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Text 3 Last week, Utah federal Judge Paul G. Cassell handed a 22-year sentence to a man who bea...
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Healthimplies.morethanphysicalfitness.Italsoimpliesmentalandemotionalwellbeing.Anangryfrustratedemotionally1personingoodphysicalconditionisnot2healthy.Mentalhealththereforehasmuchtodo3howapersoncopeswiththeworldasitexists.Manyofthefactorsthat4physicalhealthalsoaffectmentalandemotionalwell-being. Havingagoodself-imagemeansthatpeoplehavepositive5picturesandgoodpositivefeelingsaboutthemselvesaboutwhattheyarecapable6andabouttherolestheyplay.Peoplewithgoodself-imageslikethemselvesandtheyare7likeothers.Havingagoodself-imageisbased8arealistic9ofone’sownworthandvalueandcapabilities. Stressisanunavoidablenecessaryandpotentiallyhealthful10ofoursociety.Peopleofallages11stress.Childrenbeginto12stressduringprenataldevelopmentandduringchildbirth.Examplesofstress-inducing13inthelifeofayoungpersonaredeathofapetpressureto14academicallythedivorceofparentsorjoininganewyouthgroup.Thedifferentwaysinwhichindividuals15tostressmaybringhealthfulorunhealthyresults.Onepersonexperiencingagreatdealofstressmayfunctionexceptionallywell16anothermaybeunabletofunctionatall.Ifstressfulsituationsarecontinuallyencounteredtheindividual’sphysicalsocialandmentalhealthareeventuallyaffected. Satisfyingsocialrelationsarevitalto17mentalandemotionalhealth.Itisbelievedthatinorderto18developandmaintaineffectiveandfulfillingsocialrelationshipspeoplemust19theabilitytoknowandtrusteachotherunderstandeachotherinfluenceandhelpeachother.Theymustalsobecapableof20conflictsinaconstructiveway. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points12
WhenEuropeanUnionEUleaderstookdeliveryofEurope’sfirstdraftofaconstitutionatasummitinGreecelastJuneitwaswithalmostuniversalpraise.TherewaswideagreementthatthetextcouldsavetheEUfromparalysisonceitexpandsfrom15to25membersnextyear.ItwouldgiveEuropeamorestableleadershipandgreatercloutontheworldstagesaidthechairmanoftheConventionwhichdraftedtheagreementformerFrenchPresidentValeryGiscardd’Estaing.Suchpraisewastoogoodtolast.Astheproductofaunique16-monthpublicdebatethedrafthasbecomeabattleground.Lessthanfourmonthsafteritwasdeliveredthesameleaderswhoaccepteditopenedthesecondroundoftalksonitscontentthisweekbytradingveiledthreatstoblockagreementorcutofffundsiftheydon’tgettheirway.Thetonewaspolitebutunyielding.InablandjointstatementissuedwhenthetalksopenedonOctober4theleadersstressedtheconstitutionrepresentsavitalstepintheprocessaimedatmakingEuropemorecohesivemoredemocraticandclosertoitscitizens.SharpdifferencesremainthoughbetweenmembercountriesoftheEUovervotingrightsthesizeandcompositionoftheexecutiveEuropeanCommissiondefenseco-operationandtheroleofreligioninthenewconstitution.ItalianPrimeMinisterSilvioBerlusconi’shopesofwrappingupadealontheconstitutionbyChristmasseemfarfrombeingrealized.WhilethesixfoundingmembersoftheEU--GermanyFranceItalytheNetherlandsBelgiumandLuxembourg--plusBritainandDenmarkwantaslittlechangeaspossibletothedraftthe10mainlycentralEuropeancountriesduetojointhe15-nationblocnextyearwanttoaltertheinstitution’sbalance.Suchsmallstatesareafraidtheirviewswillbeignoredundertheconstitutionandaredeterminedtodefendthedisproportionatevotingrightstheywonatthe2000NiceSummit.EUexpertsfearsuchsharpdifferenceswillcreateexactlytheparalysisintheEUtheConventionwasestablishedtoavoid.Theuniversalpraiseforthedraftturnedouttobe
Healthimplies.morethanphysicalfitness.Italsoimpliesmentalandemotionalwellbeing.Anangryfrustratedemotionally1personingoodphysicalconditionisnot2healthy.Mentalhealththereforehasmuchtodo3howapersoncopeswiththeworldasitexists.Manyofthefactorsthat4physicalhealthalsoaffectmentalandemotionalwell-being. Havingagoodself-imagemeansthatpeoplehavepositive5picturesandgoodpositivefeelingsaboutthemselvesaboutwhattheyarecapable6andabouttherolestheyplay.Peoplewithgoodself-imageslikethemselvesandtheyare7likeothers.Havingagoodself-imageisbased8arealistic9ofone’sownworthandvalueandcapabilities. Stressisanunavoidablenecessaryandpotentiallyhealthful10ofoursociety.Peopleofallages11stress.Childrenbeginto12stressduringprenataldevelopmentandduringchildbirth.Examplesofstress-inducing13inthelifeofayoungpersonaredeathofapetpressureto14academicallythedivorceofparentsorjoininganewyouthgroup.Thedifferentwaysinwhichindividuals15tostressmaybringhealthfulorunhealthyresults.Onepersonexperiencingagreatdealofstressmayfunctionexceptionallywell16anothermaybeunabletofunctionatall.Ifstressfulsituationsarecontinuallyencounteredtheindividual’sphysicalsocialandmentalhealthareeventuallyaffected. Satisfyingsocialrelationsarevitalto17mentalandemotionalhealth.Itisbelievedthatinorderto18developandmaintaineffectiveandfulfillingsocialrelationshipspeoplemust19theabilitytoknowandtrusteachotherunderstandeachotherinfluenceandhelpeachother.Theymustalsobecapableof20conflictsinaconstructiveway. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points6
Healthimplies.morethanphysicalfitness.Italsoimpliesmentalandemotionalwellbeing.Anangryfrustratedemotionally1personingoodphysicalconditionisnot2healthy.Mentalhealththereforehasmuchtodo3howapersoncopeswiththeworldasitexists.Manyofthefactorsthat4physicalhealthalsoaffectmentalandemotionalwell-being. Havingagoodself-imagemeansthatpeoplehavepositive5picturesandgoodpositivefeelingsaboutthemselvesaboutwhattheyarecapable6andabouttherolestheyplay.Peoplewithgoodself-imageslikethemselvesandtheyare7likeothers.Havingagoodself-imageisbased8arealistic9ofone’sownworthandvalueandcapabilities. Stressisanunavoidablenecessaryandpotentiallyhealthful10ofoursociety.Peopleofallages11stress.Childrenbeginto12stressduringprenataldevelopmentandduringchildbirth.Examplesofstress-inducing13inthelifeofayoungpersonaredeathofapetpressureto14academicallythedivorceofparentsorjoininganewyouthgroup.Thedifferentwaysinwhichindividuals15tostressmaybringhealthfulorunhealthyresults.Onepersonexperiencingagreatdealofstressmayfunctionexceptionallywell16anothermaybeunabletofunctionatall.Ifstressfulsituationsarecontinuallyencounteredtheindividual’sphysicalsocialandmentalhealthareeventuallyaffected. Satisfyingsocialrelationsarevitalto17mentalandemotionalhealth.Itisbelievedthatinorderto18developandmaintaineffectiveandfulfillingsocialrelationshipspeoplemust19theabilitytoknowandtrusteachotherunderstandeachotherinfluenceandhelpeachother.Theymustalsobecapableof20conflictsinaconstructiveway. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points16
Healthimplies.morethanphysicalfitness.Italsoimpliesmentalandemotionalwellbeing.Anangryfrustratedemotionally1personingoodphysicalconditionisnot2healthy.Mentalhealththereforehasmuchtodo3howapersoncopeswiththeworldasitexists.Manyofthefactorsthat4physicalhealthalsoaffectmentalandemotionalwell-being. Havingagoodself-imagemeansthatpeoplehavepositive5picturesandgoodpositivefeelingsaboutthemselvesaboutwhattheyarecapable6andabouttherolestheyplay.Peoplewithgoodself-imageslikethemselvesandtheyare7likeothers.Havingagoodself-imageisbased8arealistic9ofone’sownworthandvalueandcapabilities. Stressisanunavoidablenecessaryandpotentiallyhealthful10ofoursociety.Peopleofallages11stress.Childrenbeginto12stressduringprenataldevelopmentandduringchildbirth.Examplesofstress-inducing13inthelifeofayoungpersonaredeathofapetpressureto14academicallythedivorceofparentsorjoininganewyouthgroup.Thedifferentwaysinwhichindividuals15tostressmaybringhealthfulorunhealthyresults.Onepersonexperiencingagreatdealofstressmayfunctionexceptionallywell16anothermaybeunabletofunctionatall.Ifstressfulsituationsarecontinuallyencounteredtheindividual’sphysicalsocialandmentalhealthareeventuallyaffected. Satisfyingsocialrelationsarevitalto17mentalandemotionalhealth.Itisbelievedthatinorderto18developandmaintaineffectiveandfulfillingsocialrelationshipspeoplemust19theabilitytoknowandtrusteachotherunderstandeachotherinfluenceandhelpeachother.Theymustalsobecapableof20conflictsinaconstructiveway. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points20
