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下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择C。 P...
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Passivesmokingisworkplacekiller PressuremountedonBritainonMondaytotakeactionon【51】smokingwithnewresearchshowingsecondhandsmoke【52】aboutoneworkereachweekinthehospitalityindustry. ProfessorKonradJamrozikofImperialCollegeinLondontoldaconferenceonenvironmentaltobaccothatsecond-hand【53】kills49employeesinpubsbarsrestaurantsandhotelseachyearandcontributesto700deathsfromlungcancerheart【54】andstrokeacrossthetotalnationalworkforce. Exposureinthehospitality【55】atworkoutweighstheconsequencesofexposureofliving【56】asmokerforthosestaffJamroziksaidinaninterview. Other【57】havemeasuredthelevelsofexposuretopassivesmokingbutJamrozikcalculatedhowitwouldtranslateintoavoidabledeaths. Hisfindingsare【58】onthenumberofpeopleworkinginthehospitalityindustryinBritaintheirexposuretosecondhandsmokeandtheir【59】ofdyingfromit. Jamroziksaidmefindingswouldapplyto【60】countriesinEuropebecausetoagreateror【61】extentlevelsofsmokinginthecommunityaresimilar. ProfessorCarolBlackpresidentoftheRoyalCollegeofPhysicianswhichsponsoredthemeetingsaidtheresearchisproofoftheneedforabanonsmokingin【62】places. Environmentaltobaccosmokeinpubsbarsrestaurantsandotherpublicplacesis【63】damagingtothehealthofemployeesaswellasthegeneralpublicshesaidinastatement. Makingtheseplacessmokefreenotonlyprotectsvulnerablestaffandthepublic.Itwill【64】helpover300000peopleinBritaintostopsmokingcompletelysheadded. Irelandrecentlybecamethefirstcountrytointroduceanationalbanonsmokinginpublic【65】.NewYorkandpartsofAustraliahavetakensimilarmeasures. workplace/n.工作场所;车间 killer/n.杀人者;凶手 hospitality/n.友好款待;好客;殷勤 imperial/adj.英联邦的 outweighs.在重要性或价值上超过 vulnerable/adj.易受伤的;脆弱的
Knitting Mymotherknewhowtoknit编织butshenevertaughtme.Sheassumedasdidmanywomenofhergenerationthatknittingwasnolongeraskillworthpassingdownfrommothertodaughter.Acombinationoffeminism女权主义andconsumerism浪费主义mademanywomenfeelthatsuchhomelyaccomplishmentswerenowoutofdate.MyGrandmotherstillknittedthoughandeveryChristmasshemadeapairofsocksformybrotherandmeofredwool.Theyweretheonesweworeunderouriceskates冰鞋whenitwasreallyimportanttohavewarmfeet. Knittingisanervoushabitthathappenstobeproductive.Ithelpedmequitsmokingbygivingmyhandssomethingelsetodo.Itiswonderfulfordepressionbecausenomatterwhatelsehappensyouarecreatingsomethingbeautiful.Timespentinfrontofthetelevisionorjustsittingisnolongertimewasted. Ilovebreathinglifeintothepatterns.It’’struemagicfindinganeglecteddog-earedoldbookwiththeperfectsnowflakedesignbuyingthesameGermantownwoolmygrandmotherusedintheexactbluetomatchmydaughter’’seyestakingitonthetrainwithmeeverydayfortwomonthsworkingenthusiasticallytogetitdonebyChristmasstayinguplateafterthestockingsarefilledtosewinthesleevesandweaveintheends. Knittinghastaughtmepatience.IknowthatifIjustkeepgoingevenifittakesmonthstherewillbeareward.WhenImakeamistakeIknowthatangerwillnotfixitthatIjusthavetogobackandtakeoutthestitches针脚betweenandstartoveragain. PeopleoftenaskifIwoulddoitformoneyandtheanswerisalwaysadefiniteno.InthefirstplaceyoucouldnotpaymeenoughforthehoursIputintoasweater.ButmoreimportantthisisanactivityIkeepseparatefromsuchconsiderations.IknittocovermychildrenandotherpeopleIloveinwarmthandcolor.Iknittogivethemsomethingearthlythatmoneycouldneverbuy. Knittinggivesmylifeanalternativerhythmtothedailydeadline.BydayIcanwriteaboutNorthernIrelandortheNewYorkCityPoliceDepartmentandgetpaidforitbutonthetrainhomesurroundedbypeoplewithlaptopsIstagemylittlerebellion.Itakeoutmyoldknittingbagandjointhecenturiesofwomenwhohaveknittedforlove. Theauthorworetheredsockshergrandmotherhadknittedforher______.
Vegetarianism Astrictvegetarianisapersonwhoneverinhislifeeatsanythingderivedfromanimals.Themainobjectiontovegetarianismonalong-termbasisisthedifficultytogettingenoughproteinthebodybuildingelementsinfood.Ifyouhaveeverbeenwithoutmeatoranimalfoodsforsomedaysofweekssayreligiousreasonsyouwillhavenoticedthatyoutendtogetphysicallyratherweak.Youaregladwhenthefastisoverandyougetyourrewardofasucculentmeatmeal.Proteinsarebuiltupfromapproximatelytwentyfoodelementscalledamino-acidswhicharefoundmoreabundantlyinanimalproteinthaninvegetableprotein.Thismeansyouhavetoeatagreatdealmorevegetablethananimalfoodinordertogetenoughoftheseamino-acids.Agreatofthevegetablefoodgoestowasteinthisprocessandfromthephysiologicalpointofviewthereisnotmuchtobesaidinfavoroflife-longvegetarianism. Theeconomicsideofthequestionthoughmustbeconsidered.Vegetablefoodismuchcheaperthananimalfood.Howeversinceonlyasmallproportionofthevegetableproteinisusefulforbody-buildingpurposesaconsistentvegetarianifheistogainthenecessary70gramsofproteinadayhastoconsumeagreaterbulkoffoodthanhisdigestiveorganscancomfortablydealwith.Infairnessthoughitmustbepointedoutthatvegetariansclaimtheyneedfarlessthan70gramsofproteinaday. Whetherornotvegetarianismshouldbeadvocatedforadultsitisdefinitelyunsatisfactoryforgrowingchildrenwhoneedmoreproteinthantheycangetfromvegetablesource’’s.Alacto-vegetariandietwhichincludesmilkandmilkproductssuchascheesecanhoweverbesatisfactoryaslongasenoughmilkandmilkproductsareconsumed. Meatandcheesearethebestsourcesofusabledigestibleandnextcomemilkfishandeggs.Slowandcarefulcookingofmeatmakesitmoredigestibleandassistsinthebreakingdownoftheproteincontentbythebody.Whencookingvegetableshoweverthevitaminsandinparticularthewater-solubevitaminCshouldbelostthroughovercooking. Whichofthefollowingisbestreflectedtheauthor’sattitude?
