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Directions: Study the following picture carefully and write an essay to 1) describe the picture, 2)...
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PartB Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcareful
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions:Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwri
Directions:Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwri
Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcarefullyandw
PartB Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcareful
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandw
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandw
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandw
PartB Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcareful
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandw
Directions: Studythefollowingchartcarefullyandwri
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcarefullyandw
Directions:Youareplanningtostudyinaforeignuniversi
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
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Healthimplies.morethanphysicalfitness.Italsoimpliesmentalandemotionalwellbeing.Anangryfrustratedemotionally1personingoodphysicalconditionisnot2healthy.Mentalhealththereforehasmuchtodo3howapersoncopeswiththeworldasitexists.Manyofthefactorsthat4physicalhealthalsoaffectmentalandemotionalwell-being. Havingagoodself-imagemeansthatpeoplehavepositive5picturesandgoodpositivefeelingsaboutthemselvesaboutwhattheyarecapable6andabouttherolestheyplay.Peoplewithgoodself-imageslikethemselvesandtheyare7likeothers.Havingagoodself-imageisbased8arealistic9ofone’sownworthandvalueandcapabilities. Stressisanunavoidablenecessaryandpotentiallyhealthful10ofoursociety.Peopleofallages11stress.Childrenbeginto12stressduringprenataldevelopmentandduringchildbirth.Examplesofstress-inducing13inthelifeofayoungpersonaredeathofapetpressureto14academicallythedivorceofparentsorjoininganewyouthgroup.Thedifferentwaysinwhichindividuals15tostressmaybringhealthfulorunhealthyresults.Onepersonexperiencingagreatdealofstressmayfunctionexceptionallywell16anothermaybeunabletofunctionatall.Ifstressfulsituationsarecontinuallyencounteredtheindividual’sphysicalsocialandmentalhealthareeventuallyaffected. Satisfyingsocialrelationsarevitalto17mentalandemotionalhealth.Itisbelievedthatinorderto18developandmaintaineffectiveandfulfillingsocialrelationshipspeoplemust19theabilitytoknowandtrusteachotherunderstandeachotherinfluenceandhelpeachother.Theymustalsobecapableof20conflictsinaconstructiveway. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points12
Directions:Studythefollowingtablecarefullyandwriteanessay.Youressaymustmeetthefollowingrequirements: 1Describethetable; 2Explainthepossiblecauses; 3Yoursuggestions. Youshouldwriteabout160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.20points
WhenEuropeanUnionEUleaderstookdeliveryofEurope’sfirstdraftofaconstitutionatasummitinGreecelastJuneitwaswithalmostuniversalpraise.TherewaswideagreementthatthetextcouldsavetheEUfromparalysisonceitexpandsfrom15to25membersnextyear.ItwouldgiveEuropeamorestableleadershipandgreatercloutontheworldstagesaidthechairmanoftheConventionwhichdraftedtheagreementformerFrenchPresidentValeryGiscardd’Estaing.Suchpraisewastoogoodtolast.Astheproductofaunique16-monthpublicdebatethedrafthasbecomeabattleground.Lessthanfourmonthsafteritwasdeliveredthesameleaderswhoaccepteditopenedthesecondroundoftalksonitscontentthisweekbytradingveiledthreatstoblockagreementorcutofffundsiftheydon’tgettheirway.Thetonewaspolitebutunyielding.InablandjointstatementissuedwhenthetalksopenedonOctober4theleadersstressedtheconstitutionrepresentsavitalstepintheprocessaimedatmakingEuropemorecohesivemoredemocraticandclosertoitscitizens.SharpdifferencesremainthoughbetweenmembercountriesoftheEUovervotingrightsthesizeandcompositionoftheexecutiveEuropeanCommissiondefenseco-operationandtheroleofreligioninthenewconstitution.ItalianPrimeMinisterSilvioBerlusconi’shopesofwrappingupadealontheconstitutionbyChristmasseemfarfrombeingrealized.WhilethesixfoundingmembersoftheEU--GermanyFranceItalytheNetherlandsBelgiumandLuxembourg--plusBritainandDenmarkwantaslittlechangeaspossibletothedraftthe10mainlycentralEuropeancountriesduetojointhe15-nationblocnextyearwanttoaltertheinstitution’sbalance.Suchsmallstatesareafraidtheirviewswillbeignoredundertheconstitutionandaredeterminedtodefendthedisproportionatevotingrightstheywonatthe2000NiceSummit.EUexpertsfearsuchsharpdifferenceswillcreateexactlytheparalysisintheEUtheConventionwasestablishedtoavoid.Theuniversalpraiseforthedraftturnedouttobe