Scientistshaveforthefirsttimeusedcloningtocreatehumanembryosthatlivelongenoughinalaboratorydishtohavetheirstemcellsharvested.Thefeatcouldsetthestageforphysicianstoproducecellsandtissuestailoredtoapatient’sgeneticidentitythatcantreatawidevarietyofhumanillnesses.Theaccomplishmentalsoprovidesaroadmapforhowtocloneapersonanevenmoredivisiveundertaking.ThenewworkperformedinSouthKorearepresentsamajoradvanceinstemcellresearch.ItcouldhelpspuramedicalrevolutionasimportantasantibioticsandvaccinessaysRobertLanzaofAdvancedCellTechnologyACTacompanyinWorcesterMass.that’salsoinvestigatingthepromisingstemcellstrategycalledtherapeuticcloning.HowevernowthatthemethodologyispubliclyavailableLanzaaddsIthinkitisabsolutelyimperativethatwepasslawsworldwidetopreventthetechnologyfrombeingabusedforreproductive-cloningpurposes.Whilesomefertilitydoctorsandareligiousculthaveclaimedsuccessatcreatingapregnancyviacloningthey’veofferednoconvincingproof.IncontrasttheSouthKoreanresearchisbeingreportedatthemeetingoftheAmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofScienceinSeattleandwillappearinanupcomingScience.ThisisrealitysaysstemcellresearcherJohnGearhartofJohnsHopkinsUniversity.He4’eisabonafiderefereedjournalsayingthatahumanembryohasbeenclonedandacelllinederivedfromit.AlthoughACThasnotyetpublishedareportofaclonedhumanblastocystLanzasaysthattheSouthKoreansuccessisconsistentwithourownresults.TherapeuticcloningappealstoLanzaandphysiciansbecausecellsmadethiswaycouldhavethesameDNAasapatient’scellsdoandthusavoidrejectionafterthey’retransplanted.Seekingacompromisethatwouldpermitthisstrategytobepursuedmanyscientistshavecalledforlegislationthatwouldbancloningtoproduceababybutallowthecreationofclonedembryostogeneratestemcellsforresearchortherapies.Thedebatehasbeenverypolarizednotesbio-ethicistLaurieZolothofNorthwesternUniversityinEvanston.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethathumancloning
[A]ForexampletheUnitedStatesisamajorconsumerofcoffeeyetitdoesnothavetheclimatetogrowanyofitsown.ConsequentlytheUnitedStatesmustimportcoffeefromcountriessuchasBrazilColombiaandGuatemalathatgrowcoffeeefficiently.OntheotherhandtheUnitedStateshaslargeindustrialplantscapableofproducingavarietyofgoodssuchaschemicalsandairplaneswhichcanbesoldtonationsthatneedthem.Ifnationstradeditemforitemsuchasoneautomobilefor10000bagsofcoffeeforeigntradewouldbeextremelycumbersomeandrestrictive.SoinsteadofbarterwhichisthetradeofgoodswithoutanexchangeofmoneytheUnitedStatesreceivesmoneyinpaymentforwhatitsells.ItpaysforBraziliancoffeewithdollarswhichBrazilcanthenusetobuywoolfromAustraliawhichinturncanbuytextilesfromGreatBritainwhichcanthenbuytobaccofromtheUnitedStates. [B]Foreigntradealsooccursbecauseacountryoftendoesnothaveenoughofaparticularitemtomeetitsneeds.AlthoughtheUnitedStatesisamajorproducerofsugaritconsumesmorethanitcanproduceinternallyandthusmustimportsugar. [C]Foreigntradetheexchangeofgoodsbetweennationstakesplaceformanyreasons.Thefirstasmentionedaboveisthatnonationhasallofthecommoditiesthatitneeds.Rawmaterialsarescatteredaroundtheworld.LargedepositsofcopperareminedinPeruandZairediamondsareminedinSouthAfricaandpetroleumisrecoveredintheMiddleEast.Countriesthatdonothavetheseresourceswithintheirownboundariesmustbuyfromcountriesthatexportthem. [D]Intoday’scomplexeconomicworldneitherindividualsnornationsareself-suffi-cient.Nationshaveutilizeddifferenteconomicresources;peoplehavedevelopeddifferentskills.Thisisthefoundationofworldtradeandeconomicactivity.Asaresultofthistradeandactivityinternationalfinanceandbankinghaveevolved. [E]Finallyforeigntradetakesplacebecauseofinnovationorstyle.EventhoughtheUnitedStatesproducesmoreautomobilesthananyothercountryitstillimportslargenumbersofautosfromGermanyJapanandSwedenprimarilybecausethereisamarketforthemintheUnitedStates. [F]Formostnationsexportsandimportsarethemostimportantinternationalactivity.Whennationsexportmorethantheyimporttheyaresaidtohaveafavorablebalanceoftrade.Whentheyimportmorethantheyexportanunfavorablebalanceoftradeexists.Nationstrytomaintainafavorablebalanceoftradewhichassuresthemofthemeanstobuynecessaryimports. [G]Thirdonenationcansellsomeitemsatalowercostthanothercountries.Japanhasbeenabletoexportlargequantitiesofradiosandtelevisionsetsbecauseitcanproducethemmoreefficientlythanothercountries.ItischeaperfortheUnitedStatestobuythesefromJapanthantoproducethemdomestically.AccordingtoeconomictheoryJapanshouldproduceandexportthoseitemsfromwhichitderivesacomparativeadvantage.Itshouldalsobuyandimportwhatitneedsfromthosecountriesthathaveacomparativeadvantageinthedesireditems. Order: 42
Inthelongperiodfrom1500to1800westernEuropeannation-stateswereallinfluencedbyasetofideasknownasmercantilism.46Mercantilistdoctrineandinstitutionswereimportantbecausetheywereheldbypracticalbusinesspeopleandheadsofstatewhostronglyinfluencedpublicpolicyandinstitutionalchange. Theprimaryaimofmercantilistswastoachievepowerandwealthforthestate.Togenerateaninflowofgoldorsilverthroughtradethevalueofexportsshouldexceedthevalueofimports.Andthestatecouldattaingreatpoweronlyifpoliticalandeconomicunitybecameafact.47Ifallthematerialsnecessarytofosterdomesticindustrywerenotavailabletheycouldbestbeobtainedbyestablishingcoloniesorfriendlyforeigntradingpostsfromwhichsuchgoodscouldbeimported.Andastrongmerchantmarinecouldcarryforeigngoodstherebyhelpingtosecurefavorabletradebalances.48Mercantilistsbelievedthatthesemeansofachievingnationalpowercouldbemadeeffectivebythepassageandstrictenforcementoflegislationregulatingeconomiclife. 49AlmostassoonasVirginiatobaccobegantobeshippedincommercialquantitiestoEnglandKingJamesIleviedataxonitwhileagreeingtoprohibitthegrowthofcompetingtobaccoinEngland.TaxesregulationandsubsidieswereallusedasmercantilepoliciesbuttheprimaryonesthataffectedthecoloniesweretheNavigationActs. In1640sAmericanshadslippedintothehabitofshippingtheirgoodsdirectlytocontinentalportsandtheDutchmadegreatinroadsintothecarryingtradeofthecolonies.AftertheRestorationEnglandwasinapositiontoenforceastrictcommercialpolicybeginningwiththeNavigationActsof1660and1663.Despitethecontinuedmodificationstotheseactsbypolicychangesitissufficienttonotethreeprimarycategoriesoftraderestriction: 50AlltradeofthecolonieswastobecarriedinvesselsthatwereEnglishbuiltandownedcommandedbyanEnglishcaptainandmannedbyacrewofwhomthree-quarterswereEnglish. AllforeignmerchantswereexcludedfromdealingdirectlyinthecommerceoftheEnglishcolonies.TheycouldengageincolonialtradeonlythroughEnglandandmerchantsresidentthere. CertaincommoditiesproducedinthecoloniescouldbeexportedonlytoEnglandessentiallyanydestinationwithintheEmpire.These"enumerated"goodsincludedsugartobaccocottonindigogingerandsoon. Mercantilistsbelievedthatthesemeansofachievingnationalpowercouldbemadeeffectivebythepassageandstrictenforcementoflegislationregulatingeconomiclife.
