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In the span of 18 months, Isaac Newton invented calculus, constructed a theory of optics, explained ...
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Jamesis________boy.
a 18-month-old
a 18 months old
an 18-month-old
an 18-months-old
1分Peoplecan'tbelievethatthere'sbeenareallyquickim
Peoplecan'tbelievethatthere'sbeenareallyquickimpr
Thebabyisonly.A. tenmonthsold B.tenmonthsoldC. ten
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Thebabyisonly.A. tenmonthsold B. oldtenmonths C. t
Sheborrowedthepentwomonthsago.改为同义句 Shethepenfor
AfteroftrainingPolocouldstandup. A.sixmonths B.s
ShellyhasstayedinChinafortwomonths.twomonthsShell
Ihavehadthebreadmaker. A.for3monthsago Bsince3mo
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new ___ bus service to Tianjin Airport started to operate two months ago . A. normal
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Thesummervacationiscomingsoonandwe'llhavea____holi
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Ittookthemtwomonthstodothisproject.改同义句 Theytwom
Thestudentsinthenortharegoingtohavewinterholiday.A
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[A]Thegoldenwedding-ringwasputonherfinger [B]Theforeigngroomandthelocalbride [C]Angelschildrenescortingthebride [D]Weddinghall [E]Templeandatheisticgroom [F]Townhallahappybrideandgroom Ornamentingthetwofingersisonlythefirststepofthe"longmarch".Angelwasneverasoverloadedastodayrunningfromheretotherebusyorderinginvitationcardsandweddingclothesbookingchurchandrestaurantcheckingavailabilityofthephotographerthepastorandtheofficialinthetownhalllookingforanewhome.Shewashappyandexcited.Howeverthislongweddingpreparationprocessloadeddownwithtrivialdetailsgavemeabigheadache.InFrancemoreandmoreFrenchcohabitinsteadofmarrying.Howeverwhentheydecidetomarrytheystilltaketheirweddingceremonyseriouslyandusuallyfollowtheneverchangingthreetraditionalchapters. 41．_______________________. Thethirdchapteristheweddingbreakfastfollowedbyadance.Thefirstandthesecondchapterarethecivilweddingandthechurchwedding.Afterthechurchweddingthenewly-wedsnormallyinvitetheirparentsandfriendstotakepartinasumptuousmealanddanceintheevening.Afterchampagneflutesareraisedallaroundthedancingstarts.Thenewly-wedstaketheleaddancinglightlyandfinishtheeveningbytiredlytrippingintotheirbridalchamberandthusterminatethelastchapteroftheFrenchmarriage. 42．_______________________. Igrewupinthelastseventiesandearlyeightiesthe"simplewedding"advocatedbytheChinesegovernmenthadbeeningrainedinmymind.OnedayfinallyIcouldnothelprevealingmywishforasimplewedding:"Darlingyourweddingplansarefartoolongandover-elaborate.Let’ssimplifythemandreducethreechapterstoonlyone.It’senoughtogetmarriedinthetownhall!....No!Marriageisthemostimportanteventinmylife.Iwanttomakeitgrandandunforgettable."Angelrefusedtoconcede.HoweverIreallywantedtoescapethechurchwedding."HoneyIwasn’tbaptizedandbeinganatheistIamnotallowedtogotochurch.Achurchweddingisaburdenforanatheistlikemeandthechurchweddingforanatheistisalsoagainstchurchrules!"IpresentedmyviewsvehementlybelievingIhadthebestexcuseintheworld."Mydearmarriageisasacredaffair;wemustgotothechurch.Youareonlyawareofoneaspectofathingbutignorantofanother.IamaProtestant;therearenostrictcanonsandmumbo-jumbosinProtestantism.IfoneofthetwoisProtestanttheyarestillallowedtomarryinaProtestantchurch."Iwasrenderedspeechless. 43．_______________________. Thesacredmomentarrived.Theforeigngroomandthelocalbridesurroundedbyherfamilymembersarrivedatthemarriagehall."Doyoutakethiswomanasyourwife""Yes!"Amyriadofthoughtswelledupinmymind:"I’dquitmyhighly-covetedjobinChinaandgonethroughinnumerabletrialsandtribulationstocometoEuropetojoinmyChineseloverbutIwasjilted.NowI’dfoundanoasisoflovebutfarfrommyhomeland.Thegirlwithmetodaythoughfromadifferentculturalbackgroundwithadifferentwayofthinkingandbehavingissimplepureandkindheartedlikeanangel.I’dsufferedfromthewanderinglifeinEurope.Butaftersufferingcomeshappiness.Inafewminutesshewillproclaimtheendofmywanderingandhomelesslife."FullofdeepfeelingIgazedatthiswesternbeautyshiningwithdazzlingsplendorandheldherhandtightinmine. 44．_______________________. "Doyoutakethismanasyourhusband"BrimmingwithtearschokingwithsobsAngelnoddedherapproval.BeingatraditionalFrenchgirlshe’dneverexpectedthatshewouldhavefallenintothetemptationofthe"goodbutcheapChinesemerchandise"beforeherandwouldhavecrossedthefrontierbetweenChineseandFrenchculturestomarryamanwithanexoticaccentandaflatnose! 45_______________________. ThechurchwasresoundingwiththeweddingsonataangelandIwalkeduptothepastortothebeatofthemusic.Handinhandheartwithheartfulloftenderaffectionwegavealltherightanswerstohisquestions.Thegoldenwedding-ringonherleftfingerandpairedupwithherengagementringontherightringfingerbothcomplementingeachother’sradianceandbeauty.Angelnowwithtworingsbecameareal"valuable"bride.Sheslippedmyfingerwithasimpleringontomyfingerandatthesametimecapturingmywanderingheart. ThateveningItheforeigngroomwithmyErrutwo-stringedChineseviolintogetherwithAngelthelocalbridewithherviolinsuccessfullyperformedthemostbeautifulconcertoofcrossbordermarriage."Thatspringiscomingtheearthissmiling..."thehallwasresoundingtothestrainsofStrauss’joyfulwaltzwhileweweretrippingawayinadance.Attheclimaxofthemusicweswirledsoquicklythatbothofusfeltourselvesswoonintheglamourofourcrossbordermarriage. 44
IfsustainablecompetitiveadvantagedependsonworkforceskillsAmericanfirmshaveaproblem.HumanresourcemanagementisnottraditionallyseenascentraltothecompetitivesurvivalofthefirmintheUnitedStates.Skillacquistionisconsideredanindividualresponsibility.Labourissimplyanotherfactorofproductiontoberentedatthelowestpossiblecostmuchasonebuysrawmaterialsorequipment. Thelackofimportanceattachedtohumanresourcemanagementcanbeseeninthecorporatehierarchy.InanAmericanfirmthechieffinancialofficerisalmostalwayssecondincommand.Thepostofheadofhuman-resourcemanagementisusuallyaspecializedjoboffattheedgeofthecorporatehierarchy.TheexecutivewhoholdsitisneverconsultedonmajorstrategicdecisionsandhasnochancetomoveuptoChiefExecutiveOfficerCEO.BywayofcontrastinJapantheheadofhuman-resourcemanagementiscentralusuallythesecondmostimportantaftertheCEOinthefirm’shierarchy. WhileAmericanfirmsoftentalkaboutthevastamountsspentontrainingtheirworkforcesinfacttheyinvestlessintheskillsoftheiremployeesthandoeitherJapaneseorGermanfirms.Themoneytheydoinvestisalsomuchmorenarrowlyfocusedonthebasicbackgroundskillsthatmakeitpossibletoabsorbnewtechnologies. Asaresultproblemsemergewhennewbreakthroughtechnologiesarrive.IfAmericanworkersforexampletakemuchlongertolearnhowtooperatenewflexiblemanufacturingstationsthanworkersinGermanyastheydotheeffectivecostofthosestationsislowerinGermanythanitisintheUnitedStates.Moretimeisrequiredbeforeequipmentisupandrunningatcapacityandtheneedforextensiveretraininggeneratescostsandcreatesbottlenecksthatlimitthespeedwithwhichnewequipmentcanbeemployed.Theresultisaslowerpaceoftechnologicalchange.Andintheendtheskillsofthebottomhalfofthepopulationaffectthewagesofthetophalf.Ifthebottomhalfcan’teffectivelystafftheprocessesthathavetobeoperatedthemanagementandprofessionaljobsthatgowiththeseprocesseswilldisappear. IfsustainablecompetitiveadvantagedependsonworkforceskillsAmericanfirmshaveaproblem.HumanresourcemanagementisnottraditionallyseenascentraltothecompetitivesurvivalofthefirmintheUnitedStates.Skillacquistionisconsideredanindividualresponsibility.Labourissimplyanotherfactorofproductiontoberentedatthelowestpossiblecostmuchasonebuysrawmaterialsorequipment. Thelackofimportanceattachedtohumanresourcemanagementcanbeseeninthecorporatehierarchy.InanAmericanfirmthechieffinancialofficerisalmostalwayssecondincommand.Thepostofheadofhuman-resourcemanagementisusuallyaspecializedjoboffattheedgeofthecorporatehierarchy.TheexecutivewhoholdsitisneverconsultedonmajorstrategicdecisionsandhasnochancetomoveuptoChiefExecutiveOfficerCEO.BywayofcontrastinJapantheheadofhuman-resourcemanagementiscentralusuallythesecondmostimportantaftertheCEOinthefirm’shierarchy. WhileAmericanfirmsoftentalkaboutthevastamountsspentontrainingtheirworkforcesinfacttheyinvestlessintheskillsoftheiremployeesthandoeitherJapaneseorGermanfirms.Themoneytheydoinvestisalsomuchmorenarrowlyfocusedonthebasicbackgroundskillsthatmakeitpossibletoabsorbnewtechnologies.Asaresultproblemsemergewhennewbreakthroughtechnologiesarrive.IfAmericanworkersforexampletakemuchlongertolearnhowtooperatenewflexiblemanufacturingstationsthanworkersinGermanyastheydotheeffectivecostofthosestationsislowerinGermanythanitisintheUnitedStates.Moretimeisrequiredbeforeequipmentisupandrunningatcapacityandtheneedforextensiveretraininggeneratescostsandcreatesbottlenecksthatlimitthespeedwithwhichnewequipmentcanbeemployed.Theresultisaslowerpaceoftechnologicalchange.Andintheendtheskillsofthebottomhalfofthepopulationaffectthewagesofthetophalf.Ifthebottomhalfcan’teffectivelystafftheprocessesthathavetobeoperatedthemanagementandprofessionaljobsthatgowiththeseprocesseswilldisappear. What’sthemainideaofthetext
