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Directions： Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing．In your essay, you shoul...
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Directions:Inthispartyouaretowriteanessayof160—200
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
PartB Directions: Youarerequiredtowriteanessayont
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefo
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions: Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthef
Directions: Studythepicturesabovecarefullyandwrit
Directions:Studythepicturesabovecarefullyandwritea
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefo
Directions: Youarerequiredtowriteanessayoffthetop
Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefo
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Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefol
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
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WithAirbus’sgiantA380airlinerabouttotaketotheskiesyoumightthinkplanescouldnotgetmuchbiggerandyouwouldberight.Foragivendesignitturns1therecomesapointwherethewingsbecometooheavytogenerate2lifttocarrytheirownweight.3anewwayofdesigningandmakingmaterialscould4thatproblem.Twoengineers5UniversityCollegeLondonhavedevisedaninnovativewaytocustomiseandcontrolthe6ofamaterialthroughoutitsthreedimensionalstructure. Inthe7ofawingthiswouldmakepossibleamaterialthatisdensestrongandload-bearingatoneendclosetothefuselage8theextremitiescouldbemadelessdenselighterandmore9.Itislikemakingbespokematerials10youcancustomisethephysicalpropertiesofeverycubicmillimetreofastructure. Thenewtechniquecombinesexistingtechnologiesinan11way.Itstartsbyusingfinite-element-analysissoftwareofthetypecommonlyusedbyengineers12avirtualprototypeoftheobject.Thesoftwaremodelsthestressesandstrainsthattheobjectwillneedto13throughoutitsstructure.Usingthisinformationitisthen14tocalculatethepreciseforcesactingonmillionsofsmallersubsectionsofthestructure.15ofthesesubsectionsis16treatedasaseparateobjectwithitsownsetofforcesactingonit--andeachsubsection17foradifferentmicrostructuretoabsorbthoselocalforces. Designingsomanymicrostructuresmanually18beahugetasksotheresearchersapplyanoptimisationprogramcalledageneticalgorithm19.Thisusesaprocessofrandomisationandtrial-and-errortosearchthevastnumberofpossiblemicrostructurestofindthemost20designforeachsubsection. 12
WithAirbus’sgiantA380airlinerabouttotaketotheskiesyoumightthinkplanescouldnotgetmuchbiggerandyouwouldberight.Foragivendesignitturns1therecomesapointwherethewingsbecometooheavytogenerate2lifttocarrytheirownweight.3anewwayofdesigningandmakingmaterialscould4thatproblem.Twoengineers5UniversityCollegeLondonhavedevisedaninnovativewaytocustomiseandcontrolthe6ofamaterialthroughoutitsthreedimensionalstructure. Inthe7ofawingthiswouldmakepossibleamaterialthatisdensestrongandload-bearingatoneendclosetothefuselage8theextremitiescouldbemadelessdenselighterandmore9.Itislikemakingbespokematerials10youcancustomisethephysicalpropertiesofeverycubicmillimetreofastructure. Thenewtechniquecombinesexistingtechnologiesinan11way.Itstartsbyusingfinite-element-analysissoftwareofthetypecommonlyusedbyengineers12avirtualprototypeoftheobject.Thesoftwaremodelsthestressesandstrainsthattheobjectwillneedto13throughoutitsstructure.Usingthisinformationitisthen14tocalculatethepreciseforcesactingonmillionsofsmallersubsectionsofthestructure.15ofthesesubsectionsis16treatedasaseparateobjectwithitsownsetofforcesactingonit--andeachsubsection17foradifferentmicrostructuretoabsorbthoselocalforces. Designingsomanymicrostructuresmanually18beahugetasksotheresearchersapplyanoptimisationprogramcalledageneticalgorithm19.Thisusesaprocessofrandomisationandtrial-and-errortosearchthevastnumberofpossiblemicrostructurestofindthemost20designforeachsubsection. 2
WithAirbus’sgiantA380airlinerabouttotaketotheskiesyoumightthinkplanescouldnotgetmuchbiggerandyouwouldberight.Foragivendesignitturns1therecomesapointwherethewingsbecometooheavytogenerate2lifttocarrytheirownweight.3anewwayofdesigningandmakingmaterialscould4thatproblem.Twoengineers5UniversityCollegeLondonhavedevisedaninnovativewaytocustomiseandcontrolthe6ofamaterialthroughoutitsthreedimensionalstructure. Inthe7ofawingthiswouldmakepossibleamaterialthatisdensestrongandload-bearingatoneendclosetothefuselage8theextremitiescouldbemadelessdenselighterandmore9.Itislikemakingbespokematerials10youcancustomisethephysicalpropertiesofeverycubicmillimetreofastructure. Thenewtechniquecombinesexistingtechnologiesinan11way.Itstartsbyusingfinite-element-analysissoftwareofthetypecommonlyusedbyengineers12avirtualprototypeoftheobject.Thesoftwaremodelsthestressesandstrainsthattheobjectwillneedto13throughoutitsstructure.Usingthisinformationitisthen14tocalculatethepreciseforcesactingonmillionsofsmallersubsectionsofthestructure.15ofthesesubsectionsis16treatedasaseparateobjectwithitsownsetofforcesactingonit--andeachsubsection17foradifferentmicrostructuretoabsorbthoselocalforces. Designingsomanymicrostructuresmanually18beahugetasksotheresearchersapplyanoptimisationprogramcalledageneticalgorithm19.Thisusesaprocessofrandomisationandtrial-and-errortosearchthevastnumberofpossiblemicrostructurestofindthemost20designforeachsubsection. 4
TheU.S.SupremeCourt’sdecisionMondaytoletstandarulinginanonlinedefamationcasewillmakeitmoredifficulttodeterminecorrectlegaljurisdictionsinotherInternetcaseslegalexpertssaid. Byoptingnottotakethecasethehighcourteffectivelyendorsedalowercourt’sdecisionthataColoradocompanythatpostsratingsofhealthplansontheInternetcouldbesuedfordefamationinaWashingtoncourt.ThelowercourtrulingisoneofseveralthatmakesiteasierforplaintiffstosueWebsiteoperatorsintheirownjurisdictionsratherthanwheretheoperatorsmaintainaphysicalpresence. ThecaseinvolvedadefamationsuitfiledbyChehalisWash.-basedNorthwestHealthcareAllianceagainstLakewoodColo.-basedHealthgrades.comTheAlliancesuedinWashingtonfederalcourtafterHealthgrades.compostedanegativerankingofNorthwestHealthcare’shomehealthservicesontheInternet.Healthgrades.comarguedthatitshouldnotbesubjecttothejurisdictionofacourtinWashingtonbecauseitspublishingoperationisinColorado. ObserverssaidthefactthattheSupremeCourtoptednottohearthecaseonlycloudsthelegalsituationforWebsiteoperators. GeoffStewartapartneratJonesDayinWashingtonD.C.saidthattheSupremeCourteventuallymustactontheissueasInternetsitesthatrateeverythingfromautomobiledealershipstocreditofferscouldscalebacktheirofferingstoavoidlawsuitsoriginatingnumerousjurisdictions. OnlinepublishersalsomighthavetoworryaboutbeingdraggedintolawsuitsinforeigncourtssaidDowLohnes&AlbertsonattorneyJonHartwhohasrepresentedtheOnlineNewsAssociation. "ThemuchmoredifficultproblemsforU.S.mediacompaniesarisewhenclaimsarebroughtinforeigncountriesovercontentpublishedintheUnitedStates"Hartsaid.HartcitedarecentcaseinwhichanAustraliancourtruledthatDowJonesmustappearinaVictoriaAustraliacourttodefenditspublicationofanarticleontheU.S.