WantaglimpseofthefutureofhealthcareTakealookatthewaythevariousnetworksofpeopleinvolvedinpatientcarearebeingconnectedtooneanotherandhowthisnewconnectivityisbeingexploitedtodelivermedicinetothepatient—nomatterwhereheorshemaybe.Onlinedoctorsofferingadvicebasedonstandardizedsymptomsarethemostobviousexample.Increasinglyhoweverremotediagnosistelemedicinewillbebasedonrealphysiologicaldatafromtheactualpatient.AgroupfromtheUniversityofKentuckyhasshownthatbyusinganoff-the-shelfPDApersonaldataassistancesuchasaPalmPilotplusamobilephoneitisperfectlyfeasibletotransmitapatient’svitalsignsoverthetelephone.Withthiskindofequipmentinafirst-aidkitthecryaskingwhethertherewasadoctorinthehousecouldwellbeathingofthepast.Othermedicaltechnologygroupsareworkingonapplyingtelemedicinetoruralcare.Andatleastoneteamwantstousetelemedicineasatoolfordisasterresponse—especiallyafterearthquakes.Overallthetrendistowardsprovidingglobalaccesstomedicaldataandexpertise.Butthereisoneproblem.Bandwidthisthelimitingfactorfortransmittingcomplexmedicalimagesaroundtheworld—CTscansbeingoneofthebiggestbandwidthconsumers.Communicationssatellitesmaybeabletocopewiththeshort-termneedsduringdisasterssuchasearthquakeswarsorfamines.Butmedicineislookingtowardsboththesecond-generationInternetandthird-generationmobilephonesforthefutureofdistributedmedicalintelligence.Doctorshavemettodiscusscomputer-basedtoolsformedicaldiagnosistrainingandtelemedicine.Withthefallingpriceofbroadbandcommunicationsthenewtechnologiesshouldusherinanerawhentelemedicineandthesharingofmedicalinformationexpertopinionanddiagnosisarecommon.AllthefollowingstatementsaretrueEXCEPTthat______.
WantaglimpseofthefutureofhealthcareTakealookatthewaythevariousnetworksofpeopleinvolvedinpatientcarearebeingconnectedtooneanotherandhowthisnewconnectivityisbeingexploitedtodelivermedicinetothepatient—nomatterwhereheorshemaybe.Onlinedoctorsofferingadvicebasedonstandardizedsymptomsarethemostobviousexample.Increasinglyhoweverremotediagnosistelemedicinewillbebasedonrealphysiologicaldatafromtheactualpatient.AgroupfromtheUniversityofKentuckyhasshownthatbyusinganoff-the-shelfPDApersonaldataassistancesuchasaPalmPilotplusamobilephoneitisperfectlyfeasibletotransmitapatient’svitalsignsoverthetelephone.Withthiskindofequipmentinafirst-aidkitthecryaskingwhethertherewasadoctorinthehousecouldwellbeathingofthepast.Othermedicaltechnologygroupsareworkingonapplyingtelemedicinetoruralcare.Andatleastoneteamwantstousetelemedicineasatoolfordisasterresponse—especiallyafterearthquakes.Overallthetrendistowardsprovidingglobalaccesstomedicaldataandexpertise.Butthereisoneproblem.Bandwidthisthelimitingfactorfortransmittingcomplexmedicalimagesaroundtheworld—CTscansbeingoneofthebiggestbandwidthconsumers.Communicationssatellitesmaybeabletocopewiththeshort-termneedsduringdisasterssuchasearthquakeswarsorfamines.Butmedicineislookingtowardsboththesecond-generationInternetandthird-generationmobilephonesforthefutureofdistributedmedicalintelligence.Doctorshavemettodiscusscomputer-basedtoolsformedicaldiagnosistrainingandtelemedicine.Withthefallingpriceofbroadbandcommunicationsthenewtechnologiesshouldusherinanerawhentelemedicineandthesharingofmedicalinformationexpertopinionanddiagnosisarecommon.Thebasisofremotediagnosiswillbe______.
Healthimplies.morethanphysicalfitness.Italsoimpliesmentalandemotionalwellbeing.Anangryfrustratedemotionally1personingoodphysicalconditionisnot2healthy.Mentalhealththereforehasmuchtodo3howapersoncopeswiththeworldasitexists.Manyofthefactorsthat4physicalhealthalsoaffectmentalandemotionalwell-being. Havingagoodself-imagemeansthatpeoplehavepositive5picturesandgoodpositivefeelingsaboutthemselvesaboutwhattheyarecapable6andabouttherolestheyplay.Peoplewithgoodself-imageslikethemselvesandtheyare7likeothers.Havingagoodself-imageisbased8arealistic9ofone’sownworthandvalueandcapabilities. Stressisanunavoidablenecessaryandpotentiallyhealthful10ofoursociety.Peopleofallages11stress.Childrenbeginto12stressduringprenataldevelopmentandduringchildbirth.Examplesofstress-inducing13inthelifeofayoungpersonaredeathofapetpressureto14academicallythedivorceofparentsorjoininganewyouthgroup.Thedifferentwaysinwhichindividuals15tostressmaybringhealthfulorunhealthyresults.Onepersonexperiencingagreatdealofstressmayfunctionexceptionallywell16anothermaybeunabletofunctionatall.Ifstressfulsituationsarecontinuallyencounteredtheindividual’sphysicalsocialandmentalhealthareeventuallyaffected. Satisfyingsocialrelationsarevitalto17mentalandemotionalhealth.Itisbelievedthatinorderto18developandmaintaineffectiveandfulfillingsocialrelationshipspeoplemust19theabilitytoknowandtrusteachotherunderstandeachotherinfluenceandhelpeachother.Theymustalsobecapableof20conflictsinaconstructiveway. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points18
WhenEuropeanUnionEUleaderstookdeliveryofEurope’sfirstdraftofaconstitutionatasummitinGreecelastJuneitwaswithalmostuniversalpraise.TherewaswideagreementthatthetextcouldsavetheEUfromparalysisonceitexpandsfrom15to25membersnextyear.ItwouldgiveEuropeamorestableleadershipandgreatercloutontheworldstagesaidthechairmanoftheConventionwhichdraftedtheagreementformerFrenchPresidentValeryGiscardd’Estaing.Suchpraisewastoogoodtolast.Astheproductofaunique16-monthpublicdebatethedrafthasbecomeabattleground.Lessthanfourmonthsafteritwasdeliveredthesameleaderswhoaccepteditopenedthesecondroundoftalksonitscontentthisweekbytradingveiledthreatstoblockagreementorcutofffundsiftheydon’tgettheirway.Thetonewaspolitebutunyielding.InablandjointstatementissuedwhenthetalksopenedonOctober4theleadersstressedtheconstitutionrepresentsavitalstepintheprocessaimedatmakingEuropemorecohesivemoredemocraticandclosertoitscitizens.SharpdifferencesremainthoughbetweenmembercountriesoftheEUovervotingrightsthesizeandcompositionoftheexecutiveEuropeanCommissiondefenseco-operationandtheroleofreligioninthenewconstitution.ItalianPrimeMinisterSilvioBerlusconi’shopesofwrappingupadealontheconstitutionbyChristmasseemfarfrombeingrealized.WhilethesixfoundingmembersoftheEU--GermanyFranceItalytheNetherlandsBelgiumandLuxembourg--plusBritainandDenmarkwantaslittlechangeaspossibletothedraftthe10mainlycentralEuropeancountriesduetojointhe15-nationblocnextyearwanttoaltertheinstitution’sbalance.Suchsmallstatesareafraidtheirviewswillbeignoredundertheconstitutionandaredeterminedtodefendthedisproportionatevotingrightstheywonatthe2000NiceSummit.EUexpertsfearsuchsharpdifferenceswillcreateexactlytheparalysisintheEUtheConventionwasestablishedtoavoid.Whichofthefollowingissuemightnotbetheirsourceofargument