Healthimplies.morethanphysicalfitness.Italsoimpliesmentalandemotionalwellbeing.Anangryfrustratedemotionally1personingoodphysicalconditionisnot2healthy.Mentalhealththereforehasmuchtodo3howapersoncopeswiththeworldasitexists.Manyofthefactorsthat4physicalhealthalsoaffectmentalandemotionalwell-being. Havingagoodself-imagemeansthatpeoplehavepositive5picturesandgoodpositivefeelingsaboutthemselvesaboutwhattheyarecapable6andabouttherolestheyplay.Peoplewithgoodself-imageslikethemselvesandtheyare7likeothers.Havingagoodself-imageisbased8arealistic9ofone’sownworthandvalueandcapabilities. Stressisanunavoidablenecessaryandpotentiallyhealthful10ofoursociety.Peopleofallages11stress.Childrenbeginto12stressduringprenataldevelopmentandduringchildbirth.Examplesofstress-inducing13inthelifeofayoungpersonaredeathofapetpressureto14academicallythedivorceofparentsorjoininganewyouthgroup.Thedifferentwaysinwhichindividuals15tostressmaybringhealthfulorunhealthyresults.Onepersonexperiencingagreatdealofstressmayfunctionexceptionallywell16anothermaybeunabletofunctionatall.Ifstressfulsituationsarecontinuallyencounteredtheindividual’sphysicalsocialandmentalhealthareeventuallyaffected. Satisfyingsocialrelationsarevitalto17mentalandemotionalhealth.Itisbelievedthatinorderto18developandmaintaineffectiveandfulfillingsocialrelationshipspeoplemust19theabilitytoknowandtrusteachotherunderstandeachotherinfluenceandhelpeachother.Theymustalsobecapableof20conflictsinaconstructiveway. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points6
Healthimplies.morethanphysicalfitness.Italsoimpliesmentalandemotionalwellbeing.Anangryfrustratedemotionally1personingoodphysicalconditionisnot2healthy.Mentalhealththereforehasmuchtodo3howapersoncopeswiththeworldasitexists.Manyofthefactorsthat4physicalhealthalsoaffectmentalandemotionalwell-being. Havingagoodself-imagemeansthatpeoplehavepositive5picturesandgoodpositivefeelingsaboutthemselvesaboutwhattheyarecapable6andabouttherolestheyplay.Peoplewithgoodself-imageslikethemselvesandtheyare7likeothers.Havingagoodself-imageisbased8arealistic9ofone’sownworthandvalueandcapabilities. Stressisanunavoidablenecessaryandpotentiallyhealthful10ofoursociety.Peopleofallages11stress.Childrenbeginto12stressduringprenataldevelopmentandduringchildbirth.Examplesofstress-inducing13inthelifeofayoungpersonaredeathofapetpressureto14academicallythedivorceofparentsorjoininganewyouthgroup.Thedifferentwaysinwhichindividuals15tostressmaybringhealthfulorunhealthyresults.Onepersonexperiencingagreatdealofstressmayfunctionexceptionallywell16anothermaybeunabletofunctionatall.Ifstressfulsituationsarecontinuallyencounteredtheindividual’sphysicalsocialandmentalhealthareeventuallyaffected. Satisfyingsocialrelationsarevitalto17mentalandemotionalhealth.Itisbelievedthatinorderto18developandmaintaineffectiveandfulfillingsocialrelationshipspeoplemust19theabilitytoknowandtrusteachotherunderstandeachotherinfluenceandhelpeachother.Theymustalsobecapableof20conflictsinaconstructiveway. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points16
Traditionallythewomanhasheldalowpositioninmarriagepartnerships.Whileherhusbandwenthiswayshehadtowashstitchandsew.Todaythemoveistoliberatethewomanwhichmayintheendstrengthenthemarriageunion.Perhapsthegreatestobstacletofriendshipinmarriageistheamountacoupleusuallyseesofeachother.Friendshipinitsusualsenseisnottestedbythestrainofdailyyear-longcohabitation.46Couplesneedtotakeupseparateinterestsandfriendshipaswellasmutuallysharedonesiftheyarenottogetusedtothemoreattractiveelementsofeachother’spersonalities. 47Marriedcouplesarelikelytoexertthemselvesforguests--beingamusingdiscussingwithpassionandpoint--andthentofallintodullexhaustedsilencewhentheguestshavegone.Asinallfriendshipahusbandandwifemusttrytointeresteachotherandtospendsufficienttimesharingabsorbingactivitiestogive-themcontinuingcommoninterests48Butatthesametimetheymustspendenoughtimeonseparateinterestswithseparatepeopletopreserveanddeveloptheirseparatepersonalitiesandkeeptheirrelationshipfresh. 49Fortoomanyhighlyintelligentworkingwomenhomerepresentschoreobligationsbecausethehusbandonlytoleratesherworkanddoesnotparticipateinhouseholdchores.Fortoomanyhighlyintelligentworkingmenhomerepresentsdullnessandcomplaints--fromanover-dependentwifewhowillnotgathercouragetomaketheirownlife. Insuchanatmospherethepartnersgrowfurtherandfurtherapartbothloveandlikingdisappearing.50Fortoomanycoupleswithchildrenthechildrenareallowedtocommandalltimeandattentionallowingthecouplenotimetodeveloplikingandfriendshipaswellasloveallottingexclusiveparentalroles. Fortoomanycoupleswithchildrenthechildrenareallowedtocommandalltimeandattentionallowingthecouplenotimetodeveloplikingandfriendshipaswellasloveallottingexclusiveparentalroles.