--basedWaltStreetJournalWebsite. AccordingtoHartthepotentialchillingeffectofthosesortsofjurisdictionaldecisionsissubstantial."Ihavenotyetseenpublishersholdingbackonwhattheyotherwisepublishbecausethey’reafraidthey’regoingtogetsuedinanothercountrybutthatdoesn’tmeanitwon’thappenifweseearashofU.S.libelcasesagainstU.S.mediacompaniesbeingbroughtinforeigncountries"hesaid. UntilthehighcourtdecidestoweighindirectlyonthisissueWebsiteoperatorsthatofferinformationandservicestouserslocatedoutsideoftheirhomestatesmustdealwithathornylegallandscapesaidJohnMorganapartneratPerkinsCoieLLPandanexpertinInternetlaw. Theauthorwritesthispassagemainlytoshowthat
TheU.S.SupremeCourt’sdecisionMondaytoletstandarulinginanonlinedefamationcasewillmakeitmoredifficulttodeterminecorrectlegaljurisdictionsinotherInternetcaseslegalexpertssaid. Byoptingnottotakethecasethehighcourteffectivelyendorsedalowercourt’sdecisionthataColoradocompanythatpostsratingsofhealthplansontheInternetcouldbesuedfordefamationinaWashingtoncourt.ThelowercourtrulingisoneofseveralthatmakesiteasierforplaintiffstosueWebsiteoperatorsintheirownjurisdictionsratherthanwheretheoperatorsmaintainaphysicalpresence. ThecaseinvolvedadefamationsuitfiledbyChehalisWash.-basedNorthwestHealthcareAllianceagainstLakewoodColo.-basedHealthgrades.comTheAlliancesuedinWashingtonfederalcourtafterHealthgrades.compostedanegativerankingofNorthwestHealthcare’shomehealthservicesontheInternet.Healthgrades.comarguedthatitshouldnotbesubjecttothejurisdictionofacourtinWashingtonbecauseitspublishingoperationisinColorado. ObserverssaidthefactthattheSupremeCourtoptednottohearthecaseonlycloudsthelegalsituationforWebsiteoperators. GeoffStewartapartneratJonesDayinWashingtonD.C.saidthattheSupremeCourteventuallymustactontheissueasInternetsitesthatrateeverythingfromautomobiledealershipstocreditofferscouldscalebacktheirofferingstoavoidlawsuitsoriginatingnumerousjurisdictions. OnlinepublishersalsomighthavetoworryaboutbeingdraggedintolawsuitsinforeigncourtssaidDowLohnes&AlbertsonattorneyJonHartwhohasrepresentedtheOnlineNewsAssociation. "ThemuchmoredifficultproblemsforU.S.mediacompaniesarisewhenclaimsarebroughtinforeigncountriesovercontentpublishedintheUnitedStates"Hartsaid.HartcitedarecentcaseinwhichanAustraliancourtruledthatDowJonesmustappearinaVictoriaAustraliacourttodefenditspublicationofanarticleontheU.S.--basedWaltStreetJournalWebsite. AccordingtoHartthepotentialchillingeffectofthosesortsofjurisdictionaldecisionsissubstantial."Ihavenotyetseenpublishersholdingbackonwhattheyotherwisepublishbecausethey’reafraidthey’regoingtogetsuedinanothercountrybutthatdoesn’tmeanitwon’thappenifweseearashofU.S.libelcasesagainstU.S.mediacompaniesbeingbroughtinforeigncountries"hesaid. UntilthehighcourtdecidestoweighindirectlyonthisissueWebsiteoperatorsthatofferinformationandservicestouserslocatedoutsideoftheirhomestatesmustdealwithathornylegallandscapesaidJohnMorganapartneratPerkinsCoieLLPandanexpertinInternetlaw. TheauthorseemstobelievethattheSupremeCourt’sdecision
Couldmoneycuresickhealth-caresystemsinBritainwhichwillbetheplacetolookforproofin2003.TheNationalHealthServiceNHSwhichoffersfreehealthcarefinancedbytaxesisreceivinganemergencyno-expense-sparedinjectionofcash.By2007totalhealthspendinginBritainwillreachover9%ofGDP--thesameshareFrancehadwhenitwasratedtheworld’sbesthealthservicebytheWorldHealthOrganizationin2000. TheLaborgovernment’sresponsewasnottoconductafundamentalreviewabouthowbesttoreformhealthcareforthe21stcentury.Ratheritconcludedthatshortageofmoneynottheformoffinancingorprovisionwasthemainproblem.In2002GordonBrownthepowerfulchancelloroftheexchequerusedareviewoftheNHS’sfuturefinancingrequirementstorejectalternativefundingmodelsthatwouldallowpatientstosignupwithcompetinginsurersandsoexercisegreatercontrolovertheirownhealthcare. AlanMilburnthehealthministerhasmadesometentativestepsbacktowardstheinternalmarketintroducedbytheConservativegovernment.Itmeansthatadozentop-rankinghospitalswillalsohavebeengivengreaterfreedomtoruntheirownaffairs.Howeverthesereformswillnotdeliverrealconsumerpowertopatients. AsaresultthereturnonthemoneypouringintotheNHSlookssettobedisappointinglymeager.Alreadythereareworryingsignsthatmuchofthecashcascadewillbesoakedupinhigherpayandshorterhoursforstaffandbearlittlerelationtoextraeffortproductivityandquality.Someimprovementswilloccurbutfarlessthanmightbeexpectedfromsuchafinancialwindfall. Health-caresystemsinthedevelopedworldshareacommonhistoryarguesDavidCutleratHarvardUniversity.Firstgovernmentsfoundedgenerousuniversalsystemsafterthesecondworldwar.Withfewcontrolsoverthedemandformedicalcareoritssupplycoststhenspiraledup.Startinginthe1980stherewasadrivetocontainexpenditureoftenthroughcrudeconstraintsonmedicalbudgetswhichrancountertorisingpatientexpectationsNowthisstrategyhasrunitscourse:athirdwaveofreformsisunderwaytoincreaseefficiencyandrestraindemandthroughcost-sharingbetweeninsurersandpatients.Viewedfromthisperspectivethegovernment’splantoshowercashonalargelyunreformedNHSlooksanomalous.ButbeforemorefundamentalchangecanbecontemplatedinBritaintheoldsystemmustbeshowntobeincapableofcurethroughmoney.Thisharshlessonislikelytobelearntasearlyas2003. TheviewsofAlanMilburnandDavidCulteronthereformsofhealth-caresystemsare
EgyptianwinehasanextensivehistorywithinthehistoryofEgyptiancivilization.Grapeswerenot1tothelandscapeofEgyptratherthevinesthemselvesare2tohavebeenimportedfromthePhoenicians3theactualoriginsremainin4.Whatisknownisthat5thethirdmillenniumBCEgyptiankingsofthefirst6hadextensivewinecellarsandwinewasusedextensivelyinthetempleceremonies.Themain7ofwineinEgypttookplacebetweenthekingnoblesandthepriestsintempleceremoniesandis8bynumerouspaintedrelief’sandother9evidence.ThevineyardsofancientEgyptwerequitedifferentfromthemodernmethodsofwinemakingtoday.10viticultureorwinemakingceasedto11anexclusivelyceremonialpurposetheEgyptiansbegantoexperimentwithsimplestructuresfortheirvinestotrainon12foundawaytotraintheirvinessotheywereeasylow13bushesandfoundwaysforthesoilto14moremoistureforthevines.EgyptianwinemakingexperimentsincludedReuseofdifferentwinepressesaddingheattothemustthegrapejuicereadyforfermentation15makethewinesweetanddifferencesinvattypesandmaterials.The16finishedproductofwinewaspouredthroughaclothfalterandthenintoearthenwarejars17theywouldbesealedwithnaturaltarandleftto18.TheEgyptianskeptaccuraterecordsoftheirvintagesand19oftheirwineseachjarofwinewasclearly20withit’sownvintageandquality. 2