Inthetwodecadesbetween1910and1930overtenpercenttotheBlackpopulationoftheUnitedStateslefttheSouthwherethepreponderanceoftheBlackpopulationhadbeenlocatedandmigratedtonorthernstateswiththelargestnumbermovingitisclaimedbetween1916and1918.IthasbeenfrequentlyassumedbutnotprovedthatthemajorityofthemigrantsinwhathascometobecalledtheGreatMigrationcamefromruralareasandweremotivatedbytwoconcurrentfactors:thecollapseofthecottonindustryfollowingthebollweevilinfestationwhichbeganin1898andincreaseddemandintheNorthforlaborfollowingthecessationofEuropeanimmigrationcausedbytheoutbreakoftheFirstWorldWarin1914.Thisassumptionhasledtotheconclusionthatthemigrants’subsequentlackofeconomicmobilityintheNorthistiedtoruralbackgroundabackgroundthatimpliesunfamiliaritywithurbanlivingandalackofindustrialskills.ButthequestionofwhoactuallylefttheSouthhasneverbeenrigorouslyinvestigated.AlthoughnumerousinvestigationsdocumentanexodusfromruralsouthernareastosoutherncitiespriortotheGreatMigration.Noonehasconsideredwhetherthesamemigrantsthenmovedontonortherncities.In1910over600000BlackworkersortenpercentoftheBlackworkforcereportedthemselvestobeengagedinmanufacturingandmechanicalpursuitsthefederalcensuscategoryroughlyencompassingtheentireindustrialsector.TheGreatMigrationcouldeasilyhavebeenmadeupentirelyofthisgroupandtheirfamilies.ItisperhapssurprisingtoarguethatanemployedpopulationcouldbeenticedtomovebutanexplanationliesinthelaborconditionsthenprevalentintheSouth.Aboutthirty-fivepercentoftheurbanBlackpopulationintheSouthwasengagedinskilledtrades.Somewerefromtheoldartisanclassofslavery-blacksmithsmasonscarpenters-whichhadhadamonopolyofcertaintradesbuttheyweregraduallybeingpushedoutbycompetitionmechanizationandobsolescence.Theremainingsixty-fivepercentmorerecentlyurbanizedworkedinnewlydevelopedindustries—tobaccolumbercoalandironmanufactureandrailroads.WagesintheSouthhoweverwerelowandBlackworkerswereawarethroughlaborrecruitersandtheBlackpressthattheycouldearnmoreevenasunskilledworkersintheNorththantheycouldasartisansintheSouth.AfterthebollweevilinfestationurbanBlackworkersfacedcompetitionfromthecontinuinginfluxofbothBlackandWhiteruralworkerswhoweredriventoundercutthewagesformerlypaidforindustrialjobs.ThusamovenorthwouldbeseenasadvantageoustoagroupthatwasalreadyurbanizedandsteadilyemployedandtheeasyconclusiontyingtheirsubsequenteconomicproblemsintheNorthtotheirruralbackgroundcomesintoquestion.Thematerialinthepassagewouldbemostrelevanttoalongdiscussionofwhichofthefollowingtopics______
Healthimplies.morethanphysicalfitness.Italsoimpliesmentalandemotionalwellbeing.Anangryfrustratedemotionally1personingoodphysicalconditionisnot2healthy.Mentalhealththereforehasmuchtodo3howapersoncopeswiththeworldasitexists.Manyofthefactorsthat4physicalhealthalsoaffectmentalandemotionalwell-being. Havingagoodself-imagemeansthatpeoplehavepositive5picturesandgoodpositivefeelingsaboutthemselvesaboutwhattheyarecapable6andabouttherolestheyplay.Peoplewithgoodself-imageslikethemselvesandtheyare7likeothers.Havingagoodself-imageisbased8arealistic9ofone’sownworthandvalueandcapabilities. Stressisanunavoidablenecessaryandpotentiallyhealthful10ofoursociety.Peopleofallages11stress.Childrenbeginto12stressduringprenataldevelopmentandduringchildbirth.Examplesofstress-inducing13inthelifeofayoungpersonaredeathofapetpressureto14academicallythedivorceofparentsorjoininganewyouthgroup.Thedifferentwaysinwhichindividuals15tostressmaybringhealthfulorunhealthyresults.Onepersonexperiencingagreatdealofstressmayfunctionexceptionallywell16anothermaybeunabletofunctionatall.Ifstressfulsituationsarecontinuallyencounteredtheindividual’sphysicalsocialandmentalhealthareeventuallyaffected. Satisfyingsocialrelationsarevitalto17mentalandemotionalhealth.Itisbelievedthatinorderto18developandmaintaineffectiveandfulfillingsocialrelationshipspeoplemust19theabilitytoknowandtrusteachotherunderstandeachotherinfluenceandhelpeachother.Theymustalsobecapableof20conflictsinaconstructiveway. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points10
Sincetheindustrialrevolutiongovernmentsocietyandindustryhaveattemptedtochanneltechnologicalprogressinusefuldirections.WhetheritistheprintingpressthecottongintheautomobileortheInternettechnologicalinnovationsoftenhaveprofoundeconomicandsocialeffects.Toharnessthebenefitsandminimizethemoreharmfuleffectsofnewtechnologiesmoderngovernmentsusefourbasicapproaches:specificdirectionmarketincentivescriminalprohibitionandbehaviormodification.SpecificdirectionstartswithgovernmentsidentifyingoneormorekeyfactorsintheR&Dphase.Thenusingavarietyofmeansrangingfromadministrativeregulationtooutrightstateownershipthegovernmentseekstocontroltheimplementationofthetechnology.Marketincentivesarethedeliberatemanipulationofthemarketbythegovernmenttocontrolhowaparticularlytechnologyisdistributedandused.Forexamplesomegovernmentsimposetaxestocoverthehiddencostsassociatedwiththeuseofaparticulartechnology.Forexampleraisinggasolinetaxestopayforhighwayimprovements.Othermethodsincludethegrantingofsubsidiestoprivateresearchersorthestrengtheningofintellectualpropertylawstogiveaddedincentivestodevelopers.Criminalprohibitionusuallytakesplacewhenstrongoppositionexiststoaparticulartechnologyorfieldofresearch.Inrecentyearsmostdevelopedcountrieshaveenactedlegislationtobanthecloningofhumanbeings.Otherexamplesaretheenforcementofcleanairregulationsthatforcepowerplantstoemitfewergreenhousegasses.Finallybehaviormodificationincludestheuseofthemediaadvertisingandgovernmentandcorporateleadershiptoencourageaparticularsocietytouseatechnologyinabeneficialway.ForexamplewhilethereislimitedgovernmentregulationoftheInternetwebsitesareencouragedtoinstallsafeguardstopreventchildrenfromviewinginappropriatematerial.ArecentnationaladvertisingcampaignrecentlyboostedthepercentageofNewYorkresidentswhorecycledbyalmost25%.Suchcampaignsdonotusedirectgovernmentregulationbutinsteadappealtotheuser’ssenseofcivicdutyorsocialresponsibility.OfallnewtechnologiesperhapsnonehaschangedthelandscapeandcharacterofAmericanlifemorethantheautomobile.YetthecostsofthistechnologyarenotalwaysreflectedinthepriceofUsingthetechnology.Forexampleitcostsanoilcompany$0.89pergallonofgasproduced.ThissameliterissoldtoU.S.consumersatabout$1.20pergallon.Yetwhilethispricereflectsthecostofproductionplusaprofitfortheoilcompanyitdoesnotreflecttheactualcostofusingthetechnology.Forthatwemustfactorintheenvironmentalcostsassociatedwithairpollutionincreasedhealthcareenvironmentaldegradationandthepoliticalcostsdependenceonforeignoilenergyshortages.Inshortinordertobeeffectiveallofthesestrategiesforchannelingtechnologytobenefitsocietymustincorporateallthecostsassociatedwithusage.Marketincentivesareusefulinthatthey