Passivesmokingisworkplacekiller PressuremountedonBritainonMondaytotakeactionon【51】smokingwithnewresearchshowingsecondhandsmoke【52】aboutoneworkereachweekinthehospitalityindustry. ProfessorKonradJamrozikofImperialCollegeinLondontoldaconferenceonenvironmentaltobaccothatsecond-hand【53】kills49employeesinpubsbarsrestaurantsandhotelseachyearandcontributesto700deathsfromlungcancerheart【54】andstrokeacrossthetotalnationalworkforce. Exposureinthehospitality【55】atworkoutweighstheconsequencesofexposureofliving【56】asmokerforthosestaffJamroziksaidinaninterview. Other【57】havemeasuredthelevelsofexposuretopassivesmokingbutJamrozikcalculatedhowitwouldtranslateintoavoidabledeaths. Hisfindingsare【58】onthenumberofpeopleworkinginthehospitalityindustryinBritaintheirexposuretosecondhandsmokeandtheir【59】ofdyingfromit. Jamroziksaidmefindingswouldapplyto【60】countriesinEuropebecausetoagreateror【61】extentlevelsofsmokinginthecommunityaresimilar. ProfessorCarolBlackpresidentoftheRoyalCollegeofPhysicianswhichsponsoredthemeetingsaidtheresearchisproofoftheneedforabanonsmokingin【62】places. Environmentaltobaccosmokeinpubsbarsrestaurantsandotherpublicplacesis【63】damagingtothehealthofemployeesaswellasthegeneralpublicshesaidinastatement. Makingtheseplacessmokefreenotonlyprotectsvulnerablestaffandthepublic.Itwill【64】helpover300000peopleinBritaintostopsmokingcompletelysheadded. Irelandrecentlybecamethefirstcountrytointroduceanationalbanonsmokinginpublic【65】.NewYorkandpartsofAustraliahavetakensimilarmeasures. workplace/n.工作场所;车间 killer/n.杀人者;凶手 hospitality/n.友好款待;好客;殷勤 imperial/adj.英联邦的 outweighs.在重要性或价值上超过 vulnerable/adj.易受伤的;脆弱的
ViceVaccines Atfirstglancevicevaccineslookjustgreat.Theseinjectionspromisetoinactivatedrugssuchascocaineheroinandnicotineinthebloodstreambeforetheyreachthebrain.Withoutthehitpeoplejustwon’’tcomebackformore. It’’struethatthesevaccinesarestillbeingdevelopedsotheirfullrisksandbenefitsarenotyetclear.Butallthesignsarethatforpeoplewhoareindangerofoverdosingorforaddictswhowanttogetthemselvescleanbutneedsomehelptoovercometheircravingthevaccineswillbeimmenselyvaluable. Butlikemanynewtechnologiestheyalsobringdifficultchoices.Willconvictedcriminalswhostealtofeedtheirdrughabitbeallowedbackontothestreetiftheyagreetobevaccinatedforexample?Couldajudgeevencompelthesepeopletobevaccinated? Perhapsthemostcontroversialdebatethatvicevaccineshaveraisediswhethertheyshouldbegivenroutinelytochildrenlikepolioormeaslesvaccines.Thisis.notadistantworry.Nosoonertheyhavefoundthemselvessubmergedwithrequestsfromworriedparentswhowanttheirchildrenvaccinated.Isthisreallywhatwewantforfuturegenerations? Foranysocietythatvaluespersonalfreedomtheanswerhastobeno.Peoplehavetherighttochoosehowtobehavewhetherit’’sgoodorbadlegalornot.Letnotignorethefactthatmillionsofpeopletakeillegaldrugsforpleasurewithoutbecomingaddicted.Administeringvicevaccineswillmeanthatyoungstersarenolongerfreetomakesuchchoicesforthemselves.ItwouldbelikeareturntoPleasantvile. Andrememberwe’’rejusttalkingaboutillegaldrugshere.Onevaccineunderdevelopmentactsagainstnicotineandifitsnicotinetodaywhynotcaffeinetomorrow?Society’’sattitudestodrugschange.Fortyyearsagosmokingwasfine.AcenturyagoAmericanshipoperatorsweregivingstevedores码头工人cocainetospeeduptheirwork. Likeitornotpeoplehavebeentakingmind-alteringchemicalssincebeforerecordedhistory.Eachvaccineactsonlyagainstaspecificdrugandstoppingpeoplegettinghighononedrugwillsimplypushthemtotakeothers—asaddictionresearchershavealreadyfound.Sodrugusewon’’tgoawaythedrugswilljustchange. Opposingthewidespreaduseofvicevaccinesforyoungstersisnottoadvocatedruguse.Byallmeansletvicevaccinessparkarevolutionindetox解毒clinics.Butwhenitcomestohelpingchildrendealwithdrugsthewaytohelpthemisthrougheducationensuringthattheycanfollowlifestylesthatareincompatiblewithdrugtakingandgivingthemthetoolstospotrisksandmakeinformedchoices. Theproblemofdrugabuseisboundupwithmodernsocietyincomplexways.Simplechemicalsolutionsareunlikelytoprovidethewholeanswer. Accordingtothewriterthevicevaccine______.
MemoryClass StanFieldknowswhatagecandotoaperson’’smemoryandhe’’snottakinganychanceswithhis.Hechooseshisfoodcarefullyandgetsplentyofexercise.Healsoavoidsstresscocacolaandcigarettesmoke. What’’smoreatbreakfasteachmorningthe69-year-oldchemicalengineerswallowsaplatefulofpillsinthehopeofboostinghisbrainpower. MichelleAmoveislessthanhalfField’’sagebutnolessconcernedabouthermemory.Whileworkingroundtheclocktofinishadegreeinfilmstudiesthe33-year-oldNewYorkerhadthealarmingsensationthatshehadstoppedretaininganything.Icouldn’’tevenremembernamesshesays.IthoughtOhnoI’’mover30.It’’salldownhillfromhere.BesidesloadinguponsupplementsAmovesignedupforamemoryenhancingcourseatNewYork’’sMountSianiMedicalCenter.Andwhenshegotthereshefoundherselfsurroundedbypeoplewhowerejustasworriedasshewas. FormillionsofAmericansandespeciallyforbabyboomers生育高峰出生的人thedemandsoftheInformationAgeconflictwithasenseofdecliningphysicalpower.Whenboomerswereintheir30sand40stheylaunchedthefitnessboomsaysCynthiaGreenthepsychologistwhoteachesMountSinai’’smemoryclass.Nowwehavethemental-fitnessboomMemoryistheboomers’’newlife-crisisissue.Andofcourseamajormarketingopportunity.ThedemandforbooksandseminarshasneverbeengreatersaysJackLannomalongtimememorytrainerwhoseweeklyTVshowMindUnlimitedgoesoutto33millionhomesontheChristianNetwork.Anxiousconsumersarerushingtobuydo-it-yourselfprogramsandsupplementmakersaretryingtoselleverythingbutsawdust木屑asabrainbooster. Butbeforeyougetoutyourcheckbookafewquestionsareinorder.Doeseverydayforgetfulnesssignaldecliningbrainfunction?Ismegamemory超级记忆arealisticgoalfornormalpeople?Andifyoucouldhaveaperfectmemorywouldyoureallywantit?Untilrecentlynoonecouldaddressthoseissueswithmuchauthoritybutourknowledgeofmemoryisexploding.Newtechniquesarerevealinghowdifferentpartsofthebraininteracttopreservemeaningfulexperiences.Biologistsaretryingtounderstandtheunderlying潜在的chemicalprocessesandneuroscientists神经系统科学家arediscoveringhowagestressandotherfactorscandisruptthem.Nooneisclosetofindingthesecrettoperfectrecallbutasyou’’llseethatmaybejustaswell. Manybaby-boomerslivingintheInformationAgefeelthat______.
