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Text3 LastweekUtahfederalJudgePaulG.Cassellhandeda22-yearsentencetoamanwhobeatanelderlywomantodeathwithalog.AfewhourslaterJudgeCassellsentenceda25-year-oldfirst-timedrugoffenderto55years. IfyouthinkJudgeCasselllikedsentencingasmall-changedrugdealertomoretimethanaviolentkillerguessagain.Thejudgehadnochoice.FederallawdemandedthesentencedespiteJudgeCassell’spointedquestioningiftherewasa"rationalbasis"forsentencingWeldonH.Angelosthefatheroftwoyoungchildrentomoretimethanhecouldsentenceahijackermurderorrapist. Blamefederalmandatoryminimumsentencingrules.AjuryfoundAngelosguiltyonthreeseparatechargesofpossessingafirearmwhilehesoldahalf-poundofmarijuanafor＄350.Thefirstchargeofpossessingagunduringadrugtransactionbroughtafive-yearsentence--thesecondtwochargesbrought25yearseach.Thataddsupto55yearssoevenifAngeloswerefoundguiltyofselling＄1050ofdrugsJudgeCassellhadtofollowtherulesandsentencehimto55yearsontheguncharges.Thejudgedidusearecentfederalrulinginreducingthesentenceforthedrug-sellingcrimestooneday. JudgeCassellwasrighttoimposethedraconiansentence.Ifheignoredfederallawhewouldplacehimselfaboveit. InsteadJudgeCassellsentencedAngelusasthelawdirectedevenasherighteouslyhectoredCongresstorewritefederaldruglawssofirst-timeoffendersdon’tservemoretimethandangerouscareercriminals.ThejudgealsourgedAngelus’attorneyJeromeH.Mooneytoappealthesentenceandifappealsfailseekapresidentialcommutation. Whilecivil-rightsadvocatesacrossAmericaprotestedthesentencetheUtahUSAttorney’sofficedefendedthesystem.ToprosecutorsAngelusisnoBuyScout.Officialsfoundsome26emptyduffelhagswithmarijuanaresidue.LocalfedsbelievedAngeluswasabigdrugdealerAssistantUSAttorneyRobertLundtoldmeandassociatedwithaviolentstreetgang. Letmesaythis:Angelusneverwasagoodposterboyforthemovementtohumanizedraconianfederaldruglaws.Angelusturneddownaplea-bargainsentenceof16years.Heisconsideredafirst-timeoffenderonlybecauseajuvenilegunconvictionwasexpungedfromhisrecord.AndevenifAngelosdidn’twavehisguninpeople’sfaceshenonethelessbroughtagunwithhimduringthetransactions. ButAngeloshasbecomeanationalcausecelebrebecauseofJudgeCassell.Therearemoreegregiousexamplesoffirst-timeoffenderssentencedtodecadesforpettydealingbuttheydidn’tcomebeforeajudgevocallyopposedtotheheavyhandednatureoffederaldrugsentencing. Thatsaiditsimplydoesn’tmakesensethatfederalsentencesoftenaretougheronsmall-timedrugoffendersthanonviolentcriminals.Butithappensallthetime. BysayingthatAngeloshasBecomeanationalcausecelebreLine1Paragraph8theauthorimpliesthat
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayto 1describethepicture 2illustratetheproblemitrevealsand 3giveyourcomments. Youshouldwrite160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
Agaragethesedaysisahighlyprizedassetlikelytoaddasmuchas10%～15%tothevalueofahouseespeciallyifit’sinacrowdedsuburbwherestreetparkingisdifficult. Itis1oneofthemostexpensiveadditionsyoucanmake.Abrickdouble2withaninternalfloor3of350squarefeetmightcostf8-9000thoughyoucould4thatbybetweenaquarterandahalf5youuseddirectlabourorbuiltityourself.Forthesame6you7have2extrabedroomsand.abathroom.8theprewardayswhensuburbangardenswere9thanahandkerchiefthegaragewas10asthe"motorhouse".Itusuallystoodatthe11ofthegardenasfarawayfromthe12aspossible.Nowadaysandnotjustfor13ofspacewe14thegaragetobe15tothehouseorsometimeseveninside16Normallyit17tobebig18fortwocarsparkedsideby19thoughsomebuildersstillcheatandprovideanose-to-tailunitwhichsavesonspacebutisanuisanceto20 14
Theweddingtraditionof"somethingoldsomethingnewsomethingborrowedsomethingblue"hasbeenaroundforhundredsofyears.Manybrideshavebeenaskedontheirrespectiveweddingdaysiftheyhavegatheredsomethingoldnewborrowedandbluetocarrywiththemastheywalkdowntheaisle.Thetraditionofcarryingorwearingoneofeachitemissaidtobringluckandfortunetothenewlymarriedcouple.HaveyoueverstoppedtothinkwhatthesayingreallymeansWhatisitsoriginandwhatdoeseachitemrepresent TheoriginalsayingdatesbacktotheVictoriatimesandstates"Somethingoldsomethingnewsomethingborrowedsomethingblueandasilversixpenceinyourshoe." 41Somethingold Abridemaywearorcarrysomethingoldtorepresenthercontinuedtiestoherfamilyandheroldlife. 42Somethingnew Something"new"isusuallytheeasiestcategorytofill. 43Somethingborrowed Theborroweditemshouldbesomethingborrowedfromafriendthatishappilymarried. 44Somethingblue Wearingsomethingbluedatesbacktobiblicaltimes. 45Silversixpence Placingasilversixpenceinthebride’sleftshoeissaidtobeasymbolofwealth.Thisnotonlyreferstofinancialwealthbutalsoawealthofhappinessandjoythroughouthermarriedlife. Somebridesaren’thoundbytraditionbutstillmaychoosetocarryoutthecustomatsomeoneelse’srequest.Iftheydon’twanttocarrynumerousitemstheymaysimplycarrytwohandkerchiefsinasmallbeadedbag.Theymaychoosetobuyanewwhitehandkerchiefandborrowablueonefromafamilymember.Thatwouldprovidethemwithsomethingnewthewhitehandkerchiefaswellassomethingthatisoldborrowedandblue.Thehandkerchiefjustmaycomeinhandyduringtheweddingfordryingtheirjoyfultears. [A]Wearingsomethingnewissupposedtorepresentsuccessandhopeinthebride’snewlifeandinhermarriage.Ifthebridepurchasedherweddingdressnewitmayrepresenthernewitembutanyitemthatisnewmaybeused. [B]Atthattimeablueweddingdresswasworntorepresentpurityfidelityandlove.Overtimethishaschangedfromwearingabluedresstowearingjustabluebandaroundthebottomofthebride’sweddingdresstomoderntimeswhereitiscommonplaceforthebridetowearabluegarter. [C]Manybrideswearapieceoffamilyjewelryastheirolditem.Somebridesweartheweddingdresswornbytheirmotherorgrandmother.Inmanycasessomethingoldmayalsobesomethingborrowed. [D]Somebridesaremoretraditionalthanotherandmaytakeagreatdealofcareinselectingoneitemforeachcategory.Itmaybetraditionalforthewomenintheirfamiliestowearthesamepieceofjewelry. [E]Itissuggestedthattheirhappinesswillruboffonyouandbringlastinghappinesstoyourmarriage.Somebridesborrowanitemofclothingapieceofjewelryahandkerchieforperhapsabeadedpurse. [F]Sincemostbridesprobablydon’tevenknowwhatasixpenceisthispartofthetraditionisnotusedveryofteninmoderntimes.Howeverifabridewouldliketoincludeitinherweddingshecanpurchaseasilversixpencefrommanycompaniesthatsellbridalsuppliessuchasgartersandinvitations. 42