Healthimplies.morethanphysicalfitness.Italsoimpliesmentalandemotionalwellbeing.Anangryfrustratedemotionally1personingoodphysicalconditionisnot2healthy.Mentalhealththereforehasmuchtodo3howapersoncopeswiththeworldasitexists.Manyofthefactorsthat4physicalhealthalsoaffectmentalandemotionalwell-being. Havingagoodself-imagemeansthatpeoplehavepositive5picturesandgoodpositivefeelingsaboutthemselvesaboutwhattheyarecapable6andabouttherolestheyplay.Peoplewithgoodself-imageslikethemselvesandtheyare7likeothers.Havingagoodself-imageisbased8arealistic9ofone’sownworthandvalueandcapabilities. Stressisanunavoidablenecessaryandpotentiallyhealthful10ofoursociety.Peopleofallages11stress.Childrenbeginto12stressduringprenataldevelopmentandduringchildbirth.Examplesofstress-inducing13inthelifeofayoungpersonaredeathofapetpressureto14academicallythedivorceofparentsorjoininganewyouthgroup.Thedifferentwaysinwhichindividuals15tostressmaybringhealthfulorunhealthyresults.Onepersonexperiencingagreatdealofstressmayfunctionexceptionallywell16anothermaybeunabletofunctionatall.Ifstressfulsituationsarecontinuallyencounteredtheindividual’sphysicalsocialandmentalhealthareeventuallyaffected. Satisfyingsocialrelationsarevitalto17mentalandemotionalhealth.Itisbelievedthatinorderto18developandmaintaineffectiveandfulfillingsocialrelationshipspeoplemust19theabilitytoknowandtrusteachotherunderstandeachotherinfluenceandhelpeachother.Theymustalsobecapableof20conflictsinaconstructiveway. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points8
[A]ForexampletheUnitedStatesisamajorconsumerofcoffeeyetitdoesnothavetheclimatetogrowanyofitsown.ConsequentlytheUnitedStatesmustimportcoffeefromcountriessuchasBrazilColombiaandGuatemalathatgrowcoffeeefficiently.OntheotherhandtheUnitedStateshaslargeindustrialplantscapableofproducingavarietyofgoodssuchaschemicalsandairplaneswhichcanbesoldtonationsthatneedthem.Ifnationstradeditemforitemsuchasoneautomobilefor10000bagsofcoffeeforeigntradewouldbeextremelycumbersomeandrestrictive.SoinsteadofbarterwhichisthetradeofgoodswithoutanexchangeofmoneytheUnitedStatesreceivesmoneyinpaymentforwhatitsells.ItpaysforBraziliancoffeewithdollarswhichBrazilcanthenusetobuywoolfromAustraliawhichinturncanbuytextilesfromGreatBritainwhichcanthenbuytobaccofromtheUnitedStates. [B]Foreigntradealsooccursbecauseacountryoftendoesnothaveenoughofaparticularitemtomeetitsneeds.AlthoughtheUnitedStatesisamajorproducerofsugaritconsumesmorethanitcanproduceinternallyandthusmustimportsugar. [C]Foreigntradetheexchangeofgoodsbetweennationstakesplaceformanyreasons.Thefirstasmentionedaboveisthatnonationhasallofthecommoditiesthatitneeds.Rawmaterialsarescatteredaroundtheworld.LargedepositsofcopperareminedinPeruandZairediamondsareminedinSouthAfricaandpetroleumisrecoveredintheMiddleEast.Countriesthatdonothavetheseresourceswithintheirownboundariesmustbuyfromcountriesthatexportthem. [D]Intoday’scomplexeconomicworldneitherindividualsnornationsareself-suffi-cient.Nationshaveutilizeddifferenteconomicresources;peoplehavedevelopeddifferentskills.Thisisthefoundationofworldtradeandeconomicactivity.Asaresultofthistradeandactivityinternationalfinanceandbankinghaveevolved. [E]Finallyforeigntradetakesplacebecauseofinnovationorstyle.EventhoughtheUnitedStatesproducesmoreautomobilesthananyothercountryitstillimportslargenumbersofautosfromGermanyJapanandSwedenprimarilybecausethereisamarketforthemintheUnitedStates. [F]Formostnationsexportsandimportsarethemostimportantinternationalactivity.Whennationsexportmorethantheyimporttheyaresaidtohaveafavorablebalanceoftrade.Whentheyimportmorethantheyexportanunfavorablebalanceoftradeexists.Nationstrytomaintainafavorablebalanceoftradewhichassuresthemofthemeanstobuynecessaryimports. [G]Thirdonenationcansellsomeitemsatalowercostthanothercountries.Japanhasbeenabletoexportlargequantitiesofradiosandtelevisionsetsbecauseitcanproducethemmoreefficientlythanothercountries.ItischeaperfortheUnitedStatestobuythesefromJapanthantoproducethemdomestically.AccordingtoeconomictheoryJapanshouldproduceandexportthoseitemsfromwhichitderivesacomparativeadvantage.Itshouldalsobuyandimportwhatitneedsfromthosecountriesthathaveacomparativeadvantageinthedesireditems. Order: 44
Guthrie’scontiguityprincipleofferspracticalsuggestionsforhowtobreakhabits.Oneapplicationofthethresholdmethodinvolvesthetimeyoungchildrenspendonacademicactivities.Youngchildrenhaveshortattentionspanssothelengthoftimetheycansustainworkononeactivityislimited.Mostactivitiesarescheduledtolastnolongerthan30to40minutes.Howeveratthestartoftheschoolyearattentionspansquicklywaneandbehaviorproblemsoftenresult.ToapplyGuthrie’stheoryateachermightatthestartoftheyearlimitactivitiesto15to20minutes.Overthenextfewweekstheteachercouldgraduallyincreasethetimestudentsspendworkingonasingleactivity.Thethresholdmethodalsocanbeappliedtoteachingprintingandhandwriting.Whenchildrenfirstlearntoformletterstheirmovementsareawkwardandtheylackfinemotorcoordination.Thedistancesbetweenlinesonapagearepurposelywidesochildrencanfitthelettersintothespace.Ifpaperwithnarrowlinesisinitiallyintroducedstudents’etterswouldspilloverthebordersandstudentsmightbecomefrustrated.Oncestudentscanformletterswithinthelargerborderstheycanusepaperwithsmallerborderstohelpthemrefinetheirskills.Thefatiguemethodcanbeappliedwhendiscipliningdisruptivestudentswhobuildpaperairplanesandsailthemacrosstheroom.Theteachercanremovethestudentsfromtheclassroomgivethemalargestackofpaperandtellhimtostartmakingpaperairplanes.Afterthestudentshavemadeseveralairplanestheactivityshouldloseitsattractionandpaperwillbecomeacuefornotbuildingairplanes.Somestudentscontinuallyracearoundthegymwhentheyfirstentertheirphysicaleducationclass.Toemploythefatiguemethodtheteachermightdecidetohavethesestudentscontinuetorunafewmorelapsaftertheclasshasbegun.Theincompatibleresponsemethodcanbeusedwithstudentswhotalkandmisbehaveinthemediacenter.Readingisincompatiblewithtalking.Themediacenterteachermightaskthestudentstofindinterestingbooksandreadthemwhileinthecenter.Assumingthatthestudentsfindthebooksenjoyablethemediacenterwillovertimebecomeacueforselectingandreadingbooksratherthanfortalkingwithotherstudents.Inasocialstudiesclasssomestudentsregularlyfallasleep.Theteacherrealizedthatusingtheboardandoverheadprojectorwhilelecturingwasveryboring.Soontheteacherbegantoincorporateotherelementsintoeachlessonsuchasexperimentsanddebatesinanattempttoinvolvestudentsandraisetheirinterestinthecourse.Guthrieidentifiedthreemethodsfor______.