Internetisavastnetworkofcomputersthatconnectsmanyoftheworld’sbusinessesinstitutionsandindividuals.46TheInternetwhichmeansinterconnectednetworkofnetworkslinkstensofthousandsofsmallercomputernetworks.Thesenetworkstransmithugeamountsofinformationintheformofwordsimagesandsounds. TheInternethasinformationoneverytopic.47Networkuserscansearchthroughsourcesrangingfromvastdatabasestosmallelectronic"bulletinboards"whereusersformdiscussiongroupsaroundcommoninterests.MuchoftheInternet’strafficconsistsofmessagessentfromonecomputerusertoanother.Thesemessagesarecalledelectronicmailore-mail.Internetusershaveelectronicaddressesthatallowthemtosendandreceivee-mail.Otherusesofthenetworkincludeobtainingnewsjoiningelectronicdebatesandplayingelectronicgames.48OnefeatureoftheInternetknownastheWorldWideWebprovidesgraphicsaudioandvideotoenhancetheinformationinitsdocuments.Thesedocumentscoveravastnumberoftopics. PeopleusuallyaccesstheInternetwithadevicecalledamodem.Modemsconnectcomputerstothenetworkthroughtelephonelines.MuchoftheInternetoperatesthroughworldwidetelephonenetworksoffiber-opticcables49Thesecablescontainhair-thinstrandsofglassthatcarrydataaspulsesoflight.Theycantransmitthousandsoftimesmoredatathanlocalphonelinesmostofwhichconsistofcopperwires. Inthefuturetheinternetwillprobablygrowmoresophisticatedascomputertechnologybecomesmorepowerful.50ManyexpertsbelievetheInternetmaybecomepartofalargernetworkcalledtheinformationsuperhighway.Thisnetworkstillunderdevelopmentwouldlinkcomputerswithtelephonecompaniescabletelevisionstationsandothercommunicationsystems.PeoplecouldbankshopwatchTVandperformmanyotheractivitiesthroughthenetwork. 50ManyexpertsbelievetheInternetmaybecomepartofalargernetworkcalledtheinformationsuperhighway.Thisnetworkstillunderdevelopmentwouldlinkcomputerswithtelephonecompaniescabletelevisionstationsandothercommunicationsystems.
Directions: Writeanessayofabout160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inthisessayyoushould: 1describethepicturesbriefly 2interpretthemeaningand 3giveyourcomment. YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.10points 46ThemessageofthefirstEarthDay—April221970—hadacertaininnocencefilledwithacertaincan-do-ism:individualactionswouldrollbackthedamagedonetotheplanet.Theemphasisontheindividualwaspickedupinbestsellerslike"50ThingsYouCanDotoSavethePlanet"aswellasinpublic-servicecampaignsthatdroveustocarpoolbicycletoworkrecycleandboycottrain-forestwood. EarthDay2000—April22—reflectsanewethos.Thethemeofeventsthatwillbestagedinthe185participatingcountriesisclimatechangeandthethreats—risingseasshiftingagriculturalzonesmoreextremeweather—thatawarmerworldposes.TheEarthDay2000slogan"CleanEnergyNow!"callsforreplacingenergysourcesthatproduceheat-trappinggreenhousegaseswithenergysourcessolarelectricitywindpowerthatdonot.47Althoughsomeofthemosteco-righteoushaveunpluggedtheirhomesfromtheelectricitysupplynetinfavorofsolarpanelsontheirroofsandfuelcellsintheirbasementsattheratethatishappeningtherewillbeorangeplantation~inAlaskabeforethegreenhouseeffectisforcedintosubmission. 48RoyalDutch/Shellisreducingemissionsofgreenhousegasesatitsplantsby2002toaprojected25%belowthelevelsof1990to100milliontons.ForanequivalentannualcuteverycarinNewEnglandwouldhavetobetakenofftheroadforfiveyears.49Boeing’slightingup-gradereduceditsuseofelectricityforlighting90%andsaves100000tonsofcarbondioxideeveryyeartoachievewhichaimsome500000peoplewouldhavehadtochangetoenergy-savinglightbulb. Noneofthisistosaythatindividualdecisionsdonotmatter.TheydotheaimlessmovementfromcarstoSUVshasresultedinsome200millionmoretonsofcarbon-dioxideemissionseveryyearthanifeveryonehadstayedwithhisnicelittleTaurus.50Butindividualscanexertagreaterforceforenvironmentalgoodbypressuringcorporationsandgovernmentsthanbylecturingtheirbigcar-drivingfriends. 46
Mostofusaretaughttopayattentiontowhatissaid--thewords.Wordsdoprovideuswithsomeinformationbutmeaningsare1fromsomanyothersourcesthatitwouldhinderoureffectiveness2apartnertoarelationshiptorelytooheavilyonwords3Wordsareusedtodescribeonlyasmallpartofthemanyideasweassociatewithanygiven4.Sometimeswecangaininsightintosomeofthose5ifwelistenfor6words.Wedon’talwayssaywhatwemean7meanwhatwesay.Mostlywemeanseveralthingsatonce.Apersonwantingtopurchaseahousesaystothecurrentowner."ThisstephastobefixedbeforeI’llbuy."Theownersays"It’sbeenlikethatforyears".8thestephasn’tbeenlikethatforyearsbutthe9messageis:"Idon’twanttofixit.Wecanputupwithitwhycan’tyou"The10foramoreexpansiveviewofmeaningcanbedevelopedbyexaminingamessage11whosaiditwhenitoccurredthe12conditionsorsituationandhowitwassaid. Whenamessageoccurscanalso13associatedmeaning.Afriend’sunusuallydocilebehaviormayonlybeunderstoodby14thatitwasprecededbysituationsthatrequiredan15amountofassertiveness. Wewoulddowelltolistenforhowmessageare16Thewords"itsurehasbeennicetohaveyouover"canbesaidwith17andexcitedorritualistically.Thephrasecanbesaidonceor18severaltimes.Andthemeaningweassociatewiththephrasewillchange19Sometimesifwesaysomethinginfrequentlyitassumesmoreimportance;sometimesthemorewesaysomethingthe20importanceitassumes. 2
Bythe1950’sand60’s"goingforChinese"hadbecomepartofthesuburbanvernacular.InplaceslikeNewYorkCityeatingChinesefoodbecameintertwinedwiththetraditionsofotherethnicgroupsespeciallythatofJewishimmigrants.ManyJewishfamiliesfaithfullyvisitedtheirfavoriteChineserestauranteverySundaynight.AmongthemenusintheexhibitionareselectionsfromGlattWok:KosherChineseRestaurantandTakeoutinMonseyN.Y.andWokToyinCedarhurstN.Y. Until1965Cantonese-speakingimmigrantsmainlyfromthecountyofToisandominatedtheindustryandmenusreflectedastandardrepertoryoftastybutblandAmericanizationsofCantonesedishes.ButlooseningimmigrationrestrictionsthatyearbroughtafloodofpeoplefrommanydifferentregionsofChinastarting"authenticityrevolution"saidEdSchoenfeldarestaurateurandChinesefoodconsultant. TopchefswhoweretrainedinspicyandmoreunusualregionalspecialtieslikeHunanandSichunancookingcametoNewYorkthenMr.Schoenfeldsaid. PresidentRichardM.Nixon’striptoChinain1972awakenedinterestinthecountryandaccountsofhismealshelpedwhetdiners’appetitesfornewdishes.AnillustrationofascowlingNixonwithapairofchopsticksglaresdownfromthewallattheexhibition. HunanandSichuanrestaurantsinNewYorkinfluencedthetasteofthewholecountryMr.Schoenfeldsaid.DisheslikeGeneralTso’schickenandcrispyorangebeefcaughtoneverywhere. ButaswiththeCantonesefoodbeforeitMr.Schoenfeldsaidthecookingdegradedovertimeasitbecamemassproduced.Today’sbatter-friedsyrup-ladenversionofChinesefoodhesaidbearslittleresemblancetoauthenticcuisine. TherealexplosionofChineserestaurantsthatmadethemubiquitouscameinthe1980’ssaidBettyXieeditorofChineseRestaurantNews."NowyouseetherearealmostoneortwoChineserestaurantsineverytownintheUnitedStates"shesaid. TherearesignsthatsomehavetiredofChinesefood.A2004ZagatsurveyshowedthatitspopularityhasebbedsomewhatinNewYorkCity. ButthejourneyoftheChineserestaurantremainsthestoryoftheAmericandreamasexperiencedbyaconstantbutevolvingstreamofChineseimmigrantswhorealizedthepotentialof12-hourdaysborrowedcapitalandawillingnesstocookwhateverAmericanswanted.Salesmarginsaretightandwagesarelow. RestaurantsarepassedfromonefamilymembertothenextorsoldbyoneChinesefamilytoanother.OftenacontingencywrittenintoSalescontractsisthatthepreviousownerstrainthenewowners. "ThecompetitioninChinesecommunitiesiscutthroat"Mr.Chentheco-curatorsaid."WhatpeoplerealizeisyoucanmakemuchmuchbetterprofitinplaceslikeMontana./ AccordingtotheauthorChinesefoodinNewYorkCity
Mostofusaretaughttopayattentiontowhatissaid--thewords.Wordsdoprovideuswithsomeinformationbutmeaningsare1fromsomanyothersourcesthatitwouldhinderoureffectiveness2apartnertoarelationshiptorelytooheavilyonwords3Wordsareusedtodescribeonlyasmallpartofthemanyideasweassociatewithanygiven4.Sometimeswecangaininsightintosomeofthose5ifwelistenfor6words.Wedon’talwayssaywhatwemean7meanwhatwesay.Mostlywemeanseveralthingsatonce.Apersonwantingtopurchaseahousesaystothecurrentowner."ThisstephastobefixedbeforeI’llbuy."Theownersays"It’sbeenlikethatforyears".8thestephasn’tbeenlikethatforyearsbutthe9messageis:"Idon’twanttofixit.Wecanputupwithitwhycan’tyou"The10foramoreexpansiveviewofmeaningcanbedevelopedbyexaminingamessage11whosaiditwhenitoccurredthe12conditionsorsituationandhowitwassaid. Whenamessageoccurscanalso13associatedmeaning.Afriend’sunusuallydocilebehaviormayonlybeunderstoodby14thatitwasprecededbysituationsthatrequiredan15amountofassertiveness. Wewoulddowelltolistenforhowmessageare16Thewords"itsurehasbeennicetohaveyouover"canbesaidwith17andexcitedorritualistically.Thephrasecanbesaidonceor18severaltimes.Andthemeaningweassociatewiththephrasewillchange19Sometimesifwesaysomethinginfrequentlyitassumesmoreimportance;sometimesthemorewesaysomethingthe20importanceitassumes. 10
