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Directions: Write an essay of 160--200 words based on the following topic. My Ideal Future Job In y...
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Directions:Inthispartyouaretowriteanessayof160—200
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
PartB Directions: Youarerequiredtowriteanessayont
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefo
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions: Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthef
Directions: Studythepicturesabovecarefullyandwrit
Directions:Studythepicturesabovecarefullyandwritea
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefo
Directions: Youarerequiredtowriteanessayoffthetop
Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefo
Directions:Studythetwopicturesabovecarefullyandwri
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefol
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
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AnalystshavetheirgoathumorandIhavereadsomeofthisinterpretativeliterature1withoutbeinggreatlyinstructed.Humorcanbe23afrogcanbutthethingdiesintheprocessandtheinnardsare4toanybutthepurescientificmind. Oneofthethings5saidabouthumoristsisthattheyarereallyverysad’peopleclownswithabreakingheart.Thereissometruthinitbutitisbadly6.Itwouldbemore7Ithinktosaythatthereisadeepveinofmelancholyrunningthrougheveryone’slifeandthatthehumoristperhapsmore8ofitthansomeotherscompensatesforitactivelyand9Humoristsfattenontroubles.Theyhavealwaysmadetrouble10Theystrugglealongwithagoodwillandendurepain11knowinghowwellitwill12theminthesweetbyandby.Youfindthemwrestlingwithforeignlanguagesfightingfoldingironinghoardsand’swollendrainpipessufferingtheterrible13oftightboots.Theypourouttheirsorrowsprofitablyina14ofwhatisnotquitefictionnorquitefacteither.Beneaththesparkingsurfaceofthesedilemmasflowsthestrong15ofhumanwoe. Practicallyeveryoneisamanicdepressiveofsortswithhisupmomentsandhisdownmomentsandyoucertainlydon’thavetobeahumoristto16thesadnessofsituationandmood.Butthereisoftenaratherfinelinebetweenlaughingandcryingandifahumorouspieceofwritingbringsapersontothepoint17hisemotionalresponsesareuntrustworthyandseemlikelytobreakoverintotheoppositerealmitis18humorlikepoetryhasanextracontentitplays19tothebighotfirewhichisTruthandsometimesthereaderfeelsthe20. 10
Whitepeopletendtobenervousofraisingthesubjectofraceandeducationbutareoftenvolubleontheissueifablackpersonbringsitup.SowhenTrevorPhillipschairmanofBritain’sCommissionforRacialEqualitysaidthattherewasaparticularproblemwithblackboys’performanceatschoolandthatitmightbeagoodideatoeducatethemapartfromotherpupilstherewasatorrentofcomment.Someofitcommendedhisproposalandsomecriticizeditbutnoneofitquestioneditspremise.Everybodyacceptsthatblackboysareaproblem. OnthefaceofititlooksasthoughMrPhillipsisright.Only27%ofAfro-CaribbeanboysgetfiveA-CgradesatGCSEtheexamstakenby16-year-oldscomparedwith47%ofboysasaWholeand44%ofAfro-Caribbeangirls.Sinceinsomesubjectscandidateswhoscorelessthan50%getCsthosewhodon’treachthisthresholdhavepickedupprettylittleatschool. MrPhillips’ssuggestionthatblackboysshouldbetaughtseparatelyimpliesthatethnicityandgenderexplaintheirunderachievement.Certainlymalenessseemstobeadisadvantageatschool.That’strueforallethnicgroups:57%ofgirlsasawholegetfiveA-Cscomparedwith47%ofboys.Butit’snotsoclearthatblacknessisattherootoftheproblem. AmongchildrenasawholeAfro-Caribbeansdoindeedperformbadly.ButAfroCaribbeanstendtobepoor.Sotogetabetterideaofwhetherraceratherthanpovertyistheproblemonemustcontrolforeconomicstatus.TheonlywaytodothatgiventhelimitsofBritisheducationalstatisticsistoseparateouttheexamresultsofchildrenwhogetfreeschoolmeals:onlythepoorgetfreegrub. Poorchildren’sresultstellaratherdifferentstory.Afro-Caribbeansstilldoremarkablybadlybutwhitesareatthebottomofthepile.Allethnicminoritygroupsdobetterthanthem.EvenBangladeshisaprettydeprivedlotdotwiceaswellasthenativesintheirexams;Indiansdobetterstill.AndabsolutenumbersofunderperformingwhitesdwarfthoseofunderperformingAfro-Caribbeans:lastyear131393ofwhiteboysfailedtohitthegovernment’sbenchmarkcomparedwith3151Afro-Caribbeanboys. Thesefiguressuggestthatatschoolatleastblackpeople’sproblemisnotsomuchraceaspoverty.Andtheyunderminetheideaofteachingblackboysseparatelyforifpoorwhitesaredoingworsethanpoorblacksthere’snotmuchargumentforsinglingoutblacksforspecialmeasures:whitesneedhelpjustasbadly. AccordingtothetextthepublicresponsetoMrPhilips’claimis
Carmakershavelongusedsextoselltheirproducts.Recentlyhow.everbothBMWandRenaulthavebasedtheirlatestEuropeanmarketingcampaignsaroundtheiconofmodernbiology.BMW’scampaignwhichlaunchesitsnew3-seriessportssalooninBritainandIrelandshowsthenewcreationandfourofitsearlierversionszigzaggingaroundalandscapemadeupofgiantDNAsequenceswithabriefexplanationthatDNAisthemoleculeresponsiblefortheinheritanceofsuchfeaturesasstrengthpowerandintelligence.TheRenaultofferingwhichpromotesitsexistingLagunamodelemploysevolutionarytheoryevenmoreexplicitly.Thecompany’stelevisioncommercialsintersperseclipsofthecarwithscenesfromalecturebySteveJonesaprofessorofgeneticsatUniversityofLondon.BMW’scampaignisintendedtoconveytheideaofdevelopmentalliedtoheritage.Thelatestproductinotherwordsshouldbeviewedasthenewandimprovedscionofalonglineofgoodcars.Renault’smessageismoresubtle.ItisthatevolutionworksbygradualimprovementsratherthansuddenleapsinthisRenaultisaligningitselfwithbiologicalorthodoxy.Soalthoughthenewcarintheadvertisementmaylookliketheoldonetheexternalformconcealsanumberofsignificantchangestotheengine.WhilethesealterationsarealmostinvisibletotheaveragedriverRenaulthopestheywillimprovethecar’sperformanceandultimatelyitssurvivalinthemarketplace.Whethertheyactuallydosowilldependinpartonwhethermarketershave.readthepublicmoodcorrectly.Forevenifgeneticsreallydoesofferausefulmetaphorforautomobilesemployingitinadvertisingisnotwithoutitsdangers.ThatisbecauseDNA’spublicimageisambiguous.Inonecontextpeoplemayseeitasthecornerstoneofmodernmedicalprogress.Inanotheritwillbringtomindsuchcontroversialissuesasabortiongeneticallymodifiedfoodstuffsandthesinistersubjectofeugenics.Carmakersareprobablystandingonsafergroundthanbiologists.Buteventheycanmakemistakes.ThoughitwouldnotbeobvioustothecasualobserversomeoftheDNAwhichfeaturesinBMW’sadsforitsnicenewcaroncebelongedtoawoollymammoth—abeastthathasbeenextinctfor10000years.Notpresumablyquitethemessagethatthemarketingdepartmentwastryingtoconvey.Accordingtotheauthorthesuccessofthecampaignsmaydependon