Agaragethesedaysisahighlyprizedassetlikelytoaddasmuchas10%～15%tothevalueofahouseespeciallyifit’sinacrowdedsuburbwherestreetparkingisdifficult. Itis1oneofthemostexpensiveadditionsyoucanmake.Abrickdouble2withaninternalfloor3of350squarefeetmightcostf8-9000thoughyoucould4thatbybetweenaquarterandahalf5youuseddirectlabourorbuiltityourself.Forthesame6you7have2extrabedroomsand.abathroom.8theprewardayswhensuburbangardenswere9thanahandkerchiefthegaragewas10asthe"motorhouse".Itusuallystoodatthe11ofthegardenasfarawayfromthe12aspossible.Nowadaysandnotjustfor13ofspacewe14thegaragetobe15tothehouseorsometimeseveninside16Normallyit17tobebig18fortwocarsparkedsideby19thoughsomebuildersstillcheatandprovideanose-to-tailunitwhichsavesonspacebutisanuisanceto20 10
Agaragethesedaysisahighlyprizedassetlikelytoaddasmuchas10%～15%tothevalueofahouseespeciallyifit’sinacrowdedsuburbwherestreetparkingisdifficult. Itis1oneofthemostexpensiveadditionsyoucanmake.Abrickdouble2withaninternalfloor3of350squarefeetmightcostf8-9000thoughyoucould4thatbybetweenaquarterandahalf5youuseddirectlabourorbuiltityourself.Forthesame6you7have2extrabedroomsand.abathroom.8theprewardayswhensuburbangardenswere9thanahandkerchiefthegaragewas10asthe"motorhouse".Itusuallystoodatthe11ofthegardenasfarawayfromthe12aspossible.Nowadaysandnotjustfor13ofspacewe14thegaragetobe15tothehouseorsometimeseveninside16Normallyit17tobebig18fortwocarsparkedsideby19thoughsomebuildersstillcheatandprovideanose-to-tailunitwhichsavesonspacebutisanuisanceto20 2
Agaragethesedaysisahighlyprizedassetlikelytoaddasmuchas10%～15%tothevalueofahouseespeciallyifit’sinacrowdedsuburbwherestreetparkingisdifficult. Itis1oneofthemostexpensiveadditionsyoucanmake.Abrickdouble2withaninternalfloor3of350squarefeetmightcostf8-9000thoughyoucould4thatbybetweenaquarterandahalf5youuseddirectlabourorbuiltityourself.Forthesame6you7have2extrabedroomsand.abathroom.8theprewardayswhensuburbangardenswere9thanahandkerchiefthegaragewas10asthe"motorhouse".Itusuallystoodatthe11ofthegardenasfarawayfromthe12aspossible.Nowadaysandnotjustfor13ofspacewe14thegaragetobe15tothehouseorsometimeseveninside16Normallyit17tobebig18fortwocarsparkedsideby19thoughsomebuildersstillcheatandprovideanose-to-tailunitwhichsavesonspacebutisanuisanceto20 4
Agaragethesedaysisahighlyprizedassetlikelytoaddasmuchas10%～15%tothevalueofahouseespeciallyifit’sinacrowdedsuburbwherestreetparkingisdifficult. Itis1oneofthemostexpensiveadditionsyoucanmake.Abrickdouble2withaninternalfloor3of350squarefeetmightcostf8-9000thoughyoucould4thatbybetweenaquarterandahalf5youuseddirectlabourorbuiltityourself.Forthesame6you7have2extrabedroomsand.abathroom.8theprewardayswhensuburbangardenswere9thanahandkerchiefthegaragewas10asthe"motorhouse".Itusuallystoodatthe11ofthegardenasfarawayfromthe12aspossible.Nowadaysandnotjustfor13ofspacewe14thegaragetobe15tothehouseorsometimeseveninside16Normallyit17tobebig18fortwocarsparkedsideby19thoughsomebuildersstillcheatandprovideanose-to-tailunitwhichsavesonspacebutisanuisanceto20 8
TodaytherearetwoapproachestohowAmericansperceivethemselves. 46"Youcanconsideryourselfvaluablenomatterwhatpeoplethinkofyoubutthat’sverydifficultbecausewearesocialcreaturesandCarewhatothersthinkofus--soweimproveouroutwardappearancebecausethat’sreallyallwehave.Wegetourownself-imagefromthewayinwhichotherpeopleviewus." Americansnowhaveadifferentideaofhappinessthandidtheir18th-centurypredecessorssaysNancyPearceyauthorof"TotalTruth:LiberatingChristianityfromitsCulturalCaptivity". 47"WhentheFounderstalkedabout’thepursuitofhappiness’theywereusingthattermintheclassicaldefinitioninwhichitwasthoughttobetheresultofvirtue.Happinesswassomethingattainedlateinlifeifatallbecauseittakesanentirelifetimetodevelopvirtuouscharacter"Mrs.Pearceysays.TheFoundersbelieved"thatwemaynotbevirtuousbynaturebutbypracticevirtuecanbecome’secondnature’tous." Todayshesaysourdefinitionsofhappinessarebasedonproductscareerandbeinglikedbypeers.48"Asaresultthefocusofourlivestendstobeonacquiringtheseexternalthingsinsteadofonbecomingfullerwiserhumanbeings." Yettheshiftfromamorality-focusedsocietytoanappearance-focusedsocietyalreadywasunderwaywhenAmericawasfounded.ThomasJeffersonsaysMr.Elliswasinterestedinimprovinghimselfbybringingouthisinherentgoodness--anotionthatcameoutoftheEnlightenment. "It’sliketheArmy’ssaying’Beallthatyoucanbe’"saidMr.Ellis."Itpresumesthatthereisthisnaturalwellofgoodnessinsideyouthatjustneedstocomeoutandexpressitself." DespitetheunderlyingdifferencessaysMr.Ellistheendresultofself-improvementisultimatelythesame.49Americanslikeself-improvementwhetherphysicalorspiritualbecauseitmakesthemlookbetterintheeyesoftheirpeersorhistory. ThegoalfortheFounderswas"posterity’sjudgmentthathistorywillrememberyou"Mr.Ellissaysbutfortoday’scitizenthegoalismoreimmediaterecognitionbypeers. 50TheFoundersfocusedoncharacterandreputationhesaysbecausetheyknewthatiswhatwouldhaveaneffectinachievingpracticalrewards. "TakeFranklin:HeentersPhiladelphiaasakidand10yearslaterhe’stheleadingcitizen"Mr.Ellissays."Youdogoodinordertobetteryourselfandtheworldwillrecognizethatbetterselfandrewardit." 50TheFoundersfocusedoncharacterandreputationhesaysbecausetheyknewthatiswhatwouldhaveaneffectinachievingpracticalrewards.