[A]Thegoldenwedding-ringwasputonherfinger [B]Theforeigngroomandthelocalbride [C]Angelschildrenescortingthebride [D]Weddinghall [E]Templeandatheisticgroom [F]Townhallahappybrideandgroom Ornamentingthetwofingersisonlythefirststepofthe"longmarch".Angelwasneverasoverloadedastodayrunningfromheretotherebusyorderinginvitationcardsandweddingclothesbookingchurchandrestaurantcheckingavailabilityofthephotographerthepastorandtheofficialinthetownhalllookingforanewhome.Shewashappyandexcited.Howeverthislongweddingpreparationprocessloadeddownwithtrivialdetailsgavemeabigheadache.InFrancemoreandmoreFrenchcohabitinsteadofmarrying.Howeverwhentheydecidetomarrytheystilltaketheirweddingceremonyseriouslyandusuallyfollowtheneverchangingthreetraditionalchapters. 41．_______________________. Thethirdchapteristheweddingbreakfastfollowedbyadance.Thefirstandthesecondchapterarethecivilweddingandthechurchwedding.Afterthechurchweddingthenewly-wedsnormallyinvitetheirparentsandfriendstotakepartinasumptuousmealanddanceintheevening.Afterchampagneflutesareraisedallaroundthedancingstarts.Thenewly-wedstaketheleaddancinglightlyandfinishtheeveningbytiredlytrippingintotheirbridalchamberandthusterminatethelastchapteroftheFrenchmarriage. 42．_______________________. Igrewupinthelastseventiesandearlyeightiesthe"simplewedding"advocatedbytheChinesegovernmenthadbeeningrainedinmymind.OnedayfinallyIcouldnothelprevealingmywishforasimplewedding:"Darlingyourweddingplansarefartoolongandover-elaborate.Let’ssimplifythemandreducethreechapterstoonlyone.It’senoughtogetmarriedinthetownhall!....No!Marriageisthemostimportanteventinmylife.Iwanttomakeitgrandandunforgettable."Angelrefusedtoconcede.HoweverIreallywantedtoescapethechurchwedding."HoneyIwasn’tbaptizedandbeinganatheistIamnotallowedtogotochurch.Achurchweddingisaburdenforanatheistlikemeandthechurchweddingforanatheistisalsoagainstchurchrules!"IpresentedmyviewsvehementlybelievingIhadthebestexcuseintheworld."Mydearmarriageisasacredaffair;wemustgotothechurch.Youareonlyawareofoneaspectofathingbutignorantofanother.IamaProtestant;therearenostrictcanonsandmumbo-jumbosinProtestantism.IfoneofthetwoisProtestanttheyarestillallowedtomarryinaProtestantchurch."Iwasrenderedspeechless. 43．_______________________. Thesacredmomentarrived.Theforeigngroomandthelocalbridesurroundedbyherfamilymembersarrivedatthemarriagehall."Doyoutakethiswomanasyourwife""Yes!"Amyriadofthoughtswelledupinmymind:"I’dquitmyhighly-covetedjobinChinaandgonethroughinnumerabletrialsandtribulationstocometoEuropetojoinmyChineseloverbutIwasjilted.NowI’dfoundanoasisoflovebutfarfrommyhomeland.Thegirlwithmetodaythoughfromadifferentculturalbackgroundwithadifferentwayofthinkingandbehavingissimplepureandkindheartedlikeanangel.I’dsufferedfromthewanderinglifeinEurope.Butaftersufferingcomeshappiness.Inafewminutesshewillproclaimtheendofmywanderingandhomelesslife."FullofdeepfeelingIgazedatthiswesternbeautyshiningwithdazzlingsplendorandheldherhandtightinmine. 44．_______________________. "Doyoutakethismanasyourhusband"BrimmingwithtearschokingwithsobsAngelnoddedherapproval.BeingatraditionalFrenchgirlshe’dneverexpectedthatshewouldhavefallenintothetemptationofthe"goodbutcheapChinesemerchandise"beforeherandwouldhavecrossedthefrontierbetweenChineseandFrenchculturestomarryamanwithanexoticaccentandaflatnose! 45_______________________. ThechurchwasresoundingwiththeweddingsonataangelandIwalkeduptothepastortothebeatofthemusic.Handinhandheartwithheartfulloftenderaffectionwegavealltherightanswerstohisquestions.Thegoldenwedding-ringonherleftfingerandpairedupwithherengagementringontherightringfingerbothcomplementingeachother’sradianceandbeauty.Angelnowwithtworingsbecameareal"valuable"bride.Sheslippedmyfingerwithasimpleringontomyfingerandatthesametimecapturingmywanderingheart. ThateveningItheforeigngroomwithmyErrutwo-stringedChineseviolintogetherwithAngelthelocalbridewithherviolinsuccessfullyperformedthemostbeautifulconcertoofcrossbordermarriage."Thatspringiscomingtheearthissmiling..."thehallwasresoundingtothestrainsofStrauss’joyfulwaltzwhileweweretrippingawayinadance.Attheclimaxofthemusicweswirledsoquicklythatbothofusfeltourselvesswoonintheglamourofourcrossbordermarriage. 42
AccordingtostudiescitedbytheNationalEatingDisordersAssociation42percentofgirlsinfirstthroughthirdgradewanttobethinner81percentof10-year-oldsareafraidofbeingfatand51percentof9-and10-year-oldgirlsfeelbetteraboutthemselvesiftheyareonadiet. Inmanywaysthisfixationonweightateverearlieragescomesataninopportunetimephysiologically.AtarecentHadassahmeetingattheWoodlandsCommunityTempleinWhitePlainsDr.MaxcieSchneiderthedirectorofadolescentmedicineatGreenwichHospitalandEricaLeonaregistereddietitianspokeaboutearlyadolescenceasatimewhenalittlebitofpudginessisnecessaryforpropergrowthandyoungsterswrestleconstantlywiththeirbodyimage. "Ican’ttellyouhowmanykidsI’veseenwho’vebeenontheAtkinsdietorontheSouthBeachdiet"Ms.Leonsaidaddingthatoverweightchildrenwhotrydietscanbeatriskofdevelopingeatingdisorders. AfterthepresentationthreemothersfromHartsdalewhowantedtohelptheirchildrenavoidsuchissuesspokeabouthowtheiryoungdaughtersarealreadybeginningtobecomeweight-conscious.Anorexiaisamentalillnessinwhichthevictimeatsbarelyenoughtosurvivebecauseherdistortedthinkingmakesherthinksheisfat.BulimiaamentalillnessinwhichsomeonebingesonlargeamountsoffoodthenpurgesitthroughvomitingortheabuseoflaxativesisontheriseandissurfacinginyoungerandyoungerpatientsmostlygirlssaidJudyScheelthedirectoroftheCenterforEatingDisorderRecoveryinMountKisco.About90percentofvictimsofeatingdisordersarefemaleandoftenthemalevictimsareonteamslikewrestlingandcrewwheretheymustkeeptheirweightlowforcompetitivereasons.Dr.Scheelbelievesthatwheregirlsclaimtheeatingdisorderenablesthemtobethinboystypicallystatetheirgoalistoachieveormaintainamuscularbutthinphysique.Theaverageonsetforbulimiausedtobe17buttoseeteenagersage14and15withbulimiaiscommonthesedaysDr.Scheelsaid. Otherpeoplebelievethedisordershavegeneticorchemicalcomponentsandmanypeoplewitheatingdisordersrespondwelltoanti-depressantsforexample. "Acertainamountofeducationisnecessarytohelpyoungpeopleavoidbecomingobsessedwiththeirbodyimage.Teachersneedtostayoutsideoftalkingaboutdiets"Dr.Scheelsaid."It’slikeaparentalwaystalkingabouttheirnextdiet.Youhavetohelpachildunderstandthatifyoucathealthilyandexerciseyourbodyisgoingtotakecareofitself."AndinrelativelyhomogenouspopulationslikeinsomeWestchesterschoolscompetitionrunshigh."Sotheyoungpeopledon’treallyseehowbeautifuldiversityis"shesaid"andtheytendtoallbecompetingforkindofthesamegoals./ TheauthorcitessomeWestchesterschoolstoindicatethat
Internetisavastnetworkofcomputersthatconnectsmanyoftheworld’sbusinessesinstitutionsandindividuals.46TheInternetwhichmeansinterconnectednetworkofnetworkslinkstensofthousandsofsmallercomputernetworks.Thesenetworkstransmithugeamountsofinformationintheformofwordsimagesandsounds. TheInternethasinformationoneverytopic.47Networkuserscansearchthroughsourcesrangingfromvastdatabasestosmallelectronic"bulletinboards"whereusersformdiscussiongroupsaroundcommoninterests.MuchoftheInternet’strafficconsistsofmessagessentfromonecomputerusertoanother.Thesemessagesarecalledelectronicmailore-mail.Internetusershaveelectronicaddressesthatallowthemtosendandreceivee-mail.Otherusesofthenetworkincludeobtainingnewsjoiningelectronicdebatesandplayingelectronicgames.48OnefeatureoftheInternetknownastheWorldWideWebprovidesgraphicsaudioandvideotoenhancetheinformationinitsdocuments.Thesedocumentscoveravastnumberoftopics. PeopleusuallyaccesstheInternetwithadevicecalledamodem.Modemsconnectcomputerstothenetworkthroughtelephonelines.MuchoftheInternetoperatesthroughworldwidetelephonenetworksoffiber-opticcables49Thesecablescontainhair-thinstrandsofglassthatcarrydataaspulsesoflight.Theycantransmitthousandsoftimesmoredatathanlocalphonelinesmostofwhichconsistofcopperwires. Inthefuturetheinternetwillprobablygrowmoresophisticatedascomputertechnologybecomesmorepowerful.50ManyexpertsbelievetheInternetmaybecomepartofalargernetworkcalledtheinformationsuperhighway.Thisnetworkstillunderdevelopmentwouldlinkcomputerswithtelephonecompaniescabletelevisionstationsandothercommunicationsystems.PeoplecouldbankshopwatchTVandperformmanyotheractivitiesthroughthenetwork. 46TheInternetwhichmeansinterconnectednetworkofnetworkslinkstensofthousandsofsmallercomputernetworks.Thesenetworkstransmithugeamountsofinformationintheformofwordsimagesandsounds.