AnalystshavetheirgoathumorandIhavereadsomeofthisinterpretativeliterature1withoutbeinggreatlyinstructed.Humorcanbe23afrogcanbutthethingdiesintheprocessandtheinnardsare4toanybutthepurescientificmind. Oneofthethings5saidabouthumoristsisthattheyarereallyverysad’peopleclownswithabreakingheart.Thereissometruthinitbutitisbadly6.Itwouldbemore7Ithinktosaythatthereisadeepveinofmelancholyrunningthrougheveryone’slifeandthatthehumoristperhapsmore8ofitthansomeotherscompensatesforitactivelyand9Humoristsfattenontroubles.Theyhavealwaysmadetrouble10Theystrugglealongwithagoodwillandendurepain11knowinghowwellitwill12theminthesweetbyandby.Youfindthemwrestlingwithforeignlanguagesfightingfoldingironinghoardsand’swollendrainpipessufferingtheterrible13oftightboots.Theypourouttheirsorrowsprofitablyina14ofwhatisnotquitefictionnorquitefacteither.Beneaththesparkingsurfaceofthesedilemmasflowsthestrong15ofhumanwoe. Practicallyeveryoneisamanicdepressiveofsortswithhisupmomentsandhisdownmomentsandyoucertainlydon’thavetobeahumoristto16thesadnessofsituationandmood.Butthereisoftenaratherfinelinebetweenlaughingandcryingandifahumorouspieceofwritingbringsapersontothepoint17hisemotionalresponsesareuntrustworthyandseemlikelytobreakoverintotheoppositerealmitis18humorlikepoetryhasanextracontentitplays19tothebighotfirewhichisTruthandsometimesthereaderfeelsthe20. 16
AnalystshavetheirgoathumorandIhavereadsomeofthisinterpretativeliterature1withoutbeinggreatlyinstructed.Humorcanbe23afrogcanbutthethingdiesintheprocessandtheinnardsare4toanybutthepurescientificmind. Oneofthethings5saidabouthumoristsisthattheyarereallyverysad’peopleclownswithabreakingheart.Thereissometruthinitbutitisbadly6.Itwouldbemore7Ithinktosaythatthereisadeepveinofmelancholyrunningthrougheveryone’slifeandthatthehumoristperhapsmore8ofitthansomeotherscompensatesforitactivelyand9Humoristsfattenontroubles.Theyhavealwaysmadetrouble10Theystrugglealongwithagoodwillandendurepain11knowinghowwellitwill12theminthesweetbyandby.Youfindthemwrestlingwithforeignlanguagesfightingfoldingironinghoardsand’swollendrainpipessufferingtheterrible13oftightboots.Theypourouttheirsorrowsprofitablyina14ofwhatisnotquitefictionnorquitefacteither.Beneaththesparkingsurfaceofthesedilemmasflowsthestrong15ofhumanwoe. Practicallyeveryoneisamanicdepressiveofsortswithhisupmomentsandhisdownmomentsandyoucertainlydon’thavetobeahumoristto16thesadnessofsituationandmood.Butthereisoftenaratherfinelinebetweenlaughingandcryingandifahumorouspieceofwritingbringsapersontothepoint17hisemotionalresponsesareuntrustworthyandseemlikelytobreakoverintotheoppositerealmitis18humorlikepoetryhasanextracontentitplays19tothebighotfirewhichisTruthandsometimesthereaderfeelsthe20. 6
ThefirsttimeItriedshark-finsoupwasatTimeWarner’sannualdinnerinHongKong.Shark-finsoupisaluxuryitem$100bowlinsomerestaurantsinHongKongandMainlandChinaitsbiggestconsumers;it’sadishthatembodieseastAsia’sintertwinednotionsofhospitalityandkeepingorlosingface.It’slikechampagnesaysAlvinLeungownerofBoInnovationaCantoneserestaurantinHongKong.Youdon’topenabottleofCoketocelebrate.It’saritual.Unfortunatelythisgestureofhospitalitycomeswithapricetagmuchbiggerthanthat$100bowl.Alltoldupto70millionsharksarekilledannuallyforthetradedespitethefactthat30%ofsharkspeciesarethreatenedwithextinction.SharkshavemadeitthroughmultiplemassextinctionsonourplanetsaysMattRanddirectorofPew’sGlobalSharkConservationdivision.Nowmanyspeciesaregoingtogothewayofthedinosaur—forabowlofsoup.Theshark-finindustryhasgainednotorietyinrecentyearsnotjustbecauseofwhatit’sdoingtotheglobalsharkpopulationbutalsobecauseofwhat’sknownasfinning—thepracticeofcatchingasharkremovingitsfinsanddumpingtheanimalbackintothesea.Whileapoundofsharkfincangoforupto$300mostsharkmeatisn’tparticularlyvaluableandittakesupfreezerspaceandweightonfishingboats.TodayfinningisillegalinthewatersoftheE.U.theU.S.andAustraliaamongothers;boatsarerequiredtocarryacertainratiooffinstocarcasses尸体topreventmassiveoverfishing.Butthereareloopholesinantifinninglawsthatareeasytoexploit.IntheE.U.forexampleshipscanlandthefinsseparatelyfromthecarcassesmakingthejobofmonitoringtheweightrationearlyimpossible.IntheU.S.aboatfoundcarryingnearly65000lb.30000kgofillegalsharkfinswonacourtcasebecauseitwasregisteredasacargovesselwhichcurrentU.S.finning.lawsdonotcover.Sharkspopulationscan’twithstandcommercialfishingthewaymorefertilemarinespeciescan.Unlikeotherfishharvestedfromthewildsharksgrowslowly.Theydon’treachsexualmaturityuntillaterinlife—thefemalegreatwhiteforexampleat12to14years—andwhentheydotheyhavecomparativelyfewoffspringatatimeunliketunaswhichreleasemillionsofeggswhentheyspawn.Theshark’splightisstartingtobeweighedagainstthedelicacy’sculturalvalue.Theconservationgrouphaslobbiedlocalrestaurantsthatoffertheclassicnine-coursebanquetservedatCantoneseweddingsofwhichsharkfinistraditionallyaparttoofferano-sharkmenuasachoicetocouples.Aftermyfirstencounterwithshark-finsoupIdecidedthatlikemycolleaguesIwouldprobablyskipitnexttime.UnfortunatelythatnexttimecameatanintimatedinnerinasmallprivatediningroomwhereIwasbothaguestandastranger.Whenthesoup—thecenterpieceofthemeal—wassetdownbeforemeIateit.ApparentlyI’mnottheonlyonetocave.Yougotoaweddingandyourefusedtoeatitjustbecauseyoufeelyou’reinsulted—I’mnotthatextremeLeungthechefsays.Ifotherpeoplebelievethatitbringsluck.orbringsfaceI’dbeaspoilsport.Tomakeadentintheslaughterofthesharkshowevertherearegoingtohavetobealotofpeoplewillingtospoilthisparticularsport.Thebesttitleforthispassageis______.