Passivesmokingisworkplacekiller PressuremountedonBritainonMondaytotakeactionon【51】smokingwithnewresearchshowingsecondhandsmoke【52】aboutoneworkereachweekinthehospitalityindustry. ProfessorKonradJamrozikofImperialCollegeinLondontoldaconferenceonenvironmentaltobaccothatsecond-hand【53】kills49employeesinpubsbarsrestaurantsandhotelseachyearandcontributesto700deathsfromlungcancerheart【54】andstrokeacrossthetotalnationalworkforce. Exposureinthehospitality【55】atworkoutweighstheconsequencesofexposureofliving【56】asmokerforthosestaffJamroziksaidinaninterview. Other【57】havemeasuredthelevelsofexposuretopassivesmokingbutJamrozikcalculatedhowitwouldtranslateintoavoidabledeaths. Hisfindingsare【58】onthenumberofpeopleworkinginthehospitalityindustryinBritaintheirexposuretosecondhandsmokeandtheir【59】ofdyingfromit. Jamroziksaidmefindingswouldapplyto【60】countriesinEuropebecausetoagreateror【61】extentlevelsofsmokinginthecommunityaresimilar. ProfessorCarolBlackpresidentoftheRoyalCollegeofPhysicianswhichsponsoredthemeetingsaidtheresearchisproofoftheneedforabanonsmokingin【62】places. Environmentaltobaccosmokeinpubsbarsrestaurantsandotherpublicplacesis【63】damagingtothehealthofemployeesaswellasthegeneralpublicshesaidinastatement. Makingtheseplacessmokefreenotonlyprotectsvulnerablestaffandthepublic.Itwill【64】helpover300000peopleinBritaintostopsmokingcompletelysheadded. Irelandrecentlybecamethefirstcountrytointroduceanationalbanonsmokinginpublic【65】.NewYorkandpartsofAustraliahavetakensimilarmeasures. workplace/n.工作场所;车间 killer/n.杀人者;凶手 hospitality/n.友好款待;好客;殷勤 imperial/adj.英联邦的 outweighs.在重要性或价值上超过 vulnerable/adj.易受伤的;脆弱的
Theyjoinedthearmywillingly.
Interferon Forseveralyearsscientistshavebeentestingasubstancecalledinterferon干扰素apotentialwonderdrugthatisprovingtobeeffectiveintreatingavarietyofailmentsincludingvirusinfectionsbacteriainfectionsandtumors.Todatethenewdrughasprovokednonegativereactionofsufficientsignificancetodiscourageitsuse.Butinspiteofitssuccesslastyearonlyonegramwasproducedintheentireworld. Thereasonforthescarcityliesinthestructureofinterferon.Aspeciesspecificproteintheinterferonproducedfromoneanimalspeciescannotbeusedintreatinganotheranimalspecies.Inotherwordstotreathumanbeingsonlyinterferonproducedbyhumanbeingsmaybeused.Thedrugisproducedbyinfectingwhitebloodcellswithavirus.Fortunatelyitissopotentthattheamountgiveneachpatientperinjectionisverysmall. Unlikeantibiotics抗菌素interferondoesnotattackgermsdirectly.Insteaditmakesunaffectedcellsresistanttoinfectionandpreventsthemultiplicationofviruseswithincells. Asyoumightconcludeoneofthemostdramaticusesofinterferonhasbeeninthetreatmentofcancer.Dr.HansStranderresearchphysicianatSweden’’sfamousKarolinskaInstitutehastreatedmorethanonehundredcancerpatientswiththenewdrug.Amongagroupofselectedpatientswhohadundergonesurgicalproceduresforadvancedcancerhalfweregivenconventionaltreatmentsandtheotherhalfweregiveninterferon.Thesurvivalrateoverathree-yearperiodwas70percentamongthosewhoweretreatedwithinterferonascomparedwithonly10to30percentamongthosewhohadreceivedtheconventionaltreatments. IntheUnitedStatesalarge-scaleprojectsupportedbytheAmericanCancerSocietyisnowunderway.Iftheexperimentissuccessfulinterferoncouldbecomeoneofthegreatestmedicaldiscoveriesofourtime. Interferonhasserioussideeffectswhereasantibioticsdonot.
Passivesmokingisworkplacekiller PressuremountedonBritainonMondaytotakeactionon【51】smokingwithnewresearchshowingsecondhandsmoke【52】aboutoneworkereachweekinthehospitalityindustry. ProfessorKonradJamrozikofImperialCollegeinLondontoldaconferenceonenvironmentaltobaccothatsecond-hand【53】kills49employeesinpubsbarsrestaurantsandhotelseachyearandcontributesto700deathsfromlungcancerheart【54】andstrokeacrossthetotalnationalworkforce. Exposureinthehospitality【55】atworkoutweighstheconsequencesofexposureofliving【56】asmokerforthosestaffJamroziksaidinaninterview. Other【57】havemeasuredthelevelsofexposuretopassivesmokingbutJamrozikcalculatedhowitwouldtranslateintoavoidabledeaths. Hisfindingsare【58】onthenumberofpeopleworkinginthehospitalityindustryinBritaintheirexposuretosecondhandsmokeandtheir【59】ofdyingfromit. Jamroziksaidmefindingswouldapplyto【60】countriesinEuropebecausetoagreateror【61】extentlevelsofsmokinginthecommunityaresimilar. ProfessorCarolBlackpresidentoftheRoyalCollegeofPhysicianswhichsponsoredthemeetingsaidtheresearchisproofoftheneedforabanonsmokingin【62】places. Environmentaltobaccosmokeinpubsbarsrestaurantsandotherpublicplacesis【63】damagingtothehealthofemployeesaswellasthegeneralpublicshesaidinastatement. Makingtheseplacessmokefreenotonlyprotectsvulnerablestaffandthepublic.Itwill【64】helpover300000peopleinBritaintostopsmokingcompletelysheadded. Irelandrecentlybecamethefirstcountrytointroduceanationalbanonsmokinginpublic【65】.NewYorkandpartsofAustraliahavetakensimilarmeasures. workplace/n.工作场所;车间 killer/n.杀人者;凶手 hospitality/n.友好款待;好客;殷勤 imperial/adj.英联邦的 outweighs.在重要性或价值上超过 vulnerable/adj.易受伤的;脆弱的
Hemaintainedthattheopinionwaswrong.