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.10points 46ThemessageofthefirstEarthDay—April221970—hadacertaininnocencefilledwithacertaincan-do-ism:individualactionswouldrollbackthedamagedonetotheplanet.Theemphasisontheindividualwaspickedupinbestsellerslike"50ThingsYouCanDotoSavethePlanet"aswellasinpublic-servicecampaignsthatdroveustocarpoolbicycletoworkrecycleandboycottrain-forestwood. EarthDay2000—April22—reflectsanewethos.Thethemeofeventsthatwillbestagedinthe185participatingcountriesisclimatechangeandthethreats—risingseasshiftingagriculturalzonesmoreextremeweather—thatawarmerworldposes.TheEarthDay2000slogan"CleanEnergyNow!"callsforreplacingenergysourcesthatproduceheat-trappinggreenhousegaseswithenergysourcessolarelectricitywindpowerthatdonot.47Althoughsomeofthemosteco-righteoushaveunpluggedtheirhomesfromtheelectricitysupplynetinfavorofsolarpanelsontheirroofsandfuelcellsintheirbasementsattheratethatishappeningtherewillbeorangeplantation~inAlaskabeforethegreenhouseeffectisforcedintosubmission. 48RoyalDutch/Shellisreducingemissionsofgreenhousegasesatitsplantsby2002toaprojected25%belowthelevelsof1990to100milliontons.ForanequivalentannualcuteverycarinNewEnglandwouldhavetobetakenofftheroadforfiveyears.49Boeing’slightingup-gradereduceditsuseofelectricityforlighting90%andsaves100000tonsofcarbondioxideeveryyeartoachievewhichaimsome500000peoplewouldhavehadtochangetoenergy-savinglightbulb. Noneofthisistosaythatindividualdecisionsdonotmatter.TheydotheaimlessmovementfromcarstoSUVshasresultedinsome200millionmoretonsofcarbon-dioxideemissionseveryyearthanifeveryonehadstayedwithhisnicelittleTaurus.50Butindividualscanexertagreaterforceforenvironmentalgoodbypressuringcorporationsandgovernmentsthanbylecturingtheirbigcar-drivingfriends. 48
AccordingtostudiescitedbytheNationalEatingDisordersAssociation42percentofgirlsinfirstthroughthirdgradewanttobethinner81percentof10-year-oldsareafraidofbeingfatand51percentof9-and10-year-oldgirlsfeelbetteraboutthemselvesiftheyareonadiet. Inmanywaysthisfixationonweightateverearlieragescomesataninopportunetimephysiologically.AtarecentHadassahmeetingattheWoodlandsCommunityTempleinWhitePlainsDr.MaxcieSchneiderthedirectorofadolescentmedicineatGreenwichHospitalandEricaLeonaregistereddietitianspokeaboutearlyadolescenceasatimewhenalittlebitofpudginessisnecessaryforpropergrowthandyoungsterswrestleconstantlywiththeirbodyimage. "Ican’ttellyouhowmanykidsI’veseenwho’vebeenontheAtkinsdietorontheSouthBeachdiet"Ms.Leonsaidaddingthatoverweightchildrenwhotrydietscanbeatriskofdevelopingeatingdisorders. AfterthepresentationthreemothersfromHartsdalewhowantedtohelptheirchildrenavoidsuchissuesspokeabouthowtheiryoungdaughtersarealreadybeginningtobecomeweight-conscious.Anorexiaisamentalillnessinwhichthevictimeatsbarelyenoughtosurvivebecauseherdistortedthinkingmakesherthinksheisfat.BulimiaamentalillnessinwhichsomeonebingesonlargeamountsoffoodthenpurgesitthroughvomitingortheabuseoflaxativesisontheriseandissurfacinginyoungerandyoungerpatientsmostlygirlssaidJudyScheelthedirectoroftheCenterforEatingDisorderRecoveryinMountKisco.About90percentofvictimsofeatingdisordersarefemaleandoftenthemalevictimsareonteamslikewrestlingandcrewwheretheymustkeeptheirweightlowforcompetitivereasons.Dr.Scheelbelievesthatwheregirlsclaimtheeatingdisorderenablesthemtobethinboystypicallystatetheirgoalistoachieveormaintainamuscularbutthinphysique.Theaverageonsetforbulimiausedtobe17buttoseeteenagersage14and15withbulimiaiscommonthesedaysDr.Scheelsaid. Otherpeoplebelievethedisordershavegeneticorchemicalcomponentsandmanypeoplewitheatingdisordersrespondwelltoanti-depressantsforexample. "Acertainamountofeducationisnecessarytohelpyoungpeopleavoidbecomingobsessedwiththeirbodyimage.Teachersneedtostayoutsideoftalkingaboutdiets"Dr.Scheelsaid."It’slikeaparentalwaystalkingabouttheirnextdiet.Youhavetohelpachildunderstandthatifyoucathealthilyandexerciseyourbodyisgoingtotakecareofitself."AndinrelativelyhomogenouspopulationslikeinsomeWestchesterschoolscompetitionrunshigh."Sotheyoungpeopledon’treallyseehowbeautifuldiversityis"shesaid"andtheytendtoallbecompetingforkindofthesamegoals. ThestudiescitedbytheNationalEatingDisordersAssociationisbasedon
Mostofusaretaughttopayattentiontowhatissaid--thewords.Wordsdoprovideuswithsomeinformationbutmeaningsare1fromsomanyothersourcesthatitwouldhinderoureffectiveness2apartnertoarelationshiptorelytooheavilyonwords3Wordsareusedtodescribeonlyasmallpartofthemanyideasweassociatewithanygiven4.Sometimeswecangaininsightintosomeofthose5ifwelistenfor6words.Wedon’talwayssaywhatwemean7meanwhatwesay.Mostlywemeanseveralthingsatonce.Apersonwantingtopurchaseahousesaystothecurrentowner."ThisstephastobefixedbeforeI’llbuy."Theownersays"It’sbeenlikethatforyears".8thestephasn’tbeenlikethatforyearsbutthe9messageis:"Idon’twanttofixit.Wecanputupwithitwhycan’tyou"The10foramoreexpansiveviewofmeaningcanbedevelopedbyexaminingamessage11whosaiditwhenitoccurredthe12conditionsorsituationandhowitwassaid. Whenamessageoccurscanalso13associatedmeaning.Afriend’sunusuallydocilebehaviormayonlybeunderstoodby14thatitwasprecededbysituationsthatrequiredan15amountofassertiveness. Wewoulddowelltolistenforhowmessageare16Thewords"itsurehasbeennicetohaveyouover"canbesaidwith17andexcitedorritualistically.Thephrasecanbesaidonceor18severaltimes.Andthemeaningweassociatewiththephrasewillchange19Sometimesifwesaysomethinginfrequentlyitassumesmoreimportance;sometimesthemorewesaysomethingthe20importanceitassumes. 14
Mostofusaretaughttopayattentiontowhatissaid--thewords.Wordsdoprovideuswithsomeinformationbutmeaningsare1fromsomanyothersourcesthatitwouldhinderoureffectiveness2apartnertoarelationshiptorelytooheavilyonwords3Wordsareusedtodescribeonlyasmallpartofthemanyideasweassociatewithanygiven4.Sometimeswecangaininsightintosomeofthose5ifwelistenfor6words.Wedon’talwayssaywhatwemean7meanwhatwesay.Mostlywemeanseveralthingsatonce.Apersonwantingtopurchaseahousesaystothecurrentowner."ThisstephastobefixedbeforeI’llbuy."Theownersays"It’sbeenlikethatforyears".8thestephasn’tbeenlikethatforyearsbutthe9messageis:"Idon’twanttofixit.Wecanputupwithitwhycan’tyou"The10foramoreexpansiveviewofmeaningcanbedevelopedbyexaminingamessage11whosaiditwhenitoccurredthe12conditionsorsituationandhowitwassaid. Whenamessageoccurscanalso13associatedmeaning.Afriend’sunusuallydocilebehaviormayonlybeunderstoodby14thatitwasprecededbysituationsthatrequiredan15amountofassertiveness. Wewoulddowelltolistenforhowmessageare16Thewords"itsurehasbeennicetohaveyouover"canbesaidwith17andexcitedorritualistically.Thephrasecanbesaidonceor18severaltimes.Andthemeaningweassociatewiththephrasewillchange19Sometimesifwesaysomethinginfrequentlyitassumesmoreimportance;sometimesthemorewesaysomethingthe20importanceitassumes. 12