AnalystshavetheirgoathumorandIhavereadsomeofthisinterpretativeliterature1withoutbeinggreatlyinstructed.Humorcanbe23afrogcanbutthethingdiesintheprocessandtheinnardsare4toanybutthepurescientificmind. Oneofthethings5saidabouthumoristsisthattheyarereallyverysad’peopleclownswithabreakingheart.Thereissometruthinitbutitisbadly6.Itwouldbemore7Ithinktosaythatthereisadeepveinofmelancholyrunningthrougheveryone’slifeandthatthehumoristperhapsmore8ofitthansomeotherscompensatesforitactivelyand9Humoristsfattenontroubles.Theyhavealwaysmadetrouble10Theystrugglealongwithagoodwillandendurepain11knowinghowwellitwill12theminthesweetbyandby.Youfindthemwrestlingwithforeignlanguagesfightingfoldingironinghoardsand’swollendrainpipessufferingtheterrible13oftightboots.Theypourouttheirsorrowsprofitablyina14ofwhatisnotquitefictionnorquitefacteither.Beneaththesparkingsurfaceofthesedilemmasflowsthestrong15ofhumanwoe. Practicallyeveryoneisamanicdepressiveofsortswithhisupmomentsandhisdownmomentsandyoucertainlydon’thavetobeahumoristto16thesadnessofsituationandmood.Butthereisoftenaratherfinelinebetweenlaughingandcryingandifahumorouspieceofwritingbringsapersontothepoint17hisemotionalresponsesareuntrustworthyandseemlikelytobreakoverintotheoppositerealmitis18humorlikepoetryhasanextracontentitplays19tothebighotfirewhichisTruthandsometimesthereaderfeelsthe20. 2
ThefirsttimeItriedshark-finsoupwasatTimeWarner’sannualdinnerinHongKong.Shark-finsoupisaluxuryitem$100bowlinsomerestaurantsinHongKongandMainlandChinaitsbiggestconsumers;it’sadishthatembodieseastAsia’sintertwinednotionsofhospitalityandkeepingorlosingface.It’slikechampagnesaysAlvinLeungownerofBoInnovationaCantoneserestaurantinHongKong.Youdon’topenabottleofCoketocelebrate.It’saritual.Unfortunatelythisgestureofhospitalitycomeswithapricetagmuchbiggerthanthat$100bowl.Alltoldupto70millionsharksarekilledannuallyforthetradedespitethefactthat30%ofsharkspeciesarethreatenedwithextinction.SharkshavemadeitthroughmultiplemassextinctionsonourplanetsaysMattRanddirectorofPew’sGlobalSharkConservationdivision.Nowmanyspeciesaregoingtogothewayofthedinosaur—forabowlofsoup.Theshark-finindustryhasgainednotorietyinrecentyearsnotjustbecauseofwhatit’sdoingtotheglobalsharkpopulationbutalsobecauseofwhat’sknownasfinning—thepracticeofcatchingasharkremovingitsfinsanddumpingtheanimalbackintothesea.Whileapoundofsharkfincangoforupto$300mostsharkmeatisn’tparticularlyvaluableandittakesupfreezerspaceandweightonfishingboats.TodayfinningisillegalinthewatersoftheE.U.theU.S.andAustraliaamongothers;boatsarerequiredtocarryacertainratiooffinstocarcasses尸体topreventmassiveoverfishing.Butthereareloopholesinantifinninglawsthatareeasytoexploit.IntheE.U.forexampleshipscanlandthefinsseparatelyfromthecarcassesmakingthejobofmonitoringtheweightrationearlyimpossible.IntheU.S.aboatfoundcarryingnearly65000lb.30000kgofillegalsharkfinswonacourtcasebecauseitwasregisteredasacargovesselwhichcurrentU.S.finning.lawsdonotcover.Sharkspopulationscan’twithstandcommercialfishingthewaymorefertilemarinespeciescan.Unlikeotherfishharvestedfromthewildsharksgrowslowly.Theydon’treachsexualmaturityuntillaterinlife—thefemalegreatwhiteforexampleat12to14years—andwhentheydotheyhavecomparativelyfewoffspringatatimeunliketunaswhichreleasemillionsofeggswhentheyspawn.Theshark’splightisstartingtobeweighedagainstthedelicacy’sculturalvalue.Theconservationgrouphaslobbiedlocalrestaurantsthatoffertheclassicnine-coursebanquetservedatCantoneseweddingsofwhichsharkfinistraditionallyaparttoofferano-sharkmenuasachoicetocouples.Aftermyfirstencounterwithshark-finsoupIdecidedthatlikemycolleaguesIwouldprobablyskipitnexttime.UnfortunatelythatnexttimecameatanintimatedinnerinasmallprivatediningroomwhereIwasbothaguestandastranger.Whenthesoup—thecenterpieceofthemeal—wassetdownbeforemeIateit.ApparentlyI’mnottheonlyonetocave.Yougotoaweddingandyourefusedtoeatitjustbecauseyoufeelyou’reinsulted—I’mnotthatextremeLeungthechefsays.Ifotherpeoplebelievethatitbringsluck.orbringsfaceI’dbeaspoilsport.Tomakeadentintheslaughterofthesharkshowevertherearegoingtohavetobealotofpeoplewillingtospoilthisparticularsport.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat______.
AnalystshavetheirgoathumorandIhavereadsomeofthisinterpretativeliterature1withoutbeinggreatlyinstructed.Humorcanbe23afrogcanbutthethingdiesintheprocessandtheinnardsare4toanybutthepurescientificmind. Oneofthethings5saidabouthumoristsisthattheyarereallyverysad’peopleclownswithabreakingheart.Thereissometruthinitbutitisbadly6.Itwouldbemore7Ithinktosaythatthereisadeepveinofmelancholyrunningthrougheveryone’slifeandthatthehumoristperhapsmore8ofitthansomeotherscompensatesforitactivelyand9Humoristsfattenontroubles.Theyhavealwaysmadetrouble10Theystrugglealongwithagoodwillandendurepain11knowinghowwellitwill12theminthesweetbyandby.Youfindthemwrestlingwithforeignlanguagesfightingfoldingironinghoardsand’swollendrainpipessufferingtheterrible13oftightboots.Theypourouttheirsorrowsprofitablyina14ofwhatisnotquitefictionnorquitefacteither.Beneaththesparkingsurfaceofthesedilemmasflowsthestrong15ofhumanwoe. Practicallyeveryoneisamanicdepressiveofsortswithhisupmomentsandhisdownmomentsandyoucertainlydon’thavetobeahumoristto16thesadnessofsituationandmood.Butthereisoftenaratherfinelinebetweenlaughingandcryingandifahumorouspieceofwritingbringsapersontothepoint17hisemotionalresponsesareuntrustworthyandseemlikelytobreakoverintotheoppositerealmitis18humorlikepoetryhasanextracontentitplays19tothebighotfirewhichisTruthandsometimesthereaderfeelsthe20. 14
AnalystshavetheirgoathumorandIhavereadsomeofthisinterpretativeliterature1withoutbeinggreatlyinstructed.Humorcanbe23afrogcanbutthethingdiesintheprocessandtheinnardsare4toanybutthepurescientificmind. Oneofthethings5saidabouthumoristsisthattheyarereallyverysad’peopleclownswithabreakingheart.Thereissometruthinitbutitisbadly6.Itwouldbemore7Ithinktosaythatthereisadeepveinofmelancholyrunningthrougheveryone’slifeandthatthehumoristperhapsmore8ofitthansomeotherscompensatesforitactivelyand9Humoristsfattenontroubles.Theyhavealwaysmadetrouble10Theystrugglealongwithagoodwillandendurepain11knowinghowwellitwill12theminthesweetbyandby.Youfindthemwrestlingwithforeignlanguagesfightingfoldingironinghoardsand’swollendrainpipessufferingtheterrible13oftightboots.Theypourouttheirsorrowsprofitablyina14ofwhatisnotquitefictionnorquitefacteither.Beneaththesparkingsurfaceofthesedilemmasflowsthestrong15ofhumanwoe. Practicallyeveryoneisamanicdepressiveofsortswithhisupmomentsandhisdownmomentsandyoucertainlydon’thavetobeahumoristto16thesadnessofsituationandmood.Butthereisoftenaratherfinelinebetweenlaughingandcryingandifahumorouspieceofwritingbringsapersontothepoint17hisemotionalresponsesareuntrustworthyandseemlikelytobreakoverintotheoppositerealmitis18humorlikepoetryhasanextracontentitplays19tothebighotfirewhichisTruthandsometimesthereaderfeelsthe20. 8