Passivesmokingisworkplacekiller PressuremountedonBritainonMondaytotakeactionon【51】smokingwithnewresearchshowingsecondhandsmoke【52】aboutoneworkereachweekinthehospitalityindustry. ProfessorKonradJamrozikofImperialCollegeinLondontoldaconferenceonenvironmentaltobaccothatsecond-hand【53】kills49employeesinpubsbarsrestaurantsandhotelseachyearandcontributesto700deathsfromlungcancerheart【54】andstrokeacrossthetotalnationalworkforce. Exposureinthehospitality【55】atworkoutweighstheconsequencesofexposureofliving【56】asmokerforthosestaffJamroziksaidinaninterview. Other【57】havemeasuredthelevelsofexposuretopassivesmokingbutJamrozikcalculatedhowitwouldtranslateintoavoidabledeaths. Hisfindingsare【58】onthenumberofpeopleworkinginthehospitalityindustryinBritaintheirexposuretosecondhandsmokeandtheir【59】ofdyingfromit. Jamroziksaidmefindingswouldapplyto【60】countriesinEuropebecausetoagreateror【61】extentlevelsofsmokinginthecommunityaresimilar. ProfessorCarolBlackpresidentoftheRoyalCollegeofPhysicianswhichsponsoredthemeetingsaidtheresearchisproofoftheneedforabanonsmokingin【62】places. Environmentaltobaccosmokeinpubsbarsrestaurantsandotherpublicplacesis【63】damagingtothehealthofemployeesaswellasthegeneralpublicshesaidinastatement. Makingtheseplacessmokefreenotonlyprotectsvulnerablestaffandthepublic.Itwill【64】helpover300000peopleinBritaintostopsmokingcompletelysheadded. Irelandrecentlybecamethefirstcountrytointroduceanationalbanonsmokinginpublic【65】.NewYorkandpartsofAustraliahavetakensimilarmeasures. workplace/n.工作场所;车间 killer/n.杀人者;凶手 hospitality/n.友好款待;好客;殷勤 imperial/adj.英联邦的 outweighs.在重要性或价值上超过 vulnerable/adj.易受伤的;脆弱的
ViceVaccines Atfirstglancevicevaccineslookjustgreat.Theseinjectionspromisetoinactivatedrugssuchascocaineheroinandnicotineinthebloodstreambeforetheyreachthebrain.Withoutthehitpeoplejustwon’’tcomebackformore. It’’struethatthesevaccinesarestillbeingdevelopedsotheirfullrisksandbenefitsarenotyetclear.Butallthesignsarethatforpeoplewhoareindangerofoverdosingorforaddictswhowanttogetthemselvescleanbutneedsomehelptoovercometheircravingthevaccineswillbeimmenselyvaluable. Butlikemanynewtechnologiestheyalsobringdifficultchoices.Willconvictedcriminalswhostealtofeedtheirdrughabitbeallowedbackontothestreetiftheyagreetobevaccinatedforexample?Couldajudgeevencompelthesepeopletobevaccinated? Perhapsthemostcontroversialdebatethatvicevaccineshaveraisediswhethertheyshouldbegivenroutinelytochildrenlikepolioormeaslesvaccines.Thisis.notadistantworry.Nosoonertheyhavefoundthemselvessubmergedwithrequestsfromworriedparentswhowanttheirchildrenvaccinated.Isthisreallywhatwewantforfuturegenerations? Foranysocietythatvaluespersonalfreedomtheanswerhastobeno.Peoplehavetherighttochoosehowtobehavewhetherit’’sgoodorbadlegalornot.Letnotignorethefactthatmillionsofpeopletakeillegaldrugsforpleasurewithoutbecomingaddicted.Administeringvicevaccineswillmeanthatyoungstersarenolongerfreetomakesuchchoicesforthemselves.ItwouldbelikeareturntoPleasantvile. Andrememberwe’’rejusttalkingaboutillegaldrugshere.Onevaccineunderdevelopmentactsagainstnicotineandifitsnicotinetodaywhynotcaffeinetomorrow?Society’’sattitudestodrugschange.Fortyyearsagosmokingwasfine.AcenturyagoAmericanshipoperatorsweregivingstevedores码头工人cocainetospeeduptheirwork. Likeitornotpeoplehavebeentakingmind-alteringchemicalssincebeforerecordedhistory.Eachvaccineactsonlyagainstaspecificdrugandstoppingpeoplegettinghighononedrugwillsimplypushthemtotakeothers—asaddictionresearchershavealreadyfound.Sodrugusewon’’tgoawaythedrugswilljustchange. Opposingthewidespreaduseofvicevaccinesforyoungstersisnottoadvocatedruguse.Byallmeansletvicevaccinessparkarevolutionindetox解毒clinics.Butwhenitcomestohelpingchildrendealwithdrugsthewaytohelpthemisthrougheducationensuringthattheycanfollowlifestylesthatareincompatiblewithdrugtakingandgivingthemthetoolstospotrisksandmakeinformedchoices. Theproblemofdrugabuseisboundupwithmodernsocietyincomplexways.Simplechemicalsolutionsareunlikelytoprovidethewholeanswer. Routinevaccinationofthevicevaccinetochildrenwill______.
Interferon Forseveralyearsscientistshavebeentestingasubstancecalledinterferon干扰素apotentialwonderdrugthatisprovingtobeeffectiveintreatingavarietyofailmentsincludingvirusinfectionsbacteriainfectionsandtumors.Todatethenewdrughasprovokednonegativereactionofsufficientsignificancetodiscourageitsuse.Butinspiteofitssuccesslastyearonlyonegramwasproducedintheentireworld. Thereasonforthescarcityliesinthestructureofinterferon.Aspeciesspecificproteintheinterferonproducedfromoneanimalspeciescannotbeusedintreatinganotheranimalspecies.Inotherwordstotreathumanbeingsonlyinterferonproducedbyhumanbeingsmaybeused.Thedrugisproducedbyinfectingwhitebloodcellswithavirus.Fortunatelyitissopotentthattheamountgiveneachpatientperinjectionisverysmall. Unlikeantibiotics抗菌素interferondoesnotattackgermsdirectly.Insteaditmakesunaffectedcellsresistanttoinfectionandpreventsthemultiplicationofviruseswithincells. Asyoumightconcludeoneofthemostdramaticusesofinterferonhasbeeninthetreatmentofcancer.Dr.HansStranderresearchphysicianatSweden’’sfamousKarolinskaInstitutehastreatedmorethanonehundredcancerpatientswiththenewdrug.Amongagroupofselectedpatientswhohadundergonesurgicalproceduresforadvancedcancerhalfweregivenconventionaltreatmentsandtheotherhalfweregiveninterferon.Thesurvivalrateoverathree-yearperiodwas70percentamongthosewhoweretreatedwithinterferonascomparedwithonly10to30percentamongthosewhohadreceivedtheconventionaltreatments. IntheUnitedStatesalarge-scaleprojectsupportedbytheAmericanCancerSocietyisnowunderway.Iftheexperimentissuccessfulinterferoncouldbecomeoneofthegreatestmedicaldiscoveriesofourtime. Interferonisproducedbyinfectingvirusesbacteriaandtumorswithadrug.