Mostofusaretaughttopayattentiontowhatissaid--thewords.Wordsdoprovideuswithsomeinformationbutmeaningsare1fromsomanyothersourcesthatitwouldhinderoureffectiveness2apartnertoarelationshiptorelytooheavilyonwords3Wordsareusedtodescribeonlyasmallpartofthemanyideasweassociatewithanygiven4.Sometimeswecangaininsightintosomeofthose5ifwelistenfor6words.Wedon’talwayssaywhatwemean7meanwhatwesay.Mostlywemeanseveralthingsatonce.Apersonwantingtopurchaseahousesaystothecurrentowner."ThisstephastobefixedbeforeI’llbuy."Theownersays"It’sbeenlikethatforyears".8thestephasn’tbeenlikethatforyearsbutthe9messageis:"Idon’twanttofixit.Wecanputupwithitwhycan’tyou"The10foramoreexpansiveviewofmeaningcanbedevelopedbyexaminingamessage11whosaiditwhenitoccurredthe12conditionsorsituationandhowitwassaid. Whenamessageoccurscanalso13associatedmeaning.Afriend’sunusuallydocilebehaviormayonlybeunderstoodby14thatitwasprecededbysituationsthatrequiredan15amountofassertiveness. Wewoulddowelltolistenforhowmessageare16Thewords"itsurehasbeennicetohaveyouover"canbesaidwith17andexcitedorritualistically.Thephrasecanbesaidonceor18severaltimes.Andthemeaningweassociatewiththephrasewillchange19Sometimesifwesaysomethinginfrequentlyitassumesmoreimportance;sometimesthemorewesaysomethingthe20importanceitassumes. 16
Howeverimportantwemayregardschoollifetobethereisnodenyingthefactthatchildrenspendmoretimeathomethanintheclassroom.Thereforethegreatinfluenceofparentscannotbeignoredordiscountedbytheteacher.Theycanbecomestrongalliesoftheschoolpersonnelortheycanconsciouslyorunconsciouslyhinderandfrustratecurricularobjectives. Administratorshavebeenawareoftheneedtokeepparentsinformedofthenewermethodsusedinschools.Manyprincipalshaveconductedworkshopsexplainingsuchmattersasthereadingreadinessprogrammanuscriptwritinganddevelopmentalmathematics. Moreovertheclassroomteacherwiththepermissionofthesupervisorscanalsoplayanimportantroleinenlighteningparents.Theinformalteaandthemanyinterviewscarriedonduringtheyearaswellasnewwaysofreportingpupils’progresscansignificantlyaidinachievingaharmoniousinterplaybetweenschoolandhome. ToillustratesupposethatafatherhasbeendrillingJuniorinarithmeticprocessesnightafternight.Inafriendlyinterviewtheteachercanhelptheparentsublimatehisnaturalpaternalinterestintoproductivechannels.HemightbepersuadedtoletJuniorparticipateindiscussingthefamilybudgetbuyingthefoodusingayardstickormeasuringcupathomesettingtheclockcalculatingmileageonatripandengaginginscoresofotheractivitiesthathaveamathematicalbasis. Ifthefatherfollowstheadviceitisreasonabletoassumethathewillsoonrealizehissonismakingsatisfactoryprogressinmathematicsandatthesametimeenjoyingthework. Toooftenhoweverteachers’conferenceswithparentsaredevotedtopettyaccountsofchildren’smisdemeanorscomplaintsaboutlazinessandpoorworkhabitsandsuggestionforpenaltiesandrewardsathome. Whatisneededisamorecreativeapproachinwhichtheteacherasaprofessionaladviserplantsideasinparents’mindsforthebestutilizationofthemanyhoursthatthechildspendsoutoftheclassroom.Inthiswaytheschoolandthehomejoinforcesinfosteringthefullestdevelopmentofyoungsters’capacities. Wemayinferthatthewriterofthearticledoesnotfavor
IfsustainablecompetitiveadvantagedependsonworkforceskillsAmericanfirmshaveaproblem.HumanresourcemanagementisnottraditionallyseenascentraltothecompetitivesurvivalofthefirmintheUnitedStates.Skillacquistionisconsideredanindividualresponsibility.Labourissimplyanotherfactorofproductiontoberentedatthelowestpossiblecostmuchasonebuysrawmaterialsorequipment. Thelackofimportanceattachedtohumanresourcemanagementcanbeseeninthecorporatehierarchy.InanAmericanfirmthechieffinancialofficerisalmostalwayssecondincommand.Thepostofheadofhuman-resourcemanagementisusuallyaspecializedjoboffattheedgeofthecorporatehierarchy.TheexecutivewhoholdsitisneverconsultedonmajorstrategicdecisionsandhasnochancetomoveuptoChiefExecutiveOfficerCEO.BywayofcontrastinJapantheheadofhuman-resourcemanagementiscentralusuallythesecondmostimportantaftertheCEOinthefirm’shierarchy. WhileAmericanfirmsoftentalkaboutthevastamountsspentontrainingtheirworkforcesinfacttheyinvestlessintheskillsoftheiremployeesthandoeitherJapaneseorGermanfirms.Themoneytheydoinvestisalsomuchmorenarrowlyfocusedonthebasicbackgroundskillsthatmakeitpossibletoabsorbnewtechnologies. Asaresultproblemsemergewhennewbreakthroughtechnologiesarrive.IfAmericanworkersforexampletakemuchlongertolearnhowtooperatenewflexiblemanufacturingstationsthanworkersinGermanyastheydotheeffectivecostofthosestationsislowerinGermanythanitisintheUnitedStates.Moretimeisrequiredbeforeequipmentisupandrunningatcapacityandtheneedforextensiveretraininggeneratescostsandcreatesbottlenecksthatlimitthespeedwithwhichnewequipmentcanbeemployed.Theresultisaslowerpaceoftechnologicalchange.Andintheendtheskillsofthebottomhalfofthepopulationaffectthewagesofthetophalf.Ifthebottomhalfcan’teffectivelystafftheprocessesthathavetobeoperatedthemanagementandprofessionaljobsthatgowiththeseprocesseswilldisappear. IfsustainablecompetitiveadvantagedependsonworkforceskillsAmericanfirmshaveaproblem.HumanresourcemanagementisnottraditionallyseenascentraltothecompetitivesurvivalofthefirmintheUnitedStates.Skillacquistionisconsideredanindividualresponsibility.Labourissimplyanotherfactorofproductiontoberentedatthelowestpossiblecostmuchasonebuysrawmaterialsorequipment. Thelackofimportanceattachedtohumanresourcemanagementcanbeseeninthecorporatehierarchy.InanAmericanfirmthechieffinancialofficerisalmostalwayssecondincommand.Thepostofheadofhuman-resourcemanagementisusuallyaspecializedjoboffattheedgeofthecorporatehierarchy.TheexecutivewhoholdsitisneverconsultedonmajorstrategicdecisionsandhasnochancetomoveuptoChiefExecutiveOfficerCEO.BywayofcontrastinJapantheheadofhuman-resourcemanagementiscentralusuallythesecondmostimportantaftertheCEOinthefirm’shierarchy. WhileAmericanfirmsoftentalkaboutthevastamountsspentontrainingtheirworkforcesinfacttheyinvestlessintheskillsoftheiremployeesthandoeitherJapaneseorGermanfirms.Themoneytheydoinvestisalsomuchmorenarrowlyfocusedonthebasicbackgroundskillsthatmakeitpossibletoabsorbnewtechnologies.Asaresultproblemsemergewhennewbreakthroughtechnologiesarrive.IfAmericanworkersforexampletakemuchlongertolearnhowtooperatenewflexiblemanufacturingstationsthanworkersinGermanyastheydotheeffectivecostofthosestationsislowerinGermanythanitisintheUnitedStates.Moretimeisrequiredbeforeequipmentisupandrunningatcapacityandtheneedforextensiveretraininggeneratescostsandcreatesbottlenecksthatlimitthespeedwithwhichnewequipmentcanbeemployed.Theresultisaslowerpaceoftechnologicalchange.Andintheendtheskillsofthebottomhalfofthepopulationaffectthewagesofthetophalf.Ifthebottomhalfcan’teffectivelystafftheprocessesthathavetobeoperatedthemanagementandprofessionaljobsthatgowiththeseprocesseswilldisappear. MostAmericanfirmsputtheirmoneymainlyin
Mostofusaretaughttopayattentiontowhatissaid--thewords.Wordsdoprovideuswithsomeinformationbutmeaningsare1fromsomanyothersourcesthatitwouldhinderoureffectiveness2apartnertoarelationshiptorelytooheavilyonwords3Wordsareusedtodescribeonlyasmallpartofthemanyideasweassociatewithanygiven4.Sometimeswecangaininsightintosomeofthose5ifwelistenfor6words.Wedon’talwayssaywhatwemean7meanwhatwesay.Mostlywemeanseveralthingsatonce.Apersonwantingtopurchaseahousesaystothecurrentowner."ThisstephastobefixedbeforeI’llbuy."Theownersays"It’sbeenlikethatforyears".8thestephasn’tbeenlikethatforyearsbutthe9messageis:"Idon’twanttofixit.Wecanputupwithitwhycan’tyou"The10foramoreexpansiveviewofmeaningcanbedevelopedbyexaminingamessage11whosaiditwhenitoccurredthe12conditionsorsituationandhowitwassaid. Whenamessageoccurscanalso13associatedmeaning.Afriend’sunusuallydocilebehaviormayonlybeunderstoodby14thatitwasprecededbysituationsthatrequiredan15amountofassertiveness. Wewoulddowelltolistenforhowmessageare16Thewords"itsurehasbeennicetohaveyouover"canbesaidwith17andexcitedorritualistically.Thephrasecanbesaidonceor18severaltimes.Andthemeaningweassociatewiththephrasewillchange19Sometimesifwesaysomethinginfrequentlyitassumesmoreimportance;sometimesthemorewesaysomethingthe20importanceitassumes. 8