Directions: Writeanessayof160--200wordsbasedonthefollowingtopic. MyIdealFutureJob Inyouressayyoushould 1stateclearlywhatyouridealfuturejobis 2illustratewhyyouwouldliketotakethisjoband 3drawanatureconclusiontoyouressay. YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
ScientistsatJohnsHopkinshavediscovered"striking"differencesbetweenmenandwomeninapartofthebrainlinkedwithabilitytoestimatetimejudgespeedvisualizethingsthree-dimensionallyandsolvemathematicalproblems. 47Thedifferencestheresearcherssaymayunderliewell-knowntrendsthatvarybysexsuchasthefactthatmorementhanwomenarearchitectsmathematiciansandrace-cardrivers. InastudyreportedthisweekintheJournalCerebralCortextheresearchersshowthatabrainregioncalledtheinferiorparietallobuleissignificantlylargeroverallinmenthaninwomen.Theareaispartofthecerebralcortexandappearsonbothsidesofthebrainjustaboveear-level. Alsothere’sasymmetrydifferencewithmenhavingalargerleftIPLthanright.48Inwomeninthestudyit’stherightIPLthat’ssomewhatlargerthoughthedifferencebetweenthetwosidesofthebrainislessobviousthaninmensayspsychiatristGodfreyPearlsonM.D.whoheadedtheproject. ResearchersalsocomparedIPLvolumesontheleftandtherightsidesofthebrain.Afterallowancesformen’slargeroverallheadandbrainsizemenhadroughly6percentmoreIPLtissuethanwomen. "Theinferiorparietallobuleisfarmoredevelopedinpeoplethaninanimalsandhasevolvedrelativelyrecently"saysPearlson.49Itallowsthebraintoprocessinformationfromsensessuchasvisionandtouchandenablesthesortofthinkinginvolvedinselectiveattentionandperception. StudieslinktherightIPLwithaworkingmemoryofspatialrelationshipstheabilitytosenserelationshipsbetweenbodypartsandawarenessofaperson’sownaffectorfeelings.TheleftIPLPearlsonsaysismoreinvolvedinperceptionsuchasjudginghowfastsomethingismovingestimatingtimeandhavingtheabilitytomentallyrotate3-Dfigures. "Tosaythismeansmenareautomaticallybetteratsomethingsthanwomenisasimplification"saysPearlson."It’seasytofindwomenwhoarefantasticatmathandphysicsandmenwhoexcelinlanguageskills.Onlywhenwelookatverylargepopulationsandlookforslightbutsignificanttrendsdoweseethegeneralizations.50Thereareplentyofexceptionsbutthere’salsoagrainoftruthrevealedthroughthebrainstructurethatwethinkunderliessomeofthewayspeoplecharacterizethesexes." 50
Inthespanof18monthsIsaacNewtoninventedcalculusconstructedatheoryofopticsexplainedhowgravityworksanddiscoveredhislawsofmotion.Asaresult1665andtheearlymonthsof1666aretermedhisannusmirabilis.46Itwasasustainedsprintofintellectualachievementthatnoonethoughtcouldeverbeequaled.Butinaspanofafewyearsjustbefore1900itallbegantounravel.Onephenomenonafteranotherwasdiscoveredwhichcouldnotbeexplainedbythelawsofclassicalphysics.47ThetheoriesofNewtonandofJamesClerkMaxwellwhofollowedhiminthemid-19thcenturybycraftingamorecomprehensiveaccountofelectromagnetismwereintrouble.Thenin1905ayoungpatentclerknamedAlbertEinsteinfoundthewayforward.Infiveremarkablepapersheshowedthatatomsarerealitwasstillcontroversialatthetimepresentedhisspecialtheoryofrelativityandputquantumtheoryonitsfeet.ItwasadifferentachievementfromNewton’syearbutEinstein’sannusmirabiliswasnolessremarkable.HedidnotlikeNewtonhavetoinvententirelynewformsofmathematics.Howeverhehadtorevisenotionsofspaceandtimefundamentally.48AndunlikeNewtonwhodidnotpublishhisresultsfornearly20yearssoobsessedwashewithsecrecyandworkingoutthedetailsEinsteinreleasedhispapersoneafteranotherasafusilladeofideas.ForEinsteinitwasjustabeginning-hewouldgoontocreatethegeneraltheoryofrelativityandtopioneerquantummechanics.WhileNewtoncameupwithonesystemforexplainingtheworldEinsteinthuscameupwithtwo.Unfortunatelyhisdiscoveries-relativityandquantumtheory-contradictoneanother.Bothcannotbetrueeverywherealthoughbothareremarkablyaccurateintheirrespectivedomainsoftheverylargeandtheverysmall.Einsteinwouldspendthelastyearsofhislifeattemptingtoreconcilethetwotheoriesandfailing.49ButthennooneelsehassucceededinfixingtheproblemseitherandEinsteinwasperhapstheonewhosawthemmostclearly.WhenEinsteinwasawardedaNobelprizein1921itwasforthefirstofhispapersof1905whichprovedtheexistenceofphotons-particlesoflight.50UpuntilthatpapercompletedonMarch17thandpublishedinAnnalenderPhysikasweretheother1905paperslighthadbeensupposedtobeawavesincethisexplainstheinterferencepatternscreatedwhenitpassesthroughagrating.Einsteinhoweverbeganfromadifferentpremisebyconsideringtheso-calledblack-bodyexperiment.
WithAirbus’sgiantA380airlinerabouttotaketotheskiesyoumightthinkplanescouldnotgetmuchbiggerandyouwouldberight.Foragivendesignitturns1therecomesapointwherethewingsbecometooheavytogenerate2lifttocarrytheirownweight.3anewwayofdesigningandmakingmaterialscould4thatproblem.Twoengineers5UniversityCollegeLondonhavedevisedaninnovativewaytocustomiseandcontrolthe6ofamaterialthroughoutitsthreedimensionalstructure. Inthe7ofawingthiswouldmakepossibleamaterialthatisdensestrongandload-bearingatoneendclosetothefuselage8theextremitiescouldbemadelessdenselighterandmore9.Itislikemakingbespokematerials10youcancustomisethephysicalpropertiesofeverycubicmillimetreofastructure. Thenewtechniquecombinesexistingtechnologiesinan11way.Itstartsbyusingfinite-element-analysissoftwareofthetypecommonlyusedbyengineers12avirtualprototypeoftheobject.Thesoftwaremodelsthestressesandstrainsthattheobjectwillneedto13throughoutitsstructure.Usingthisinformationitisthen14tocalculatethepreciseforcesactingonmillionsofsmallersubsectionsofthestructure.15ofthesesubsectionsis16treatedasaseparateobjectwithitsownsetofforcesactingonit--andeachsubsection17foradifferentmicrostructuretoabsorbthoselocalforces. Designingsomanymicrostructuresmanually18beahugetasksotheresearchersapplyanoptimisationprogramcalledageneticalgorithm19.Thisusesaprocessofrandomisationandtrial-and-errortosearchthevastnumberofpossiblemicrostructurestofindthemost20designforeachsubsection. 16