Guthrie’scontiguityprincipleofferspracticalsuggestionsforhowtobreakhabits.Oneapplicationofthethresholdmethodinvolvesthetimeyoungchildrenspendonacademicactivities.Youngchildrenhaveshortattentionspanssothelengthoftimetheycansustainworkononeactivityislimited.Mostactivitiesarescheduledtolastnolongerthan30to40minutes.Howeveratthestartoftheschoolyearattentionspansquicklywaneandbehaviorproblemsoftenresult.ToapplyGuthrie’stheoryateachermightatthestartoftheyearlimitactivitiesto15to20minutes.Overthenextfewweekstheteachercouldgraduallyincreasethetimestudentsspendworkingonasingleactivity.Thethresholdmethodalsocanbeappliedtoteachingprintingandhandwriting.Whenchildrenfirstlearntoformletterstheirmovementsareawkwardandtheylackfinemotorcoordination.Thedistancesbetweenlinesonapagearepurposelywidesochildrencanfitthelettersintothespace.Ifpaperwithnarrowlinesisinitiallyintroducedstudents’etterswouldspilloverthebordersandstudentsmightbecomefrustrated.Oncestudentscanformletterswithinthelargerborderstheycanusepaperwithsmallerborderstohelpthemrefinetheirskills.Thefatiguemethodcanbeappliedwhendiscipliningdisruptivestudentswhobuildpaperairplanesandsailthemacrosstheroom.Theteachercanremovethestudentsfromtheclassroomgivethemalargestackofpaperandtellhimtostartmakingpaperairplanes.Afterthestudentshavemadeseveralairplanestheactivityshouldloseitsattractionandpaperwillbecomeacuefornotbuildingairplanes.Somestudentscontinuallyracearoundthegymwhentheyfirstentertheirphysicaleducationclass.Toemploythefatiguemethodtheteachermightdecidetohavethesestudentscontinuetorunafewmorelapsaftertheclasshasbegun.Theincompatibleresponsemethodcanbeusedwithstudentswhotalkandmisbehaveinthemediacenter.Readingisincompatiblewithtalking.Themediacenterteachermightaskthestudentstofindinterestingbooksandreadthemwhileinthecenter.Assumingthatthestudentsfindthebooksenjoyablethemediacenterwillovertimebecomeacueforselectingandreadingbooksratherthanfortalkingwithotherstudents.Inasocialstudiesclasssomestudentsregularlyfallasleep.Theteacherrealizedthatusingtheboardandoverheadprojectorwhilelecturingwasveryboring.Soontheteacherbegantoincorporateotherelementsintoeachlessonsuchasexperimentsanddebatesinanattempttoinvolvestudentsandraisetheirinterestinthecourse.Tostopsnackingwhilewatchingtelevisionpeopleshouldkeeptheirhandsbusybysewingpaintingworkingcrosswordpuzzlesandsoforth.OvertimewatchingTVbecomesacueforengaginginanactivityotherthansnacking.Whatmethodisusedinthisexample
Healthimplies.morethanphysicalfitness.Italsoimpliesmentalandemotionalwellbeing.Anangryfrustratedemotionally1personingoodphysicalconditionisnot2healthy.Mentalhealththereforehasmuchtodo3howapersoncopeswiththeworldasitexists.Manyofthefactorsthat4physicalhealthalsoaffectmentalandemotionalwell-being. Havingagoodself-imagemeansthatpeoplehavepositive5picturesandgoodpositivefeelingsaboutthemselvesaboutwhattheyarecapable6andabouttherolestheyplay.Peoplewithgoodself-imageslikethemselvesandtheyare7likeothers.Havingagoodself-imageisbased8arealistic9ofone’sownworthandvalueandcapabilities. Stressisanunavoidablenecessaryandpotentiallyhealthful10ofoursociety.Peopleofallages11stress.Childrenbeginto12stressduringprenataldevelopmentandduringchildbirth.Examplesofstress-inducing13inthelifeofayoungpersonaredeathofapetpressureto14academicallythedivorceofparentsorjoininganewyouthgroup.Thedifferentwaysinwhichindividuals15tostressmaybringhealthfulorunhealthyresults.Onepersonexperiencingagreatdealofstressmayfunctionexceptionallywell16anothermaybeunabletofunctionatall.Ifstressfulsituationsarecontinuallyencounteredtheindividual’sphysicalsocialandmentalhealthareeventuallyaffected. Satisfyingsocialrelationsarevitalto17mentalandemotionalhealth.Itisbelievedthatinorderto18developandmaintaineffectiveandfulfillingsocialrelationshipspeoplemust19theabilitytoknowandtrusteachotherunderstandeachotherinfluenceandhelpeachother.Theymustalsobecapableof20conflictsinaconstructiveway. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points4
Sincetheindustrialrevolutiongovernmentsocietyandindustryhaveattemptedtochanneltechnologicalprogressinusefuldirections.WhetheritistheprintingpressthecottongintheautomobileortheInternettechnologicalinnovationsoftenhaveprofoundeconomicandsocialeffects.Toharnessthebenefitsandminimizethemoreharmfuleffectsofnewtechnologiesmoderngovernmentsusefourbasicapproaches:specificdirectionmarketincentivescriminalprohibitionandbehaviormodification.SpecificdirectionstartswithgovernmentsidentifyingoneormorekeyfactorsintheR&Dphase.Thenusingavarietyofmeansrangingfromadministrativeregulationtooutrightstateownershipthegovernmentseekstocontroltheimplementationofthetechnology.Marketincentivesarethedeliberatemanipulationofthemarketbythegovernmenttocontrolhowaparticularlytechnologyisdistributedandused.Forexamplesomegovernmentsimposetaxestocoverthehiddencostsassociatedwiththeuseofaparticulartechnology.Forexampleraisinggasolinetaxestopayforhighwayimprovements.Othermethodsincludethegrantingofsubsidiestoprivateresearchersorthestrengtheningofintellectualpropertylawstogiveaddedincentivestodevelopers.Criminalprohibitionusuallytakesplacewhenstrongoppositionexiststoaparticulartechnologyorfieldofresearch.Inrecentyearsmostdevelopedcountrieshaveenactedlegislationtobanthecloningofhumanbeings.Otherexamplesaretheenforcementofcleanairregulationsthatforcepowerplantstoemitfewergreenhousegasses.Finallybehaviormodificationincludestheuseofthemediaadvertisingandgovernmentandcorporateleadershiptoencourageaparticularsocietytouseatechnologyinabeneficialway.ForexamplewhilethereislimitedgovernmentregulationoftheInternetwebsitesareencouragedtoinstallsafeguardstopreventchildrenfromviewinginappropriatematerial.ArecentnationaladvertisingcampaignrecentlyboostedthepercentageofNewYorkresidentswhorecycledbyalmost25%.Suchcampaignsdonotusedirectgovernmentregulationbutinsteadappealtotheuser’ssenseofcivicdutyorsocialresponsibility.OfallnewtechnologiesperhapsnonehaschangedthelandscapeandcharacterofAmericanlifemorethantheautomobile.YetthecostsofthistechnologyarenotalwaysreflectedinthepriceofUsingthetechnology.Forexampleitcostsanoilcompany$0.89pergallonofgasproduced.ThissameliterissoldtoU.S.consumersatabout$1.20pergallon.Yetwhilethispricereflectsthecostofproductionplusaprofitfortheoilcompanyitdoesnotreflecttheactualcostofusingthetechnology.Forthatwemustfactorintheenvironmentalcostsassociatedwithairpollutionincreasedhealthcareenvironmentaldegradationandthepoliticalcostsdependenceonforeignoilenergyshortages.Inshortinordertobeeffectiveallofthesestrategiesforchannelingtechnologytobenefitsocietymustincorporateallthecostsassociatedwithusage.Behaviormodificationisdifferentfromtheotherthreemeasuresinthat