Mostofusaretaughttopayattentiontowhatissaid--thewords.Wordsdoprovideuswithsomeinformationbutmeaningsare1fromsomanyothersourcesthatitwouldhinderoureffectiveness2apartnertoarelationshiptorelytooheavilyonwords3Wordsareusedtodescribeonlyasmallpartofthemanyideasweassociatewithanygiven4.Sometimeswecangaininsightintosomeofthose5ifwelistenfor6words.Wedon’talwayssaywhatwemean7meanwhatwesay.Mostlywemeanseveralthingsatonce.Apersonwantingtopurchaseahousesaystothecurrentowner."ThisstephastobefixedbeforeI’llbuy."Theownersays"It’sbeenlikethatforyears".8thestephasn’tbeenlikethatforyearsbutthe9messageis:"Idon’twanttofixit.Wecanputupwithitwhycan’tyou"The10foramoreexpansiveviewofmeaningcanbedevelopedbyexaminingamessage11whosaiditwhenitoccurredthe12conditionsorsituationandhowitwassaid. Whenamessageoccurscanalso13associatedmeaning.Afriend’sunusuallydocilebehaviormayonlybeunderstoodby14thatitwasprecededbysituationsthatrequiredan15amountofassertiveness. Wewoulddowelltolistenforhowmessageare16Thewords"itsurehasbeennicetohaveyouover"canbesaidwith17andexcitedorritualistically.Thephrasecanbesaidonceor18severaltimes.Andthemeaningweassociatewiththephrasewillchange19Sometimesifwesaysomethinginfrequentlyitassumesmoreimportance;sometimesthemorewesaysomethingthe20importanceitassumes. 6
Bythe1950’sand60’s"goingforChinese"hadbecomepartofthesuburbanvernacular.InplaceslikeNewYorkCityeatingChinesefoodbecameintertwinedwiththetraditionsofotherethnicgroupsespeciallythatofJewishimmigrants.ManyJewishfamiliesfaithfullyvisitedtheirfavoriteChineserestauranteverySundaynight.AmongthemenusintheexhibitionareselectionsfromGlattWok:KosherChineseRestaurantandTakeoutinMonseyN.Y.andWokToyinCedarhurstN.Y. Until1965Cantonese-speakingimmigrantsmainlyfromthecountyofToisandominatedtheindustryandmenusreflectedastandardrepertoryoftastybutblandAmericanizationsofCantonesedishes.ButlooseningimmigrationrestrictionsthatyearbroughtafloodofpeoplefrommanydifferentregionsofChinastarting"authenticityrevolution"saidEdSchoenfeldarestaurateurandChinesefoodconsultant. TopchefswhoweretrainedinspicyandmoreunusualregionalspecialtieslikeHunanandSichunancookingcametoNewYorkthenMr.Schoenfeldsaid. PresidentRichardM.Nixon’striptoChinain1972awakenedinterestinthecountryandaccountsofhismealshelpedwhetdiners’appetitesfornewdishes.AnillustrationofascowlingNixonwithapairofchopsticksglaresdownfromthewallattheexhibition. HunanandSichuanrestaurantsinNewYorkinfluencedthetasteofthewholecountryMr.Schoenfeldsaid.DisheslikeGeneralTso’schickenandcrispyorangebeefcaughtoneverywhere. ButaswiththeCantonesefoodbeforeitMr.Schoenfeldsaidthecookingdegradedovertimeasitbecamemassproduced.Today’sbatter-friedsyrup-ladenversionofChinesefoodhesaidbearslittleresemblancetoauthenticcuisine. TherealexplosionofChineserestaurantsthatmadethemubiquitouscameinthe1980’ssaidBettyXieeditorofChineseRestaurantNews."NowyouseetherearealmostoneortwoChineserestaurantsineverytownintheUnitedStates"shesaid. TherearesignsthatsomehavetiredofChinesefood.A2004ZagatsurveyshowedthatitspopularityhasebbedsomewhatinNewYorkCity. ButthejourneyoftheChineserestaurantremainsthestoryoftheAmericandreamasexperiencedbyaconstantbutevolvingstreamofChineseimmigrantswhorealizedthepotentialof12-hourdaysborrowedcapitalandawillingnesstocookwhateverAmericanswanted.Salesmarginsaretightandwagesarelow. RestaurantsarepassedfromonefamilymembertothenextorsoldbyoneChinesefamilytoanother.OftenacontingencywrittenintoSalescontractsisthatthepreviousownerstrainthenewowners. "ThecompetitioninChinesecommunitiesiscutthroat"Mr.Chentheco-curatorsaid."WhatpeoplerealizeisyoucanmakemuchmuchbetterprofitinplaceslikeMontana./ Whatisthefactorthatcontributestoauthenticityrevolution
Howeverimportantwemayregardschoollifetobethereisnodenyingthefactthatchildrenspendmoretimeathomethanintheclassroom.Thereforethegreatinfluenceofparentscannotbeignoredordiscountedbytheteacher.Theycanbecomestrongalliesoftheschoolpersonnelortheycanconsciouslyorunconsciouslyhinderandfrustratecurricularobjectives. Administratorshavebeenawareoftheneedtokeepparentsinformedofthenewermethodsusedinschools.Manyprincipalshaveconductedworkshopsexplainingsuchmattersasthereadingreadinessprogrammanuscriptwritinganddevelopmentalmathematics. Moreovertheclassroomteacherwiththepermissionofthesupervisorscanalsoplayanimportantroleinenlighteningparents.Theinformalteaandthemanyinterviewscarriedonduringtheyearaswellasnewwaysofreportingpupils’progresscansignificantlyaidinachievingaharmoniousinterplaybetweenschoolandhome. ToillustratesupposethatafatherhasbeendrillingJuniorinarithmeticprocessesnightafternight.Inafriendlyinterviewtheteachercanhelptheparentsublimatehisnaturalpaternalinterestintoproductivechannels.HemightbepersuadedtoletJuniorparticipateindiscussingthefamilybudgetbuyingthefoodusingayardstickormeasuringcupathomesettingtheclockcalculatingmileageonatripandengaginginscoresofotheractivitiesthathaveamathematicalbasis. Ifthefatherfollowstheadviceitisreasonabletoassumethathewillsoonrealizehissonismakingsatisfactoryprogressinmathematicsandatthesametimeenjoyingthework. Toooftenhoweverteachers’conferenceswithparentsaredevotedtopettyaccountsofchildren’smisdemeanorscomplaintsaboutlazinessandpoorworkhabitsandsuggestionforpenaltiesandrewardsathome. Whatisneededisamorecreativeapproachinwhichtheteacherasaprofessionaladviserplantsideasinparents’mindsforthebestutilizationofthemanyhoursthatthechildspendsoutoftheclassroom.Inthiswaytheschoolandthehomejoinforcesinfosteringthefullestdevelopmentofyoungsters’capacities. Theauthordirectlydiscussesthefactthat
Internetisavastnetworkofcomputersthatconnectsmanyoftheworld’sbusinessesinstitutionsandindividuals.46TheInternetwhichmeansinterconnectednetworkofnetworkslinkstensofthousandsofsmallercomputernetworks.Thesenetworkstransmithugeamountsofinformationintheformofwordsimagesandsounds. TheInternethasinformationoneverytopic.47Networkuserscansearchthroughsourcesrangingfromvastdatabasestosmallelectronic"bulletinboards"whereusersformdiscussiongroupsaroundcommoninterests.MuchoftheInternet’strafficconsistsofmessagessentfromonecomputerusertoanother.Thesemessagesarecalledelectronicmailore-mail.Internetusershaveelectronicaddressesthatallowthemtosendandreceivee-mail.Otherusesofthenetworkincludeobtainingnewsjoiningelectronicdebatesandplayingelectronicgames.48OnefeatureoftheInternetknownastheWorldWideWebprovidesgraphicsaudioandvideotoenhancetheinformationinitsdocuments.Thesedocumentscoveravastnumberoftopics. PeopleusuallyaccesstheInternetwithadevicecalledamodem.Modemsconnectcomputerstothenetworkthroughtelephonelines.MuchoftheInternetoperatesthroughworldwidetelephonenetworksoffiber-opticcables49Thesecablescontainhair-thinstrandsofglassthatcarrydataaspulsesoflight.Theycantransmitthousandsoftimesmoredatathanlocalphonelinesmostofwhichconsistofcopperwires. Inthefuturetheinternetwillprobablygrowmoresophisticatedascomputertechnologybecomesmorepowerful.50ManyexpertsbelievetheInternetmaybecomepartofalargernetworkcalledtheinformationsuperhighway.Thisnetworkstillunderdevelopmentwouldlinkcomputerswithtelephonecompaniescabletelevisionstationsandothercommunicationsystems.PeoplecouldbankshopwatchTVandperformmanyotheractivitiesthroughthenetwork. 48OnefeatureoftheInternetknownastheWorldWideWebprovidesgraphicsaudioandvideotoenhancetheinformationinitsdocuments.