Knitting Mymotherknewhowtoknit编织butshenevertaughtme.Sheassumedasdidmanywomenofhergenerationthatknittingwasnolongeraskillworthpassingdownfrommothertodaughter.Acombinationoffeminism女权主义andconsumerism浪费主义mademanywomenfeelthatsuchhomelyaccomplishmentswerenowoutofdate.MyGrandmotherstillknittedthoughandeveryChristmasshemadeapairofsocksformybrotherandmeofredwool.Theyweretheonesweworeunderouriceskates冰鞋whenitwasreallyimportanttohavewarmfeet. Knittingisanervoushabitthathappenstobeproductive.Ithelpedmequitsmokingbygivingmyhandssomethingelsetodo.Itiswonderfulfordepressionbecausenomatterwhatelsehappensyouarecreatingsomethingbeautiful.Timespentinfrontofthetelevisionorjustsittingisnolongertimewasted. Ilovebreathinglifeintothepatterns.It’’struemagicfindinganeglecteddog-earedoldbookwiththeperfectsnowflakedesignbuyingthesameGermantownwoolmygrandmotherusedintheexactbluetomatchmydaughter’’seyestakingitonthetrainwithmeeverydayfortwomonthsworkingenthusiasticallytogetitdonebyChristmasstayinguplateafterthestockingsarefilledtosewinthesleevesandweaveintheends. Knittinghastaughtmepatience.IknowthatifIjustkeepgoingevenifittakesmonthstherewillbeareward.WhenImakeamistakeIknowthatangerwillnotfixitthatIjusthavetogobackandtakeoutthestitches针脚betweenandstartoveragain. PeopleoftenaskifIwoulddoitformoneyandtheanswerisalwaysadefiniteno.InthefirstplaceyoucouldnotpaymeenoughforthehoursIputintoasweater.ButmoreimportantthisisanactivityIkeepseparatefromsuchconsiderations.IknittocovermychildrenandotherpeopleIloveinwarmthandcolor.Iknittogivethemsomethingearthlythatmoneycouldneverbuy. Knittinggivesmylifeanalternativerhythmtothedailydeadline.BydayIcanwriteaboutNorthernIrelandortheNewYorkCityPoliceDepartmentandgetpaidforitbutonthetrainhomesurroundedbypeoplewithlaptopsIstagemylittlerebellion.Itakeoutmyoldknittingbagandjointhecenturiesofwomenwhohaveknittedforlove. AccordingtothepassagewhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutknittingisNOTtrue?
Passivesmokingisworkplacekiller PressuremountedonBritainonMondaytotakeactionon【51】smokingwithnewresearchshowingsecondhandsmoke【52】aboutoneworkereachweekinthehospitalityindustry. ProfessorKonradJamrozikofImperialCollegeinLondontoldaconferenceonenvironmentaltobaccothatsecond-hand【53】kills49employeesinpubsbarsrestaurantsandhotelseachyearandcontributesto700deathsfromlungcancerheart【54】andstrokeacrossthetotalnationalworkforce. Exposureinthehospitality【55】atworkoutweighstheconsequencesofexposureofliving【56】asmokerforthosestaffJamroziksaidinaninterview. Other【57】havemeasuredthelevelsofexposuretopassivesmokingbutJamrozikcalculatedhowitwouldtranslateintoavoidabledeaths. Hisfindingsare【58】onthenumberofpeopleworkinginthehospitalityindustryinBritaintheirexposuretosecondhandsmokeandtheir【59】ofdyingfromit. Jamroziksaidmefindingswouldapplyto【60】countriesinEuropebecausetoagreateror【61】extentlevelsofsmokinginthecommunityaresimilar. ProfessorCarolBlackpresidentoftheRoyalCollegeofPhysicianswhichsponsoredthemeetingsaidtheresearchisproofoftheneedforabanonsmokingin【62】places. Environmentaltobaccosmokeinpubsbarsrestaurantsandotherpublicplacesis【63】damagingtothehealthofemployeesaswellasthegeneralpublicshesaidinastatement. Makingtheseplacessmokefreenotonlyprotectsvulnerablestaffandthepublic.Itwill【64】helpover300000peopleinBritaintostopsmokingcompletelysheadded. Irelandrecentlybecamethefirstcountrytointroduceanationalbanonsmokinginpublic【65】.NewYorkandpartsofAustraliahavetakensimilarmeasures. workplace/n.工作场所;车间 killer/n.杀人者;凶手 hospitality/n.友好款待;好客;殷勤 imperial/adj.英联邦的 outweighs.在重要性或价值上超过 vulnerable/adj.易受伤的;脆弱的
Sheundertakestoverifythetruesourceoftherumor.
MaleandFemalepilotscauseaccidentsdifferently MalepilotsflyinggeneralaviationprivateaircraftintheUnitedStatesaremorelikelytocrashduetoinattentionorflaweddecisionmakingwhilefemalepilotsaremorelikelytocrashfrommishandlingtheaircraft.ThesearetheresultsofastudybyresearchersattheJohnsHopkinsUniversityBloombergSchoolofPublicHealth. Thestudyidentifiesthedifferencesbetweenmaleandfemalepilotsintermsofcircumstancesofthecrashandthetypeofpilotserrorinvolved.Crashesofgeneralaviationaircraftaccountfor85percentofallaviationdeathsintheUnitedStates.ThecrashrateformalepilotsasformotorvehicledriversexceedsthatofcrashesoffemalepilotsexplainsSusanP.BakerMPHprofessorofhealthpolicyandmanagementattheBloombergSchoolofPublicHealth.Becausepilotyouthandinexperienceareestablishedcontributorstoaviationcrasheswefocusedononlymaturepilotstodeterminethegenderdifferencesinthereasonsforthecrash. Theresearchersextracteddataforthisstudyfromalargeresearchprojectonpilotagingandflightsafety.Thedataweregatheredfromgeneralaviationcrashesofairplanesandhelicoptersbetween1983and1997involving144femalepilotsand267malepilotsaged40-63.Femalepilotswerematchedwithmalepilotsina1:2ratiobyageclassesofmedicalandpilotcertificatesstateorareaofcrashandyearofcrash.Thenthecircumstancesofthecrashesandthepiloterrorinvolvedwerecategorizedandcodedwithoutknowledgeofpilotgender. Theresearchersfoundthatlossofcontrolonlandingortakeoffwasthemostcommoncircumstanceforbothsexesleadingto59percentoffemalepilots’crashesand36percentofmales’’.Experiencingmechanicalfailurerunningoutoffuelandlandingtheplanewiththelandinggearupwereamongthefactorsmorelikelywithmaleswhilestallingwasmorelikelywithfemales. Themajorityofthecrashes—95percentforfemalesand88percentformales—involvedatleastonetypeofpiloterror.Mishandlingaircraftkineticswasthemostcommonerrorforbothsexesbutwasmorecommonamongfemalesaccountingfor81percentofthecrashesthanmalesaccountingfor48percent.Maleshoweverappearedmorelikelytobeguiltyofpoordecision-makingrisk-takingandinattentivenessexamplesofwhichincludemisjudgingweatherandvisibilityorflyinganaircraftwithaknowndefect.Femalesthoughmorelikelytomishandleorlosecontroloftheaircraftweregenerallymorecarefulthantheirmalecounterparts. inattention/n.疏忽 aviation/n.航空 flawed/adj.有缺陷的 mishandle/v.瞎弄乱处理 MPHMasterofPublicHealth公共卫生硕士 gender/n.性性别 runout耗尽用完 stallv.飞机失速发动机熄火 kinetics/n.动力学 WhichofthestatementsisNOTtrueaccordingtothesecondparagraph?