Scientistshaveforthefirsttimeusedcloningtocreatehumanembryosthatlivelongenoughinalaboratorydishtohavetheirstemcellsharvested.Thefeatcouldsetthestageforphysicianstoproducecellsandtissuestailoredtoapatient’sgeneticidentitythatcantreatawidevarietyofhumanillnesses.Theaccomplishmentalsoprovidesaroadmapforhowtocloneapersonanevenmoredivisiveundertaking.ThenewworkperformedinSouthKorearepresentsamajoradvanceinstemcellresearch.ItcouldhelpspuramedicalrevolutionasimportantasantibioticsandvaccinessaysRobertLanzaofAdvancedCellTechnologyACTacompanyinWorcesterMass.that’salsoinvestigatingthepromisingstemcellstrategycalledtherapeuticcloning.HowevernowthatthemethodologyispubliclyavailableLanzaaddsIthinkitisabsolutelyimperativethatwepasslawsworldwidetopreventthetechnologyfrombeingabusedforreproductive-cloningpurposes.Whilesomefertilitydoctorsandareligiousculthaveclaimedsuccessatcreatingapregnancyviacloningthey’veofferednoconvincingproof.IncontrasttheSouthKoreanresearchisbeingreportedatthemeetingoftheAmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofScienceinSeattleandwillappearinanupcomingScience.ThisisrealitysaysstemcellresearcherJohnGearhartofJohnsHopkinsUniversity.He4’eisabonafiderefereedjournalsayingthatahumanembryohasbeenclonedandacelllinederivedfromit.AlthoughACThasnotyetpublishedareportofaclonedhumanblastocystLanzasaysthattheSouthKoreansuccessisconsistentwithourownresults.TherapeuticcloningappealstoLanzaandphysiciansbecausecellsmadethiswaycouldhavethesameDNAasapatient’scellsdoandthusavoidrejectionafterthey’retransplanted.Seekingacompromisethatwouldpermitthisstrategytobepursuedmanyscientistshavecalledforlegislationthatwouldbancloningtoproduceababybutallowthecreationofclonedembryostogeneratestemcellsforresearchortherapies.Thedebatehasbeenverypolarizednotesbio-ethicistLaurieZolothofNorthwesternUniversityinEvanston.Accordingtothetextstemcellsarehardtoobtainbecause
Inthelongperiodfrom1500to1800westernEuropeannation-stateswereallinfluencedbyasetofideasknownasmercantilism.46Mercantilistdoctrineandinstitutionswereimportantbecausetheywereheldbypracticalbusinesspeopleandheadsofstatewhostronglyinfluencedpublicpolicyandinstitutionalchange. Theprimaryaimofmercantilistswastoachievepowerandwealthforthestate.Togenerateaninflowofgoldorsilverthroughtradethevalueofexportsshouldexceedthevalueofimports.Andthestatecouldattaingreatpoweronlyifpoliticalandeconomicunitybecameafact.47Ifallthematerialsnecessarytofosterdomesticindustrywerenotavailabletheycouldbestbeobtainedbyestablishingcoloniesorfriendlyforeigntradingpostsfromwhichsuchgoodscouldbeimported.Andastrongmerchantmarinecouldcarryforeigngoodstherebyhelpingtosecurefavorabletradebalances.48Mercantilistsbelievedthatthesemeansofachievingnationalpowercouldbemadeeffectivebythepassageandstrictenforcementoflegislationregulatingeconomiclife. 49AlmostassoonasVirginiatobaccobegantobeshippedincommercialquantitiestoEnglandKingJamesIleviedataxonitwhileagreeingtoprohibitthegrowthofcompetingtobaccoinEngland.TaxesregulationandsubsidieswereallusedasmercantilepoliciesbuttheprimaryonesthataffectedthecoloniesweretheNavigationActs. In1640sAmericanshadslippedintothehabitofshippingtheirgoodsdirectlytocontinentalportsandtheDutchmadegreatinroadsintothecarryingtradeofthecolonies.AftertheRestorationEnglandwasinapositiontoenforceastrictcommercialpolicybeginningwiththeNavigationActsof1660and1663.Despitethecontinuedmodificationstotheseactsbypolicychangesitissufficienttonotethreeprimarycategoriesoftraderestriction: 50AlltradeofthecolonieswastobecarriedinvesselsthatwereEnglishbuiltandownedcommandedbyanEnglishcaptainandmannedbyacrewofwhomthree-quarterswereEnglish. AllforeignmerchantswereexcludedfromdealingdirectlyinthecommerceoftheEnglishcolonies.TheycouldengageincolonialtradeonlythroughEnglandandmerchantsresidentthere. CertaincommoditiesproducedinthecoloniescouldbeexportedonlytoEnglandessentiallyanydestinationwithintheEmpire.These"enumerated"goodsincludedsugartobaccocottonindigogingerandsoon. AlltradeofthecolonieswastobecarriedinvesselsthatwereEnglishbuiltandownedcommandedbyanEnglishcaptainandmannedbyacrewofwhomthree-quarterswereEnglish.
Healthimplies.morethanphysicalfitness.Italsoimpliesmentalandemotionalwellbeing.Anangryfrustratedemotionally1personingoodphysicalconditionisnot2healthy.Mentalhealththereforehasmuchtodo3howapersoncopeswiththeworldasitexists.Manyofthefactorsthat4physicalhealthalsoaffectmentalandemotionalwell-being. Havingagoodself-imagemeansthatpeoplehavepositive5picturesandgoodpositivefeelingsaboutthemselvesaboutwhattheyarecapable6andabouttherolestheyplay.Peoplewithgoodself-imageslikethemselvesandtheyare7likeothers.Havingagoodself-imageisbased8arealistic9ofone’sownworthandvalueandcapabilities. Stressisanunavoidablenecessaryandpotentiallyhealthful10ofoursociety.Peopleofallages11stress.Childrenbeginto12stressduringprenataldevelopmentandduringchildbirth.Examplesofstress-inducing13inthelifeofayoungpersonaredeathofapetpressureto14academicallythedivorceofparentsorjoininganewyouthgroup.Thedifferentwaysinwhichindividuals15tostressmaybringhealthfulorunhealthyresults.Onepersonexperiencingagreatdealofstressmayfunctionexceptionallywell16anothermaybeunabletofunctionatall.Ifstressfulsituationsarecontinuallyencounteredtheindividual’sphysicalsocialandmentalhealthareeventuallyaffected. Satisfyingsocialrelationsarevitalto17mentalandemotionalhealth.Itisbelievedthatinorderto18developandmaintaineffectiveandfulfillingsocialrelationshipspeoplemust19theabilitytoknowandtrusteachotherunderstandeachotherinfluenceandhelpeachother.Theymustalsobecapableof20conflictsinaconstructiveway. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points14
Inthelongperiodfrom1500to1800westernEuropeannation-stateswereallinfluencedbyasetofideasknownasmercantilism.46Mercantilistdoctrineandinstitutionswereimportantbecausetheywereheldbypracticalbusinesspeopleandheadsofstatewhostronglyinfluencedpublicpolicyandinstitutionalchange. Theprimaryaimofmercantilistswastoachievepowerandwealthforthestate.Togenerateaninflowofgoldorsilverthroughtradethevalueofexportsshouldexceedthevalueofimports.Andthestatecouldattaingreatpoweronlyifpoliticalandeconomicunitybecameafact.47Ifallthematerialsnecessarytofosterdomesticindustrywerenotavailabletheycouldbestbeobtainedbyestablishingcoloniesorfriendlyforeigntradingpostsfromwhichsuchgoodscouldbeimported.Andastrongmerchantmarinecouldcarryforeigngoodstherebyhelpingtosecurefavorabletradebalances.48Mercantilistsbelievedthatthesemeansofachievingnationalpowercouldbemadeeffectivebythepassageandstrictenforcementoflegislationregulatingeconomiclife. 49AlmostassoonasVirginiatobaccobegantobeshippedincommercialquantitiestoEnglandKingJamesIleviedataxonitwhileagreeingtoprohibitthegrowthofcompetingtobaccoinEngland.TaxesregulationandsubsidieswereallusedasmercantilepoliciesbuttheprimaryonesthataffectedthecoloniesweretheNavigationActs. In1640sAmericanshadslippedintothehabitofshippingtheirgoodsdirectlytocontinentalportsandtheDutchmadegreatinroadsintothecarryingtradeofthecolonies.AftertheRestorationEnglandwasinapositiontoenforceastrictcommercialpolicybeginningwiththeNavigationActsof1660and1663.Despitethecontinuedmodificationstotheseactsbypolicychangesitissufficienttonotethreeprimarycategoriesoftraderestriction: 50AlltradeofthecolonieswastobecarriedinvesselsthatwereEnglishbuiltandownedcommandedbyanEnglishcaptainandmannedbyacrewofwhomthree-quarterswereEnglish. AllforeignmerchantswereexcludedfromdealingdirectlyinthecommerceoftheEnglishcolonies.TheycouldengageincolonialtradeonlythroughEnglandandmerchantsresidentthere. CertaincommoditiesproducedinthecoloniescouldbeexportedonlytoEnglandessentiallyanydestinationwithintheEmpire.These"enumerated"goodsincludedsugartobaccocottonindigogingerandsoon. Mercantilistdoctrineandinstitutionswereimportantbecausetheywereheldbypracticalbusinesspeopleandheadsofstatewhostronglyinfluencedpublicpolicyandinstitutionalchange.