Mostofusaretaughttopayattentiontowhatissaid--thewords.Wordsdoprovideuswithsomeinformationbutmeaningsare1fromsomanyothersourcesthatitwouldhinderoureffectiveness2apartnertoarelationshiptorelytooheavilyonwords3Wordsareusedtodescribeonlyasmallpartofthemanyideasweassociatewithanygiven4.Sometimeswecangaininsightintosomeofthose5ifwelistenfor6words.Wedon’talwayssaywhatwemean7meanwhatwesay.Mostlywemeanseveralthingsatonce.Apersonwantingtopurchaseahousesaystothecurrentowner."ThisstephastobefixedbeforeI’llbuy."Theownersays"It’sbeenlikethatforyears".8thestephasn’tbeenlikethatforyearsbutthe9messageis:"Idon’twanttofixit.Wecanputupwithitwhycan’tyou"The10foramoreexpansiveviewofmeaningcanbedevelopedbyexaminingamessage11whosaiditwhenitoccurredthe12conditionsorsituationandhowitwassaid. Whenamessageoccurscanalso13associatedmeaning.Afriend’sunusuallydocilebehaviormayonlybeunderstoodby14thatitwasprecededbysituationsthatrequiredan15amountofassertiveness. Wewoulddowelltolistenforhowmessageare16Thewords"itsurehasbeennicetohaveyouover"canbesaidwith17andexcitedorritualistically.Thephrasecanbesaidonceor18severaltimes.Andthemeaningweassociatewiththephrasewillchange19Sometimesifwesaysomethinginfrequentlyitassumesmoreimportance;sometimesthemorewesaysomethingthe20importanceitassumes. 20
Mostofusaretaughttopayattentiontowhatissaid--thewords.Wordsdoprovideuswithsomeinformationbutmeaningsare1fromsomanyothersourcesthatitwouldhinderoureffectiveness2apartnertoarelationshiptorelytooheavilyonwords3Wordsareusedtodescribeonlyasmallpartofthemanyideasweassociatewithanygiven4.Sometimeswecangaininsightintosomeofthose5ifwelistenfor6words.Wedon’talwayssaywhatwemean7meanwhatwesay.Mostlywemeanseveralthingsatonce.Apersonwantingtopurchaseahousesaystothecurrentowner."ThisstephastobefixedbeforeI’llbuy."Theownersays"It’sbeenlikethatforyears".8thestephasn’tbeenlikethatforyearsbutthe9messageis:"Idon’twanttofixit.Wecanputupwithitwhycan’tyou"The10foramoreexpansiveviewofmeaningcanbedevelopedbyexaminingamessage11whosaiditwhenitoccurredthe12conditionsorsituationandhowitwassaid. Whenamessageoccurscanalso13associatedmeaning.Afriend’sunusuallydocilebehaviormayonlybeunderstoodby14thatitwasprecededbysituationsthatrequiredan15amountofassertiveness. Wewoulddowelltolistenforhowmessageare16Thewords"itsurehasbeennicetohaveyouover"canbesaidwith17andexcitedorritualistically.Thephrasecanbesaidonceor18severaltimes.Andthemeaningweassociatewiththephrasewillchange19Sometimesifwesaysomethinginfrequentlyitassumesmoreimportance;sometimesthemorewesaysomethingthe20importanceitassumes. 18
Mostofusaretaughttopayattentiontowhatissaid--thewords.Wordsdoprovideuswithsomeinformationbutmeaningsare1fromsomanyothersourcesthatitwouldhinderoureffectiveness2apartnertoarelationshiptorelytooheavilyonwords3Wordsareusedtodescribeonlyasmallpartofthemanyideasweassociatewithanygiven4.Sometimeswecangaininsightintosomeofthose5ifwelistenfor6words.Wedon’talwayssaywhatwemean7meanwhatwesay.Mostlywemeanseveralthingsatonce.Apersonwantingtopurchaseahousesaystothecurrentowner."ThisstephastobefixedbeforeI’llbuy."Theownersays"It’sbeenlikethatforyears".8thestephasn’tbeenlikethatforyearsbutthe9messageis:"Idon’twanttofixit.Wecanputupwithitwhycan’tyou"The10foramoreexpansiveviewofmeaningcanbedevelopedbyexaminingamessage11whosaiditwhenitoccurredthe12conditionsorsituationandhowitwassaid. Whenamessageoccurscanalso13associatedmeaning.Afriend’sunusuallydocilebehaviormayonlybeunderstoodby14thatitwasprecededbysituationsthatrequiredan15amountofassertiveness. Wewoulddowelltolistenforhowmessageare16Thewords"itsurehasbeennicetohaveyouover"canbesaidwith17andexcitedorritualistically.Thephrasecanbesaidonceor18severaltimes.Andthemeaningweassociatewiththephrasewillchange19Sometimesifwesaysomethinginfrequentlyitassumesmoreimportance;sometimesthemorewesaysomethingthe20importanceitassumes. 4
AccordingtostudiescitedbytheNationalEatingDisordersAssociation42percentofgirlsinfirstthroughthirdgradewanttobethinner81percentof10-year-oldsareafraidofbeingfatand51percentof9-and10-year-oldgirlsfeelbetteraboutthemselvesiftheyareonadiet. Inmanywaysthisfixationonweightateverearlieragescomesataninopportunetimephysiologically.AtarecentHadassahmeetingattheWoodlandsCommunityTempleinWhitePlainsDr.MaxcieSchneiderthedirectorofadolescentmedicineatGreenwichHospitalandEricaLeonaregistereddietitianspokeaboutearlyadolescenceasatimewhenalittlebitofpudginessisnecessaryforpropergrowthandyoungsterswrestleconstantlywiththeirbodyimage. "Ican’ttellyouhowmanykidsI’veseenwho’vebeenontheAtkinsdietorontheSouthBeachdiet"Ms.Leonsaidaddingthatoverweightchildrenwhotrydietscanbeatriskofdevelopingeatingdisorders. AfterthepresentationthreemothersfromHartsdalewhowantedtohelptheirchildrenavoidsuchissuesspokeabouthowtheiryoungdaughtersarealreadybeginningtobecomeweight-conscious.Anorexiaisamentalillnessinwhichthevictimeatsbarelyenoughtosurvivebecauseherdistortedthinkingmakesherthinksheisfat.BulimiaamentalillnessinwhichsomeonebingesonlargeamountsoffoodthenpurgesitthroughvomitingortheabuseoflaxativesisontheriseandissurfacinginyoungerandyoungerpatientsmostlygirlssaidJudyScheelthedirectoroftheCenterforEatingDisorderRecoveryinMountKisco.About90percentofvictimsofeatingdisordersarefemaleandoftenthemalevictimsareonteamslikewrestlingandcrewwheretheymustkeeptheirweightlowforcompetitivereasons.Dr.Scheelbelievesthatwheregirlsclaimtheeatingdisorderenablesthemtobethinboystypicallystatetheirgoalistoachieveormaintainamuscularbutthinphysique.Theaverageonsetforbulimiausedtobe17buttoseeteenagersage14and15withbulimiaiscommonthesedaysDr.Scheelsaid. Otherpeoplebelievethedisordershavegeneticorchemicalcomponentsandmanypeoplewitheatingdisordersrespondwelltoanti-depressantsforexample. "Acertainamountofeducationisnecessarytohelpyoungpeopleavoidbecomingobsessedwiththeirbodyimage.Teachersneedtostayoutsideoftalkingaboutdiets"Dr.Scheelsaid."It’slikeaparentalwaystalkingabouttheirnextdiet.Youhavetohelpachildunderstandthatifyoucathealthilyandexerciseyourbodyisgoingtotakecareofitself."AndinrelativelyhomogenouspopulationslikeinsomeWestchesterschoolscompetitionrunshigh."Sotheyoungpeopledon’treallyseehowbeautifuldiversityis"shesaid"andtheytendtoallbecompetingforkindofthesamegoals./ FromtheParagraph5wemayinferthatAnorexiaandBulimiaare
[A]Butsoonthesettlerswantedbiggerfarmsandmorelandforthemselvesandtheirfamilies.MoreandmoreimmigrantswerecomingfromEuropeandallthesepeopleneededland.SotheEuropeansstartedtotakethelandfromtheIndians.TheIndianshadtomovebackintothecenterofthecontinentbecausethesettlersweretakingalltheirland. [B]By1857theIndianshadlostthefight:theywerelivinginspecialplacescalled"reservations".ButevenheretheWhiteMantooklandfromthem--perhapshewantedthewoodorperhapsthelandhadimportantmineralsinitorheevenwantedtomakenationalparksthere.SoevenontheirreservationstheIndianswerenotsafefromtheWhiteMan.Between1500and1900theIndianpopulationoftheareathatisnowtheUnitedStatesdeclinedfromcloseto1000000to300000.andforthoseremainedtheagonywasgreat.Manywereforcedtotakelandinnewandstrangeplaces.Theywereintroducedtonewtoolsimplementsandtechniques.Theywereforcedtoabandontheiroldwayoflife. [C]In1960sIndiansmovedingreatnumberstothenation’scities.ManyIndiansmovedintopovertyrows.Itwashardforthemtofindjobs.Itwashard--almostimpossible--tocompetewiththeWhiteManinthewhiteman’sworld.ManyIndiansreturnedtothereservations.Butifthereservationshadbeenbrokenuptherewasnoplacetogo.ThegapbetweenIndianAmericanandwhiteAmericanwasgrowingwider. [D]ThenativeAmericansthepeoplewecallthe"Indians"hadbeeninAmericaformanythousandsofyearsbeforeChristopherColumbusarrivedin1492.ColumbusthoughthehadarrivedinIndiasohecalledthenativePeople"Indians".TheIndianswerekindtotheearlysettlers.Theywerenotafraidofthemandtheywantedtohelpthem.Theyshowedthesettlersthenewworldaroundthem;theytaughtthemaboutthelocalcropslikesweetpotatoescornandpeanuts;theyintroducedtheEuropeanstochocolateandtotheturkey;andtheEuropeansdidbusinesswiththeIndians. [E]TheIndianscouldn’tunderstandthis.TheyhadaverydifferentideaoflandfromtheEuropeans.FortheIndiansthelandtheearthwastheirmothereverythingcamefromtheirmotherthelandandeverythingwentbacktoit.Thelandwasforeveryoneanditwasimpossibleforonemantoownit.HowcouldtheWhiteMandividetheearthintopartsHowcouldheputfencesrounditbuyitandsellitNaturallywhentheWhiteManstartedtakingalltheIndians’landtheIndiansstartedtofightback.TheywantedtokeeptheirlandtheywanttostoptheWhiteMantakingitallforhimself.ButtheWhiteManwasstrongerandclever.SlowlyhepushedtheIndiansintothosepartsofthecontinentthathedidn’twant--thepartswhereitwastoocoldortoodryortoomountainoustolivecomfortably. [F]MeanwhiletheIndianshavebeenworkinghardintheirowninterests.Theyarebuildingnewcommunitiesestablishingnewindustriesanderectingnewschools.Theyaredevelopingmotelsandotherrecreationalschemesonthereservations.ThereisagrowingPan-IndianGovernment.Indianshavebecomeactiveinwritingandpublishing.Sometribeshavebenefitedthroughsettlementoftheirlandorotherclaimsagainstthegovernment.Theyareusingthefundsfortheirowndevelopment.PerhapsanewdayhasalreadydawnedfortheAmericanIndians. [G]Manyoftheirtribeswereresettledonreservationsinthewest.ThelandbelongedtotheUnitedStatesGovernmentbutwasreservedtax-freefortheIndians.Thefederalgovernmentprovidedthetribeswithrationstoolsandequipment.Boardinganddayschoolsweresetup.Inmanycasesresponsibleagentsweresenttoadministerthereservations.ButthechangefromafreelifetotherestrictedlifeofreservationsbroughttheIndiansneardespair.Theydidnotchangeeasily. 44
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.10points 46ThemessageofthefirstEarthDay—April221970—hadacertaininnocencefilledwithacertaincan-do-ism:individualactionswouldrollbackthedamagedonetotheplanet.Theemphasisontheindividualwaspickedupinbestsellerslike"50ThingsYouCanDotoSavethePlanet"aswellasinpublic-servicecampaignsthatdroveustocarpoolbicycletoworkrecycleandboycottrain-forestwood. EarthDay2000—April22—reflectsanewethos.Thethemeofeventsthatwillbestagedinthe185participatingcountriesisclimatechangeandthethreats—risingseasshiftingagriculturalzonesmoreextremeweather—thatawarmerworldposes.TheEarthDay2000slogan"CleanEnergyNow!"callsforreplacingenergysourcesthatproduceheat-trappinggreenhousegaseswithenergysourcessolarelectricitywindpowerthatdonot.47Althoughsomeofthemosteco-righteoushaveunpluggedtheirhomesfromtheelectricitysupplynetinfavorofsolarpanelsontheirroofsandfuelcellsintheirbasementsattheratethatishappeningtherewillbeorangeplantation~inAlaskabeforethegreenhouseeffectisforcedintosubmission. 48RoyalDutch/Shellisreducingemissionsofgreenhousegasesatitsplantsby2002toaprojected25%belowthelevelsof1990to100milliontons.ForanequivalentannualcuteverycarinNewEnglandwouldhavetobetakenofftheroadforfiveyears.49Boeing’slightingup-gradereduceditsuseofelectricityforlighting90%andsaves100000tonsofcarbondioxideeveryyeartoachievewhichaimsome500000peoplewouldhavehadtochangetoenergy-savinglightbulb. Noneofthisistosaythatindividualdecisionsdonotmatter.TheydotheaimlessmovementfromcarstoSUVshasresultedinsome200millionmoretonsofcarbon-dioxideemissionseveryyearthanifeveryonehadstayedwithhisnicelittleTaurus.50Butindividualscanexertagreaterforceforenvironmentalgoodbypressuringcorporationsandgovernmentsthanbylecturingtheirbigcar-drivingfriends. 50
IfsustainablecompetitiveadvantagedependsonworkforceskillsAmericanfirmshaveaproblem.HumanresourcemanagementisnottraditionallyseenascentraltothecompetitivesurvivalofthefirmintheUnitedStates.Skillacquistionisconsideredanindividualresponsibility.Labourissimplyanotherfactorofproductiontoberentedatthelowestpossiblecostmuchasonebuysrawmaterialsorequipment. Thelackofimportanceattachedtohumanresourcemanagementcanbeseeninthecorporatehierarchy.InanAmericanfirmthechieffinancialofficerisalmostalwayssecondincommand.Thepostofheadofhuman-resourcemanagementisusuallyaspecializedjoboffattheedgeofthecorporatehierarchy.TheexecutivewhoholdsitisneverconsultedonmajorstrategicdecisionsandhasnochancetomoveuptoChiefExecutiveOfficerCEO.BywayofcontrastinJapantheheadofhuman-resourcemanagementiscentralusuallythesecondmostimportantaftertheCEOinthefirm’shierarchy. WhileAmericanfirmsoftentalkaboutthevastamountsspentontrainingtheirworkforcesinfacttheyinvestlessintheskillsoftheiremployeesthandoeitherJapaneseorGermanfirms.Themoneytheydoinvestisalsomuchmorenarrowlyfocusedonthebasicbackgroundskillsthatmakeitpossibletoabsorbnewtechnologies. Asaresultproblemsemergewhennewbreakthroughtechnologiesarrive.IfAmericanworkersforexampletakemuchlongertolearnhowtooperatenewflexiblemanufacturingstationsthanworkersinGermanyastheydotheeffectivecostofthosestationsislowerinGermanythanitisintheUnitedStates.Moretimeisrequiredbeforeequipmentisupandrunningatcapacityandtheneedforextensiveretraininggeneratescostsandcreatesbottlenecksthatlimitthespeedwithwhichnewequipmentcanbeemployed.Theresultisaslowerpaceoftechnologicalchange.Andintheendtheskillsofthebottomhalfofthepopulationaffectthewagesofthetophalf.Ifthebottomhalfcan’teffectivelystafftheprocessesthathavetobeoperatedthemanagementandprofessionaljobsthatgowiththeseprocesseswilldisappear. IfsustainablecompetitiveadvantagedependsonworkforceskillsAmericanfirmshaveaproblem.HumanresourcemanagementisnottraditionallyseenascentraltothecompetitivesurvivalofthefirmintheUnitedStates.Skillacquistionisconsideredanindividualresponsibility.Labourissimplyanotherfactorofproductiontoberentedatthelowestpossiblecostmuchasonebuysrawmaterialsorequipment. Thelackofimportanceattachedtohumanresourcemanagementcanbeseeninthecorporatehierarchy.InanAmericanfirmthechieffinancialofficerisalmostalwayssecondincommand.Thepostofheadofhuman-resourcemanagementisusuallyaspecializedjoboffattheedgeofthecorporatehierarchy.TheexecutivewhoholdsitisneverconsultedonmajorstrategicdecisionsandhasnochancetomoveuptoChiefExecutiveOfficerCEO.BywayofcontrastinJapantheheadofhuman-resourcemanagementiscentralusuallythesecondmostimportantaftertheCEOinthefirm’shierarchy. WhileAmericanfirmsoftentalkaboutthevastamountsspentontrainingtheirworkforcesinfacttheyinvestlessintheskillsoftheiremployeesthandoeitherJapaneseorGermanfirms.Themoneytheydoinvestisalsomuchmorenarrowlyfocusedonthebasicbackgroundskillsthatmakeitpossibletoabsorbnewtechnologies.Asaresultproblemsemergewhennewbreakthroughtechnologiesarrive.IfAmericanworkersforexampletakemuchlongertolearnhowtooperatenewflexiblemanufacturingstationsthanworkersinGermanyastheydotheeffectivecostofthosestationsislowerinGermanythanitisintheUnitedStates.Moretimeisrequiredbeforeequipmentisupandrunningatcapacityandtheneedforextensiveretraininggeneratescostsandcreatesbottlenecksthatlimitthespeedwithwhichnewequipmentcanbeemployed.Theresultisaslowerpaceoftechnologicalchange.Andintheendtheskillsofthebottomhalfofthepopulationaffectthewagesofthetophalf.Ifthebottomhalfcan’teffectivelystafftheprocessesthathavetobeoperatedthemanagementandprofessionaljobsthatgowiththeseprocesseswilldisappear. WhichofthefollowingcanbestdescribethemanagementofhumanresourcesinAmericancompanies
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