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A. to discover sentence patterns and grammatical rulesB. to expand vocabularyC. to use the target la...
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DHCP方式获取IP是一个3次握手的过程顺序是
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discover----Request-----Offer----- ACK
discover----Request----- ACK-----Offer
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A．todiscoversentencepatternsandgrammaticalrulesB．t
A.todiscoversentencepatternsandgrammaticalrulesB.t
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did she discover
she did discover
does she discover
AtodiscoversentencepatternsandgrammaticalrulesBtoe
WhattypeofsentenceisMarklikesfictionbutTimisintere
A simple sentence
A coordinate sentence
A complex sentence
None of the above
A.todiscoversentencepatternsandgrammaticalrulesB.t
A．todiscoversentencepatternsandgrammaticalrulesB．t
AtodiscoversentencepatternsandgrammaticalrulesBtoe
A．todiscoversentencepatternsandgrammaticalrulesB．t
A.todiscoversentencepatternsandgrammaticalrules??B
A.todiscoversentencepatternsandgrammaticalrules??B
WhichsentenceisthemainideaofParagraph2______
The first sentence
The second and the third sentences
The fourth sentence
The last sentence
________themajorityofthestudentshavenotroubleunder
As complex the sentence is
Complex as the sentence is
As the sentence is complex
Complex as is the sentence
A.todiscoversentencepatternsandgrammaticalrulesB.t
AtodiscoversentencepatternsandgrammaticalrulesBtoe
A.todiscoversentencepatternsandgrammaticalrules??B
A．todiscoversentencepatternsandgrammaticalrulesB．t
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AtodiscoversentencepatternsandgrammaticalrulesBtoe
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TheGreatWallofChinaWallsandwallbuildinghaveplayedaveryimportantroleinChineseculture.Thesepeoplefromthedimmistsofprehistoryhavebeenwall-conscious;fromtheNeolithicperiod新石器时代—whenramparts防御土墙ofpoundedearthwereused—totheCommunistRevolutionwallswereanessentialpartofanyvillage.46ThenameforcityinChinesech’engmeanswallandoverthesewalledcitiesvillageshousesandtemplespresidesthegodofwallsandmountswhosedutieswereandstillaretoprotectandberesponsibleforthewelfareoftheinhabitants.47HoweveritisindeedacommonmistaketoperceivetheGreatWallasasinglearchitecturalstructureanditwouldalsobeerroneoustoassumethatitwasbuiltduringasingledynasty.Forthebuildingofthewallspannedthevariousdynastiesandeachofthesedynastiessomehowcontributedtotherefurbishingandtheconstructionofawallwhosefoundationshadbeenlaidmanycenturiesago.48Especiallythreeofthesestates:theCh’intheChaoandtheYencorrespondingrespectivelytothemodernprovincesofShensiShanziandHopeioverandabovebuildingwailsthatsurroundedtheirkingdomsalsolaidthefoundationsonwhichCh’inShihHuangDiwouldbuildhisfirstcontinuousGreatWall.49Throughoutthecenturiesmanysettlementswereestablishedalongthenewborder.Thegarrison驻军troopswereinstructedtoreclaimwastelandandtoplantcropsonitroadsandcanalswerebuilttomentionjustafewoftheworkscarriedout.50BuildersgarrisonsartisansfarmersandpeasantsleftbehindatrailofobjectsincludinginscribedtabletshouseholdarticlesandwrittenworkwhichhavebecomeextremelyvaluablearchaeologicalevidencetothestudyofdefenseinstitutionsoftheGreatWallandtheeverydaylifeofthesepeoplewholivedanddiedalongthewall.A.Notonlytownsandvillages;thehousesandthetempleswithinthemweresomehowwalledandthehousesalsohadnowindowsoverlookingthestreetthusgivingthefeelingofwanderingaroundahugemaze迷宫.B.Alltheseundertakingsgreatlyhelpedtoincreasethecountry’stradeandculturalexchangeswithmanyremoteareasandalsowiththesoutherncentralandwesternpartsofAsia—theformationoftheSilkRoute.C.Thusagreatandextremelylaborioustasksuchasconstructingawallwhichwassupposedtorunthroughoutthecountrymustnothaveseemedsuchanabsurdity谬论.D.TheconstructionoftheGreatWallisresponsibleforalargenumberofdeathsandavastamountofdestructioninvariousplaces.E.ItwasduringthefourthandthirdcenturyB.C.thateachwarringstatestartedbuildingwallstoprotecttheirkingdomsbothagainstoneanotherandagainstthenorthernnomads游牧民.F.TherolethattheGreatWallplayedinthegrowthofChineseeconomywasallimportanton
Hisideatosolvetheproblemisreallyoriginal.