ThefirsttimeItriedshark-finsoupwasatTimeWarner’sannualdinnerinHongKong.Shark-finsoupisaluxuryitem$100bowlinsomerestaurantsinHongKongandMainlandChinaitsbiggestconsumers;it’sadishthatembodieseastAsia’sintertwinednotionsofhospitalityandkeepingorlosingface.It’slikechampagnesaysAlvinLeungownerofBoInnovationaCantoneserestaurantinHongKong.Youdon’topenabottleofCoketocelebrate.It’saritual.Unfortunatelythisgestureofhospitalitycomeswithapricetagmuchbiggerthanthat$100bowl.Alltoldupto70millionsharksarekilledannuallyforthetradedespitethefactthat30%ofsharkspeciesarethreatenedwithextinction.SharkshavemadeitthroughmultiplemassextinctionsonourplanetsaysMattRanddirectorofPew’sGlobalSharkConservationdivision.Nowmanyspeciesaregoingtogothewayofthedinosaur—forabowlofsoup.Theshark-finindustryhasgainednotorietyinrecentyearsnotjustbecauseofwhatit’sdoingtotheglobalsharkpopulationbutalsobecauseofwhat’sknownasfinning—thepracticeofcatchingasharkremovingitsfinsanddumpingtheanimalbackintothesea.Whileapoundofsharkfincangoforupto$300mostsharkmeatisn’tparticularlyvaluableandittakesupfreezerspaceandweightonfishingboats.TodayfinningisillegalinthewatersoftheE.U.theU.S.andAustraliaamongothers;boatsarerequiredtocarryacertainratiooffinstocarcasses尸体topreventmassiveoverfishing.Butthereareloopholesinantifinninglawsthatareeasytoexploit.IntheE.U.forexampleshipscanlandthefinsseparatelyfromthecarcassesmakingthejobofmonitoringtheweightrationearlyimpossible.IntheU.S.aboatfoundcarryingnearly65000lb.30000kgofillegalsharkfinswonacourtcasebecauseitwasregisteredasacargovesselwhichcurrentU.S.finning.lawsdonotcover.Sharkspopulationscan’twithstandcommercialfishingthewaymorefertilemarinespeciescan.Unlikeotherfishharvestedfromthewildsharksgrowslowly.Theydon’treachsexualmaturityuntillaterinlife—thefemalegreatwhiteforexampleat12to14years—andwhentheydotheyhavecomparativelyfewoffspringatatimeunliketunaswhichreleasemillionsofeggswhentheyspawn.Theshark’splightisstartingtobeweighedagainstthedelicacy’sculturalvalue.Theconservationgrouphaslobbiedlocalrestaurantsthatoffertheclassicnine-coursebanquetservedatCantoneseweddingsofwhichsharkfinistraditionallyaparttoofferano-sharkmenuasachoicetocouples.Aftermyfirstencounterwithshark-finsoupIdecidedthatlikemycolleaguesIwouldprobablyskipitnexttime.UnfortunatelythatnexttimecameatanintimatedinnerinasmallprivatediningroomwhereIwasbothaguestandastranger.Whenthesoup—thecenterpieceofthemeal—wassetdownbeforemeIateit.ApparentlyI’mnottheonlyonetocave.Yougotoaweddingandyourefusedtoeatitjustbecauseyoufeelyou’reinsulted—I’mnotthatextremeLeungthechefsays.Ifotherpeoplebelievethatitbringsluck.orbringsfaceI’dbeaspoilsport.Tomakeadentintheslaughterofthesharkshowevertherearegoingtohavetobealotofpeoplewillingtospoilthisparticularsport.Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutshark-finsoupistrue
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.10points 46ThemessageofthefirstEarthDay—April221970—hadacertaininnocencefilledwithacertaincan-do-ism:individualactionswouldrollbackthedamagedonetotheplanet.Theemphasisontheindividualwaspickedupinbestsellerslike"50ThingsYouCanDotoSavethePlanet"aswellasinpublic-servicecampaignsthatdroveustocarpoolbicycletoworkrecycleandboycottrain-forestwood. EarthDay2000—April22—reflectsanewethos.Thethemeofeventsthatwillbestagedinthe185participatingcountriesisclimatechangeandthethreats—risingseasshiftingagriculturalzonesmoreextremeweather—thatawarmerworldposes.TheEarthDay2000slogan"CleanEnergyNow!"callsforreplacingenergysourcesthatproduceheat-trappinggreenhousegaseswithenergysourcessolarelectricitywindpowerthatdonot.47Althoughsomeofthemosteco-righteoushaveunpluggedtheirhomesfromtheelectricitysupplynetinfavorofsolarpanelsontheirroofsandfuelcellsintheirbasementsattheratethatishappeningtherewillbeorangeplantation~inAlaskabeforethegreenhouseeffectisforcedintosubmission. 48RoyalDutch/Shellisreducingemissionsofgreenhousegasesatitsplantsby2002toaprojected25%belowthelevelsof1990to100milliontons.ForanequivalentannualcuteverycarinNewEnglandwouldhavetobetakenofftheroadforfiveyears.49Boeing’slightingup-gradereduceditsuseofelectricityforlighting90%andsaves100000tonsofcarbondioxideeveryyeartoachievewhichaimsome500000peoplewouldhavehadtochangetoenergy-savinglightbulb. Noneofthisistosaythatindividualdecisionsdonotmatter.TheydotheaimlessmovementfromcarstoSUVshasresultedinsome200millionmoretonsofcarbon-dioxideemissionseveryyearthanifeveryonehadstayedwithhisnicelittleTaurus.50Butindividualscanexertagreaterforceforenvironmentalgoodbypressuringcorporationsandgovernmentsthanbylecturingtheirbigcar-drivingfriends. 48
Mostofthepeoplewhoappearmostoftenandmostgloriouslyinthehistorybooksaregreatconquerorsandgeneralsandsoldierswhereasthepeoplewhoreallyhelpedcivilizationforwardareoftennevermentionedatall.Wedonotknowwhofirstsetabrokenlegorlaunchedaseaworthyboatorcalculatedthelengthoftheyearormanuredafield;butweknowallaboutthekillersanddestroyers.Peoplethinkagreatdealofthemsomuchsothatonallthehighestpillarsinthegreatcitiesoftheworldyouwillfindthefigureofaconquerororageneralorasoldier.AndIthinkmostpeoplebelievethatthegreatestcountriesarethosethathavebeateninbattlethegreatestnumberofothercountriesandruledoverthemasconquerors.Itisjustpossibletheyarebuttheyarenotthemostcivilized.Animalsfight;sodosavages;hencetobegoodatfightingistobegoodinthewayinwhichananimalorasavageisgoodbutitisnottobecivilized.Evenbeinggoodatgettingotherpeopletofightforyouandtellingthemhowtodoitmostefficiently--thisafteralliswhatconquerorsandgeneralshavedone--isnotbeingcivilized.Peoplefighttosettlequarrels.Fightingmeanskillingandcivilizedpeoplesoughttobeabletofindsomewayofsettlingtheirdisputesotherthanbyseeingwhichsidecankilloffthegreaternumberoftheothersideandthensayingthatthatsidewhichhaskilledmosthaswon.Andnotonlyhaswonbutbecauseithaswonhasbeenintheright.Forthatiswhatgoingtowarmeans;itmeanssayingthatmightisright.Thatiswhatthestoryofmankindhasonthewholebeenlike.Evenourownagehasfoughtthetwogreatestwarsinhistoryinwhichmillionsofpeoplewerekilledormutilated.Andwhiletodayitistruethatpeopledonotfightandkilleachotherinthestreets--whilethatistosaywehavegottothestageofkeepingtherulesandbehavingproperlytoeachotherindailylife--nationsandcountrieshavenotlearnttodothisyetandstillbehavelikesavages.Butwemustnotexpecttoomuch.Afteralltheraceofmenhasonlyjuststarted.Fromthepointofviewofevolutionhumanbeingsareveryyoungchildrenindeedbabiesinfactofafewmonthsold.Scientistsreckonthattherehasbeenlifeofsomesortontheearthintheformofjellyfishandthatkindofcreatureforabouttwelvehundredmillionyears;buttherehavebeenmenforonlyonemillionyearsandtherehavebeencivilizedmenforabouteightthousandyearsattheoutside.Thesefiguresaredifficulttograsp;soletusscalethemdown.Supposethatwereckonthewholepastoflivingcreaturesontheearthasonehundredyears;thenthewholepastofmanworksoutataboutonemonthandduringthatmonththerehavebeencivilizationsforbetweensevenandeighthours.Soyouseetherehasbeenlittletimetolearninbuttherewillbeoceansoftimeinwhichtolearnbetter.Takingman’scivilizedpastataboutsevenoreighthourswemayestimatehisfuturethatistosaythewholeperiodbetweennowandwhenthesungrowstoocoldtomaintainlifeanylongerontheearthataboutonehundredthousandyears.ThusmankindisonlyatthebeginningofitscivilizedlifeandasIsaywemustnotexpecttoomuch.Thepastofmanhasbeenonthewholeaprettybeastlybusinessabusinessoffightingandbullyingandgorgingandgrabbingandhurting.Wemustnotexpectevencivilizedpeoplesnottohavedonethesethings.Allwecanaskisthattheywillsometimeshavedonesomethingelse.Onallthehighestpillarsinthegreatcitiesoftheworldwefind