Text2 WASHINGTOND.C.--ThethreatofballisticmissilesfromcountriessuchasIranandNorthKoreacouldmaterializewithlittlewarningaCongressionalpanelofdefenseexpertsreportedtoday.ThatconclusiondiffersfromearlierassessmentsbytheU.S.intelligencecommunityandtheClintonAdministrationwhichhaveconcludedthatanewthreattoU.S.territoryisatleastadecadeoff. Thepanel--calledtheCommissiontoAssessTheBallisticMissileThreattotheUnitedStates--wassetupbytheNationalDefenseAuthorizationActof1997andfirstmetinJanuary1998.Itsninepolicymakers;technologistsandseniormilitaryofficialshad"unprecedentedaccesstothemostsensitiveandhighlyclassifiedinformation"saidpanelchairpersonDonaldRumsfeldaformersecretaryofdefenseatapressconferencehere.Thepanelfoundthatliberalizedexportcontrolsincreasedinternationalexchangesofstudentsandscientificpersonnelandleaksofclassifiedinformationhaveresultedin"massivetechnologytransfer"bothfromdevelopednationstoroguenationsandbetweenthosecountriesthemselves.Moreoverpotentialaggressorscouldminimizethetechnicalchallengebysettlingformissileswithlimitedaccuracyorreliability. ThereportwarnsthatnationswithScudmissiletechnologysuchasIrancouldtestalong-rangemissilewithinabout5yearsfromdecidingtopursuesuchaprogram.NorthKoreaalsohasthetechnologyforproducingbiologicalweaponsthepanelnoted.TestflightsoftheirmissilesthatwouldbeabletoreachpartsofHawaiiandAlaskacouldtakeplacewithin6monthsofadecision.BecauseoftheUnitedNationsarmsinspectionshoweverIraqislaggingbehindandwouldtake10yearsfrominitiatinganefforttoposingamissilethreattotheUnitedStates. SpeakeroftheHouseNewtGingrichcalledthereport"themostimportantwarningaboutournationalsecuritysincetheendoftheColdWar"andurgedtheestablishmentofabipartisanbicameralcommitteetoworkwiththeAdministrationtodecide:futurepolicy.AWhiteHousespokespersonwasnoncommittalsayingthatthereport’srecommendationsonintelligenceanalysiswouldbetakenintoaccountbutthattheadministrationstoodbyitsMarchintelligenceassessment.ThatreportconcludedthatitisunlikelythatcountriesotherthanRussiaChinaorNorthKoreacoulddeployaballisticmissilecapableofreachinganypartoftheUnitedStatesbefore2010. Thewordclassifiedinthesecondparagraphmostprobablymeans
Text4 AreportconsistentlybroughtbackbyvisitorstotheUSishowfriendlycourteousandhelpfulmostAmericanswereto’them.TobefairthisobservationisalsofrequentlymadeofCanadaandCanadiansandshouldbestbeconsideredNorthAmerican.Thereareofcourseexceptions.Small-mindedofficialsrudewaitersandill-manneredtaxidriversarehardlyunknownintheUS.Yetitisanobservationmadesofrequentlythatitdeservescomment. Foralongperiodoftimeand{nmanypartsofthecountryatravelerwasawelcomebreakinanotherwisedullexistence.Dullnessandlonelinesswerecommonproblemsofthefamilieswhogenerallyliveddistantfromoneanother.Strangersandtravelerswerewelcomesourceofdiversionandbroughtnewsoftheoutsideworld. Theharshrealitiesofthefrontieralsoshapedthistraditionofhospitality.Someonetravelingaloneifhungryinjuredorilloftenhadnowheretoturnexcepttothenearestcabinorsettlement..Itwasnotamatterofchoiceforthetravelerormerelyacharitableimpulseonthepartofthesettlers.Itreflectedtheharshnessofdailylifeifyoudidn’ttakeinthestrangerandtakecareofhimtherewasnooneelsewhowould.Andsomedayrememberyoumightbeinthesamesituation. Todaytherearemanycharitableorganizationswhichspecializeinhelpingthewearytraveler.YettheoldtraditionofhospitalitytostrangersisstillverystrongintheUSespeciallyinthesmallercitiesandtownsawayfromthebusytouristtrails."IwasjusttravelingthroughgottalkingwiththisAmericanandprettysoonheinvitedmehomefordinner--amazing."SuchobservationsreportedbyvisitorstotheUSarenotuncommonbutarenotalwaysunderstoodproperly.ThecasualfriendlinessofmanyAmericansshouldbeinterpretedneitherassuperficialnorasartificialbutastheresultofahistoricallydevelopedculturaltradition. AsistrueofanydevelopedsocietyinAmericaacomplexsetofculturalsignalsassumptionsandconventionsunderliesallsocialinterrelationships.Andofcoursespeakingalanguagedoesnotnecessarilymeanthatsomeoneunderstandssocialandculturalpatterns.Visitorswhofailto"translate"culturalmeaningsproperlyoftendrawwrongconclusions.Forexamplewhen.anAmericanusestheword"friend"theculturalimplicationsofthewordmaybequitedifferentfromthoseithasinthevisitorslanguageandculture.Ittakesmorethanabriefencounteronabustodistinguishbetweencourteousconventionandindividualinterest.YetbeingfriendlyisavirtuethatmanyAmericansvaluehighlyandexpectfrombothneighborsandstrangers. Intheeyesofvisitorsfromtheoutsideworld
Agaragethesedaysisahighlyprizedassetlikelytoaddasmuchas10%～15%tothevalueofahouseespeciallyifit’sinacrowdedsuburbwherestreetparkingisdifficult. Itis1oneofthemostexpensiveadditionsyoucanmake.Abrickdouble2withaninternalfloor3of350squarefeetmightcostf8-9000thoughyoucould4thatbybetweenaquarterandahalf5youuseddirectlabourorbuiltityourself.Forthesame6you7have2extrabedroomsand.abathroom.8theprewardayswhensuburbangardenswere9thanahandkerchiefthegaragewas10asthe"motorhouse".Itusuallystoodatthe11ofthegardenasfarawayfromthe12aspossible.Nowadaysandnotjustfor13ofspacewe14thegaragetobe15tothehouseorsometimeseveninside16Normallyit17tobebig18fortwocarsparkedsideby19thoughsomebuildersstillcheatandprovideanose-to-tailunitwhichsavesonspacebutisanuisanceto20 18
Theweddingtraditionof"somethingoldsomethingnewsomethingborrowedsomethingblue"hasbeenaroundforhundredsofyears.Manybrideshavebeenaskedontheirrespectiveweddingdaysiftheyhavegatheredsomethingoldnewborrowedandbluetocarrywiththemastheywalkdowntheaisle.Thetraditionofcarryingorwearingoneofeachitemissaidtobringluckandfortunetothenewlymarriedcouple.HaveyoueverstoppedtothinkwhatthesayingreallymeansWhatisitsoriginandwhatdoeseachitemrepresent TheoriginalsayingdatesbacktotheVictoriatimesandstates"Somethingoldsomethingnewsomethingborrowedsomethingblueandasilversixpenceinyourshoe." 41Somethingold Abridemaywearorcarrysomethingoldtorepresenthercontinuedtiestoherfamilyandheroldlife. 42Somethingnew Something"new"isusuallytheeasiestcategorytofill. 43Somethingborrowed Theborroweditemshouldbesomethingborrowedfromafriendthatishappilymarried. 44Somethingblue Wearingsomethingbluedatesbacktobiblicaltimes. 