TransportandTrade1Transportisoneoftheaidstotrade.Bymovinggoodsfromplaceswheretheyareplentifultoplaceswheretheyarescarcetransportaddstotheirvalue.Themoreeasilygoodscanbebroughtoverthedistancethatseparatesproducerandconsumerthebetterfortrade.Whentherewerenorailwaysnogoodroadsnocanalsandonlysmallsailingshipstradewasonasmallscale.2Thegreatadvancesmadeintransportduringthelasttwohundredyearswereaccompaniedbyabigincreaseintrade.BiggerandfastershipsenabledatradeinmeattodevelopbetweenBritainandNewZealandforinstance.Quickertransportmakespossiblemass-productionandbigbusinessdrawingsuppliesfromandsellinggoodstoallpartsoftheglobe.Bigfactoriescouldnotexistwithouttransporttocarrythelargenumberofworkerstheyneedtoandfromtheirhomes.Bigcitystorescouldnothavedevelopedunlesscustomerscouldtraveleasilyfromthesuburbsandgoodsdeliveredtotheirhomes.Bigcitiescouldnotsurviveunlessfoodcouldbebroughtfromadistance.3Transportalsopreventswaste.Muchofthefishlandedattheportswouldbewastedifitcouldnotbetakenquicklytoinlandtowns.Transporthasgivenusamuchgreatervarietyoffoodsandgoodssincewenolongerhavetoliveoffwhatisproducedlocally.Foodswhichatonetimecouldbeobtainedonlyduringapartoftheyearcannowbeobtainedallthroughtheyear.Transporthasraisedthestandardofliving.4Bymovingfuelrawmaterialsandevenpowerforexamplethroughelectriccablestransporthasledtotheestablishmentofindustriesandtradeinareaswheretheywouldhavebeenimpossiblebefore.Districtsandcountriescanconcentrateonmakingthingswhichtheycandobetterandmorecheaplythanothersandcanthenexchangethemwithoneanother.Thecheaperandquickertransportbecomesthelongerthedistanceoverwhichgoodscanprofitablybecarried.Countrieswithpoortransporthavealowerstandardofliving.5Commercerequiresnotonlythemovingofgoodsandpeoplebutalsothecarryingofmessagesandinformation.Meansofcommunicationliketelephonescablesandradiosendinformationaboutpricessuppliesandchangingconditionsindifferentpartsoftheworld.Inthiswayadvancedcommunicationsystemsalsohelptodeveloptrade.A.HigherlivingstandardB.ImportanceoftransportintradeC.VariousmeansoftransportD.Birthoftransport-relatedindustriesandtradeE.RoleofinformationintradeF.PublictransportationParagraph4______
TheAnti-AlcoholCampaignTriesinRussiaLastweekRussianPresidentDmitryMedvedevkickedoffanewanti-alcoholcampaignaimedatcuttingthenation’spercapitaconsumptionofalcoholbynearlyaquarterby2012.Russianscurrentlydrinkabout18liters19quartsayearmorethandoublethe8liters8.4quartsdeemedsafebytheWorldHealthOrganizationWHO.WitheachadditionalliteraddstheWHOmencansubtract11monthsfromtheiraveragelifeexpectancy.Thelatestmoveconsistsofthreeparts:amediacampaignrestrictionsonbeerconsumptionandstrictpenaltiesforsellingtominors.Russianofficialsplantosetupmorethan500healthcentersbytheendoftheyearcompletewithSoviet-eratacticslikedrawingsofcirrhosis-strickenliversontheirwalls.Evenwithsuchaggressivemeasuresit’shardlythemostambitiouscampaignRussianshaseverlaunchedagainstdrinking.FormerleaderMikhailGorbachevgotalcoholsalestodeclineby60percent.ThreeyearsagomagroupofyoungRussiansorganizedasortofvigilantevicesquadtosingleoutandshamemerchantswhosoldalcoholtominors.SupportedbytheMoscowcityadministrationtheSolarCirclemovementastheycalledthemselvesheldralliesandslappedleafletsontheshopdoorsofguiltyestablishments.Theypiquedmediainterestatfirstbutthemomentumsoonfizzled.Somecriticssaythatwhileadmirableithardlyaddressesthebiggestculpritofall:vodka.ThemainproblemistheavailabilityofhardliquorsaysAleksandrNemtsovatopRussianexpertonalcoholpolicy.Some70percentofalcoholconsumptioninRussiaisofthehardstuffprimarilyvodka.Oneattempttriedinthemid-1990ssubstitutedbeerasalessintoxicatingnon-liquoralternative.Instead.beerhasbecomeagatewayopeningthewaytoalcoholismforteenagerssaysOlegZykovamemberofthePublicChamber.Theearlierpeoplestartdownthatroutethemorelikelytheyaretoendupgrapplingwithalcoholismproblemslater.StillfornowRussiansseemtosupportthegovernment’snewapproach.AstheNationalCenterfortheStudyofPublicOpinionreportedlastweek.65percentofthepopulationsaytheyareinfavorthenewmeasures—especiallythosethatrestrictalcoholsalestothoseunder21.Rightnowthedrinkingageis18.Accordingtotheapassagewhatisthemainaimtocarryouttheanti-alcoholmovement
WhoWroteFrankensteinItbeganasagametopassthetimewhiletherainfellandlightningstruck.VisitingSwitzerlandinJune1816asmallgroup—youngamorousandeversoliterary—agreedtoaghost-story-writingcontest.MaryWollstonecraftGodwinjust18couldcomeupwithnothingatfirst.Thenshehadanightmare—awalkingcorpseglimmeringyelloweyes.Itdelightedher.Thenextdaysheannouncedtotheothersthatshehadimaginedastory.Frankensteinwasborn.TwoyearslaterFrankenstein;ortheModemPrometheuswaspublishedanonymously.SomereadersguessedtheauthorwasthepoetPercyShelleywhohadwrittenthenovel’spreface.ThosewhoknewthattheauthorwasPercy’sbythenwifeMaryShelleywereamazed.Inanintroductiontoarevised1831editionshetoldtheGothictaleoftheghost-storycontest.PercyLordByronJohnPolidoriandMary’sstepsisterClaireweretheotherspresent.AsforPercyshecertainlydidnotowethesuggestionofoneincidentnorscarcelyofonetrainoffeelinginthebookbutshediddependuponhisencouragementandmore.ThequestionofwhetherMaryMonewrotethenovelhoweverwouldnotdie.TheanswermattersandnotonlybecausescholarswhoonceregardedFrankensteinasmerelyapotboilernowconsideritaprogenitorofsciencefictionamonumentofRomanticliteratureandalandmarktextingenderstudies.TheanswermattersbecauseFrankensteinsobeautifullyexplorestheconsequencesoflivingandworkinginisolation.AftercloisteringhimselftobringdeadfleshtolifeVictorFrankensteincondemnshiscreaturetoloneliness.ByexaminingMary’soriginaldraftsShelleyscholarCharlesE.RobinsonidentifiedPercy’scontributionstoFrankensteinandin1996editedareproductionofMary’snotebooksforscholarlyaudiences.NowhehaspublishedTheOriginalFrankenstein;ortheModemPrometheusbyMaryShelleywithPercyShelley.ThenovelwasconceivedandmainlywrittenbyMaryShelleyRobinsonwritesinhisintroductionbutheestimatesthatPercywroteatleast4000to5000wordsofthe72000total.PercymayhavecorrectedMary’sparallelconstructionsbuthealsomuckeduphermorestraightforwardlanguage.Accordingtothepassagewhichoneofthefollowingstatementsisright
WhoWroteFrankensteinItbeganasagametopassthetimewhiletherainfellandlightningstruck.VisitingSwitzerlandinJune1816asmallgroup—youngamorousandeversoliterary—agreedtoaghost-story-writingcontest.MaryWollstonecraftGodwinjust18couldcomeupwithnothingatfirst.Thenshehadanightmare—awalkingcorpseglimmeringyelloweyes.Itdelightedher.Thenextdaysheannouncedtotheothersthatshehadimaginedastory.Frankensteinwasborn.TwoyearslaterFrankenstein;ortheModemPrometheuswaspublishedanonymously.SomereadersguessedtheauthorwasthepoetPercyShelleywhohadwrittenthenovel’spreface.ThosewhoknewthattheauthorwasPercy’sbythenwifeMaryShelleywereamazed.Inanintroductiontoarevised1831editionshetoldtheGothictaleoftheghost-storycontest.PercyLordByronJohnPolidoriandMary’sstepsisterClaireweretheotherspresent.AsforPercyshecertainlydidnotowethesuggestionofoneincidentnorscarcelyofonetrainoffeelinginthebookbutshediddependuponhisencouragementandmore.ThequestionofwhetherMaryMonewrotethenovelhoweverwouldnotdie.TheanswermattersandnotonlybecausescholarswhoonceregardedFrankensteinasmerelyapotboilernowconsideritaprogenitorofsciencefictionamonumentofRomanticliteratureandalandmarktextingenderstudies.TheanswermattersbecauseFrankensteinsobeautifullyexplorestheconsequencesoflivingandworkinginisolation.AftercloisteringhimselftobringdeadfleshtolifeVictorFrankensteincondemnshiscreaturetoloneliness.ByexaminingMary’soriginaldraftsShelleyscholarCharlesE.RobinsonidentifiedPercy’scontributionstoFrankensteinandin1996editedareproductionofMary’snotebooksforscholarlyaudiences.NowhehaspublishedTheOriginalFrankenstein;ortheModemPrometheusbyMaryShelleywithPercyShelley.ThenovelwasconceivedandmainlywrittenbyMaryShelleyRobinsonwritesinhisintroductionbutheestimatesthatPercywroteatleast4000to5000wordsofthe72000total.PercymayhavecorrectedMary’sparallelconstructionsbuthealsomuckeduphermorestraightforwardlanguage.WhenthefirsteditionofFrankensteinwaspublished
Sheisnotableforhergenerouscontributionforthereliefofthepoor.
TheAnti-AlcoholCampaignTriesinRussiaLastweekRussianPresidentDmitryMedvedevkickedoffanewanti-alcoholcampaignaimedatcuttingthenation’spercapitaconsumptionofalcoholbynearlyaquarterby2012.Russianscurrentlydrinkabout18liters19quartsayearmorethandoublethe8liters8.4quartsdeemedsafebytheWorldHealthOrganizationWHO.WitheachadditionalliteraddstheWHOmencansubtract11monthsfromtheiraveragelifeexpectancy.Thelatestmoveconsistsofthreeparts:amediacampaignrestrictionsonbeerconsumptionandstrictpenaltiesforsellingtominors.Russianofficialsplantosetupmorethan500healthcentersbytheendoftheyearcompletewithSoviet-eratacticslikedrawingsofcirrhosis-strickenliversontheirwalls.Evenwithsuchaggressivemeasuresit’shardlythemostambitiouscampaignRussianshaseverlaunchedagainstdrinking.FormerleaderMikhailGorbachevgotalcoholsalestodeclineby60percent.ThreeyearsagomagroupofyoungRussiansorganizedasortofvigilantevicesquadtosingleoutandshamemerchantswhosoldalcoholtominors.SupportedbytheMoscowcityadministrationtheSolarCirclemovementastheycalledthemselvesheldralliesandslappedleafletsontheshopdoorsofguiltyestablishments.Theypiquedmediainterestatfirstbutthemomentumsoonfizzled.Somecriticssaythatwhileadmirableithardlyaddressesthebiggestculpritofall:vodka.ThemainproblemistheavailabilityofhardliquorsaysAleksandrNemtsovatopRussianexpertonalcoholpolicy.Some70percentofalcoholconsumptioninRussiaisofthehardstuffprimarilyvodka.Oneattempttriedinthemid-1990ssubstitutedbeerasalessintoxicatingnon-liquoralternative.Instead.beerhasbecomeagatewayopeningthewaytoalcoholismforteenagerssaysOlegZykovamemberofthePublicChamber.Theearlierpeoplestartdownthatroutethemorelikelytheyaretoendupgrapplingwithalcoholismproblemslater.StillfornowRussiansseemtosupportthegovernment’snewapproach.AstheNationalCenterfortheStudyofPublicOpinionreportedlastweek.65percentofthepopulationsaytheyareinfavorthenewmeasures—especiallythosethatrestrictalcoholsalestothoseunder21.Rightnowthedrinkingageis18.Whichoneofthefollowingstatementscannotbeinferredfromthepassage
PeoplenamethisstreetBillStreetinhonorofthefamousgeneral.