TheU.S.SupremeCourt’sdecisionMondaytoletstandarulinginanonlinedefamationcasewillmakeitmoredifficulttodeterminecorrectlegaljurisdictionsinotherInternetcaseslegalexpertssaid. Byoptingnottotakethecasethehighcourteffectivelyendorsedalowercourt’sdecisionthataColoradocompanythatpostsratingsofhealthplansontheInternetcouldbesuedfordefamationinaWashingtoncourt.ThelowercourtrulingisoneofseveralthatmakesiteasierforplaintiffstosueWebsiteoperatorsintheirownjurisdictionsratherthanwheretheoperatorsmaintainaphysicalpresence. ThecaseinvolvedadefamationsuitfiledbyChehalisWash.-basedNorthwestHealthcareAllianceagainstLakewoodColo.-basedHealthgrades.comTheAlliancesuedinWashingtonfederalcourtafterHealthgrades.compostedanegativerankingofNorthwestHealthcare’shomehealthservicesontheInternet.Healthgrades.comarguedthatitshouldnotbesubjecttothejurisdictionofacourtinWashingtonbecauseitspublishingoperationisinColorado. ObserverssaidthefactthattheSupremeCourtoptednottohearthecaseonlycloudsthelegalsituationforWebsiteoperators. GeoffStewartapartneratJonesDayinWashingtonD.C.saidthattheSupremeCourteventuallymustactontheissueasInternetsitesthatrateeverythingfromautomobiledealershipstocreditofferscouldscalebacktheirofferingstoavoidlawsuitsoriginatingnumerousjurisdictions. OnlinepublishersalsomighthavetoworryaboutbeingdraggedintolawsuitsinforeigncourtssaidDowLohnes&AlbertsonattorneyJonHartwhohasrepresentedtheOnlineNewsAssociation. "ThemuchmoredifficultproblemsforU.S.mediacompaniesarisewhenclaimsarebroughtinforeigncountriesovercontentpublishedintheUnitedStates"Hartsaid.HartcitedarecentcaseinwhichanAustraliancourtruledthatDowJonesmustappearinaVictoriaAustraliacourttodefenditspublicationofanarticleontheU.S.--basedWaltStreetJournalWebsite. AccordingtoHartthepotentialchillingeffectofthosesortsofjurisdictionaldecisionsissubstantial."Ihavenotyetseenpublishersholdingbackonwhattheyotherwisepublishbecausethey’reafraidthey’regoingtogetsuedinanothercountrybutthatdoesn’tmeanitwon’thappenifweseearashofU.S.libelcasesagainstU.S.mediacompaniesbeingbroughtinforeigncountries"hesaid. UntilthehighcourtdecidestoweighindirectlyonthisissueWebsiteoperatorsthatofferinformationandservicestouserslocatedoutsideoftheirhomestatesmustdealwithathornylegallandscapesaidJohnMorganapartneratPerkinsCoieLLPandanexpertinInternetlaw. WhichofthefollowingbestdefinesthewordlibelParagraph8
WithAirbus’sgiantA380airlinerabouttotaketotheskiesyoumightthinkplanescouldnotgetmuchbiggerandyouwouldberight.Foragivendesignitturns1therecomesapointwherethewingsbecometooheavytogenerate2lifttocarrytheirownweight.3anewwayofdesigningandmakingmaterialscould4thatproblem.Twoengineers5UniversityCollegeLondonhavedevisedaninnovativewaytocustomiseandcontrolthe6ofamaterialthroughoutitsthreedimensionalstructure. Inthe7ofawingthiswouldmakepossibleamaterialthatisdensestrongandload-bearingatoneendclosetothefuselage8theextremitiescouldbemadelessdenselighterandmore9.Itislikemakingbespokematerials10youcancustomisethephysicalpropertiesofeverycubicmillimetreofastructure. Thenewtechniquecombinesexistingtechnologiesinan11way.Itstartsbyusingfinite-element-analysissoftwareofthetypecommonlyusedbyengineers12avirtualprototypeoftheobject.Thesoftwaremodelsthestressesandstrainsthattheobjectwillneedto13throughoutitsstructure.Usingthisinformationitisthen14tocalculatethepreciseforcesactingonmillionsofsmallersubsectionsofthestructure.15ofthesesubsectionsis16treatedasaseparateobjectwithitsownsetofforcesactingonit--andeachsubsection17foradifferentmicrostructuretoabsorbthoselocalforces. Designingsomanymicrostructuresmanually18beahugetasksotheresearchersapplyanoptimisationprogramcalledageneticalgorithm19.Thisusesaprocessofrandomisationandtrial-and-errortosearchthevastnumberofpossiblemicrostructurestofindthemost20designforeachsubsection. 6
WhenRupertMurdochseesbeamsoflightintheAmericanadvertisingmarketitisnotnecessarilytimetoreachforthesunglasses.LastOctoberwhentheimpactofSeptember11thwasonlybeginningtotellthebossofNASCARamediagrouphadalreadyidentified"strongraysofsunshine".WithadsalesstilllanguishingMr.Murdochdeclaredlastmonththat"therearesomehintsofamodestupswingintileUSadvertisingmarket".Hisearlyoptimismturnedouttobemisplaced.Nowhoweverotherindustryobserversarebeginningtoagreewithhim. Advertisingusuallyexaggeratestheeconomiccyclefallingsharplyandearlyinadownturnandreboundingstronglyoncetheeconomyhasbeguntorecover.Thisisbecausemostmanagersprefertotrimtheiradbudgetsratherthantheirpayrollsandrestoresuchspendingonlyoncetheyfeelsurethatthingsarelookingup.LastyearAmerica’sadmarketshrankby9.8%accordingtoCMIRaresearchfirm.Althoughadspendinghasnotyetrecoveredacrossallmediasomeanalystsnowexpectoveralladspendingtostarttogrowinthethirdquarter. Thesignsofimprovementarepatchyhowever.Adspendingonradioandtelevisionseemstobeinchingup—advertisingonAmericanNationalRadiowasup2%inJanuaryonthesameperiodlastyearaccordingtoAegis—whilespendingonmagazinesandnewspapersisstillweak.Evenwithinanyonemarkettherearehugedifferences;justpickupacopyofoneofthenow-slimlinehigh-teehmagazinesthatoncebulgedwithadsandcompareitwiththeheftycelebrityorwomen’stitles.Advertisersinsomecategoriessuchasthetravelindustryarestillreluctanttobuyspaceorairtimewhileotherssuchasthecarandmoviebusinesseshavebeenbolder.ThewinterOlympicsheldlastmonthinSaltLakeCityhasalsodistortedthespendingonbroadcastadvertisinginthefirstquarter. Nonethelessthereisanunderlyingpattern.Onemeasureisthebookingofadspotsfornationalbrandsonlocaltelevision.ByearlyMarchaccordingtoMr.Westerfield’sanalysissuchbookingsweregrowingfastacrosseightoutofthetoptenadvertisingsectorsledbythefinancialandmotorindustries.UBSWarburgnowexpectsthe"upfront"marketwhichstartsinMaywhenadvertisersbookadvanceadspotsontheTVnetworksforthenewseasoninSeptembertobeup4%onlastyear.Onsomeestimatesevenonlineadvertisingcouldpickupbytheendoftheyear. Signsofimprovementarevisibleintheadvertisingof
WithAirbus’sgiantA380airlinerabouttotaketotheskiesyoumightthinkplanescouldnotgetmuchbiggerandyouwouldberight.Foragivendesignitturns1therecomesapointwherethewingsbecometooheavytogenerate2lifttocarrytheirownweight.3anewwayofdesigningandmakingmaterialscould4thatproblem.Twoengineers5UniversityCollegeLondonhavedevisedaninnovativewaytocustomiseandcontrolthe6ofamaterialthroughoutitsthreedimensionalstructure. Inthe7ofawingthiswouldmakepossibleamaterialthatisdensestrongandload-bearingatoneendclosetothefuselage8theextremitiescouldbemadelessdenselighterandmore9.Itislikemakingbespokematerials10youcancustomisethephysicalpropertiesofeverycubicmillimetreofastructure. Thenewtechniquecombinesexistingtechnologiesinan11way.Itstartsbyusingfinite-element-analysissoftwareofthetypecommonlyusedbyengineers12avirtualprototypeoftheobject.Thesoftwaremodelsthestressesandstrainsthattheobjectwillneedto13throughoutitsstructure.Usingthisinformationitisthen14tocalculatethepreciseforcesactingonmillionsofsmallersubsectionsofthestructure.15ofthesesubsectionsis16treatedasaseparateobjectwithitsownsetofforcesactingonit--andeachsubsection17foradifferentmicrostructuretoabsorbthoselocalforces. Designingsomanymicrostructuresmanually18beahugetasksotheresearchersapplyanoptimisationprogramcalledageneticalgorithm19.Thisusesaprocessofrandomisationandtrial-and-errortosearchthevastnumberofpossiblemicrostructurestofindthemost20designforeachsubsection. 14