Itistrueasthemovementcriticsassertthatthepresentwomen’sliberationgroupsarealmostentirelybasedamongmiddleclasswomenthatiscollegeandcareerwomen;andtheissuesofpsychologicalandsexualexploitationandtoalesserextentexploitationthroughconsumptionhavebeenthemostprominentones.Itisnotsurprisingthatthewomen’sliberationmovementshouldbeginamongbourgeoiswomenandshouldbedominatedinthebeginningbytheirconsciousnessandtheirparticularconcerns.Radicalwomenaregenerallythepostwarmiddleclassgenerationthatgrewupwiththerighttovotethechanceathighereducationandtrainingforsupportiverolesintheprofessionsandbusiness.Mostofthemareyoungandsophisticatedenoughtohavenotyethadchildrenanddonothavetomarrytosupportthemselves.Incomparisonwithmostwomentheyarecapableofacertainamountofcontrolovertheirlives.Thehigherdevelopmentofbourgeoisdemocraticsocietyallowsthewomenwhobenefitfromeducationandrelativeequalitytoseethecontradictionsbetweenitsrhetoriceverychildcanbecomepresidentandtheiractualplaceinthatsociety.Theworkingclasswomanmightbelievethateducationcouldhavemadeherfinanciallyindependentbuttheeducatedcareerwomanfindsthatmoneyhasnotmadeherindependent.Infactbecauseshehasbeenallowedtoprogresshalfwayontheupward-mobilityladdershecanseetherestofthedistancethatisdeniedheronlybecausesheisawoman.Shecanseethesimilaritybetweenheroppressionandthatofothersectionsofthepopulation.Thusfromtheirownexperienceradicalwomeninthemovementareawareofmorefaultsinthesocietythanracismandimperialism.Becausetheyhavepushedthedemocraticmythtoitslimitstheyknowconcretelyhowitlimitsthem.AtthesametimethatradicalwomenwerelearningaboutAmericansocietytheywerealsobecomingawareofthemalechauvinisminthemovement.Infactthatisusuallythecauseoftheirfirstconscious100verbalizationoftheprejudicetheyfeel;itismoredisillusioningtoknowthatthesamecontradictionexistsbetweenthemovement’srhetoricofequalityanditsrealityforweexpectmoreofourcomrades.Thisrealizationofthedeep-seatedprejudiceagainstthemselvesinthemovementproducestwocommonreactionsamongitswomen:1apreoccupationwiththisimmediatebarrierandperhapsaresultanthopelessnessand2atendencytoretreatinwardtobuythefool’sgoldofcreatingapersonallyliberatedlifestyle.Howeverourconceptofliberationrepresentsaconsciousnessthatconditionshaveforcedonuswhilemostofoursistersarechainedbyotherconditionsbiologicalandeconomicthatoverwhelmtheirhumanityanddesiresforself-fulfillment.Ourbackgroundaccountsforourignoranceaboutthestarkoppressionofwomen’sdailylives.ThebasicdifferencebetweenMiddleClasswomenandotherwomenintheliberationmovementisthat
Scientistshaveforthefirsttimeusedcloningtocreatehumanembryosthatlivelongenoughinalaboratorydishtohavetheirstemcellsharvested.Thefeatcouldsetthestageforphysicianstoproducecellsandtissuestailoredtoapatient’sgeneticidentitythatcantreatawidevarietyofhumanillnesses.Theaccomplishmentalsoprovidesaroadmapforhowtocloneapersonanevenmoredivisiveundertaking.ThenewworkperformedinSouthKorearepresentsamajoradvanceinstemcellresearch.ItcouldhelpspuramedicalrevolutionasimportantasantibioticsandvaccinessaysRobertLanzaofAdvancedCellTechnologyACTacompanyinWorcesterMass.that’salsoinvestigatingthepromisingstemcellstrategycalledtherapeuticcloning.HowevernowthatthemethodologyispubliclyavailableLanzaaddsIthinkitisabsolutelyimperativethatwepasslawsworldwidetopreventthetechnologyfrombeingabusedforreproductive-cloningpurposes.Whilesomefertilitydoctorsandareligiousculthaveclaimedsuccessatcreatingapregnancyviacloningthey’veofferednoconvincingproof.IncontrasttheSouthKoreanresearchisbeingreportedatthemeetingoftheAmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofScienceinSeattleandwillappearinanupcomingScience.ThisisrealitysaysstemcellresearcherJohnGearhartofJohnsHopkinsUniversity.He4’eisabonafiderefereedjournalsayingthatahumanembryohasbeenclonedandacelllinederivedfromit.AlthoughACThasnotyetpublishedareportofaclonedhumanblastocystLanzasaysthattheSouthKoreansuccessisconsistentwithourownresults.TherapeuticcloningappealstoLanzaandphysiciansbecausecellsmadethiswaycouldhavethesameDNAasapatient’scellsdoandthusavoidrejectionafterthey’retransplanted.Seekingacompromisethatwouldpermitthisstrategytobepursuedmanyscientistshavecalledforlegislationthatwouldbancloningtoproduceababybutallowthecreationofclonedembryostogeneratestemcellsforresearchortherapies.Thedebatehasbeenverypolarizednotesbio-ethicistLaurieZolothofNorthwesternUniversityinEvanston.Thecompromiseinthelastparagraphprobablyreferstothepracticeof
Healthimplies.morethanphysicalfitness.Italsoimpliesmentalandemotionalwellbeing.Anangryfrustratedemotionally1personingoodphysicalconditionisnot2healthy.Mentalhealththereforehasmuchtodo3howapersoncopeswiththeworldasitexists.Manyofthefactorsthat4physicalhealthalsoaffectmentalandemotionalwell-being. Havingagoodself-imagemeansthatpeoplehavepositive5picturesandgoodpositivefeelingsaboutthemselvesaboutwhattheyarecapable6andabouttherolestheyplay.Peoplewithgoodself-imageslikethemselvesandtheyare7likeothers.Havingagoodself-imageisbased8arealistic9ofone’sownworthandvalueandcapabilities. Stressisanunavoidablenecessaryandpotentiallyhealthful10ofoursociety.Peopleofallages11stress.Childrenbeginto12stressduringprenataldevelopmentandduringchildbirth.Examplesofstress-inducing13inthelifeofayoungpersonaredeathofapetpressureto14academicallythedivorceofparentsorjoininganewyouthgroup.Thedifferentwaysinwhichindividuals15tostressmaybringhealthfulorunhealthyresults.Onepersonexperiencingagreatdealofstressmayfunctionexceptionallywell16anothermaybeunabletofunctionatall.Ifstressfulsituationsarecontinuallyencounteredtheindividual’sphysicalsocialandmentalhealthareeventuallyaffected. Satisfyingsocialrelationsarevitalto17mentalandemotionalhealth.Itisbelievedthatinorderto18developandmaintaineffectiveandfulfillingsocialrelationshipspeoplemust19theabilitytoknowandtrusteachotherunderstandeachotherinfluenceandhelpeachother.Theymustalsobecapableof20conflictsinaconstructiveway. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points2
Directions: ThegraphsbelowshowthetypesofmusicalbumspurchasedbypeopleinBritainaccordingtosexandage. Writeareportforauniversitylecturerdescribingtheinformationshownbelow.Youshouldwriteabout160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
WantaglimpseofthefutureofhealthcareTakealookatthewaythevariousnetworksofpeopleinvolvedinpatientcarearebeingconnectedtooneanotherandhowthisnewconnectivityisbeingexploitedtodelivermedicinetothepatient—nomatterwhereheorshemaybe.Onlinedoctorsofferingadvicebasedonstandardizedsymptomsarethemostobviousexample.Increasinglyhoweverremotediagnosistelemedicinewillbebasedonrealphysiologicaldatafromtheactualpatient.AgroupfromtheUniversityofKentuckyhasshownthatbyusinganoff-the-shelfPDApersonaldataassistancesuchasaPalmPilotplusamobilephoneitisperfectlyfeasibletotransmitapatient’svitalsignsoverthetelephone.Withthiskindofequipmentinafirst-aidkitthecryaskingwhethertherewasadoctorinthehousecouldwellbeathingofthepast.Othermedicaltechnologygroupsareworkingonapplyingtelemedicinetoruralcare.Andatleastoneteamwantstousetelemedicineasatoolfordisasterresponse—especiallyafterearthquakes.Overallthetrendistowardsprovidingglobalaccesstomedicaldataandexpertise.Butthereisoneproblem.Bandwidthisthelimitingfactorfortransmittingcomplexmedicalimagesaroundtheworld—CTscansbeingoneofthebiggestbandwidthconsumers.Communicationssatellitesmaybeabletocopewiththeshort-termneedsduringdisasterssuchasearthquakeswarsorfamines.Butmedicineislookingtowardsboththesecond-generationInternetandthird-generationmobilephonesforthefutureofdistributedmedicalintelligence.Doctorshavemettodiscusscomputer-basedtoolsformedicaldiagnosistrainingandtelemedicine.Withthefallingpriceofbroadbandcommunicationsthenewtechnologiesshouldusherinanerawhentelemedicineandthesharingofmedicalinformationexpertopinionanddiagnosisarecommon.Apropertitleforthepassagemaybe______.
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