Whitepeopletendtobenervousofraisingthesubjectofraceandeducationbutareoftenvolubleontheissueifablackpersonbringsitup.SowhenTrevorPhillipschairmanofBritain’sCommissionforRacialEqualitysaidthattherewasaparticularproblemwithblackboys’performanceatschoolandthatitmightbeagoodideatoeducatethemapartfromotherpupilstherewasatorrentofcomment.Someofitcommendedhisproposalandsomecriticizeditbutnoneofitquestioneditspremise.Everybodyacceptsthatblackboysareaproblem. OnthefaceofititlooksasthoughMrPhillipsisright.Only27%ofAfro-CaribbeanboysgetfiveA-CgradesatGCSEtheexamstakenby16-year-oldscomparedwith47%ofboysasaWholeand44%ofAfro-Caribbeangirls.Sinceinsomesubjectscandidateswhoscorelessthan50%getCsthosewhodon’treachthisthresholdhavepickedupprettylittleatschool. MrPhillips’ssuggestionthatblackboysshouldbetaughtseparatelyimpliesthatethnicityandgenderexplaintheirunderachievement.Certainlymalenessseemstobeadisadvantageatschool.That’strueforallethnicgroups:57%ofgirlsasawholegetfiveA-Cscomparedwith47%ofboys.Butit’snotsoclearthatblacknessisattherootoftheproblem. AmongchildrenasawholeAfro-Caribbeansdoindeedperformbadly.ButAfroCaribbeanstendtobepoor.Sotogetabetterideaofwhetherraceratherthanpovertyistheproblemonemustcontrolforeconomicstatus.TheonlywaytodothatgiventhelimitsofBritisheducationalstatisticsistoseparateouttheexamresultsofchildrenwhogetfreeschoolmeals:onlythepoorgetfreegrub. Poorchildren’sresultstellaratherdifferentstory.Afro-Caribbeansstilldoremarkablybadlybutwhitesareatthebottomofthepile.Allethnicminoritygroupsdobetterthanthem.EvenBangladeshisaprettydeprivedlotdotwiceaswellasthenativesintheirexams;Indiansdobetterstill.AndabsolutenumbersofunderperformingwhitesdwarfthoseofunderperformingAfro-Caribbeans:lastyear131393ofwhiteboysfailedtohitthegovernment’sbenchmarkcomparedwith3151Afro-Caribbeanboys. Thesefiguressuggestthatatschoolatleastblackpeople’sproblemisnotsomuchraceaspoverty.Andtheyunderminetheideaofteachingblackboysseparatelyforifpoorwhitesaredoingworsethanpoorblacksthere’snotmuchargumentforsinglingoutblacksforspecialmeasures:whitesneedhelpjustasbadly. ThetermgrubLine5Paragraph4mostprobablymeans
[A]ButscientistsarestillworkingtoimproveonthatandamongthemissocialpsychologistAldertVrijoftheUniversityofPortsmouthinEngland.Vrijhasbeenusingakeyinsightfromhisfieldtoimproveinterrogationmethods.Inshortthetruthisautomaticandeffortlessandlyingistheoppositeofthat.Itisintentionaldeliberateandexhausting.Thehumanminddespiteitsimpressiveabilitieshaslimitedcapacityforhowmuchthinkingitcanhandleatanyonetime.Sopilingondemandsforadditionalsimultaneousthought—orcognitive"load"—compromisesnormal informationprocessing. [B]WhenVrijandhiscolleaguesaskedvolunteerswhattheirofficeslookedlikeafterinstructinghalftotellthetruthabouttheiroccupationsandhalftoliebothtruthtellersandliarsgavethesameamountofdetailintheirverbalresponses.ButwhenVrijaskedthemtodrawtheirofficestheliars’drawingsweremuchlessdetailedthanthoseofthetruthtellers. [C]AllthesetricksmayseemlikeoverkillwhenwethinkaboutthefictionaldetectivesweknowincludingHolmesSherlockwhoseemabletoferretouteveryfalsehoodtheyhearwithoutusinganystrategiesotherthantheirintuition.Butinreallifesuchpeopleareexceedinglyrare;andresearchershavebeentrying—withoutalotofsuccess—tounravelthesegenius’strategies.Untiltheydolesssophisticatedliecatchersmaybeabletoexploitthemind’scognitivedeficitsusingtrickssuchasVrij’stocatchthebadguysintheirdeceptions. [D]Andinfactthatisjustwhathappensinthelab:Vrijrananexperimentinwhichhalftheliarsandtruthtellerswereinstructedtorecalltheirstoriesinreverseorder.Whenobserverslaterlookedatvideotapesofthecompleteinterviewstheycorrectlyspottedonly42percentoftheliespeopletoldwhenrecountingtheirstorieswithoutfabrication—belowaveragewhichmeanstheywerehardtospot—butaremarkable60percentwhentheliarswerecompromisedbythereversestorytelling. [E]Psychologicalscientistsarefascinatedbykeenliespotter.Detectingliesandliarsisessentialtoeffectivepolicingandprosecutionofcriminalsbutitismaddeninglydifficult.Mostofuscancorrectlyspotbarelymorethanhalfofallliesandtruthsthroughlisteningandobservation—meaningwearewrongalmostasoftenasweareright.Andhalfacenturyofresearchhasdonelittletopolishthisunimpressivetrackrecord. [F]Anotherstrategythatcouldbesurprisinglyeffectiveistoasksuspectstodrawapicture.Puttingpenciltopaperforcespeopletogivespatialinformation—somethingthatmostliarshavenotpreparedforaspartofplanningtheirliesandthatthereforeovertaxestheirmentalresources. [G]HereareafewstrategiesthatVrijandhiscolleagueshavebeentestinginthelaboratory.Oneintriguingstrategyistodemandthatsuspectstelltheirstoriesinreverse.Narratingbackwardincreasescognitiveloadbecauseitrunscountertothenaturalforwardsequencingofevents.Becauseliarsalreadyhavedepletedcognitiveresourcestheyshouldfindthisunfamiliarmentalexercisemoretaxingthantruthtellersdo—whichshouldincreasethelikelihoodthattheywillsomehowbetraythemselves. 44
Carmakershavelongusedsextoselltheirproducts.Recentlyhow.everbothBMWandRenaulthavebasedtheirlatestEuropeanmarketingcampaignsaroundtheiconofmodernbiology.BMW’scampaignwhichlaunchesitsnew3-seriessportssalooninBritainandIrelandshowsthenewcreationandfourofitsearlierversionszigzaggingaroundalandscapemadeupofgiantDNAsequenceswithabriefexplanationthatDNAisthemoleculeresponsiblefortheinheritanceofsuchfeaturesasstrengthpowerandintelligence.TheRenaultofferingwhichpromotesitsexistingLagunamodelemploysevolutionarytheoryevenmoreexplicitly.Thecompany’stelevisioncommercialsintersperseclipsofthecarwithscenesfromalecturebySteveJonesaprofessorofgeneticsatUniversityofLondon.BMW’scampaignisintendedtoconveytheideaofdevelopmentalliedtoheritage.Thelatestproductinotherwordsshouldbeviewedasthenewandimprovedscionofalonglineofgoodcars.Renault’smessageismoresubtle.ItisthatevolutionworksbygradualimprovementsratherthansuddenleapsinthisRenaultisaligningitselfwithbiologicalorthodoxy.Soalthoughthenewcarintheadvertisementmaylookliketheoldonetheexternalformconcealsanumberofsignificantchangestotheengine.WhilethesealterationsarealmostinvisibletotheaveragedriverRenaulthopestheywillimprovethecar’sperformanceandultimatelyitssurvivalinthemarketplace.Whethertheyactuallydosowilldependinpartonwhethermarketershave.readthepublicmoodcorrectly.Forevenifgeneticsreallydoesofferausefulmetaphorforautomobilesemployingitinadvertisingisnotwithoutitsdangers.ThatisbecauseDNA’spublicimageisambiguous.Inonecontextpeoplemayseeitasthecornerstoneofmodernmedicalprogress.Inanotheritwillbringtomindsuchcontroversialissuesasabortiongeneticallymodifiedfoodstuffsandthesinistersubjectofeugenics.Carmakersareprobablystandingonsafergroundthanbiologists.Buteventheycanmakemistakes.ThoughitwouldnotbeobvioustothecasualobserversomeoftheDNAwhichfeaturesinBMW’sadsforitsnicenewcaroncebelongedtoawoollymammoth—abeastthathasbeenextinctfor10000years.Notpresumablyquitethemessagethatthemarketingdepartmentwastryingtoconvey.ThedifferencebetweenBMW’sandRenault’scampaignisthat