WithAirbus’sgiantA380airlinerabouttotaketotheskiesyoumightthinkplanescouldnotgetmuchbiggerandyouwouldberight.Foragivendesignitturns1therecomesapointwherethewingsbecometooheavytogenerate2lifttocarrytheirownweight.3anewwayofdesigningandmakingmaterialscould4thatproblem.Twoengineers5UniversityCollegeLondonhavedevisedaninnovativewaytocustomiseandcontrolthe6ofamaterialthroughoutitsthreedimensionalstructure. Inthe7ofawingthiswouldmakepossibleamaterialthatisdensestrongandload-bearingatoneendclosetothefuselage8theextremitiescouldbemadelessdenselighterandmore9.Itislikemakingbespokematerials10youcancustomisethephysicalpropertiesofeverycubicmillimetreofastructure. Thenewtechniquecombinesexistingtechnologiesinan11way.Itstartsbyusingfinite-element-analysissoftwareofthetypecommonlyusedbyengineers12avirtualprototypeoftheobject.Thesoftwaremodelsthestressesandstrainsthattheobjectwillneedto13throughoutitsstructure.Usingthisinformationitisthen14tocalculatethepreciseforcesactingonmillionsofsmallersubsectionsofthestructure.15ofthesesubsectionsis16treatedasaseparateobjectwithitsownsetofforcesactingonit--andeachsubsection17foradifferentmicrostructuretoabsorbthoselocalforces. Designingsomanymicrostructuresmanually18beahugetasksotheresearchersapplyanoptimisationprogramcalledageneticalgorithm19.Thisusesaprocessofrandomisationandtrial-and-errortosearchthevastnumberofpossiblemicrostructurestofindthemost20designforeachsubsection. 10
WithAirbus’sgiantA380airlinerabouttotaketotheskiesyoumightthinkplanescouldnotgetmuchbiggerandyouwouldberight.Foragivendesignitturns1therecomesapointwherethewingsbecometooheavytogenerate2lifttocarrytheirownweight.3anewwayofdesigningandmakingmaterialscould4thatproblem.Twoengineers5UniversityCollegeLondonhavedevisedaninnovativewaytocustomiseandcontrolthe6ofamaterialthroughoutitsthreedimensionalstructure. Inthe7ofawingthiswouldmakepossibleamaterialthatisdensestrongandload-bearingatoneendclosetothefuselage8theextremitiescouldbemadelessdenselighterandmore9.Itislikemakingbespokematerials10youcancustomisethephysicalpropertiesofeverycubicmillimetreofastructure. Thenewtechniquecombinesexistingtechnologiesinan11way.Itstartsbyusingfinite-element-analysissoftwareofthetypecommonlyusedbyengineers12avirtualprototypeoftheobject.Thesoftwaremodelsthestressesandstrainsthattheobjectwillneedto13throughoutitsstructure.Usingthisinformationitisthen14tocalculatethepreciseforcesactingonmillionsofsmallersubsectionsofthestructure.15ofthesesubsectionsis16treatedasaseparateobjectwithitsownsetofforcesactingonit--andeachsubsection17foradifferentmicrostructuretoabsorbthoselocalforces. Designingsomanymicrostructuresmanually18beahugetasksotheresearchersapplyanoptimisationprogramcalledageneticalgorithm19.Thisusesaprocessofrandomisationandtrial-and-errortosearchthevastnumberofpossiblemicrostructurestofindthemost20designforeachsubsection. 18
Directions:Writeanessayof160～200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawings.Inyouressayyoushould: 1describethedrawingbriefly; 2explainitsintendedmeaningandthen 3supportyourviewwithexamples. YoushoudwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
WithAirbus’sgiantA380airlinerabouttotaketotheskiesyoumightthinkplanescouldnotgetmuchbiggerandyouwouldberight.Foragivendesignitturns1therecomesapointwherethewingsbecometooheavytogenerate2lifttocarrytheirownweight.3anewwayofdesigningandmakingmaterialscould4thatproblem.Twoengineers5UniversityCollegeLondonhavedevisedaninnovativewaytocustomiseandcontrolthe6ofamaterialthroughoutitsthreedimensionalstructure. Inthe7ofawingthiswouldmakepossibleamaterialthatisdensestrongandload-bearingatoneendclosetothefuselage8theextremitiescouldbemadelessdenselighterandmore9.Itislikemakingbespokematerials10youcancustomisethephysicalpropertiesofeverycubicmillimetreofastructure. Thenewtechniquecombinesexistingtechnologiesinan11way.Itstartsbyusingfinite-element-analysissoftwareofthetypecommonlyusedbyengineers12avirtualprototypeoftheobject.Thesoftwaremodelsthestressesandstrainsthattheobjectwillneedto13throughoutitsstructure.Usingthisinformationitisthen14tocalculatethepreciseforcesactingonmillionsofsmallersubsectionsofthestructure.15ofthesesubsectionsis16treatedasaseparateobjectwithitsownsetofforcesactingonit--andeachsubsection17foradifferentmicrostructuretoabsorbthoselocalforces. Designingsomanymicrostructuresmanually18beahugetasksotheresearchersapplyanoptimisationprogramcalledageneticalgorithm19.Thisusesaprocessofrandomisationandtrial-and-errortosearchthevastnumberofpossiblemicrostructurestofindthemost20designforeachsubsection. 8
Inthespanof18monthsIsaacNewtoninventedcalculusconstructedatheoryofopticsexplainedhowgravityworksanddiscoveredhislawsofmotion.Asaresult1665andtheearlymonthsof1666aretermedhisannusmirabilis.46Itwasasustainedsprintofintellectualachievementthatnoonethoughtcouldeverbeequaled.Butinaspanofafewyearsjustbefore1900itallbegantounravel.Onephenomenonafteranotherwasdiscoveredwhichcouldnotbeexplainedbythelawsofclassicalphysics.47ThetheoriesofNewtonandofJamesClerkMaxwellwhofollowedhiminthemid-19thcenturybycraftingamorecomprehensiveaccountofelectromagnetismwereintrouble.Thenin1905ayoungpatentclerknamedAlbertEinsteinfoundthewayforward.Infiveremarkablepapersheshowedthatatomsarerealitwasstillcontroversialatthetimepresentedhisspecialtheoryofrelativityandputquantumtheoryonitsfeet.ItwasadifferentachievementfromNewton’syearbutEinstein’sannusmirabiliswasnolessremarkable.HedidnotlikeNewtonhavetoinvententirelynewformsofmathematics.Howeverhehadtorevisenotionsofspaceandtimefundamentally.48AndunlikeNewtonwhodidnotpublishhisresultsfornearly20yearssoobsessedwashewithsecrecyandworkingoutthedetailsEinsteinreleasedhispapersoneafteranotherasafusilladeofideas.ForEinsteinitwasjustabeginning-hewouldgoontocreatethegeneraltheoryofrelativityandtopioneerquantummechanics.WhileNewtoncameupwithonesystemforexplainingtheworldEinsteinthuscameupwithtwo.Unfortunatelyhisdiscoveries-relativityandquantumtheory-contradictoneanother.Bothcannotbetrueeverywherealthoughbothareremarkablyaccurateintheirrespectivedomainsoftheverylargeandtheverysmall.Einsteinwouldspendthelastyearsofhislifeattemptingtoreconcilethetwotheoriesandfailing.49ButthennooneelsehassucceededinfixingtheproblemseitherandEinsteinwasperhapstheonewhosawthemmostclearly.WhenEinsteinwasawardedaNobelprizein1921itwasforthefirstofhispapersof1905whichprovedtheexistenceofphotons-particlesoflight.50UpuntilthatpapercompletedonMarch17thandpublishedinAnnalenderPhysikasweretheother1905paperslighthadbeensupposedtobeawavesincethisexplainstheinterferencepatternscreatedwhenitpassesthroughagrating.Einsteinhoweverbeganfromadifferentpremisebyconsideringtheso-calledblack-bodyexperiment.