TheAnti-AlcoholCampaignTriesinRussiaLastweekRussianPresidentDmitryMedvedevkickedoffanewanti-alcoholcampaignaimedatcuttingthenation’spercapitaconsumptionofalcoholbynearlyaquarterby2012.Russianscurrentlydrinkabout18liters19quartsayearmorethandoublethe8liters8.4quartsdeemedsafebytheWorldHealthOrganizationWHO.WitheachadditionalliteraddstheWHOmencansubtract11monthsfromtheiraveragelifeexpectancy.Thelatestmoveconsistsofthreeparts:amediacampaignrestrictionsonbeerconsumptionandstrictpenaltiesforsellingtominors.Russianofficialsplantosetupmorethan500healthcentersbytheendoftheyearcompletewithSoviet-eratacticslikedrawingsofcirrhosis-strickenliversontheirwalls.Evenwithsuchaggressivemeasuresit’shardlythemostambitiouscampaignRussianshaseverlaunchedagainstdrinking.FormerleaderMikhailGorbachevgotalcoholsalestodeclineby60percent.ThreeyearsagomagroupofyoungRussiansorganizedasortofvigilantevicesquadtosingleoutandshamemerchantswhosoldalcoholtominors.SupportedbytheMoscowcityadministrationtheSolarCirclemovementastheycalledthemselvesheldralliesandslappedleafletsontheshopdoorsofguiltyestablishments.Theypiquedmediainterestatfirstbutthemomentumsoonfizzled.Somecriticssaythatwhileadmirableithardlyaddressesthebiggestculpritofall:vodka.ThemainproblemistheavailabilityofhardliquorsaysAleksandrNemtsovatopRussianexpertonalcoholpolicy.Some70percentofalcoholconsumptioninRussiaisofthehardstuffprimarilyvodka.Oneattempttriedinthemid-1990ssubstitutedbeerasalessintoxicatingnon-liquoralternative.Instead.beerhasbecomeagatewayopeningthewaytoalcoholismforteenagerssaysOlegZykovamemberofthePublicChamber.Theearlierpeoplestartdownthatroutethemorelikelytheyaretoendupgrapplingwithalcoholismproblemslater.StillfornowRussiansseemtosupportthegovernment’snewapproach.AstheNationalCenterfortheStudyofPublicOpinionreportedlastweek.65percentofthepopulationsaytheyareinfavorthenewmeasures—especiallythosethatrestrictalcoholsalestothoseunder21.Rightnowthedrinkingageis18.Whichoneofthefollowingmeasuresisnotmentionedaboutinthethirdparagraph
Manystudentsfindtheexperienceofattendinguniversitylecturestobeaconfusingandfrustratingexperience.Thelecturerspeaksforoneortwohoursperhaps51thetalkwithslideswritingupimportantinformationontheblackboard52readingmaterialandgivingoutassignments.Thenewstudentseestheotherstudentscontinuouslywritingonnotebooksand53whattowrite.Veryoftenthestudentleavesthelecture54noteswhichdonotcatchthemainpointsand55becomehardevenforthestudentstounderstand.Mostinstitutionsprovidecourseswhich56newstudentstodeveloptheskillstheyneedtobe57listenersandnote-takers.Iftheseareunavailabletherearemanyusefulstudy-skillsguideswhichenableslearnerstopracticetheseskills58.Inallcasesitisimportantto59theproblembeforeactuallystartingyourstudies.Itisimportantto60thatmoststudentshavedifficultyinacquiringthelanguageskills61incollegestudy.Onewayof62thesedifficultiesistoattendthelanguageandstudy-skillsclasseswhichmostinstitutionsprovidethroughoutthe63year.Anotherbasic64istofindastudypanner65itispossibletoidentifydifficultiesexchangeideasandprovidesupport.
AirPollutionCloudMeasuredonBothSidesofPacificScientistswatchedcloselylastspringasahazeofpollutionwhichhadbeentrackedbysatelliteasitcrossedthePacificOceansettledoveralargeswathofNorthAmericafromCalgaryCanadaintoArizona.NowitappearsthatforthefirsttimeresearchersonbothsidesofthePacifictookdetailedmeasurementsofthesameplumeacouldthatcontainedGobidessertdustaswellashydrocarbons碳氢化合物fromindustrialpollution.HeatherPriceaUniversityofWashingtondoctoralstudentinchemistryfoundthattheamountoflightreflectedbytheparticlesintheairwasmorethan550percentgreaterthannormalforthattimeofyear.ThemassofAsianaircontainedelevatedlevelsofallpollutantsmeasured.Pricesaidbuttheonlythingthatcameclosetobeingalarmingwasthelevelofparticulatematter.ThehazethatsettledacrossthewesternpartthethecountrywaswidelyreportedbythenewsmediaanditwasmeasuredasfarinlandastheskislopesofAspenColo.ReadingsonthewesternsideofthePacificcamefromtheAerosolCharacterizationExperimentsaprojectaimedatunderstandinghowparticlesintheatmosphereaffectEarth’sclimate.AdditionalmeasurementsweretakeninthesameregionatthesametimeunderaprojectsponsoredbytheNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration.KnowingthepollutionwasapproachingWashingtonstatePriceloadedsensingequipmentaboardarentedBeechcraftonApril14andflewtoNeahBayonthestate’sNorthwestcoast.Takingsamplesatvariouslevelsfrom15000feetto20000feetinaltitudeshemonitored10quantitiesofdustozonecarbonmonoxideandhydrocarbons.Frommycopilot’sseatthedustwasthickenoughtoseewiththenakedeyePricesaid.Nowshe’stryingtocorrelateherfindingswiththoseofthetworesearchteamsoperatingontheothersideofthePacificwhereatonepointthepollutionplumewaslargerthanJapan.ThehugesizeofthecloudshowedupclearlyinsatelliteimagesthatgavePriceplentyofwarningthehazewasonitsway.YoucanseethesetwoblobscomingoutofthedesertsofMongoliaandgrowingoverAsiathengettingsweptoutovertheoceanandfinallysettingoverNorthAmericashesaid.SheintendstocontinuemeasuringairsamplesofftheWashingtoncoastandwillbelookingforairmasseswithevidenceofpollutionoriginatingsomewhereotherthanAsia.We’dliketoseeifwecangetasignatureofpollutioncomingfromEuropebecausecomputermodelssuggestthatEuropeansourcesalsocanbetransportedacrossthepacificsheSaid.HoweverweexpectthatsourcesinEuropewillcontributelessthanAsiansources./ThecloudoriginatedfromMongoliagrewoverAsiaandthePacificandfinallyarrivedinNorthAmeric
A.tosendgoodstovariouspartsoftheworldB.atanytimeduringtheyearC.hasgreatlypromotedtradeD.isitpossibletoproduceonalargescaleEthetransportofgoodsF.itispossibletoproduceonalargescaleTransporthasmadeitpossibleforpeopletoeatwhateverfoodtheywant______.