45Silversixpence Placingasilversixpenceinthebride’sleftshoeissaidtobeasymbolofwealth.Thisnotonlyreferstofinancialwealthbutalsoawealthofhappinessandjoythroughouthermarriedlife. Somebridesaren’thoundbytraditionbutstillmaychoosetocarryoutthecustomatsomeoneelse’srequest.Iftheydon’twanttocarrynumerousitemstheymaysimplycarrytwohandkerchiefsinasmallbeadedbag.Theymaychoosetobuyanewwhitehandkerchiefandborrowablueonefromafamilymember.Thatwouldprovidethemwithsomethingnewthewhitehandkerchiefaswellassomethingthatisoldborrowedandblue.Thehandkerchiefjustmaycomeinhandyduringtheweddingfordryingtheirjoyfultears. [A]Wearingsomethingnewissupposedtorepresentsuccessandhopeinthebride’snewlifeandinhermarriage.Ifthebridepurchasedherweddingdressnewitmayrepresenthernewitembutanyitemthatisnewmaybeused. [B]Atthattimeablueweddingdresswasworntorepresentpurityfidelityandlove.Overtimethishaschangedfromwearingabluedresstowearingjustabluebandaroundthebottomofthebride’sweddingdresstomoderntimeswhereitiscommonplaceforthebridetowearabluegarter. [C]Manybrideswearapieceoffamilyjewelryastheirolditem.Somebridesweartheweddingdresswornbytheirmotherorgrandmother.Inmanycasessomethingoldmayalsobesomethingborrowed. [D]Somebridesaremoretraditionalthanotherandmaytakeagreatdealofcareinselectingoneitemforeachcategory.Itmaybetraditionalforthewomenintheirfamiliestowearthesamepieceofjewelry. [E]Itissuggestedthattheirhappinesswillruboffonyouandbringlastinghappinesstoyourmarriage.Somebridesborrowanitemofclothingapieceofjewelryahandkerchieforperhapsabeadedpurse. [F]Sincemostbridesprobablydon’tevenknowwhatasixpenceisthispartofthetraditionisnotusedveryofteninmoderntimes.Howeverifabridewouldliketoincludeitinherweddingshecanpurchaseasilversixpencefrommanycompaniesthatsellbridalsuppliessuchasgartersandinvitations. 44
Text2 WASHINGTOND.C.--ThethreatofballisticmissilesfromcountriessuchasIranandNorthKoreacouldmaterializewithlittlewarningaCongressionalpanelofdefenseexpertsreportedtoday.ThatconclusiondiffersfromearlierassessmentsbytheU.S.intelligencecommunityandtheClintonAdministrationwhichhaveconcludedthatanewthreattoU.S.territoryisatleastadecadeoff. Thepanel--calledtheCommissiontoAssessTheBallisticMissileThreattotheUnitedStates--wassetupbytheNationalDefenseAuthorizationActof1997andfirstmetinJanuary1998.Itsninepolicymakers;technologistsandseniormilitaryofficialshad"unprecedentedaccesstothemostsensitiveandhighlyclassifiedinformation"saidpanelchairpersonDonaldRumsfeldaformersecretaryofdefenseatapressconferencehere.Thepanelfoundthatliberalizedexportcontrolsincreasedinternationalexchangesofstudentsandscientificpersonnelandleaksofclassifiedinformationhaveresultedin"massivetechnologytransfer"bothfromdevelopednationstoroguenationsandbetweenthosecountriesthemselves.Moreoverpotentialaggressorscouldminimizethetechnicalchallengebysettlingformissileswithlimitedaccuracyorreliability. ThereportwarnsthatnationswithScudmissiletechnologysuchasIrancouldtestalong-rangemissilewithinabout5yearsfromdecidingtopursuesuchaprogram.NorthKoreaalsohasthetechnologyforproducingbiologicalweaponsthepanelnoted.TestflightsoftheirmissilesthatwouldbeabletoreachpartsofHawaiiandAlaskacouldtakeplacewithin6monthsofadecision.BecauseoftheUnitedNationsarmsinspectionshoweverIraqislaggingbehindandwouldtake10yearsfrominitiatinganefforttoposingamissilethreattotheUnitedStates. SpeakeroftheHouseNewtGingrichcalledthereport"themostimportantwarningaboutournationalsecuritysincetheendoftheColdWar"andurgedtheestablishmentofabipartisanbicameralcommitteetoworkwiththeAdministrationtodecide:futurepolicy.AWhiteHousespokespersonwasnoncommittalsayingthatthereport’srecommendationsonintelligenceanalysiswouldbetakenintoaccountbutthattheadministrationstoodbyitsMarchintelligenceassessment.ThatreportconcludedthatitisunlikelythatcountriesotherthanRussiaChinaorNorthKoreacoulddeployaballisticmissilecapableofreachinganypartoftheUnitedStatesbefore2010. WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrueabouttheCommissiontoAssessTheBallisticMissileThreattotheUnitedStates
Agaragethesedaysisahighlyprizedassetlikelytoaddasmuchas10%～15%tothevalueofahouseespeciallyifit’sinacrowdedsuburbwherestreetparkingisdifficult. Itis1oneofthemostexpensiveadditionsyoucanmake.Abrickdouble2withaninternalfloor3of350squarefeetmightcostf8-9000thoughyoucould4thatbybetweenaquarterandahalf5youuseddirectlabourorbuiltityourself.Forthesame6you7have2extrabedroomsand.abathroom.8theprewardayswhensuburbangardenswere9thanahandkerchiefthegaragewas10asthe"motorhouse".Itusuallystoodatthe11ofthegardenasfarawayfromthe12aspossible.Nowadaysandnotjustfor13ofspacewe14thegaragetobe15tothehouseorsometimeseveninside16Normallyit17tobebig18fortwocarsparkedsideby19thoughsomebuildersstillcheatandprovideanose-to-tailunitwhichsavesonspacebutisanuisanceto20 16
Agaragethesedaysisahighlyprizedassetlikelytoaddasmuchas10%～15%tothevalueofahouseespeciallyifit’sinacrowdedsuburbwherestreetparkingisdifficult. Itis1oneofthemostexpensiveadditionsyoucanmake.Abrickdouble2withaninternalfloor3of350squarefeetmightcostf8-9000thoughyoucould4thatbybetweenaquarterandahalf5youuseddirectlabourorbuiltityourself.Forthesame6you7have2extrabedroomsand.abathroom.8theprewardayswhensuburbangardenswere9thanahandkerchiefthegaragewas10asthe"motorhouse".Itusuallystoodatthe11ofthegardenasfarawayfromthe12aspossible.Nowadaysandnotjustfor13ofspacewe14thegaragetobe15tothehouseorsometimeseveninside16Normallyit17tobebig18fortwocarsparkedsideby19thoughsomebuildersstillcheatandprovideanose-to-tailunitwhichsavesonspacebutisanuisanceto20 6
Text1 Whethertheeyesare"thewindowofthesoul"isdebatable;thattheyareintenselyimportantininterpersonalcommunicationisafactduringthefirsttwomonthsofababy’slifethestimulusthatproducesasmileisapairofeyes.Theeyesneednotbereal:amaskwithtwodotswillproduceasmilesignificantlyarealhumanfacewitheyescoveredwillnotmotivateasmilenorwillthesightofonlyoneeyewhenthefaceispresentedinprofile.Thisattractiontoeyesasopposedtothenoseormouthcontinuesasthebabymatures.InonestudywhenAmericanfour-year-oldswereaskedtodrawpeople75percentofthemdrewpeoplewithmouthsbut99percentofthemdrewpeoplewitheyes.InJapanhoweverwherebabiesarecarriedontheirmother’sbackinfantsdonotacquireasmuchattachmenttoeyesastheydoinothercultures.AsaresultJapaneseadults’makelittleuseofthefaceeithertoencodeordecodemeaning..InfactArgylerevealsthatthe"properplacetofocusone’sgazeduringaconversationinJapanisontheneckofone’sconversationpartner." TheroleofeyecontactinaconversationalexchangebetweentwoAmericansiswelldefined:speakersmakecontactwiththeeyesoftheirlistenerforaboutonesecondthenglanceawayastheytalk;inafewmomentstheyreestablisheyecontactwiththelistenerorreassurethemselvesthattheiraudienceisstillattentivethenshifttheirgazeawayoncemore.Listenersmeanwhilekeeptheireyesonthefaceofthespeakerallowingthemselvestoglanceawayonlybriefly.Itisimportantthattheybelookingatthespeakerattheprecisemomentwhenthespeakerreestablisheseyecontact:iftheyarenotlookingthespeakerassumesthattheyaredisinterestedandeitherwillpauseuntileyecontactisresumedorwillterminatetheconversation.Justhowcriticalthiseyemaneuveringistothemaintenanceofconversationalflowbecomesevidentwhentwospeakersarewearingdarkglasses;theremaybeasortoftrafficjamofwordscausedbyinterruptionfalsestartsandunpredictablepauses. Tokeepaconversationflowingsmoothlyitisbetterfortheparticipants