JustunderayearagoasharpdropinequatorialPacificsea-surfacetemperatureindicatedtheendofthe1997~1998E1Nino.Calledbysomeone"theclimateeventofthecentury"itwasbyseveralmeasuresthestrongestonrecord.41______.Thisismorethansimplyanacademicquestion:the1997~1998E1NinoseverelydisruptedglobalweatherpatternsandPacificmarineecosystemsandbyoneestimatecaused＄033billionindamageandcost23000livesworldwide.42______.Clearlywehavemuchtolearnfromthisexperience. 43______.NowE1NinomoregenerallyreferstoawarmingofthetropicalPacificbasinthatoccursroughlyeverythreetosevenyearsinassociationwithaweakeningofthetradewinds.TheoppositesideofElNinoLaNinaischaracterizedbystronger-than-normaltradewindsandunusuallycoldsea-surfacetemperaturesinthetropicalPacific.BothE1NinoandLaNinaareaccompaniedbyswingsinatmosphericpressurebetweentheeasternandwesternPacific.TheseswingsareknownastheSouthernOscillation.ThesephenomenaarecollectivelyreferredtoasENSOorE1Nino/SouthernOscillation. ThegeneralmechanismsunderlyingtheENSOinvolvelarge-scaleocean-atmosphereinteractionsandequatorialoceandynamics.ButeachElNinoandLaNinaisuniqueinthecombinationofitsstrengthdurationandpatternofdevelopment.IrregularityintheENSOcyclecanbeseenbothintherecorddatingbacktothemiddleofthe19thcenturyandinothersupportingdatasuchaslakesedimentscoralgrowthringsandtreeringsgoingbackhundredsoreventhousandsofyears.44______. Nonethelessthe1997~1998E1Ninowasanunusualone.ItdevelopedsorapidlythateverymonthbetweenJuneandDecember1997setanewmonthlyrecordhighforsea-surfacetemperaturesintheeasternequatorialPacific.AnomaliesthatisdeviationsfromnormalinDecember1997werethehighesteverrecordedalongtheEquatorintheeasternPacific.Moreoverbefore1997~1998thepreviousrecord-settingE1Ninooccurredin1982~1983.45______. Severalfactorsmayhavecontributedtothestrengthofthe1997~1998E1Nino.OneischaoswhichsometheoriesinvoketoaccountfortheirregularityoftheENSOcycle.NonlinearresonancesinvolvingENSOandtheseasonalcyclehavereceivedspecialattentionbutotherchaoticinteractionsmayaffectENSOaswell.In1997~1998eventspossiblyactedtogethertoproduceanextraordinarilystrongE1Ninosimplyduetotheunderlyingtendencytowardschaosintheelimatesystem. [A]SoinprincipleitshouldnotbesurprisingthatanunusuallystrongE1Ninooccurseversooften. [B]IdentifyingwhyitwassostrongchallengesourunderstandingofthephysicalmechanismsresponsibleforE1Nino. [C]Fromthatperspectivethestrengthofthe1997~1998E1NinomaybebutonemanifestationofalinkagebetweeninterannualanddecadalclimatevariationsinthePacific. [D]Thesetwo"superE1Ninos"wereseparatedbyonly15yearscomparedwithatypical30~40yeargapbetweensucheventsearlierinthe20thcentury. [E]E1NinoSpanishfor"thechild"andspecificallytheChristchildisthenamePeruvianfishermangavetocoastalsea-temperaturewarningsthatfirstappearedaroundChristmastime. [F]TherewerewarningsofacomingE1Ninobeforeitoccurred.Butalthoughmanycomputerforecastmodelspredictedthat1997wouldbewarminthetropicalPacificuptothreeseasonsinadvancenonepredictedtherapiddevelopmentorultimateintensityoftheeventbeforeitbegan. [G]InassociationwiththePacificDecadalOscillationsea-surfacetemperatureshavegenerallybeenhigherinthetropicalPacificfromtheMid-1970s.SincethentherehavebeenmoreE1NinosthanLaNinas. 44
WhenRupertMurdochseesbeamsoflightintheAmericanadvertisingmarketitisnotnecessarilytimetoreachforthesunglasses.LastOctoberwhentheimpactofSeptember11thwasonlybeginningtotellthebossofNASCARamediagrouphadalreadyidentified"strongraysofsunshine".WithadsalesstilllanguishingMr.Murdochdeclaredlastmonththat"therearesomehintsofamodestupswingintileUSadvertisingmarket".Hisearlyoptimismturnedouttobemisplaced.Nowhoweverotherindustryobserversarebeginningtoagreewithhim. Advertisingusuallyexaggeratestheeconomiccyclefallingsharplyandearlyinadownturnandreboundingstronglyoncetheeconomyhasbeguntorecover.Thisisbecausemostmanagersprefertotrimtheiradbudgetsratherthantheirpayrollsandrestoresuchspendingonlyoncetheyfeelsurethatthingsarelookingup.LastyearAmerica’sadmarketshrankby9.8%accordingtoCMIRaresearchfirm.Althoughadspendinghasnotyetrecoveredacrossallmediasomeanalystsnowexpectoveralladspendingtostarttogrowinthethirdquarter. Thesignsofimprovementarepatchyhowever.Adspendingonradioandtelevisionseemstobeinchingup—advertisingonAmericanNationalRadiowasup2%inJanuaryonthesameperiodlastyearaccordingtoAegis—whilespendingonmagazinesandnewspapersisstillweak.Evenwithinanyonemarkettherearehugedifferences;justpickupacopyofoneofthenow-slimlinehigh-teehmagazinesthatoncebulgedwithadsandcompareitwiththeheftycelebrityorwomen’stitles.Advertisersinsomecategoriessuchasthetravelindustryarestillreluctanttobuyspaceorairtimewhileotherssuchasthecarandmoviebusinesseshavebeenbolder.ThewinterOlympicsheldlastmonthinSaltLakeCityhasalsodistortedthespendingonbroadcastadvertisinginthefirstquarter. Nonethelessthereisanunderlyingpattern.Onemeasureisthebookingofadspotsfornationalbrandsonlocaltelevision.ByearlyMarchaccordingtoMr.Westerfield’sanalysissuchbookingsweregrowingfastacrosseightoutofthetoptenadvertisingsectorsledbythefinancialandmotorindustries.UBSWarburgnowexpectsthe"upfront"marketwhichstartsinMaywhenadvertisersbookadvanceadspotsontheTVnetworksforthenewseasoninSeptembertobeup4%onlastyear.Onsomeestimatesevenonlineadvertisingcouldpickupbytheendoftheyear. Mr.Murdoch’searlymarketestimationwas
WhenMarineLt.AlanZarracinafinallydidthesplitsaftermonthsofstrugglingwiththedifficultposeinyogaclassthelimberwomenaroundhimapplauded. Zarracinaa24-year-oldNavalAcademygraduateandflightstudentadmitshewouldhaveahardtimeexplainingthescenetootherMarines.Eachclassendswithachantforpeace.TheninstructorNancyLaNasahandsstudentsincensesticksasagiftfortheir90minutesofbackbendsshoulderstandsandotherchallengingpositions.Zarracinahastriedtodragsomeofhismilitaryfriendstoclassbuttheymakefunofhint."It’snotnecessarilyconsideredmasculine’hesaid. StillthepopularclassesbasedonancientHindupracticesofmeditationthroughcontrolledbreathingbalancingandstretchingarecatchingoninmilitarycirclesasawaytoimproveflexibilitybalanceandconcentration.AformerNavySEALtoldZarracinaabouttheclass. TheAugusteditionofFitYogathenation’ssecond-largestyogamagazinewithacirculationof100000featuresaphotooftwoNavalaviatorsdoingyogaposesinfullcombatgearaboardanaircraftcarrier."Atfirstitseemedalittleshocking--soldierspracticingsuchapeacefulart"writeseditorRitaTrieger.Uponcloserinspectionshesaidshenoticed"asenseofinnercalm’ontheaviators’faces."Warishellandifyogacanhelpthemfindalittlesolacethat’sgood’saidTriegeralongtimeNewYorkyogainstructor. RetiredAdm.TomSteffenswhospent34yearsasaNavySEALandservedasthedirectoroftheelitecorps’trainingregularlypracticesyogaathishomeinNorfolkVa."OnceinawhileI’llsitinclassandeveryoneisa20-somethingyoungladywitha10-inchwaistandhereIamthisoldguy’hejoked.Steffenswhosaidthestretchinghelpedhimeliminatethestiffnessofabicepsinjuryaftersurgerysaidthebenefitsofregularpracticecanbeenormous."Theyogacuredallkindsofbackpains"hesaid."BeingaSEALyoubeatupyourbody." YogabreathingexercisescanhelpSEALswiththeirdivingandlearningtocontrolthebodybyremaininginunusualpositionscanhelpmembersstayinconfinedspacesforlongperiodshesaid."Theabilitytostayfocusedonsomethingwhetheronbreathingorontheyogapracticeandnotbedrawnoffcoursethathasalotofconnectiontothemilitary"hesaid."InourSEALbasictrainingtherearemanythingsthatareyoga-likeinnature. AlanthoughtitisdifficulttoexplainthescenetohisfellowMarinesbecause