HauntedbyHistoryOnwhatisnowawindblownpatchofgrasslandenclosedincolossalwallsanddottedwithancientcathedralstherewasonceagreatcity—theancientArmeniancapitalofAni.Youcanstillseethelinesofitsstreetsoutlinedintheturfandinsidethegranitechurchesyoucanmakeoutthefadingfacesofsaintsandkingspaintedontheceilingsmorethanamillenniumago.Ononesideofthecityadramaticsingle-spanbridgenowruinedbroughttheSilkRoadacrossthegorgeoftheAkhurianRiver.OntheothertheroadwoundonacrosstheAnatolianplainstoConstantinopleandthegreattradingcitiesoftheMediterranean.OnceAniwasclosetothecenteroftheworld.BeingatthecrossroadsofempiresmadeAniaslargeandaswealthyasVenice.TodayonlyafewdeterminedtouristsmakeittothisremotepatchofborderlandonTurkey’sfrontierwithArmeniait’sjustfouryearssinceitbecamepossibletovisitthesitewithoutspecialpermissionfromthemilitary.Itfeelsliketheendoftheearth.TheSeljukTurkstookAnifromtheArmeniansinthemiddleofthe11thcentury.TodayinAniandalloverancientArmenia—noweasternTurkeythere’safeelingthattheplacehasbeenahandonedbyhistoryandbythepeoplewhomadetheplace’shistory.LatelythoughthegovernmentsofbothTurkeyandArmeniahavebeenfeelingtheirwaytowardreconciliation.Thelocalscaremuchmoreaboutcross-bordertradecheaperelectricitysuppliesandtourism.Andtheelementsofdiplomacyhavebeenfallingintoplace:afriendlysoccermatchanequallyfriendlyreturnmatchandpresidentialvisits.PerhapsAnisuppliesaclueastohowthefutureworldmightlook.Ani’stwogreatestcathedralsservedChristianityforlessthan70yearsbeforebeingconvertedtomosquesbytheSeljuks.ButtheTurkishconquerorsleftmostchurchesastheyweresidebysidewithnewmosques.LikeallthegreattradingcitiesofthemedievalworldAniwasapromiscuousmixoffaithsandpeoples—acrossroadsameetingpointaplaceofequalfooting.Perhapswiththeopeningoftheborderthiscomeroftheworldcouldstarttobecomeacrossroadsagaininsteadofalonelydeadend.Whatisthemeaningoffallingintoplace
Wearedisappointedtofindoutthathehasmadeafatalmistake.
Hefinallysucceededincarryingouthisplanowingtohishard-working.
ACountry’sStandardofLivingThestandardoflivingofanycountrymeanstheaverageperson’sshareofthegoodsandservicesthecountryproduces.Acountry’sstandardoflivingtherefore51firstonitscapacitytoproducewealth.Wealthinthis52isnotmoneyforwedonotliveonmoneybutonthingsthatmoneycanbuy:goodssuchasfoodandclothingandservicessuchastransportandentertainment.Acountry’scapacityto53wealthdependsuponmanyfactorsmostof54haveaneffectononeanother.Wealthdepends55agreatextentuponacountry’snaturalresources.Someregionsoftheworldarewellsuppliedwithcoalandmineralsandhavefertilesoilandafavorableclimate;otherregions56noneofthem.Nexttonaturalresourcescomestheabilityto57themtouse.ChinaisperhapsasrichastheUSAinnaturalresourcesbutsufferedformanyyears58civilandexternalwarsandforthisandother59wasunabletodevelopherresources.Soundandstablepoliticalconditionsand60fromforeigninvasionsenableacountrytodevelopitsnaturalresourcespeacefullyandsteadilyandtoproducemore61thananothercountryequallywellfavoredbynaturebutlesswellordered.Acountry’sstandardoflivingdoesnotonlydependuponthewealththatisproducedand62withinitsownbordersbutalsouponwhatisdirectlyproducedthroughinternationaltradeforexampleBritain’swealthinfoodstuffsandotheragricultural63wouldbemuchlessifshehadtodependonlyonthosegrownathome.Trademakesitpossibleforhersurplus过剩的manufacturedgoodstobetradedabroadfortheagriculturalproducts64wouldotherwisebelacking.Acountry’swealthisthereforemuchinfluencedbyitsmanufacturingcapacity65thatothercountriescanbefoundreadytoacceptitsmanufactures.
A.tosendgoodstovariouspartsoftheworldB.atanytimeduringtheyearC.hasgreatlypromotedtradeD.isitpossibletoproduceonalargescaleEthetransportofgoodsF.itispossibletoproduceonalargescaleThedevelopmentofmodemmeansoftransport______.
TransportandTrade1Transportisoneoftheaidstotrade.Bymovinggoodsfromplaceswheretheyareplentifultoplaceswheretheyarescarcetransportaddstotheirvalue.Themoreeasilygoodscanbebroughtoverthedistancethatseparatesproducerandconsumerthebetterfortrade.Whentherewerenorailwaysnogoodroadsnocanalsandonlysmallsailingshipstradewasonasmallscale.2Thegreatadvancesmadeintransportduringthelasttwohundredyearswereaccompaniedbyabigincreaseintrade.BiggerandfastershipsenabledatradeinmeattodevelopbetweenBritainandNewZealandforinstance.Quickertransportmakespossiblemass-productionandbigbusinessdrawingsuppliesfromandsellinggoodstoallpartsoftheglobe.Bigfactoriescouldnotexistwithouttransporttocarrythelargenumberofworkerstheyneedtoandfromtheirhomes.Bigcitystorescouldnothavedevelopedunlesscustomerscouldtraveleasilyfromthesuburbsandgoodsdeliveredtotheirhomes.Bigcitiescouldnotsurviveunlessfoodcouldbebroughtfromadistance.3Transportalsopreventswaste.Muchofthefishlandedattheportswouldbewastedifitcouldnotbetakenquicklytoinlandtowns.Transporthasgivenusamuchgreatervarietyoffoodsandgoodssincewenolongerhavetoliveoffwhatisproducedlocally.Foodswhichatonetimecouldbeobtainedonlyduringapartoftheyearcannowbeobtainedallthroughtheyear.Transporthasraisedthestandardofliving.4Bymovingfuelrawmaterialsandevenpowerforexamplethroughelectriccablestransporthasledtotheestablishmentofindustriesandtradeinareaswheretheywouldhavebeenimpossiblebefore.Districtsandcountriescanconcentrateonmakingthingswhichtheycandobetterandmorecheaplythanothersandcanthenexchangethemwithoneanother.Thecheaperandquickertransportbecomesthelongerthedistanceoverwhichgoodscanprofitablybecarried.Countrieswithpoortransporthavealowerstandardofliving.5Commercerequiresnotonlythemovingofgoodsandpeoplebutalsothecarryingofmessagesandinformation.Meansofcommunicationliketelephonescablesandradiosendinformationaboutpricessuppliesandchangingconditionsindifferentpartsoftheworld.Inthiswayadvancedcommunicationsystemsalsohelptodeveloptrade.A.HigherlivingstandardB.ImportanceoftransportintradeC.VariousmeansoftransportD.Birthoftransport-relatedindustriesandtradeE.RoleofinformationintradeF.PublictransportationParagraph2______
Theparentsalwaysrestraintheirdaughterfromswimminginthenearbypool.