Abarehillappearsbehindthejungle.
ThefirsttalksbetweenChinaandtheUnitedStateswerethebaseofthelateragreement.
MaleandFemalepilotscauseaccidentsdifferently MalepilotsflyinggeneralaviationprivateaircraftintheUnitedStatesaremorelikelytocrashduetoinattentionorflaweddecisionmakingwhilefemalepilotsaremorelikelytocrashfrommishandlingtheaircraft.ThesearetheresultsofastudybyresearchersattheJohnsHopkinsUniversityBloombergSchoolofPublicHealth. Thestudyidentifiesthedifferencesbetweenmaleandfemalepilotsintermsofcircumstancesofthecrashandthetypeofpilotserrorinvolved.Crashesofgeneralaviationaircraftaccountfor85percentofallaviationdeathsintheUnitedStates.ThecrashrateformalepilotsasformotorvehicledriversexceedsthatofcrashesoffemalepilotsexplainsSusanP.BakerMPHprofessorofhealthpolicyandmanagementattheBloombergSchoolofPublicHealth.Becausepilotyouthandinexperienceareestablishedcontributorstoaviationcrasheswefocusedononlymaturepilotstodeterminethegenderdifferencesinthereasonsforthecrash. Theresearchersextracteddataforthisstudyfromalargeresearchprojectonpilotagingandflightsafety.Thedataweregatheredfromgeneralaviationcrashesofairplanesandhelicoptersbetween1983and1997involving144femalepilotsand267malepilotsaged40-63.Femalepilotswerematchedwithmalepilotsina1:2ratiobyageclassesofmedicalandpilotcertificatesstateorareaofcrashandyearofcrash.Thenthecircumstancesofthecrashesandthepiloterrorinvolvedwerecategorizedandcodedwithoutknowledgeofpilotgender. Theresearchersfoundthatlossofcontrolonlandingortakeoffwasthemostcommoncircumstanceforbothsexesleadingto59percentoffemalepilots’crashesand36percentofmales’’.Experiencingmechanicalfailurerunningoutoffuelandlandingtheplanewiththelandinggearupwereamongthefactorsmorelikelywithmaleswhilestallingwasmorelikelywithfemales. Themajorityofthecrashes—95percentforfemalesand88percentformales—involvedatleastonetypeofpiloterror.Mishandlingaircraftkineticswasthemostcommonerrorforbothsexesbutwasmorecommonamongfemalesaccountingfor81percentofthecrashesthanmalesaccountingfor48percent.Maleshoweverappearedmorelikelytobeguiltyofpoordecision-makingrisk-takingandinattentivenessexamplesofwhichincludemisjudgingweatherandvisibilityorflyinganaircraftwithaknowndefect.Femalesthoughmorelikelytomishandleorlosecontroloftheaircraftweregenerallymorecarefulthantheirmalecounterparts. inattention/n.疏忽 aviation/n.航空 flawed/adj.有缺陷的 mishandle/v.瞎弄乱处理 MPHMasterofPublicHealth公共卫生硕士 gender/n.性性别 runout耗尽用完 stallv.飞机失速发动机熄火 kinetics/n.动力学 Whatisthemostcommoncircumstanceofcrashwithfemalepilots?
Thebossputgreatstressontheworkerssothattheycouldworkharder.
MemoryClass StanFieldknowswhatagecandotoaperson’’smemoryandhe’’snottakinganychanceswithhis.Hechooseshisfoodcarefullyandgetsplentyofexercise.Healsoavoidsstresscocacolaandcigarettesmoke. What’’smoreatbreakfasteachmorningthe69-year-oldchemicalengineerswallowsaplatefulofpillsinthehopeofboostinghisbrainpower. MichelleAmoveislessthanhalfField’’sagebutnolessconcernedabouthermemory.Whileworkingroundtheclocktofinishadegreeinfilmstudiesthe33-year-oldNewYorkerhadthealarmingsensationthatshehadstoppedretaininganything.Icouldn’’tevenremembernamesshesays.IthoughtOhnoI’’mover30.It’’salldownhillfromhere.BesidesloadinguponsupplementsAmovesignedupforamemoryenhancingcourseatNewYork’’sMountSianiMedicalCenter.Andwhenshegotthereshefoundherselfsurroundedbypeoplewhowerejustasworriedasshewas. FormillionsofAmericansandespeciallyforbabyboomers生育高峰出生的人thedemandsoftheInformationAgeconflictwithasenseofdecliningphysicalpower.Whenboomerswereintheir30sand40stheylaunchedthefitnessboomsaysCynthiaGreenthepsychologistwhoteachesMountSinai’’smemoryclass.Nowwehavethemental-fitnessboomMemoryistheboomers’’newlife-crisisissue.Andofcourseamajormarketingopportunity.ThedemandforbooksandseminarshasneverbeengreatersaysJackLannomalongtimememorytrainerwhoseweeklyTVshowMindUnlimitedgoesoutto33millionhomesontheChristianNetwork.Anxiousconsumersarerushingtobuydo-it-yourselfprogramsandsupplementmakersaretryingtoselleverythingbutsawdust木屑asabrainbooster. Butbeforeyougetoutyourcheckbookafewquestionsareinorder.Doeseverydayforgetfulnesssignaldecliningbrainfunction?Ismegamemory超级记忆arealisticgoalfornormalpeople?Andifyoucouldhaveaperfectmemorywouldyoureallywantit?Untilrecentlynoonecouldaddressthoseissueswithmuchauthoritybutourknowledgeofmemoryisexploding.Newtechniquesarerevealinghowdifferentpartsofthebraininteracttopreservemeaningfulexperiences.Biologistsaretryingtounderstandtheunderlying潜在的chemicalprocessesandneuroscientists神经系统科学家arediscoveringhowagestressandotherfactorscandisruptthem.Nooneisclosetofindingthesecrettoperfectrecallbutasyou’’llseethatmaybejustaswell. WhatdoesStanFieldtakeatbreakfast?