Text3 WhoknowsbetterthanyourcustomerswhereyouroperationscanbeimprovedTodayprogressivefirmsincreasinglyrelyonadvisorycouncilstosuggestimprovementsrecommendactionandofferfeedbackonprogramsandpolicies.Infactmanycompaniesfeelthatthisformofcommunicationisvitaltothecontinuousimprovementoftheirbusinessoperations. Acouncilamongotherthingsimprovescommunicationandspursimprovementofoperations.Rememberthatthesecrettosuccessisdialogue--the.exchangeofideasandopinions.Focusonproblemsyourcustomershave.Spelloutyourgoalsandobjectives. Eachmeetingshouldhaveaspecificobjectivetoaccomplish.Determinethemeeting’sfrequency.Ifyouwanttoimplementastrategicplananannualmeetingmaybeenough.Ifyouwanttofocusonoperationalissuesmoremeetingsmaybeneeded. Agoodcouncilwillhavenomorethan12peoplewithhalfofthemembersfromyourcompanyandhalfyourcustomers.Itshouldalsohavediversityinitsmembership.Membersshouldservefromonetothreeyears-rotationofmembershipwillensurethecouncildoesn’tbecomestale. Findanapproximatemeetingsitewhetherit’sin-houseoroffsitewheretherewillbenointerruptions.Youshouldpayforalltheexpensesrelatedtothemeeting--rememberthecouncilmembersareprovidingyourcompanywithaservice.Treatthemasyourguestsandyourexperts. Ifyouhaveafixedbeginningandendingtimetoyourmeetingsticktoit..Whenstructuringthemeetingrememberthe80720problem-solvingrule.Structurethemeetingsothat20percentofthetimeisspentidentifyingordiscussingaproblemand80percentofthetimeisspentdesigningasolution. Oftenitishelpfultohaveapersonactastimekeeperandannouncewhentheagendatimeforaparticularitemhasexpired.Howeverduringthemeetingbeflexible.Thefacilitatorcanallow.thegrouptodecidewhethertomoveontothenextitemorextendthediscussion.Asyougoalonglooktonarrowthedifferencesamongmembersandformaconsensus. Asthemeetingclosessummarizewhatwasaccomplishedcheckingforagreementandcommitmentamongthemembers.Makeadetailedlistofthefollow-upitemswhohasresponsibilityforeachitemandatimelineforcompletion. Theresultsfromreallylisteningtoandlearningfromyourcustomersinawell-runadvisorycouncilcanpayhugedividends. Whoshouldpayfortheexpensesofthemeetingsandwhy
TodaytherearetwoapproachestohowAmericansperceivethemselves. 46"Youcanconsideryourselfvaluablenomatterwhatpeoplethinkofyoubutthat’sverydifficultbecausewearesocialcreaturesandCarewhatothersthinkofus--soweimproveouroutwardappearancebecausethat’sreallyallwehave.Wegetourownself-imagefromthewayinwhichotherpeopleviewus." Americansnowhaveadifferentideaofhappinessthandidtheir18th-centurypredecessorssaysNancyPearceyauthorof"TotalTruth:LiberatingChristianityfromitsCulturalCaptivity". 47"WhentheFounderstalkedabout’thepursuitofhappiness’theywereusingthattermintheclassicaldefinitioninwhichitwasthoughttobetheresultofvirtue.Happinesswassomethingattainedlateinlifeifatallbecauseittakesanentirelifetimetodevelopvirtuouscharacter"Mrs.Pearceysays.TheFoundersbelieved"thatwemaynotbevirtuousbynaturebutbypracticevirtuecanbecome’secondnature’tous." Todayshesaysourdefinitionsofhappinessarebasedonproductscareerandbeinglikedbypeers.48"Asaresultthefocusofourlivestendstobeonacquiringtheseexternalthingsinsteadofonbecomingfullerwiserhumanbeings." Yettheshiftfromamorality-focusedsocietytoanappearance-focusedsocietyalreadywasunderwaywhenAmericawasfounded.ThomasJeffersonsaysMr.Elliswasinterestedinimprovinghimselfbybringingouthisinherentgoodness--anotionthatcameoutoftheEnlightenment. "It’sliketheArmy’ssaying’Beallthatyoucanbe’"saidMr.Ellis."Itpresumesthatthereisthisnaturalwellofgoodnessinsideyouthatjustneedstocomeoutandexpressitself." DespitetheunderlyingdifferencessaysMr.Ellistheendresultofself-improvementisultimatelythesame.49Americanslikeself-improvementwhetherphysicalorspiritualbecauseitmakesthemlookbetterintheeyesoftheirpeersorhistory. ThegoalfortheFounderswas"posterity’sjudgmentthathistorywillrememberyou"Mr.Ellissaysbutfortoday’scitizenthegoalismoreimmediaterecognitionbypeers. 50TheFoundersfocusedoncharacterandreputationhesaysbecausetheyknewthatiswhatwouldhaveaneffectinachievingpracticalrewards. "TakeFranklin:HeentersPhiladelphiaasakidand10yearslaterhe’stheleadingcitizen"Mr.Ellissays."Youdogoodinordertobetteryourselfandtheworldwillrecognizethatbetterselfandrewardit." 48Asaresultthefocusofourlivestendstobeonacquiringtheseexternalthingsinsteadofonbecomingfullerwiserhumanbeings.
TodaytherearetwoapproachestohowAmericansperceivethemselves. 46"Youcanconsideryourselfvaluablenomatterwhatpeoplethinkofyoubutthat’sverydifficultbecausewearesocialcreaturesandCarewhatothersthinkofus--soweimproveouroutwardappearancebecausethat’sreallyallwehave.Wegetourownself-imagefromthewayinwhichotherpeopleviewus." Americansnowhaveadifferentideaofhappinessthandidtheir18th-centurypredecessorssaysNancyPearceyauthorof"TotalTruth:LiberatingChristianityfromitsCulturalCaptivity". 47"WhentheFounderstalkedabout’thepursuitofhappiness’theywereusingthattermintheclassicaldefinitioninwhichitwasthoughttobetheresultofvirtue.Happinesswassomethingattainedlateinlifeifatallbecauseittakesanentirelifetimetodevelopvirtuouscharacter"Mrs.Pearceysays.TheFoundersbelieved"thatwemaynotbevirtuousbynaturebutbypracticevirtuecanbecome’secondnature’tous." Todayshesaysourdefinitionsofhappinessarebasedonproductscareerandbeinglikedbypeers.48"Asaresultthefocusofourlivestendstobeonacquiringtheseexternalthingsinsteadofonbecomingfullerwiserhumanbeings." Yettheshiftfromamorality-focusedsocietytoanappearance-focusedsocietyalreadywasunderwaywhenAmericawasfounded.ThomasJeffersonsaysMr.Elliswasinterestedinimprovinghimselfbybringingouthisinherentgoodness--anotionthatcameoutoftheEnlightenment. "It’sliketheArmy’ssaying’Beallthatyoucanbe’"saidMr.Ellis."Itpresumesthatthereisthisnaturalwellofgoodnessinsideyouthatjustneedstocomeoutandexpressitself." DespitetheunderlyingdifferencessaysMr.Ellistheendresultofself-improvementisultimatelythesame.49Americanslikeself-improvementwhetherphysicalorspiritualbecauseitmakesthemlookbetterintheeyesoftheirpeersorhistory. ThegoalfortheFounderswas"posterity’sjudgmentthathistorywillrememberyou"Mr.Ellissaysbutfortoday’scitizenthegoalismoreimmediaterecognitionbypeers. 50TheFoundersfocusedoncharacterandreputationhesaysbecausetheyknewthatiswhatwouldhaveaneffectinachievingpracticalrewards. "TakeFranklin:HeentersPhiladelphiaasakidand10yearslaterhe’stheleadingcitizen"Mr.Ellissays."Youdogoodinordertobetteryourselfandtheworldwillrecognizethatbetterselfandrewardit." 46Youcanconsideryourselfvaluablenomatterwhatpeoplethinkofyoubutthat’sverydifficultbecausewearesocialcreaturesandCarewhatothersthinkofus--soweimproveouroutwardappearancebecausethat’sreallyallwehave.