AnalystshavetheirgoathumorandIhavereadsomeofthisinterpretativeliterature1withoutbeinggreatlyinstructed.Humorcanbe23afrogcanbutthethingdiesintheprocessandtheinnardsare4toanybutthepurescientificmind. Oneofthethings5saidabouthumoristsisthattheyarereallyverysad’peopleclownswithabreakingheart.Thereissometruthinitbutitisbadly6.Itwouldbemore7Ithinktosaythatthereisadeepveinofmelancholyrunningthrougheveryone’slifeandthatthehumoristperhapsmore8ofitthansomeotherscompensatesforitactivelyand9Humoristsfattenontroubles.Theyhavealwaysmadetrouble10Theystrugglealongwithagoodwillandendurepain11knowinghowwellitwill12theminthesweetbyandby.Youfindthemwrestlingwithforeignlanguagesfightingfoldingironinghoardsand’swollendrainpipessufferingtheterrible13oftightboots.Theypourouttheirsorrowsprofitablyina14ofwhatisnotquitefictionnorquitefacteither.Beneaththesparkingsurfaceofthesedilemmasflowsthestrong15ofhumanwoe. Practicallyeveryoneisamanicdepressiveofsortswithhisupmomentsandhisdownmomentsandyoucertainlydon’thavetobeahumoristto16thesadnessofsituationandmood.Butthereisoftenaratherfinelinebetweenlaughingandcryingandifahumorouspieceofwritingbringsapersontothepoint17hisemotionalresponsesareuntrustworthyandseemlikelytobreakoverintotheoppositerealmitis18humorlikepoetryhasanextracontentitplays19tothebighotfirewhichisTruthandsometimesthereaderfeelsthe20. 12
Mostofthepeoplewhoappearmostoftenandmostgloriouslyinthehistorybooksaregreatconquerorsandgeneralsandsoldierswhereasthepeoplewhoreallyhelpedcivilizationforwardareoftennevermentionedatall.Wedonotknowwhofirstsetabrokenlegorlaunchedaseaworthyboatorcalculatedthelengthoftheyearormanuredafield;butweknowallaboutthekillersanddestroyers.Peoplethinkagreatdealofthemsomuchsothatonallthehighestpillarsinthegreatcitiesoftheworldyouwillfindthefigureofaconquerororageneralorasoldier.AndIthinkmostpeoplebelievethatthegreatestcountriesarethosethathavebeateninbattlethegreatestnumberofothercountriesandruledoverthemasconquerors.Itisjustpossibletheyarebuttheyarenotthemostcivilized.Animalsfight;sodosavages;hencetobegoodatfightingistobegoodinthewayinwhichananimalorasavageisgoodbutitisnottobecivilized.Evenbeinggoodatgettingotherpeopletofightforyouandtellingthemhowtodoitmostefficiently--thisafteralliswhatconquerorsandgeneralshavedone--isnotbeingcivilized.Peoplefighttosettlequarrels.Fightingmeanskillingandcivilizedpeoplesoughttobeabletofindsomewayofsettlingtheirdisputesotherthanbyseeingwhichsidecankilloffthegreaternumberoftheothersideandthensayingthatthatsidewhichhaskilledmosthaswon.Andnotonlyhaswonbutbecauseithaswonhasbeenintheright.Forthatiswhatgoingtowarmeans;itmeanssayingthatmightisright.Thatiswhatthestoryofmankindhasonthewholebeenlike.Evenourownagehasfoughtthetwogreatestwarsinhistoryinwhichmillionsofpeoplewerekilledormutilated.Andwhiletodayitistruethatpeopledonotfightandkilleachotherinthestreets--whilethatistosaywehavegottothestageofkeepingtherulesandbehavingproperlytoeachotherindailylife--nationsandcountrieshavenotlearnttodothisyetandstillbehavelikesavages.Butwemustnotexpecttoomuch.Afteralltheraceofmenhasonlyjuststarted.Fromthepointofviewofevolutionhumanbeingsareveryyoungchildrenindeedbabiesinfactofafewmonthsold.Scientistsreckonthattherehasbeenlifeofsomesortontheearthintheformofjellyfishandthatkindofcreatureforabouttwelvehundredmillionyears;buttherehavebeenmenforonlyonemillionyearsandtherehavebeencivilizedmenforabouteightthousandyearsattheoutside.Thesefiguresaredifficulttograsp;soletusscalethemdown.Supposethatwereckonthewholepastoflivingcreaturesontheearthasonehundredyears;thenthewholepastofmanworksoutataboutonemonthandduringthatmonththerehavebeencivilizationsforbetweensevenandeighthours.Soyouseetherehasbeenlittletimetolearninbuttherewillbeoceansoftimeinwhichtolearnbetter.Takingman’scivilizedpastataboutsevenoreighthourswemayestimatehisfuturethatistosaythewholeperiodbetweennowandwhenthesungrowstoocoldtomaintainlifeanylongerontheearthataboutonehundredthousandyears.ThusmankindisonlyatthebeginningofitscivilizedlifeandasIsaywemustnotexpecttoomuch.Thepastofmanhasbeenonthewholeaprettybeastlybusinessabusinessoffightingandbullyingandgorgingandgrabbingandhurting.Wemustnotexpectevencivilizedpeoplesnottohavedonethesethings.Allwecanaskisthattheywillsometimeshavedonesomethingelse.BysayingFromthepointofviewofevolutionhumanbeingsareveryyoungchildrenindeedparagraph3theauthormeans
WilliamAppletonauthorofarecentbookentitledFathersandDaughtersbelievesthatitisawoman’srelationshipwithherfather1decideshowsuccessfulshewillbeinher2life.AccordingtoAppletontherearethreeimportantstepsagirlmust3inherrelationshipwithDaddy. The4isthe"littlegirl"stageinwhichthedaughterlovesandidolizesherfather5hewereagodorherowithout6Andherfatherloveshisdaughter7blindlyseeingherasan"oasisofsmiles"inahardcoldworld.Thencomesthesecondstage.Itstartsduringadolescenceand8formanyyears.HerethelittlegirlbeginstorebelagainstDaddyand9hisauthority.Hereactswithangerand10 Andthefinalstagecomes11awomanreachestheageofaboutthirty.Atthistimethedaughterseesherfathernot-asahero12asafoolbutlearnstoaccepthim13heisforbetterorworse.AndDaddyforgiveshertoofornotbeingthe14littlegirlhehadoncehopedfor. Butnotalldaughtersgothroughallthreestagesanditisherethatthekeytoawoman’s career15.Thosegirlswhonevergetpastthefirst"oasisofsmiles"stage16alltheirlivesseekouttheirfathers’loveandapprovalwillnever17inthebusinessworld.Theywillremainatthesecretarial18alltheirlives. Itisonlythosewomenwhogettothefinalstagethosewho19andacceptDaddy’sfaultswhocanevenhopetobe20enoughandindependentenoughtobecomeacandidatefortop-management. 2
Directions: A.Studythegraphbelowcarefullyandwriteanessayofabout200words. B.Youressayshouldcovertheinformationprovidedandmeettherequirementsbelow: 1interpretthegraph; 2givethepossiblecausesforthechange; 3yourcomments.
AnalystshavetheirgoathumorandIhavereadsomeofthisinterpretativeliterature1withoutbeinggreatlyinstructed.Humorcanbe23afrogcanbutthethingdiesintheprocessandtheinnardsare4toanybutthepurescientificmind. Oneofthethings5saidabouthumoristsisthattheyarereallyverysad’peopleclownswithabreakingheart.Thereissometruthinitbutitisbadly6.Itwouldbemore7Ithinktosaythatthereisadeepveinofmelancholyrunningthrougheveryone’slifeandthatthehumoristperhapsmore8ofitthansomeotherscompensatesforitactivelyand9Humoristsfattenontroubles.Theyhavealwaysmadetrouble10Theystrugglealongwithagoodwillandendurepain11knowinghowwellitwill12theminthesweetbyandby.Youfindthemwrestlingwithforeignlanguagesfightingfoldingironinghoardsand’swollendrainpipessufferingtheterrible13oftightboots.Theypourouttheirsorrowsprofitablyina14ofwhatisnotquitefictionnorquitefacteither.Beneaththesparkingsurfaceofthesedilemmasflowsthestrong15ofhumanwoe. Practicallyeveryoneisamanicdepressiveofsortswithhisupmomentsandhisdownmomentsandyoucertainlydon’thavetobeahumoristto16thesadnessofsituationandmood.Butthereisoftenaratherfinelinebetweenlaughingandcryingandifahumorouspieceofwritingbringsapersontothepoint17hisemotionalresponsesareuntrustworthyandseemlikelytobreakoverintotheoppositerealmitis18humorlikepoetryhasanextracontentitplays19tothebighotfirewhichisTruthandsometimesthereaderfeelsthe20. 4
Directions: Studythefollowingtwopicturescarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould:1describethecartoonpointoutthemessageeonveyed;2giveyourcomment.Youshouldwriteabout160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