Passivesmokingisworkplacekiller PressuremountedonBritainonMondaytotakeactionon【51】smokingwithnewresearchshowingsecondhandsmoke【52】aboutoneworkereachweekinthehospitalityindustry. ProfessorKonradJamrozikofImperialCollegeinLondontoldaconferenceonenvironmentaltobaccothatsecond-hand【53】kills49employeesinpubsbarsrestaurantsandhotelseachyearandcontributesto700deathsfromlungcancerheart【54】andstrokeacrossthetotalnationalworkforce. Exposureinthehospitality【55】atworkoutweighstheconsequencesofexposureofliving【56】asmokerforthosestaffJamroziksaidinaninterview. Other【57】havemeasuredthelevelsofexposuretopassivesmokingbutJamrozikcalculatedhowitwouldtranslateintoavoidabledeaths. Hisfindingsare【58】onthenumberofpeopleworkinginthehospitalityindustryinBritaintheirexposuretosecondhandsmokeandtheir【59】ofdyingfromit. Jamroziksaidmefindingswouldapplyto【60】countriesinEuropebecausetoagreateror【61】extentlevelsofsmokinginthecommunityaresimilar. ProfessorCarolBlackpresidentoftheRoyalCollegeofPhysicianswhichsponsoredthemeetingsaidtheresearchisproofoftheneedforabanonsmokingin【62】places. Environmentaltobaccosmokeinpubsbarsrestaurantsandotherpublicplacesis【63】damagingtothehealthofemployeesaswellasthegeneralpublicshesaidinastatement. Makingtheseplacessmokefreenotonlyprotectsvulnerablestaffandthepublic.Itwill【64】helpover300000peopleinBritaintostopsmokingcompletelysheadded. Irelandrecentlybecamethefirstcountrytointroduceanationalbanonsmokinginpublic【65】.NewYorkandpartsofAustraliahavetakensimilarmeasures. workplace/n.工作场所;车间 killer/n.杀人者;凶手 hospitality/n.友好款待;好客;殷勤 imperial/adj.英联邦的 outweighs.在重要性或价值上超过 vulnerable/adj.易受伤的;脆弱的
Interferon Forseveralyearsscientistshavebeentestingasubstancecalledinterferon干扰素apotentialwonderdrugthatisprovingtobeeffectiveintreatingavarietyofailmentsincludingvirusinfectionsbacteriainfectionsandtumors.Todatethenewdrughasprovokednonegativereactionofsufficientsignificancetodiscourageitsuse.Butinspiteofitssuccesslastyearonlyonegramwasproducedintheentireworld. Thereasonforthescarcityliesinthestructureofinterferon.Aspeciesspecificproteintheinterferonproducedfromoneanimalspeciescannotbeusedintreatinganotheranimalspecies.Inotherwordstotreathumanbeingsonlyinterferonproducedbyhumanbeingsmaybeused.Thedrugisproducedbyinfectingwhitebloodcellswithavirus.Fortunatelyitissopotentthattheamountgiveneachpatientperinjectionisverysmall. Unlikeantibiotics抗菌素interferondoesnotattackgermsdirectly.Insteaditmakesunaffectedcellsresistanttoinfectionandpreventsthemultiplicationofviruseswithincells. Asyoumightconcludeoneofthemostdramaticusesofinterferonhasbeeninthetreatmentofcancer.Dr.HansStranderresearchphysicianatSweden’’sfamousKarolinskaInstitutehastreatedmorethanonehundredcancerpatientswiththenewdrug.Amongagroupofselectedpatientswhohadundergonesurgicalproceduresforadvancedcancerhalfweregivenconventionaltreatmentsandtheotherhalfweregiveninterferon.Thesurvivalrateoverathree-yearperiodwas70percentamongthosewhoweretreatedwithinterferonascomparedwithonly10to30percentamongthosewhohadreceivedtheconventionaltreatments. IntheUnitedStatesalarge-scaleprojectsupportedbytheAmericanCancerSocietyisnowunderway.Iftheexperimentissuccessfulinterferoncouldbecomeoneofthegreatestmedicaldiscoveriesofourtime. Antibioticskillgermsbyattackingthemdirectlywhileinterferondoesnot.
Passivesmokingisworkplacekiller PressuremountedonBritainonMondaytotakeactionon【51】smokingwithnewresearchshowingsecondhandsmoke【52】aboutoneworkereachweekinthehospitalityindustry. ProfessorKonradJamrozikofImperialCollegeinLondontoldaconferenceonenvironmentaltobaccothatsecond-hand【53】kills49employeesinpubsbarsrestaurantsandhotelseachyearandcontributesto700deathsfromlungcancerheart【54】andstrokeacrossthetotalnationalworkforce. Exposureinthehospitality【55】atworkoutweighstheconsequencesofexposureofliving【56】asmokerforthosestaffJamroziksaidinaninterview. Other【57】havemeasuredthelevelsofexposuretopassivesmokingbutJamrozikcalculatedhowitwouldtranslateintoavoidabledeaths. Hisfindingsare【58】onthenumberofpeopleworkinginthehospitalityindustryinBritaintheirexposuretosecondhandsmokeandtheir【59】ofdyingfromit. Jamroziksaidmefindingswouldapplyto【60】countriesinEuropebecausetoagreateror【61】extentlevelsofsmokinginthecommunityaresimilar. ProfessorCarolBlackpresidentoftheRoyalCollegeofPhysicianswhichsponsoredthemeetingsaidtheresearchisproofoftheneedforabanonsmokingin【62】places. Environmentaltobaccosmokeinpubsbarsrestaurantsandotherpublicplacesis【63】damagingtothehealthofemployeesaswellasthegeneralpublicshesaidinastatement. Makingtheseplacessmokefreenotonlyprotectsvulnerablestaffandthepublic.Itwill【64】helpover300000peopleinBritaintostopsmokingcompletelysheadded. Irelandrecentlybecamethefirstcountrytointroduceanationalbanonsmokinginpublic【65】.NewYorkandpartsofAustraliahavetakensimilarmeasures. workplace/n.工作场所;车间 killer/n.杀人者;凶手 hospitality/n.友好款待;好客;殷勤 imperial/adj.英联邦的 outweighs.在重要性或价值上超过 vulnerable/adj.易受伤的;脆弱的