Text3 LastweekUtahfederalJudgePaulG.Cassellhandeda22-yearsentencetoamanwhobeatanelderlywomantodeathwithalog.AfewhourslaterJudgeCassellsentenceda25-year-oldfirst-timedrugoffenderto55years. IfyouthinkJudgeCasselllikedsentencingasmall-changedrugdealertomoretimethanaviolentkillerguessagain.Thejudgehadnochoice.FederallawdemandedthesentencedespiteJudgeCassell’spointedquestioningiftherewasa"rationalbasis"forsentencingWeldonH.Angelosthefatheroftwoyoungchildrentomoretimethanhecouldsentenceahijackermurderorrapist. Blamefederalmandatoryminimumsentencingrules.AjuryfoundAngelosguiltyonthreeseparatechargesofpossessingafirearmwhilehesoldahalf-poundofmarijuanafor＄350.Thefirstchargeofpossessingagunduringadrugtransactionbroughtafive-yearsentence--thesecondtwochargesbrought25yearseach.Thataddsupto55yearssoevenifAngeloswerefoundguiltyofselling＄1050ofdrugsJudgeCassellhadtofollowtherulesandsentencehimto55yearsontheguncharges.Thejudgedidusearecentfederalrulinginreducingthesentenceforthedrug-sellingcrimestooneday. JudgeCassellwasrighttoimposethedraconiansentence.Ifheignoredfederallawhewouldplacehimselfaboveit. InsteadJudgeCassellsentencedAngelusasthelawdirectedevenasherighteouslyhectoredCongresstorewritefederaldruglawssofirst-timeoffendersdon’tservemoretimethandangerouscareercriminals.ThejudgealsourgedAngelus’attorneyJeromeH.Mooneytoappealthesentenceandifappealsfailseekapresidentialcommutation. Whilecivil-rightsadvocatesacrossAmericaprotestedthesentencetheUtahUSAttorney’sofficedefendedthesystem.ToprosecutorsAngelusisnoBuyScout.Officialsfoundsome26emptyduffelhagswithmarijuanaresidue.LocalfedsbelievedAngeluswasabigdrugdealerAssistantUSAttorneyRobertLundtoldmeandassociatedwithaviolentstreetgang. Letmesaythis:Angelusneverwasagoodposterboyforthemovementtohumanizedraconianfederaldruglaws.Angelusturneddownaplea-bargainsentenceof16years.Heisconsideredafirst-timeoffenderonlybecauseajuvenilegunconvictionwasexpungedfromhisrecord.AndevenifAngelosdidn’twavehisguninpeople’sfaceshenonethelessbroughtagunwithhimduringthetransactions. ButAngeloshasbecomeanationalcausecelebrebecauseofJudgeCassell.Therearemoreegregiousexamplesoffirst-timeoffenderssentencedtodecadesforpettydealingbuttheydidn’tcomebeforeajudgevocallyopposedtotheheavyhandednatureoffederaldrugsentencing. Thatsaiditsimplydoesn’tmakesensethatfederalsentencesoftenaretougheronsmall-timedrugoffendersthanonviolentcriminals.Butithappensallthetime. WecanlearnfromthetextthatJudgeCassell
Text4 ThecityofVenicemaynotbetheobviousplaceforacallforthemoralrevivalofEurope.ThisiswhereLordByronusedtoswimnakeddowntheGrandCanalbetweenpinkpalacesandswayinggondolasintheearlymorninghoursafternightsofcarousing.ThisiswhereThomasMannacenturylatercelebratedthebeautyofdeclinein"DeathinVenice". ForthepastfouryearshoweverVenicehasalsobeenhometothe"VeniceColloquium"sponsoredbytheFondazioneLiberalanItalianfree-marketgroupheadedbymemberofparliamentFerdinandoAdornato.ThepurposeoftheeventistobringlikemindedEuropeansandAmericanstogetherinanefforttobridgethetransatlanticdivide.ItisacalltocommonvaluesmostlyperhapsdirectedatEuropeansforwhomvaluesthesedaysseemlikearchaicencumbrances. AmericansarethereforeagreatpuzzletomanyEuropeans.SoarePresidentBushandhisnewlynominatedsecretaryofstateCondoleezzaRice.ManyEuropeanscannotgetoverthefactthat22percentofAmericanvotersinthepresidentialelectionstatedthattheyconsidered"moralvalues"theirmostimportantissueandthereactionherehasgreatlyresembledthehystericalhyperventilatingoftheHollywood-NewYorkeliteaftertheUSelection. "InEuropepeopleareembarrassedtotalkaboutmoralvalues"saysTessaKeswickoftheCenterforPolicyStudiesinLondon.Oriftheydoitisanewkindofmoralvaluecloselyidentifiedwithpoliticalcorrectnesswhichcanbe"frighteninglyintolerant".TheneedforEuropetore-establishitsmoralidentityisbecomingevidenttopeoplehereevenifthisisstillaminorityview.While40percentofAmericansattendchurchatleastonceaweekonaverage4percentofEuropeansdo.Outbreaksofanti-SemitismandxenophobiakeepcroppingupinlargepartbecauseofgrowingMuslimimmigrantpopulationsthathavenotbeensociallyintegrated. Andthereisanoverallreluctancetoaccepttheglobalwaronterrorasanactualwar.Europe’sresidenttroublemakerFrenchPresidentJacquesChiracspeaksoftheEuropeanUnionasamultilateralmodelfortheworldyetthismodelisincapableofdefeatingterrorism.ThereforepoliticiansherewiththeexceptionofBritain’sTonyBlairliketopretendthatpoliceactionisallweneedtotakecareofalQaeda. ButnotallEuropeansareresignedtothedeclineinvaluesandvigorthattheyseearoundthem.If70percentofFrenchmenforinstancewouldhavepreferredSen.JohnKerrytowinthe2004electionthen30percentsupportedGeorgeBush. WhatkindofvaluesarewetalkingaboutMorethanfamilyvaluespersemanyareworriedaboutthefundamentalvaluesoftheWesternJudeo-Christiantraditionfromwhichspringourconceptsofhumanpoliticalandreligiousrights. ThefactisthatEuropeneedstheUnitedStatesmorethantheotherwayaroundtoexertglobalinfluence.AndwhiletheFrenchlovetotalkaboutcounterbalancingtheUnitedStatesontheworldstagetheItaliangovernmenthasnosuchdesire. Thepurposeoftheauthorinwritingthetextisto
Text4 ThecityofVenicemaynotbetheobviousplaceforacallforthemoralrevivalofEurope.ThisiswhereLordByronusedtoswimnakeddowntheGrandCanalbetweenpinkpalacesandswayinggondolasintheearlymorninghoursafternightsofcarousing.ThisiswhereThomasMannacenturylatercelebratedthebeautyofdeclinein"DeathinVenice". ForthepastfouryearshoweverVenicehasalsobeenhometothe"VeniceColloquium"sponsoredbytheFondazioneLiberalanItalianfree-marketgroupheadedbymemberofparliamentFerdinandoAdornato.ThepurposeoftheeventistobringlikemindedEuropeansandAmericanstogetherinanefforttobridgethetransatlanticdivide.ItisacalltocommonvaluesmostlyperhapsdirectedatEuropeansforwhomvaluesthesedaysseemlikearchaicencumbrances. AmericansarethereforeagreatpuzzletomanyEuropeans.SoarePresidentBushandhisnewlynominatedsecretaryofstateCondoleezzaRice.ManyEuropeanscannotgetoverthefactthat22percentofAmericanvotersinthepresidentialelectionstatedthattheyconsidered"moralvalues"theirmostimportantissueandthereactionherehasgreatlyresembledthehystericalhyperventilatingoftheHollywood-NewYorkeliteaftertheUSelection. "InEuropepeopleareembarrassedtotalkaboutmoralvalues"saysTessaKeswickoftheCenterforPolicyStudiesinLondon.Oriftheydoitisanewkindofmoralvaluecloselyidentifiedwithpoliticalcorrectnesswhichcanbe"frighteninglyintolerant".TheneedforEuropetore-establishitsmoralidentityisbecomingevidenttopeoplehereevenifthisisstillaminorityview.While40percentofAmericansattendchurchatleastonceaweekonaverage4percentofEuropeansdo.Outbreaksofanti-SemitismandxenophobiakeepcroppingupinlargepartbecauseofgrowingMuslimimmigrantpopulationsthathavenotbeensociallyintegrated. Andthereisanoverallreluctancetoaccepttheglobalwaronterrorasanactualwar.Europe’sresidenttroublemakerFrenchPresidentJacquesChiracspeaksoftheEuropeanUnionasamultilateralmodelfortheworldyetthismodelisincapableofdefeatingterrorism.ThereforepoliticiansherewiththeexceptionofBritain’sTonyBlairliketopretendthatpoliceactionisallweneedtotakecareofalQaeda. ButnotallEuropeansareresignedtothedeclineinvaluesandvigorthattheyseearoundthem.If70percentofFrenchmenforinstancewouldhavepreferredSen.JohnKerrytowinthe2004electionthen30percentsupportedGeorgeBush. WhatkindofvaluesarewetalkingaboutMorethanfamilyvaluespersemanyareworriedaboutthefundamentalvaluesoftheWesternJudeo-Christiantraditionfromwhichspringourconceptsofhumanpoliticalandreligiousrights. ThefactisthatEuropeneedstheUnitedStatesmorethantheotherwayaroundtoexertglobalinfluence.AndwhiletheFrenchlovetotalkaboutcounterbalancingtheUnitedStatesontheworldstagetheItaliangovernmenthasnosuchdesire. ThereluctanceofFrancetoaccepttheglobalwarisduetothefactthat