AnalystshavetheirgoathumorandIhavereadsomeofthisinterpretativeliterature1withoutbeinggreatlyinstructed.Humorcanbe23afrogcanbutthethingdiesintheprocessandtheinnardsare4toanybutthepurescientificmind. Oneofthethings5saidabouthumoristsisthattheyarereallyverysad’peopleclownswithabreakingheart.Thereissometruthinitbutitisbadly6.Itwouldbemore7Ithinktosaythatthereisadeepveinofmelancholyrunningthrougheveryone’slifeandthatthehumoristperhapsmore8ofitthansomeotherscompensatesforitactivelyand9Humoristsfattenontroubles.Theyhavealwaysmadetrouble10Theystrugglealongwithagoodwillandendurepain11knowinghowwellitwill12theminthesweetbyandby.Youfindthemwrestlingwithforeignlanguagesfightingfoldingironinghoardsand’swollendrainpipessufferingtheterrible13oftightboots.Theypourouttheirsorrowsprofitablyina14ofwhatisnotquitefictionnorquitefacteither.Beneaththesparkingsurfaceofthesedilemmasflowsthestrong15ofhumanwoe. Practicallyeveryoneisamanicdepressiveofsortswithhisupmomentsandhisdownmomentsandyoucertainlydon’thavetobeahumoristto16thesadnessofsituationandmood.Butthereisoftenaratherfinelinebetweenlaughingandcryingandifahumorouspieceofwritingbringsapersontothepoint17hisemotionalresponsesareuntrustworthyandseemlikelytobreakoverintotheoppositerealmitis18humorlikepoetryhasanextracontentitplays19tothebighotfirewhichisTruthandsometimesthereaderfeelsthe20. 18
[A]ButscientistsarestillworkingtoimproveonthatandamongthemissocialpsychologistAldertVrijoftheUniversityofPortsmouthinEngland.Vrijhasbeenusingakeyinsightfromhisfieldtoimproveinterrogationmethods.Inshortthetruthisautomaticandeffortlessandlyingistheoppositeofthat.Itisintentionaldeliberateandexhausting.Thehumanminddespiteitsimpressiveabilitieshaslimitedcapacityforhowmuchthinkingitcanhandleatanyonetime.Sopilingondemandsforadditionalsimultaneousthought—orcognitive"load"—compromisesnormal informationprocessing. [B]WhenVrijandhiscolleaguesaskedvolunteerswhattheirofficeslookedlikeafterinstructinghalftotellthetruthabouttheiroccupationsandhalftoliebothtruthtellersandliarsgavethesameamountofdetailintheirverbalresponses.ButwhenVrijaskedthemtodrawtheirofficestheliars’drawingsweremuchlessdetailedthanthoseofthetruthtellers. [C]AllthesetricksmayseemlikeoverkillwhenwethinkaboutthefictionaldetectivesweknowincludingHolmesSherlockwhoseemabletoferretouteveryfalsehoodtheyhearwithoutusinganystrategiesotherthantheirintuition.Butinreallifesuchpeopleareexceedinglyrare;andresearchershavebeentrying—withoutalotofsuccess—tounravelthesegenius’strategies.Untiltheydolesssophisticatedliecatchersmaybeabletoexploitthemind’scognitivedeficitsusingtrickssuchasVrij’stocatchthebadguysintheirdeceptions. [D]Andinfactthatisjustwhathappensinthelab:Vrijrananexperimentinwhichhalftheliarsandtruthtellerswereinstructedtorecalltheirstoriesinreverseorder.Whenobserverslaterlookedatvideotapesofthecompleteinterviewstheycorrectlyspottedonly42percentoftheliespeopletoldwhenrecountingtheirstorieswithoutfabrication—belowaveragewhichmeanstheywerehardtospot—butaremarkable60percentwhentheliarswerecompromisedbythereversestorytelling. [E]Psychologicalscientistsarefascinatedbykeenliespotter.Detectingliesandliarsisessentialtoeffectivepolicingandprosecutionofcriminalsbutitismaddeninglydifficult.Mostofuscancorrectlyspotbarelymorethanhalfofallliesandtruthsthroughlisteningandobservation—meaningwearewrongalmostasoftenasweareright.Andhalfacenturyofresearchhasdonelittletopolishthisunimpressivetrackrecord. [F]Anotherstrategythatcouldbesurprisinglyeffectiveistoasksuspectstodrawapicture.Puttingpenciltopaperforcespeopletogivespatialinformation—somethingthatmostliarshavenotpreparedforaspartofplanningtheirliesandthatthereforeovertaxestheirmentalresources. [G]HereareafewstrategiesthatVrijandhiscolleagueshavebeentestinginthelaboratory.Oneintriguingstrategyistodemandthatsuspectstelltheirstoriesinreverse.Narratingbackwardincreasescognitiveloadbecauseitrunscountertothenaturalforwardsequencingofevents.Becauseliarsalreadyhavedepletedcognitiveresourcestheyshouldfindthisunfamiliarmentalexercisemoretaxingthantruthtellersdo—whichshouldincreasethelikelihoodthattheywillsomehowbetraythemselves. 42
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.10points 46ThemessageofthefirstEarthDay—April221970—hadacertaininnocencefilledwithacertaincan-do-ism:individualactionswouldrollbackthedamagedonetotheplanet.Theemphasisontheindividualwaspickedupinbestsellerslike"50ThingsYouCanDotoSavethePlanet"aswellasinpublic-servicecampaignsthatdroveustocarpoolbicycletoworkrecycleandboycottrain-forestwood. EarthDay2000—April22—reflectsanewethos.Thethemeofeventsthatwillbestagedinthe185participatingcountriesisclimatechangeandthethreats—risingseasshiftingagriculturalzonesmoreextremeweather—thatawarmerworldposes.TheEarthDay2000slogan"CleanEnergyNow!"callsforreplacingenergysourcesthatproduceheat-trappinggreenhousegaseswithenergysourcessolarelectricitywindpowerthatdonot.47Althoughsomeofthemosteco-righteoushaveunpluggedtheirhomesfromtheelectricitysupplynetinfavorofsolarpanelsontheirroofsandfuelcellsintheirbasementsattheratethatishappeningtherewillbeorangeplantation~inAlaskabeforethegreenhouseeffectisforcedintosubmission. 48RoyalDutch/Shellisreducingemissionsofgreenhousegasesatitsplantsby2002toaprojected25%belowthelevelsof1990to100milliontons.ForanequivalentannualcuteverycarinNewEnglandwouldhavetobetakenofftheroadforfiveyears.49Boeing’slightingup-gradereduceditsuseofelectricityforlighting90%andsaves100000tonsofcarbondioxideeveryyeartoachievewhichaimsome500000peoplewouldhavehadtochangetoenergy-savinglightbulb. Noneofthisistosaythatindividualdecisionsdonotmatter.TheydotheaimlessmovementfromcarstoSUVshasresultedinsome200millionmoretonsofcarbon-dioxideemissionseveryyearthanifeveryonehadstayedwithhisnicelittleTaurus.50Butindividualscanexertagreaterforceforenvironmentalgoodbypressuringcorporationsandgovernmentsthanbylecturingtheirbigcar-drivingfriends. 50
SirRichardFriendisatoughmantotrackdown.PhonecallstohistwolabsatCambridgeUniversitygounansweredandsodoe-mails.Intheendareporterhastoleaveanoteinhiscampuspigeonhole.TheelusiveFriendistheunlikelyinstigatorofwhatmaybearevolutioninelectronics:plastics.46AlthoughmostelectronicdevicesmakeuseofsiliconchipsFriendseesafutureinwhichmobilephonesTVswatchescomputersandotherdevicesincorporateinexpensiveplasticchips.47Friend’svisionisbasedonhisowndiscoveriesbackinthe’80sand’90sthatplasticscanbeusedtomaketransistorsthebasicelementofchipsandlight-emittingdiodesLEDswhichglowwhenelectricitypassesthroughthem.Hisworkhasalreadyyieldedanewgenerationoflighterthinnerbrightercheaperandmoreflexibleelectronicscreensforeverythingfromlightweightmobilephonestodisposabletalkingelectronicgreetingcards.48Nowhe’sworkingondevicesthatmightbringustalkingcerealboxesoradvertisingpostersthatlightupandspeakasyouwalkby.Thematerialsmightevenbespray-paintedontowallsthatchangecolorwiththeweatherorgointopillboxesthattellyouwhentotakeyourmedication.Itsoundsfarfetchedbutthebasictechnologyisalreadyathand.E-bookswithflexiblescreensthatcanberolledupandput.intoyourpocketshouldstartappearinginthenextfewyears.49Andplasticchipswhichcanbelaidontoalmostanysurfacecouldbeprinted—justasinkisprintedontopaper—ontoanynumberofflexiblesurfaces.GeneralElectricisworkingwiththeDepartmentofEnergy—tocreatelargeflexiblesheetsthatcouldilluminatearoom.Ifyouthinkeverythingisdigitalnowjustwait.50Productsinyourfridgetaggedwithachipwouldautomaticallychangecoloraftertheirsell-bydatesaysPeterHarropchairmanofmarket-researchfirmIDTechEx.ForhisCambridgestudentsSirRichardhasonewordofadvice:plastics.
