Theaimofcrisismanagementistostoptheattackers"hesays. [G]AstraandMitsubishihavejoinedhandwitheachothertosolvetheproblemofsexualharassment. 45
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