HauntedbyHistoryOnwhatisnowawindblownpatchofgrasslandenclosedincolossalwallsanddottedwithancientcathedralstherewasonceagreatcity—theancientArmeniancapitalofAni.Youcanstillseethelinesofitsstreetsoutlinedintheturfandinsidethegranitechurchesyoucanmakeoutthefadingfacesofsaintsandkingspaintedontheceilingsmorethanamillenniumago.Ononesideofthecityadramaticsingle-spanbridgenowruinedbroughttheSilkRoadacrossthegorgeoftheAkhurianRiver.OntheothertheroadwoundonacrosstheAnatolianplainstoConstantinopleandthegreattradingcitiesoftheMediterranean.OnceAniwasclosetothecenteroftheworld.BeingatthecrossroadsofempiresmadeAniaslargeandaswealthyasVenice.TodayonlyafewdeterminedtouristsmakeittothisremotepatchofborderlandonTurkey’sfrontierwithArmeniait’sjustfouryearssinceitbecamepossibletovisitthesitewithoutspecialpermissionfromthemilitary.Itfeelsliketheendoftheearth.TheSeljukTurkstookAnifromtheArmeniansinthemiddleofthe11thcentury.TodayinAniandalloverancientArmenia—noweasternTurkeythere’safeelingthattheplacehasbeenahandonedbyhistoryandbythepeoplewhomadetheplace’shistory.LatelythoughthegovernmentsofbothTurkeyandArmeniahavebeenfeelingtheirwaytowardreconciliation.Thelocalscaremuchmoreaboutcross-bordertradecheaperelectricitysuppliesandtourism.Andtheelementsofdiplomacyhavebeenfallingintoplace:afriendlysoccermatchanequallyfriendlyreturnmatchandpresidentialvisits.PerhapsAnisuppliesaclueastohowthefutureworldmightlook.Ani’stwogreatestcathedralsservedChristianityforlessthan70yearsbeforebeingconvertedtomosquesbytheSeljuks.ButtheTurkishconquerorsleftmostchurchesastheyweresidebysidewithnewmosques.LikeallthegreattradingcitiesofthemedievalworldAniwasapromiscuousmixoffaithsandpeoples—acrossroadsameetingpointaplaceofequalfooting.Perhapswiththeopeningoftheborderthiscomeroftheworldcouldstarttobecomeacrossroadsagaininsteadofalonelydeadend.WhatisNOTthecharactersofthegreattradingcitiesofthemedievalworld
Manystudentsfindtheexperienceofattendinguniversitylecturestobeaconfusingandfrustratingexperience.Thelecturerspeaksforoneortwohoursperhaps51thetalkwithslideswritingupimportantinformationontheblackboard52readingmaterialandgivingoutassignments.Thenewstudentseestheotherstudentscontinuouslywritingonnotebooksand53whattowrite.Veryoftenthestudentleavesthelecture54noteswhichdonotcatchthemainpointsand55becomehardevenforthestudentstounderstand.Mostinstitutionsprovidecourseswhich56newstudentstodeveloptheskillstheyneedtobe57listenersandnote-takers.Iftheseareunavailabletherearemanyusefulstudy-skillsguideswhichenableslearnerstopracticetheseskills58.Inallcasesitisimportantto59theproblembeforeactuallystartingyourstudies.Itisimportantto60thatmoststudentshavedifficultyinacquiringthelanguageskills61incollegestudy.Onewayof62thesedifficultiesistoattendthelanguageandstudy-skillsclasseswhichmostinstitutionsprovidethroughoutthe63year.Anotherbasic64istofindastudypanner65itispossibletoidentifydifficultiesexchangeideasandprovidesupport.
ACountry’sStandardofLivingThestandardoflivingofanycountrymeanstheaverageperson’sshareofthegoodsandservicesthecountryproduces.Acountry’sstandardoflivingtherefore51firstonitscapacitytoproducewealth.Wealthinthis52isnotmoneyforwedonotliveonmoneybutonthingsthatmoneycanbuy:goodssuchasfoodandclothingandservicessuchastransportandentertainment.Acountry’scapacityto53wealthdependsuponmanyfactorsmostof54haveaneffectononeanother.Wealthdepends55agreatextentuponacountry’snaturalresources.Someregionsoftheworldarewellsuppliedwithcoalandmineralsandhavefertilesoilandafavorableclimate;otherregions56noneofthem.Nexttonaturalresourcescomestheabilityto57themtouse.ChinaisperhapsasrichastheUSAinnaturalresourcesbutsufferedformanyyears58civilandexternalwarsandforthisandother59wasunabletodevelopherresources.Soundandstablepoliticalconditionsand60fromforeigninvasionsenableacountrytodevelopitsnaturalresourcespeacefullyandsteadilyandtoproducemore61thananothercountryequallywellfavoredbynaturebutlesswellordered.Acountry’sstandardoflivingdoesnotonlydependuponthewealththatisproducedand62withinitsownbordersbutalsouponwhatisdirectlyproducedthroughinternationaltradeforexampleBritain’swealthinfoodstuffsandotheragricultural63wouldbemuchlessifshehadtodependonlyonthosegrownathome.Trademakesitpossibleforhersurplus过剩的manufacturedgoodstobetradedabroadfortheagriculturalproducts64wouldotherwisebelacking.Acountry’swealthisthereforemuchinfluencedbyitsmanufacturingcapacity65thatothercountriescanbefoundreadytoacceptitsmanufactures.