Text4 AreportconsistentlybroughtbackbyvisitorstotheUSishowfriendlycourteousandhelpfulmostAmericanswereto’them.TobefairthisobservationisalsofrequentlymadeofCanadaandCanadiansandshouldbestbeconsideredNorthAmerican.Thereareofcourseexceptions.Small-mindedofficialsrudewaitersandill-manneredtaxidriversarehardlyunknownintheUS.Yetitisanobservationmadesofrequentlythatitdeservescomment. Foralongperiodoftimeand{nmanypartsofthecountryatravelerwasawelcomebreakinanotherwisedullexistence.Dullnessandlonelinesswerecommonproblemsofthefamilieswhogenerallyliveddistantfromoneanother.Strangersandtravelerswerewelcomesourceofdiversionandbroughtnewsoftheoutsideworld. Theharshrealitiesofthefrontieralsoshapedthistraditionofhospitality.Someonetravelingaloneifhungryinjuredorilloftenhadnowheretoturnexcepttothenearestcabinorsettlement..Itwasnotamatterofchoiceforthetravelerormerelyacharitableimpulseonthepartofthesettlers.Itreflectedtheharshnessofdailylifeifyoudidn’ttakeinthestrangerandtakecareofhimtherewasnooneelsewhowould.Andsomedayrememberyoumightbeinthesamesituation. Todaytherearemanycharitableorganizationswhichspecializeinhelpingthewearytraveler.YettheoldtraditionofhospitalitytostrangersisstillverystrongintheUSespeciallyinthesmallercitiesandtownsawayfromthebusytouristtrails."IwasjusttravelingthroughgottalkingwiththisAmericanandprettysoonheinvitedmehomefordinner--amazing."SuchobservationsreportedbyvisitorstotheUSarenotuncommonbutarenotalwaysunderstoodproperly.ThecasualfriendlinessofmanyAmericansshouldbeinterpretedneitherassuperficialnorasartificialbutastheresultofahistoricallydevelopedculturaltradition. AsistrueofanydevelopedsocietyinAmericaacomplexsetofculturalsignalsassumptionsandconventionsunderliesallsocialinterrelationships.Andofcoursespeakingalanguagedoesnotnecessarilymeanthatsomeoneunderstandssocialandculturalpatterns.Visitorswhofailto"translate"culturalmeaningsproperlyoftendrawwrongconclusions.Forexamplewhen.anAmericanusestheword"friend"theculturalimplicationsofthewordmaybequitedifferentfromthoseithasinthevisitorslanguageandculture.Ittakesmorethanabriefencounteronabustodistinguishbetweencourteousconventionandindividualinterest.YetbeingfriendlyisavirtuethatmanyAmericansvaluehighlyandexpectfrombothneighborsandstrangers. ThewordsuperficialPara．4Line6mightmean
Text4 ThecityofVenicemaynotbetheobviousplaceforacallforthemoralrevivalofEurope.ThisiswhereLordByronusedtoswimnakeddowntheGrandCanalbetweenpinkpalacesandswayinggondolasintheearlymorninghoursafternightsofcarousing.ThisiswhereThomasMannacenturylatercelebratedthebeautyofdeclinein"DeathinVenice". ForthepastfouryearshoweverVenicehasalsobeenhometothe"VeniceColloquium"sponsoredbytheFondazioneLiberalanItalianfree-marketgroupheadedbymemberofparliamentFerdinandoAdornato.ThepurposeoftheeventistobringlikemindedEuropeansandAmericanstogetherinanefforttobridgethetransatlanticdivide.ItisacalltocommonvaluesmostlyperhapsdirectedatEuropeansforwhomvaluesthesedaysseemlikearchaicencumbrances. AmericansarethereforeagreatpuzzletomanyEuropeans.SoarePresidentBushandhisnewlynominatedsecretaryofstateCondoleezzaRice.ManyEuropeanscannotgetoverthefactthat22percentofAmericanvotersinthepresidentialelectionstatedthattheyconsidered"moralvalues"theirmostimportantissueandthereactionherehasgreatlyresembledthehystericalhyperventilatingoftheHollywood-NewYorkeliteaftertheUSelection. "InEuropepeopleareembarrassedtotalkaboutmoralvalues"saysTessaKeswickoftheCenterforPolicyStudiesinLondon.Oriftheydoitisanewkindofmoralvaluecloselyidentifiedwithpoliticalcorrectnesswhichcanbe"frighteninglyintolerant".TheneedforEuropetore-establishitsmoralidentityisbecomingevidenttopeoplehereevenifthisisstillaminorityview.While40percentofAmericansattendchurchatleastonceaweekonaverage4percentofEuropeansdo.Outbreaksofanti-SemitismandxenophobiakeepcroppingupinlargepartbecauseofgrowingMuslimimmigrantpopulationsthathavenotbeensociallyintegrated. Andthereisanoverallreluctancetoaccepttheglobalwaronterrorasanactualwar.Europe’sresidenttroublemakerFrenchPresidentJacquesChiracspeaksoftheEuropeanUnionasamultilateralmodelfortheworldyetthismodelisincapableofdefeatingterrorism.ThereforepoliticiansherewiththeexceptionofBritain’sTonyBlairliketopretendthatpoliceactionisallweneedtotakecareofalQaeda. ButnotallEuropeansareresignedtothedeclineinvaluesandvigorthattheyseearoundthem.If70percentofFrenchmenforinstancewouldhavepreferredSen.JohnKerrytowinthe2004electionthen30percentsupportedGeorgeBush. WhatkindofvaluesarewetalkingaboutMorethanfamilyvaluespersemanyareworriedaboutthefundamentalvaluesoftheWesternJudeo-Christiantraditionfromwhichspringourconceptsofhumanpoliticalandreligiousrights. ThefactisthatEuropeneedstheUnitedStatesmorethantheotherwayaroundtoexertglobalinfluence.AndwhiletheFrenchlovetotalkaboutcounterbalancingtheUnitedStatesontheworldstagetheItaliangovernmenthasnosuchdesire. ManyEuropeanshaveagreatpuzzleinmanythingsEXCEPT