ScientistsatJohnsHopkinshavediscovered"striking"differencesbetweenmenandwomeninapartofthebrainlinkedwithabilitytoestimatetimejudgespeedvisualizethingsthree-dimensionallyandsolvemathematicalproblems. 47Thedifferencestheresearcherssaymayunderliewell-knowntrendsthatvarybysexsuchasthefactthatmorementhanwomenarearchitectsmathematiciansandrace-cardrivers. InastudyreportedthisweekintheJournalCerebralCortextheresearchersshowthatabrainregioncalledtheinferiorparietallobuleissignificantlylargeroverallinmenthaninwomen.Theareaispartofthecerebralcortexandappearsonbothsidesofthebrainjustaboveear-level. Alsothere’sasymmetrydifferencewithmenhavingalargerleftIPLthanright.48Inwomeninthestudyit’stherightIPLthat’ssomewhatlargerthoughthedifferencebetweenthetwosidesofthebrainislessobviousthaninmensayspsychiatristGodfreyPearlsonM.D.whoheadedtheproject. ResearchersalsocomparedIPLvolumesontheleftandtherightsidesofthebrain.Afterallowancesformen’slargeroverallheadandbrainsizemenhadroughly6percentmoreIPLtissuethanwomen. "Theinferiorparietallobuleisfarmoredevelopedinpeoplethaninanimalsandhasevolvedrelativelyrecently"saysPearlson.49Itallowsthebraintoprocessinformationfromsensessuchasvisionandtouchandenablesthesortofthinkinginvolvedinselectiveattentionandperception. StudieslinktherightIPLwithaworkingmemoryofspatialrelationshipstheabilitytosenserelationshipsbetweenbodypartsandawarenessofaperson’sownaffectorfeelings.TheleftIPLPearlsonsaysismoreinvolvedinperceptionsuchasjudginghowfastsomethingismovingestimatingtimeandhavingtheabilitytomentallyrotate3-Dfigures. "Tosaythismeansmenareautomaticallybetteratsomethingsthanwomenisasimplification"saysPearlson."It’seasytofindwomenwhoarefantasticatmathandphysicsandmenwhoexcelinlanguageskills.Onlywhenwelookatverylargepopulationsandlookforslightbutsignificanttrendsdoweseethegeneralizations.50Thereareplentyofexceptionsbutthere’salsoagrainoftruthrevealedthroughthebrainstructurethatwethinkunderliessomeofthewayspeoplecharacterizethesexes." 46
Couldmoneycuresickhealth-caresystemsinBritainwhichwillbetheplacetolookforproofin2003.TheNationalHealthServiceNHSwhichoffersfreehealthcarefinancedbytaxesisreceivinganemergencyno-expense-sparedinjectionofcash.By2007totalhealthspendinginBritainwillreachover9%ofGDP--thesameshareFrancehadwhenitwasratedtheworld’sbesthealthservicebytheWorldHealthOrganizationin2000. TheLaborgovernment’sresponsewasnottoconductafundamentalreviewabouthowbesttoreformhealthcareforthe21stcentury.Ratheritconcludedthatshortageofmoneynottheformoffinancingorprovisionwasthemainproblem.In2002GordonBrownthepowerfulchancelloroftheexchequerusedareviewoftheNHS’sfuturefinancingrequirementstorejectalternativefundingmodelsthatwouldallowpatientstosignupwithcompetinginsurersandsoexercisegreatercontrolovertheirownhealthcare. AlanMilburnthehealthministerhasmadesometentativestepsbacktowardstheinternalmarketintroducedbytheConservativegovernment.Itmeansthatadozentop-rankinghospitalswillalsohavebeengivengreaterfreedomtoruntheirownaffairs.Howeverthesereformswillnotdeliverrealconsumerpowertopatients. AsaresultthereturnonthemoneypouringintotheNHSlookssettobedisappointinglymeager.Alreadythereareworryingsignsthatmuchofthecashcascadewillbesoakedupinhigherpayandshorterhoursforstaffandbearlittlerelationtoextraeffortproductivityandquality.Someimprovementswilloccurbutfarlessthanmightbeexpectedfromsuchafinancialwindfall. Health-caresystemsinthedevelopedworldshareacommonhistoryarguesDavidCutleratHarvardUniversity.Firstgovernmentsfoundedgenerousuniversalsystemsafterthesecondworldwar.Withfewcontrolsoverthedemandformedicalcareoritssupplycoststhenspiraledup.Startinginthe1980stherewasadrivetocontainexpenditureoftenthroughcrudeconstraintsonmedicalbudgetswhichrancountertorisingpatientexpectationsNowthisstrategyhasrunitscourse:athirdwaveofreformsisunderwaytoincreaseefficiencyandrestraindemandthroughcost-sharingbetweeninsurersandpatients.Viewedfromthisperspectivethegovernment’splantoshowercashonalargelyunreformedNHSlooksanomalous.ButbeforemorefundamentalchangecanbecontemplatedinBritaintheoldsystemmustbeshowntobeincapableofcurethroughmoney.Thisharshlessonislikelytobelearntasearlyas2003. Concerninghealth-caresystemsinBritaintheauthorislikelytoagreetothestatementthat
ScientistsatJohnsHopkinshavediscovered"striking"differencesbetweenmenandwomeninapartofthebrainlinkedwithabilitytoestimatetimejudgespeedvisualizethingsthree-dimensionallyandsolvemathematicalproblems. 47Thedifferencestheresearcherssaymayunderliewell-knowntrendsthatvarybysexsuchasthefactthatmorementhanwomenarearchitectsmathematiciansandrace-cardrivers. InastudyreportedthisweekintheJournalCerebralCortextheresearchersshowthatabrainregioncalledtheinferiorparietallobuleissignificantlylargeroverallinmenthaninwomen.Theareaispartofthecerebralcortexandappearsonbothsidesofthebrainjustaboveear-level. Alsothere’sasymmetrydifferencewithmenhavingalargerleftIPLthanright.48Inwomeninthestudyit’stherightIPLthat’ssomewhatlargerthoughthedifferencebetweenthetwosidesofthebrainislessobviousthaninmensayspsychiatristGodfreyPearlsonM.D.whoheadedtheproject. ResearchersalsocomparedIPLvolumesontheleftandtherightsidesofthebrain.Afterallowancesformen’slargeroverallheadandbrainsizemenhadroughly6percentmoreIPLtissuethanwomen. "Theinferiorparietallobuleisfarmoredevelopedinpeoplethaninanimalsandhasevolvedrelativelyrecently"saysPearlson.49Itallowsthebraintoprocessinformationfromsensessuchasvisionandtouchandenablesthesortofthinkinginvolvedinselectiveattentionandperception. StudieslinktherightIPLwithaworkingmemoryofspatialrelationshipstheabilitytosenserelationshipsbetweenbodypartsandawarenessofaperson’sownaffectorfeelings.TheleftIPLPearlsonsaysismoreinvolvedinperceptionsuchasjudginghowfastsomethingismovingestimatingtimeandhavingtheabilitytomentallyrotate3-Dfigures. "Tosaythismeansmenareautomaticallybetteratsomethingsthanwomenisasimplification"saysPearlson."It’seasytofindwomenwhoarefantasticatmathandphysicsandmenwhoexcelinlanguageskills.Onlywhenwelookatverylargepopulationsandlookforslightbutsignificanttrendsdoweseethegeneralizations.50Thereareplentyofexceptionsbutthere’salsoagrainoftruthrevealedthroughthebrainstructurethatwethinkunderliessomeofthewayspeoplecharacterizethesexes." 48
WithAirbus’sgiantA380airlinerabouttotaketotheskiesyoumightthinkplanescouldnotgetmuchbiggerandyouwouldberight.Foragivendesignitturns1therecomesapointwherethewingsbecometooheavytogenerate2lifttocarrytheirownweight.3anewwayofdesigningandmakingmaterialscould4thatproblem.Twoengineers5UniversityCollegeLondonhavedevisedaninnovativewaytocustomiseandcontrolthe6ofamaterialthroughoutitsthreedimensionalstructure. Inthe7ofawingthiswouldmakepossibleamaterialthatisdensestrongandload-bearingatoneendclosetothefuselage8theextremitiescouldbemadelessdenselighterandmore9.Itislikemakingbespokematerials10youcancustomisethephysicalpropertiesofeverycubicmillimetreofastructure. Thenewtechniquecombinesexistingtechnologiesinan11way.Itstartsbyusingfinite-element-analysissoftwareofthetypecommonlyusedbyengineers12avirtualprototypeoftheobject.Thesoftwaremodelsthestressesandstrainsthattheobjectwillneedto13throughoutitsstructure.Usingthisinformationitisthen14tocalculatethepreciseforcesactingonmillionsofsmallersubsectionsofthestructure.15ofthesesubsectionsis16treatedasaseparateobjectwithitsownsetofforcesactingonit--andeachsubsection17foradifferentmicrostructuretoabsorbthoselocalforces. Designingsomanymicrostructuresmanually18beahugetasksotheresearchersapplyanoptimisationprogramcalledageneticalgorithm19.Thisusesaprocessofrandomisationandtrial-and-errortosearchthevastnumberofpossiblemicrostructurestofindthemost20designforeachsubsection. 20