AirPollutionCloudMeasuredonBothSidesofPacificScientistswatchedcloselylastspringasahazeofpollutionwhichhadbeentrackedbysatelliteasitcrossedthePacificOceansettledoveralargeswathofNorthAmericafromCalgaryCanadaintoArizona.NowitappearsthatforthefirsttimeresearchersonbothsidesofthePacifictookdetailedmeasurementsofthesameplumeacouldthatcontainedGobidessertdustaswellashydrocarbons碳氢化合物fromindustrialpollution.HeatherPriceaUniversityofWashingtondoctoralstudentinchemistryfoundthattheamountoflightreflectedbytheparticlesintheairwasmorethan550percentgreaterthannormalforthattimeofyear.ThemassofAsianaircontainedelevatedlevelsofallpollutantsmeasured.Pricesaidbuttheonlythingthatcameclosetobeingalarmingwasthelevelofparticulatematter.ThehazethatsettledacrossthewesternpartthethecountrywaswidelyreportedbythenewsmediaanditwasmeasuredasfarinlandastheskislopesofAspenColo.ReadingsonthewesternsideofthePacificcamefromtheAerosolCharacterizationExperimentsaprojectaimedatunderstandinghowparticlesintheatmosphereaffectEarth’sclimate.AdditionalmeasurementsweretakeninthesameregionatthesametimeunderaprojectsponsoredbytheNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration.KnowingthepollutionwasapproachingWashingtonstatePriceloadedsensingequipmentaboardarentedBeechcraftonApril14andflewtoNeahBayonthestate’sNorthwestcoast.Takingsamplesatvariouslevelsfrom15000feetto20000feetinaltitudeshemonitored10quantitiesofdustozonecarbonmonoxideandhydrocarbons.Frommycopilot’sseatthedustwasthickenoughtoseewiththenakedeyePricesaid.Nowshe’stryingtocorrelateherfindingswiththoseofthetworesearchteamsoperatingontheothersideofthePacificwhereatonepointthepollutionplumewaslargerthanJapan.ThehugesizeofthecloudshowedupclearlyinsatelliteimagesthatgavePriceplentyofwarningthehazewasonitsway.YoucanseethesetwoblobscomingoutofthedesertsofMongoliaandgrowingoverAsiathengettingsweptoutovertheoceanandfinallysettingoverNorthAmericashesaid.SheintendstocontinuemeasuringairsamplesofftheWashingtoncoastandwillbelookingforairmasseswithevidenceofpollutionoriginatingsomewhereotherthanAsia.We’dliketoseeifwecangetasignatureofpollutioncomingfromEuropebecausecomputermodelssuggestthatEuropeansourcesalsocanbetransportedacrossthepacificsheSaid.HoweverweexpectthatsourcesinEuropewillcontributelessthanAsiansources./HeatherPricefoundthattheparticlesoftheairarelighterthannormalparticles.
Manystudentsfindtheexperienceofattendinguniversitylecturestobeaconfusingandfrustratingexperience.Thelecturerspeaksforoneortwohoursperhaps51thetalkwithslideswritingupimportantinformationontheblackboard52readingmaterialandgivingoutassignments.Thenewstudentseestheotherstudentscontinuouslywritingonnotebooksand53whattowrite.Veryoftenthestudentleavesthelecture54noteswhichdonotcatchthemainpointsand55becomehardevenforthestudentstounderstand.Mostinstitutionsprovidecourseswhich56newstudentstodeveloptheskillstheyneedtobe57listenersandnote-takers.Iftheseareunavailabletherearemanyusefulstudy-skillsguideswhichenableslearnerstopracticetheseskills58.Inallcasesitisimportantto59theproblembeforeactuallystartingyourstudies.Itisimportantto60thatmoststudentshavedifficultyinacquiringthelanguageskills61incollegestudy.Onewayof62thesedifficultiesistoattendthelanguageandstudy-skillsclasseswhichmostinstitutionsprovidethroughoutthe63year.Anotherbasic64istofindastudypanner65itispossibletoidentifydifficultiesexchangeideasandprovidesupport.
HauntedbyHistoryOnwhatisnowawindblownpatchofgrasslandenclosedincolossalwallsanddottedwithancientcathedralstherewasonceagreatcity—theancientArmeniancapitalofAni.Youcanstillseethelinesofitsstreetsoutlinedintheturfandinsidethegranitechurchesyoucanmakeoutthefadingfacesofsaintsandkingspaintedontheceilingsmorethanamillenniumago.Ononesideofthecityadramaticsingle-spanbridgenowruinedbroughttheSilkRoadacrossthegorgeoftheAkhurianRiver.OntheothertheroadwoundonacrosstheAnatolianplainstoConstantinopleandthegreattradingcitiesoftheMediterranean.OnceAniwasclosetothecenteroftheworld.BeingatthecrossroadsofempiresmadeAniaslargeandaswealthyasVenice.TodayonlyafewdeterminedtouristsmakeittothisremotepatchofborderlandonTurkey’sfrontierwithArmeniait’sjustfouryearssinceitbecamepossibletovisitthesitewithoutspecialpermissionfromthemilitary.Itfeelsliketheendoftheearth.TheSeljukTurkstookAnifromtheArmeniansinthemiddleofthe11thcentury.TodayinAniandalloverancientArmenia—noweasternTurkeythere’safeelingthattheplacehasbeenahandonedbyhistoryandbythepeoplewhomadetheplace’shistory.LatelythoughthegovernmentsofbothTurkeyandArmeniahavebeenfeelingtheirwaytowardreconciliation.Thelocalscaremuchmoreaboutcross-bordertradecheaperelectricitysuppliesandtourism.Andtheelementsofdiplomacyhavebeenfallingintoplace:afriendlysoccermatchanequallyfriendlyreturnmatchandpresidentialvisits.PerhapsAnisuppliesaclueastohowthefutureworldmightlook.Ani’stwogreatestcathedralsservedChristianityforlessthan70yearsbeforebeingconvertedtomosquesbytheSeljuks.ButtheTurkishconquerorsleftmostchurchesastheyweresidebysidewithnewmosques.LikeallthegreattradingcitiesofthemedievalworldAniwasapromiscuousmixoffaithsandpeoples—acrossroadsameetingpointaplaceofequalfooting.Perhapswiththeopeningoftheborderthiscomeroftheworldcouldstarttobecomeacrossroadsagaininsteadofalonelydeadend.WhatisNOTrelatedtotheancientAniaccordingtothepassage
Itissaidthehousesalongthisstreetwillsoonbepulleddown.