Text2 WASHINGTOND.C.--ThethreatofballisticmissilesfromcountriessuchasIranandNorthKoreacouldmaterializewithlittlewarningaCongressionalpanelofdefenseexpertsreportedtoday.ThatconclusiondiffersfromearlierassessmentsbytheU.S.intelligencecommunityandtheClintonAdministrationwhichhaveconcludedthatanewthreattoU.S.territoryisatleastadecadeoff. Thepanel--calledtheCommissiontoAssessTheBallisticMissileThreattotheUnitedStates--wassetupbytheNationalDefenseAuthorizationActof1997andfirstmetinJanuary1998.Itsninepolicymakers;technologistsandseniormilitaryofficialshad"unprecedentedaccesstothemostsensitiveandhighlyclassifiedinformation"saidpanelchairpersonDonaldRumsfeldaformersecretaryofdefenseatapressconferencehere.Thepanelfoundthatliberalizedexportcontrolsincreasedinternationalexchangesofstudentsandscientificpersonnelandleaksofclassifiedinformationhaveresultedin"massivetechnologytransfer"bothfromdevelopednationstoroguenationsandbetweenthosecountriesthemselves.Moreoverpotentialaggressorscouldminimizethetechnicalchallengebysettlingformissileswithlimitedaccuracyorreliability. ThereportwarnsthatnationswithScudmissiletechnologysuchasIrancouldtestalong-rangemissilewithinabout5yearsfromdecidingtopursuesuchaprogram.NorthKoreaalsohasthetechnologyforproducingbiologicalweaponsthepanelnoted.TestflightsoftheirmissilesthatwouldbeabletoreachpartsofHawaiiandAlaskacouldtakeplacewithin6monthsofadecision.BecauseoftheUnitedNationsarmsinspectionshoweverIraqislaggingbehindandwouldtake10yearsfrominitiatinganefforttoposingamissilethreattotheUnitedStates. SpeakeroftheHouseNewtGingrichcalledthereport"themostimportantwarningaboutournationalsecuritysincetheendoftheColdWar"andurgedtheestablishmentofabipartisanbicameralcommitteetoworkwiththeAdministrationtodecide:futurepolicy.AWhiteHousespokespersonwasnoncommittalsayingthatthereport’srecommendationsonintelligenceanalysiswouldbetakenintoaccountbutthattheadministrationstoodbyitsMarchintelligenceassessment.ThatreportconcludedthatitisunlikelythatcountriesotherthanRussiaChinaorNorthKoreacoulddeployaballisticmissilecapableofreachinganypartoftheUnitedStatesbefore2010. Fromthethirdparagraphweknowthat
Text3 WhoknowsbetterthanyourcustomerswhereyouroperationscanbeimprovedTodayprogressivefirmsincreasinglyrelyonadvisorycouncilstosuggestimprovementsrecommendactionandofferfeedbackonprogramsandpolicies.Infactmanycompaniesfeelthatthisformofcommunicationisvitaltothecontinuousimprovementoftheirbusinessoperations. Acouncilamongotherthingsimprovescommunicationandspursimprovementofoperations.Rememberthatthesecrettosuccessisdialogue--the.exchangeofideasandopinions.Focusonproblemsyourcustomershave.Spelloutyourgoalsandobjectives. Eachmeetingshouldhaveaspecificobjectivetoaccomplish.Determinethemeeting’sfrequency.Ifyouwanttoimplementastrategicplananannualmeetingmaybeenough.Ifyouwanttofocusonoperationalissuesmoremeetingsmaybeneeded. Agoodcouncilwillhavenomorethan12peoplewithhalfofthemembersfromyourcompanyandhalfyourcustomers.Itshouldalsohavediversityinitsmembership.Membersshouldservefromonetothreeyears-rotationofmembershipwillensurethecouncildoesn’tbecomestale. Findanapproximatemeetingsitewhetherit’sin-houseoroffsitewheretherewillbenointerruptions.Youshouldpayforalltheexpensesrelatedtothemeeting--rememberthecouncilmembersareprovidingyourcompanywithaservice.Treatthemasyourguestsandyourexperts. Ifyouhaveafixedbeginningandendingtimetoyourmeetingsticktoit..Whenstructuringthemeetingrememberthe80720problem-solvingrule.Structurethemeetingsothat20percentofthetimeisspentidentifyingordiscussingaproblemand80percentofthetimeisspentdesigningasolution. Oftenitishelpfultohaveapersonactastimekeeperandannouncewhentheagendatimeforaparticularitemhasexpired.Howeverduringthemeetingbeflexible.Thefacilitatorcanallow.thegrouptodecidewhethertomoveontothenextitemorextendthediscussion.Asyougoalonglooktonarrowthedifferencesamongmembersandformaconsensus. Asthemeetingclosessummarizewhatwasaccomplishedcheckingforagreementandcommitmentamongthemembers.Makeadetailedlistofthefollow-upitemswhohasresponsibilityforeachitemandatimelineforcompletion. Theresultsfromreallylisteningtoandlearningfromyourcustomersinawell-runadvisorycouncilcanpayhugedividends. Whatisthemainprincipletobeobservedinfollowingtheprocedures
Agaragethesedaysisahighlyprizedassetlikelytoaddasmuchas10%～15%tothevalueofahouseespeciallyifit’sinacrowdedsuburbwherestreetparkingisdifficult. Itis1oneofthemostexpensiveadditionsyoucanmake.Abrickdouble2withaninternalfloor3of350squarefeetmightcostf8-9000thoughyoucould4thatbybetweenaquarterandahalf5youuseddirectlabourorbuiltityourself.Forthesame6you7have2extrabedroomsand.abathroom.8theprewardayswhensuburbangardenswere9thanahandkerchiefthegaragewas10asthe"motorhouse".Itusuallystoodatthe11ofthegardenasfarawayfromthe12aspossible.Nowadaysandnotjustfor13ofspacewe14thegaragetobe15tothehouseorsometimeseveninside16Normallyit17tobebig18fortwocarsparkedsideby19thoughsomebuildersstillcheatandprovideanose-to-tailunitwhichsavesonspacebutisanuisanceto20 12
Text1 Whethertheeyesare"thewindowofthesoul"isdebatable;thattheyareintenselyimportantininterpersonalcommunicationisafactduringthefirsttwomonthsofababy’slifethestimulusthatproducesasmileisapairofeyes.Theeyesneednotbereal:amaskwithtwodotswillproduceasmilesignificantlyarealhumanfacewitheyescoveredwillnotmotivateasmilenorwillthesightofonlyoneeyewhenthefaceispresentedinprofile.Thisattractiontoeyesasopposedtothenoseormouthcontinuesasthebabymatures.InonestudywhenAmericanfour-year-oldswereaskedtodrawpeople75percentofthemdrewpeoplewithmouthsbut99percentofthemdrewpeoplewitheyes.InJapanhoweverwherebabiesarecarriedontheirmother’sbackinfantsdonotacquireasmuchattachmenttoeyesastheydoinothercultures.AsaresultJapaneseadults’makelittleuseofthefaceeithertoencodeordecodemeaning..InfactArgylerevealsthatthe"properplacetofocusone’sgazeduringaconversationinJapanisontheneckofone’sconversationpartner." TheroleofeyecontactinaconversationalexchangebetweentwoAmericansiswelldefined:speakersmakecontactwiththeeyesoftheirlistenerforaboutonesecondthenglanceawayastheytalk;inafewmomentstheyreestablisheyecontactwiththelistenerorreassurethemselvesthattheiraudienceisstillattentivethenshifttheirgazeawayoncemore.Listenersmeanwhilekeeptheireyesonthefaceofthespeakerallowingthemselvestoglanceawayonlybriefly.Itisimportantthattheybelookingatthespeakerattheprecisemomentwhenthespeakerreestablisheseyecontact:iftheyarenotlookingthespeakerassumesthattheyaredisinterestedandeitherwillpauseuntileyecontactisresumedorwillterminatetheconversation.Justhowcriticalthiseyemaneuveringistothemaintenanceofconversationalflowbecomesevidentwhentwospeakersarewearingdarkglasses;theremaybeasortoftrafficjamofwordscausedbyinterruptionfalsestartsandunpredictablepauses. Theauthorisconvincedthattheeyesare
Agaragethesedaysisahighlyprizedassetlikelytoaddasmuchas10%～15%tothevalueofahouseespeciallyifit’sinacrowdedsuburbwherestreetparkingisdifficult. Itis1oneofthemostexpensiveadditionsyoucanmake.Abrickdouble2withaninternalfloor3of350squarefeetmightcostf8-9000thoughyoucould4thatbybetweenaquarterandahalf5youuseddirectlabourorbuiltityourself.Forthesame6you7have2extrabedroomsand.abathroom.8theprewardayswhensuburbangardenswere9thanahandkerchiefthegaragewas10asthe"motorhouse".Itusuallystoodatthe11ofthegardenasfarawayfromthe12aspossible.Nowadaysandnotjustfor13ofspacewe14thegaragetobe15tothehouseorsometimeseveninside16Normallyit17tobebig18fortwocarsparkedsideby19thoughsomebuildersstillcheatandprovideanose-to-tailunitwhichsavesonspacebutisanuisanceto20 20
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