SirRichardFriendisatoughmantotrackdown.PhonecallstohistwolabsatCambridgeUniversitygounansweredandsodoe-mails.Intheendareporterhastoleaveanoteinhiscampuspigeonhole.TheelusiveFriendistheunlikelyinstigatorofwhatmaybearevolutioninelectronics:plastics.46AlthoughmostelectronicdevicesmakeuseofsiliconchipsFriendseesafutureinwhichmobilephonesTVswatchescomputersandotherdevicesincorporateinexpensiveplasticchips.47Friend’svisionisbasedonhisowndiscoveriesbackinthe’80sand’90sthatplasticscanbeusedtomaketransistorsthebasicelementofchipsandlight-emittingdiodesLEDswhichglowwhenelectricitypassesthroughthem.Hisworkhasalreadyyieldedanewgenerationoflighterthinnerbrightercheaperandmoreflexibleelectronicscreensforeverythingfromlightweightmobilephonestodisposabletalkingelectronicgreetingcards.48Nowhe’sworkingondevicesthatmightbringustalkingcerealboxesoradvertisingpostersthatlightupandspeakasyouwalkby.Thematerialsmightevenbespray-paintedontowallsthatchangecolorwiththeweatherorgointopillboxesthattellyouwhentotakeyourmedication.Itsoundsfarfetchedbutthebasictechnologyisalreadyathand.E-bookswithflexiblescreensthatcanberolledupandput.intoyourpocketshouldstartappearinginthenextfewyears.49Andplasticchipswhichcanbelaidontoalmostanysurfacecouldbeprinted—justasinkisprintedontopaper—ontoanynumberofflexiblesurfaces.GeneralElectricisworkingwiththeDepartmentofEnergy—tocreatelargeflexiblesheetsthatcouldilluminatearoom.Ifyouthinkeverythingisdigitalnowjustwait.50Productsinyourfridgetaggedwithachipwouldautomaticallychangecoloraftertheirsell-bydatesaysPeterHarropchairmanofmarket-researchfirmIDTechEx.ForhisCambridgestudentsSirRichardhasonewordofadvice:plastics.
Whitepeopletendtobenervousofraisingthesubjectofraceandeducationbutareoftenvolubleontheissueifablackpersonbringsitup.SowhenTrevorPhillipschairmanofBritain’sCommissionforRacialEqualitysaidthattherewasaparticularproblemwithblackboys’performanceatschoolandthatitmightbeagoodideatoeducatethemapartfromotherpupilstherewasatorrentofcomment.Someofitcommendedhisproposalandsomecriticizeditbutnoneofitquestioneditspremise.Everybodyacceptsthatblackboysareaproblem. OnthefaceofititlooksasthoughMrPhillipsisright.Only27%ofAfro-CaribbeanboysgetfiveA-CgradesatGCSEtheexamstakenby16-year-oldscomparedwith47%ofboysasaWholeand44%ofAfro-Caribbeangirls.Sinceinsomesubjectscandidateswhoscorelessthan50%getCsthosewhodon’treachthisthresholdhavepickedupprettylittleatschool. MrPhillips’ssuggestionthatblackboysshouldbetaughtseparatelyimpliesthatethnicityandgenderexplaintheirunderachievement.Certainlymalenessseemstobeadisadvantageatschool.That’strueforallethnicgroups:57%ofgirlsasawholegetfiveA-Cscomparedwith47%ofboys.Butit’snotsoclearthatblacknessisattherootoftheproblem. AmongchildrenasawholeAfro-Caribbeansdoindeedperformbadly.ButAfroCaribbeanstendtobepoor.Sotogetabetterideaofwhetherraceratherthanpovertyistheproblemonemustcontrolforeconomicstatus.TheonlywaytodothatgiventhelimitsofBritisheducationalstatisticsistoseparateouttheexamresultsofchildrenwhogetfreeschoolmeals:onlythepoorgetfreegrub. Poorchildren’sresultstellaratherdifferentstory.Afro-Caribbeansstilldoremarkablybadlybutwhitesareatthebottomofthepile.Allethnicminoritygroupsdobetterthanthem.EvenBangladeshisaprettydeprivedlotdotwiceaswellasthenativesintheirexams;Indiansdobetterstill.AndabsolutenumbersofunderperformingwhitesdwarfthoseofunderperformingAfro-Caribbeans:lastyear131393ofwhiteboysfailedtohitthegovernment’sbenchmarkcomparedwith3151Afro-Caribbeanboys. Thesefiguressuggestthatatschoolatleastblackpeople’sproblemisnotsomuchraceaspoverty.Andtheyunderminetheideaofteachingblackboysseparatelyforifpoorwhitesaredoingworsethanpoorblacksthere’snotmuchargumentforsinglingoutblacksforspecialmeasures:whitesneedhelpjustasbadly. Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthetext
SirRichardFriendisatoughmantotrackdown.PhonecallstohistwolabsatCambridgeUniversitygounansweredandsodoe-mails.Intheendareporterhastoleaveanoteinhiscampuspigeonhole.TheelusiveFriendistheunlikelyinstigatorofwhatmaybearevolutioninelectronics:plastics.46AlthoughmostelectronicdevicesmakeuseofsiliconchipsFriendseesafutureinwhichmobilephonesTVswatchescomputersandotherdevicesincorporateinexpensiveplasticchips.47Friend’svisionisbasedonhisowndiscoveriesbackinthe’80sand’90sthatplasticscanbeusedtomaketransistorsthebasicelementofchipsandlight-emittingdiodesLEDswhichglowwhenelectricitypassesthroughthem.Hisworkhasalreadyyieldedanewgenerationoflighterthinnerbrightercheaperandmoreflexibleelectronicscreensforeverythingfromlightweightmobilephonestodisposabletalkingelectronicgreetingcards.48Nowhe’sworkingondevicesthatmightbringustalkingcerealboxesoradvertisingpostersthatlightupandspeakasyouwalkby.Thematerialsmightevenbespray-paintedontowallsthatchangecolorwiththeweatherorgointopillboxesthattellyouwhentotakeyourmedication.Itsoundsfarfetchedbutthebasictechnologyisalreadyathand.E-bookswithflexiblescreensthatcanberolledupandput.intoyourpocketshouldstartappearinginthenextfewyears.49Andplasticchipswhichcanbelaidontoalmostanysurfacecouldbeprinted—justasinkisprintedontopaper—ontoanynumberofflexiblesurfaces.GeneralElectricisworkingwiththeDepartmentofEnergy—tocreatelargeflexiblesheetsthatcouldilluminatearoom.Ifyouthinkeverythingisdigitalnowjustwait.50Productsinyourfridgetaggedwithachipwouldautomaticallychangecoloraftertheirsell-bydatesaysPeterHarropchairmanofmarket-researchfirmIDTechEx.ForhisCambridgestudentsSirRichardhasonewordofadvice:plastics.
AnalystshavetheirgoathumorandIhavereadsomeofthisinterpretativeliterature1withoutbeinggreatlyinstructed.Humorcanbe23afrogcanbutthethingdiesintheprocessandtheinnardsare4toanybutthepurescientificmind. Oneofthethings5saidabouthumoristsisthattheyarereallyverysad’peopleclownswithabreakingheart.Thereissometruthinitbutitisbadly6.Itwouldbemore7Ithinktosaythatthereisadeepveinofmelancholyrunningthrougheveryone’slifeandthatthehumoristperhapsmore8ofitthansomeotherscompensatesforitactivelyand9Humoristsfattenontroubles.Theyhavealwaysmadetrouble10Theystrugglealongwithagoodwillandendurepain11knowinghowwellitwill12theminthesweetbyandby.Youfindthemwrestlingwithforeignlanguagesfightingfoldingironinghoardsand’swollendrainpipessufferingtheterrible13oftightboots.Theypourouttheirsorrowsprofitablyina14ofwhatisnotquitefictionnorquitefacteither.Beneaththesparkingsurfaceofthesedilemmasflowsthestrong15ofhumanwoe. Practicallyeveryoneisamanicdepressiveofsortswithhisupmomentsandhisdownmomentsandyoucertainlydon’thavetobeahumoristto16thesadnessofsituationandmood.Butthereisoftenaratherfinelinebetweenlaughingandcryingandifahumorouspieceofwritingbringsapersontothepoint17hisemotionalresponsesareuntrustworthyandseemlikelytobreakoverintotheoppositerealmitis18humorlikepoetryhasanextracontentitplays19tothebighotfirewhichisTruthandsometimesthereaderfeelsthe20. 20
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