AirPollutionCloudMeasuredonBothSidesofPacificScientistswatchedcloselylastspringasahazeofpollutionwhichhadbeentrackedbysatelliteasitcrossedthePacificOceansettledoveralargeswathofNorthAmericafromCalgaryCanadaintoArizona.NowitappearsthatforthefirsttimeresearchersonbothsidesofthePacifictookdetailedmeasurementsofthesameplumeacouldthatcontainedGobidessertdustaswellashydrocarbons碳氢化合物fromindustrialpollution.HeatherPriceaUniversityofWashingtondoctoralstudentinchemistryfoundthattheamountoflightreflectedbytheparticlesintheairwasmorethan550percentgreaterthannormalforthattimeofyear.ThemassofAsianaircontainedelevatedlevelsofallpollutantsmeasured.Pricesaidbuttheonlythingthatcameclosetobeingalarmingwasthelevelofparticulatematter.ThehazethatsettledacrossthewesternpartthethecountrywaswidelyreportedbythenewsmediaanditwasmeasuredasfarinlandastheskislopesofAspenColo.ReadingsonthewesternsideofthePacificcamefromtheAerosolCharacterizationExperimentsaprojectaimedatunderstandinghowparticlesintheatmosphereaffectEarth’sclimate.AdditionalmeasurementsweretakeninthesameregionatthesametimeunderaprojectsponsoredbytheNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration.KnowingthepollutionwasapproachingWashingtonstatePriceloadedsensingequipmentaboardarentedBeechcraftonApril14andflewtoNeahBayonthestate’sNorthwestcoast.Takingsamplesatvariouslevelsfrom15000feetto20000feetinaltitudeshemonitored10quantitiesofdustozonecarbonmonoxideandhydrocarbons.Frommycopilot’sseatthedustwasthickenoughtoseewiththenakedeyePricesaid.Nowshe’stryingtocorrelateherfindingswiththoseofthetworesearchteamsoperatingontheothersideofthePacificwhereatonepointthepollutionplumewaslargerthanJapan.ThehugesizeofthecloudshowedupclearlyinsatelliteimagesthatgavePriceplentyofwarningthehazewasonitsway.YoucanseethesetwoblobscomingoutofthedesertsofMongoliaandgrowingoverAsiathengettingsweptoutovertheoceanandfinallysettingoverNorthAmericashesaid.SheintendstocontinuemeasuringairsamplesofftheWashingtoncoastandwillbelookingforairmasseswithevidenceofpollutionoriginatingsomewhereotherthanAsia.We’dliketoseeifwecangetasignatureofpollutioncomingfromEuropebecausecomputermodelssuggestthatEuropeansourcesalsocanbetransportedacrossthepacificsheSaid.HoweverweexpectthatsourcesinEuropewillcontributelessthanAsiansources./HeatherPricestudiedallkindsofsamplesatvariouslevelsfrom15000feetto20000feet.
TheGreatWallofChinaWallsandwallbuildinghaveplayedaveryimportantroleinChineseculture.Thesepeoplefromthedimmistsofprehistoryhavebeenwall-conscious;fromtheNeolithicperiod新石器时代—whenramparts防御土墙ofpoundedearthwereused—totheCommunistRevolutionwallswereanessentialpartofanyvillage.46ThenameforcityinChinesech’engmeanswallandoverthesewalledcitiesvillageshousesandtemplespresidesthegodofwallsandmountswhosedutieswereandstillaretoprotectandberesponsibleforthewelfareoftheinhabitants.47HoweveritisindeedacommonmistaketoperceivetheGreatWallasasinglearchitecturalstructureanditwouldalsobeerroneoustoassumethatitwasbuiltduringasingledynasty.Forthebuildingofthewallspannedthevariousdynastiesandeachofthesedynastiessomehowcontributedtotherefurbishingandtheconstructionofawallwhosefoundationshadbeenlaidmanycenturiesago.48Especiallythreeofthesestates:theCh’intheChaoandtheYencorrespondingrespectivelytothemodernprovincesofShensiShanziandHopeioverandabovebuildingwailsthatsurroundedtheirkingdomsalsolaidthefoundationsonwhichCh’inShihHuangDiwouldbuildhisfirstcontinuousGreatWall.49Throughoutthecenturiesmanysettlementswereestablishedalongthenewborder.Thegarrison驻军troopswereinstructedtoreclaimwastelandandtoplantcropsonitroadsandcanalswerebuilttomentionjustafewoftheworkscarriedout.50BuildersgarrisonsartisansfarmersandpeasantsleftbehindatrailofobjectsincludinginscribedtabletshouseholdarticlesandwrittenworkwhichhavebecomeextremelyvaluablearchaeologicalevidencetothestudyofdefenseinstitutionsoftheGreatWallandtheeverydaylifeofthesepeoplewholivedanddiedalongthewall.A.Notonlytownsandvillages;thehousesandthetempleswithinthemweresomehowwalledandthehousesalsohadnowindowsoverlookingthestreetthusgivingthefeelingofwanderingaroundahugemaze迷宫.B.Alltheseundertakingsgreatlyhelpedtoincreasethecountry’stradeandculturalexchangeswithmanyremoteareasandalsowiththesoutherncentralandwesternpartsofAsia—theformationoftheSilkRoute.C.Thusagreatandextremelylaborioustasksuchasconstructingawallwhichwassupposedtorunthroughoutthecountrymustnothaveseemedsuchanabsurdity谬论.D.TheconstructionoftheGreatWallisresponsibleforalargenumberofdeathsandavastamountofdestructioninvariousplaces.E.ItwasduringthefourthandthirdcenturyB.C.thateachwarringstatestartedbuildingwallstoprotecttheirkingdomsbothagainstoneanotherandagainstthenorthernnomads游牧民.F.TherolethattheGreatWallplayedinthegrowthofChineseeconomywasallimportanton
Purchasingthenewproductionlinewillbeaprofitabledealforthecompany.
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