JustunderayearagoasharpdropinequatorialPacificsea-surfacetemperatureindicatedtheendofthe1997~1998E1Nino.Calledbysomeone"theclimateeventofthecentury"itwasbyseveralmeasuresthestrongestonrecord.41______.Thisismorethansimplyanacademicquestion:the1997~1998E1NinoseverelydisruptedglobalweatherpatternsandPacificmarineecosystemsandbyoneestimatecaused＄033billionindamageandcost23000livesworldwide.42______.Clearlywehavemuchtolearnfromthisexperience. 43______.NowE1NinomoregenerallyreferstoawarmingofthetropicalPacificbasinthatoccursroughlyeverythreetosevenyearsinassociationwithaweakeningofthetradewinds.TheoppositesideofElNinoLaNinaischaracterizedbystronger-than-normaltradewindsandunusuallycoldsea-surfacetemperaturesinthetropicalPacific.BothE1NinoandLaNinaareaccompaniedbyswingsinatmosphericpressurebetweentheeasternandwesternPacific.TheseswingsareknownastheSouthernOscillation.ThesephenomenaarecollectivelyreferredtoasENSOorE1Nino/SouthernOscillation. ThegeneralmechanismsunderlyingtheENSOinvolvelarge-scaleocean-atmosphereinteractionsandequatorialoceandynamics.ButeachElNinoandLaNinaisuniqueinthecombinationofitsstrengthdurationandpatternofdevelopment.IrregularityintheENSOcyclecanbeseenbothintherecorddatingbacktothemiddleofthe19thcenturyandinothersupportingdatasuchaslakesedimentscoralgrowthringsandtreeringsgoingbackhundredsoreventhousandsofyears.44______. Nonethelessthe1997~1998E1Ninowasanunusualone.ItdevelopedsorapidlythateverymonthbetweenJuneandDecember1997setanewmonthlyrecordhighforsea-surfacetemperaturesintheeasternequatorialPacific.AnomaliesthatisdeviationsfromnormalinDecember1997werethehighesteverrecordedalongtheEquatorintheeasternPacific.Moreoverbefore1997~1998thepreviousrecord-settingE1Ninooccurredin1982~1983.45______. Severalfactorsmayhavecontributedtothestrengthofthe1997~1998E1Nino.OneischaoswhichsometheoriesinvoketoaccountfortheirregularityoftheENSOcycle.NonlinearresonancesinvolvingENSOandtheseasonalcyclehavereceivedspecialattentionbutotherchaoticinteractionsmayaffectENSOaswell.In1997~1998eventspossiblyactedtogethertoproduceanextraordinarilystrongE1Ninosimplyduetotheunderlyingtendencytowardschaosintheelimatesystem. [A]SoinprincipleitshouldnotbesurprisingthatanunusuallystrongE1Ninooccurseversooften. [B]IdentifyingwhyitwassostrongchallengesourunderstandingofthephysicalmechanismsresponsibleforE1Nino. [C]Fromthatperspectivethestrengthofthe1997~1998E1NinomaybebutonemanifestationofalinkagebetweeninterannualanddecadalclimatevariationsinthePacific. [D]Thesetwo"superE1Ninos"wereseparatedbyonly15yearscomparedwithatypical30~40yeargapbetweensucheventsearlierinthe20thcentury. [E]E1NinoSpanishfor"thechild"andspecificallytheChristchildisthenamePeruvianfishermangavetocoastalsea-temperaturewarningsthatfirstappearedaroundChristmastime. [F]TherewerewarningsofacomingE1Ninobeforeitoccurred.Butalthoughmanycomputerforecastmodelspredictedthat1997wouldbewarminthetropicalPacificuptothreeseasonsinadvancenonepredictedtherapiddevelopmentorultimateintensityoftheeventbeforeitbegan. [G]InassociationwiththePacificDecadalOscillationsea-surfacetemperatureshavegenerallybeenhigherinthetropicalPacificfromtheMid-1970s.SincethentherehavebeenmoreE1NinosthanLaNinas. 42
WhenMarineLt.AlanZarracinafinallydidthesplitsaftermonthsofstrugglingwiththedifficultposeinyogaclassthelimberwomenaroundhimapplauded. Zarracinaa24-year-oldNavalAcademygraduateandflightstudentadmitshewouldhaveahardtimeexplainingthescenetootherMarines.Eachclassendswithachantforpeace.TheninstructorNancyLaNasahandsstudentsincensesticksasagiftfortheir90minutesofbackbendsshoulderstandsandotherchallengingpositions.Zarracinahastriedtodragsomeofhismilitaryfriendstoclassbuttheymakefunofhint."It’snotnecessarilyconsideredmasculine’hesaid. StillthepopularclassesbasedonancientHindupracticesofmeditationthroughcontrolledbreathingbalancingandstretchingarecatchingoninmilitarycirclesasawaytoimproveflexibilitybalanceandconcentration.AformerNavySEALtoldZarracinaabouttheclass. TheAugusteditionofFitYogathenation’ssecond-largestyogamagazinewithacirculationof100000featuresaphotooftwoNavalaviatorsdoingyogaposesinfullcombatgearaboardanaircraftcarrier."Atfirstitseemedalittleshocking--soldierspracticingsuchapeacefulart"writeseditorRitaTrieger.Uponcloserinspectionshesaidshenoticed"asenseofinnercalm’ontheaviators’faces."Warishellandifyogacanhelpthemfindalittlesolacethat’sgood’saidTriegeralongtimeNewYorkyogainstructor. RetiredAdm.TomSteffenswhospent34yearsasaNavySEALandservedasthedirectoroftheelitecorps’trainingregularlypracticesyogaathishomeinNorfolkVa."OnceinawhileI’llsitinclassandeveryoneisa20-somethingyoungladywitha10-inchwaistandhereIamthisoldguy’hejoked.Steffenswhosaidthestretchinghelpedhimeliminatethestiffnessofabicepsinjuryaftersurgerysaidthebenefitsofregularpracticecanbeenormous."Theyogacuredallkindsofbackpains"hesaid."BeingaSEALyoubeatupyourbody." YogabreathingexercisescanhelpSEALswiththeirdivingandlearningtocontrolthebodybyremaininginunusualpositionscanhelpmembersstayinconfinedspacesforlongperiodshesaid."Theabilitytostayfocusedonsomethingwhetheronbreathingorontheyogapracticeandnotbedrawnoffcoursethathasalotofconnectiontothemilitary"hesaid."InourSEALbasictrainingtherearemanythingsthatareyoga-likeinnature. Wecanlearnfromthelastparagraphthat
WhenMarineLt.AlanZarracinafinallydidthesplitsaftermonthsofstrugglingwiththedifficultposeinyogaclassthelimberwomenaroundhimapplauded. Zarracinaa24-year-oldNavalAcademygraduateandflightstudentadmitshewouldhaveahardtimeexplainingthescenetootherMarines.Eachclassendswithachantforpeace.TheninstructorNancyLaNasahandsstudentsincensesticksasagiftfortheir90minutesofbackbendsshoulderstandsandotherchallengingpositions.Zarracinahastriedtodragsomeofhismilitaryfriendstoclassbuttheymakefunofhint."It’snotnecessarilyconsideredmasculine’hesaid. StillthepopularclassesbasedonancientHindupracticesofmeditationthroughcontrolledbreathingbalancingandstretchingarecatchingoninmilitarycirclesasawaytoimproveflexibilitybalanceandconcentration.AformerNavySEALtoldZarracinaabouttheclass. TheAugusteditionofFitYogathenation’ssecond-largestyogamagazinewithacirculationof100000featuresaphotooftwoNavalaviatorsdoingyogaposesinfullcombatgearaboardanaircraftcarrier."Atfirstitseemedalittleshocking--soldierspracticingsuchapeacefulart"writeseditorRitaTrieger.Uponcloserinspectionshesaidshenoticed"asenseofinnercalm’ontheaviators’faces."Warishellandifyogacanhelpthemfindalittlesolacethat’sgood’saidTriegeralongtimeNewYorkyogainstructor. RetiredAdm.TomSteffenswhospent34yearsasaNavySEALandservedasthedirectoroftheelitecorps’trainingregularlypracticesyogaathishomeinNorfolkVa."OnceinawhileI’llsitinclassandeveryoneisa20-somethingyoungladywitha10-inchwaistandhereIamthisoldguy’hejoked.Steffenswhosaidthestretchinghelpedhimeliminatethestiffnessofabicepsinjuryaftersurgerysaidthebenefitsofregularpracticecanbeenormous."Theyogacuredallkindsofbackpains"hesaid."BeingaSEALyoubeatupyourbody." YogabreathingexercisescanhelpSEALswiththeirdivingandlearningtocontrolthebodybyremaininginunusualpositionscanhelpmembersstayinconfinedspacesforlongperiodshesaid."Theabilitytostayfocusedonsomethingwhetheronbreathingorontheyogapracticeandnotbedrawnoffcoursethathasalotofconnectiontothemilitary"hesaid."InourSEALbasictrainingtherearemanythingsthatareyoga-likeinnature. Triegerseemstobelievethat
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