MemoryClass StanFieldknowswhatagecandotoaperson’’smemoryandhe’’snottakinganychanceswithhis.Hechooseshisfoodcarefullyandgetsplentyofexercise.Healsoavoidsstresscocacolaandcigarettesmoke. What’’smoreatbreakfasteachmorningthe69-year-oldchemicalengineerswallowsaplatefulofpillsinthehopeofboostinghisbrainpower. MichelleAmoveislessthanhalfField’’sagebutnolessconcernedabouthermemory.Whileworkingroundtheclocktofinishadegreeinfilmstudiesthe33-year-oldNewYorkerhadthealarmingsensationthatshehadstoppedretaininganything.Icouldn’’tevenremembernamesshesays.IthoughtOhnoI’’mover30.It’’salldownhillfromhere.BesidesloadinguponsupplementsAmovesignedupforamemoryenhancingcourseatNewYork’’sMountSianiMedicalCenter.Andwhenshegotthereshefoundherselfsurroundedbypeoplewhowerejustasworriedasshewas. FormillionsofAmericansandespeciallyforbabyboomers生育高峰出生的人thedemandsoftheInformationAgeconflictwithasenseofdecliningphysicalpower.Whenboomerswereintheir30sand40stheylaunchedthefitnessboomsaysCynthiaGreenthepsychologistwhoteachesMountSinai’’smemoryclass.Nowwehavethemental-fitnessboomMemoryistheboomers’’newlife-crisisissue.Andofcourseamajormarketingopportunity.ThedemandforbooksandseminarshasneverbeengreatersaysJackLannomalongtimememorytrainerwhoseweeklyTVshowMindUnlimitedgoesoutto33millionhomesontheChristianNetwork.Anxiousconsumersarerushingtobuydo-it-yourselfprogramsandsupplementmakersaretryingtoselleverythingbutsawdust木屑asabrainbooster. Butbeforeyougetoutyourcheckbookafewquestionsareinorder.Doeseverydayforgetfulnesssignaldecliningbrainfunction?Ismegamemory超级记忆arealisticgoalfornormalpeople?Andifyoucouldhaveaperfectmemorywouldyoureallywantit?Untilrecentlynoonecouldaddressthoseissueswithmuchauthoritybutourknowledgeofmemoryisexploding.Newtechniquesarerevealinghowdifferentpartsofthebraininteracttopreservemeaningfulexperiences.Biologistsaretryingtounderstandtheunderlying潜在的chemicalprocessesandneuroscientists神经系统科学家arediscoveringhowagestressandotherfactorscandisruptthem.Nooneisclosetofindingthesecrettoperfectrecallbutasyou’’llseethatmaybejustaswell. Accordingtothewriterthesecrettoperfectmemory______.
Interferon Forseveralyearsscientistshavebeentestingasubstancecalledinterferon干扰素apotentialwonderdrugthatisprovingtobeeffectiveintreatingavarietyofailmentsincludingvirusinfectionsbacteriainfectionsandtumors.Todatethenewdrughasprovokednonegativereactionofsufficientsignificancetodiscourageitsuse.Butinspiteofitssuccesslastyearonlyonegramwasproducedintheentireworld. Thereasonforthescarcityliesinthestructureofinterferon.Aspeciesspecificproteintheinterferonproducedfromoneanimalspeciescannotbeusedintreatinganotheranimalspecies.Inotherwordstotreathumanbeingsonlyinterferonproducedbyhumanbeingsmaybeused.Thedrugisproducedbyinfectingwhitebloodcellswithavirus.Fortunatelyitissopotentthattheamountgiveneachpatientperinjectionisverysmall. Unlikeantibiotics抗菌素interferondoesnotattackgermsdirectly.Insteaditmakesunaffectedcellsresistanttoinfectionandpreventsthemultiplicationofviruseswithincells. Asyoumightconcludeoneofthemostdramaticusesofinterferonhasbeeninthetreatmentofcancer.Dr.HansStranderresearchphysicianatSweden’’sfamousKarolinskaInstitutehastreatedmorethanonehundredcancerpatientswiththenewdrug.Amongagroupofselectedpatientswhohadundergonesurgicalproceduresforadvancedcancerhalfweregivenconventionaltreatmentsandtheotherhalfweregiveninterferon.Thesurvivalrateoverathree-yearperiodwas70percentamongthosewhoweretreatedwithinterferonascomparedwithonly10to30percentamongthosewhohadreceivedtheconventionaltreatments. IntheUnitedStatesalarge-scaleprojectsupportedbytheAmericanCancerSocietyisnowunderway.Iftheexperimentissuccessfulinterferoncouldbecomeoneofthegreatestmedicaldiscoveriesofourtime. TheresultofDr.Strandersexperimentswithinterferonisthat70percentamongpatientswhoweretreatedwithinterferonsurvived.
Vegetarianism Astrictvegetarianisapersonwhoneverinhislifeeatsanythingderivedfromanimals.Themainobjectiontovegetarianismonalong-termbasisisthedifficultytogettingenoughproteinthebodybuildingelementsinfood.Ifyouhaveeverbeenwithoutmeatoranimalfoodsforsomedaysofweekssayreligiousreasonsyouwillhavenoticedthatyoutendtogetphysicallyratherweak.Youaregladwhenthefastisoverandyougetyourrewardofasucculentmeatmeal.Proteinsarebuiltupfromapproximatelytwentyfoodelementscalledamino-acidswhicharefoundmoreabundantlyinanimalproteinthaninvegetableprotein.Thismeansyouhavetoeatagreatdealmorevegetablethananimalfoodinordertogetenoughoftheseamino-acids.Agreatofthevegetablefoodgoestowasteinthisprocessandfromthephysiologicalpointofviewthereisnotmuchtobesaidinfavoroflife-longvegetarianism. Theeconomicsideofthequestionthoughmustbeconsidered.Vegetablefoodismuchcheaperthananimalfood.Howeversinceonlyasmallproportionofthevegetableproteinisusefulforbody-buildingpurposesaconsistentvegetarianifheistogainthenecessary70gramsofproteinadayhastoconsumeagreaterbulkoffoodthanhisdigestiveorganscancomfortablydealwith.Infairnessthoughitmustbepointedoutthatvegetariansclaimtheyneedfarlessthan70gramsofproteinaday. Whetherornotvegetarianismshouldbeadvocatedforadultsitisdefinitelyunsatisfactoryforgrowingchildrenwhoneedmoreproteinthantheycangetfromvegetablesource’’s.Alacto-vegetariandietwhichincludesmilkandmilkproductssuchascheesecanhoweverbesatisfactoryaslongasenoughmilkandmilkproductsareconsumed. Meatandcheesearethebestsourcesofusabledigestibleandnextcomemilkfishandeggs.Slowandcarefulcookingofmeatmakesitmoredigestibleandassistsinthebreakingdownoftheproteincontentbythebody.Whencookingvegetableshoweverthevitaminsandinparticularthewater-solubevitaminCshouldbelostthroughovercooking. Theunderlinedwordlacto-vegetarianinPara.4means______.
Beingcolleaguesfortenyearstheyhavebecomeintimatefriends.
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