Traditionallythewomanhasheldalowpositioninmarriagepartnerships.Whileherhusbandwenthiswayshehadtowashstitchandsew.Todaythemoveistoliberatethewomanwhichmayintheendstrengthenthemarriageunion.Perhapsthegreatestobstacletofriendshipinmarriageistheamountacoupleusuallyseesofeachother.Friendshipinitsusualsenseisnottestedbythestrainofdailyyear-longcohabitation.46Couplesneedtotakeupseparateinterestsandfriendshipaswellasmutuallysharedonesiftheyarenottogetusedtothemoreattractiveelementsofeachother’spersonalities. 47Marriedcouplesarelikelytoexertthemselvesforguests--beingamusingdiscussingwithpassionandpoint--andthentofallintodullexhaustedsilencewhentheguestshavegone.Asinallfriendshipahusbandandwifemusttrytointeresteachotherandtospendsufficienttimesharingabsorbingactivitiestogive-themcontinuingcommoninterests48Butatthesametimetheymustspendenoughtimeonseparateinterestswithseparatepeopletopreserveanddeveloptheirseparatepersonalitiesandkeeptheirrelationshipfresh. 49Fortoomanyhighlyintelligentworkingwomenhomerepresentschoreobligationsbecausethehusbandonlytoleratesherworkanddoesnotparticipateinhouseholdchores.Fortoomanyhighlyintelligentworkingmenhomerepresentsdullnessandcomplaints--fromanover-dependentwifewhowillnotgathercouragetomaketheirownlife. Insuchanatmospherethepartnersgrowfurtherandfurtherapartbothloveandlikingdisappearing.50Fortoomanycoupleswithchildrenthechildrenareallowedtocommandalltimeandattentionallowingthecouplenotimetodeveloplikingandfriendshipaswellasloveallottingexclusiveparentalroles. Butatthesametimetheymustspendenoughtimeonseparateinterestswithseparatepeopletopreserveanddeveloptheirseparatepersonalitiesandkeeptheirrelationshipfresh.
Healthimplies.morethanphysicalfitness.Italsoimpliesmentalandemotionalwellbeing.Anangryfrustratedemotionally1personingoodphysicalconditionisnot2healthy.Mentalhealththereforehasmuchtodo3howapersoncopeswiththeworldasitexists.Manyofthefactorsthat4physicalhealthalsoaffectmentalandemotionalwell-being. Havingagoodself-imagemeansthatpeoplehavepositive5picturesandgoodpositivefeelingsaboutthemselvesaboutwhattheyarecapable6andabouttherolestheyplay.Peoplewithgoodself-imageslikethemselvesandtheyare7likeothers.Havingagoodself-imageisbased8arealistic9ofone’sownworthandvalueandcapabilities. Stressisanunavoidablenecessaryandpotentiallyhealthful10ofoursociety.Peopleofallages11stress.Childrenbeginto12stressduringprenataldevelopmentandduringchildbirth.Examplesofstress-inducing13inthelifeofayoungpersonaredeathofapetpressureto14academicallythedivorceofparentsorjoininganewyouthgroup.Thedifferentwaysinwhichindividuals15tostressmaybringhealthfulorunhealthyresults.Onepersonexperiencingagreatdealofstressmayfunctionexceptionallywell16anothermaybeunabletofunctionatall.Ifstressfulsituationsarecontinuallyencounteredtheindividual’sphysicalsocialandmentalhealthareeventuallyaffected. Satisfyingsocialrelationsarevitalto17mentalandemotionalhealth.Itisbelievedthatinorderto18developandmaintaineffectiveandfulfillingsocialrelationshipspeoplemust19theabilitytoknowandtrusteachotherunderstandeachotherinfluenceandhelpeachother.Theymustalsobecapableof20conflictsinaconstructiveway. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points20
Scientistshaveforthefirsttimeusedcloningtocreatehumanembryosthatlivelongenoughinalaboratorydishtohavetheirstemcellsharvested.Thefeatcouldsetthestageforphysicianstoproducecellsandtissuestailoredtoapatient’sgeneticidentitythatcantreatawidevarietyofhumanillnesses.Theaccomplishmentalsoprovidesaroadmapforhowtocloneapersonanevenmoredivisiveundertaking.ThenewworkperformedinSouthKorearepresentsamajoradvanceinstemcellresearch.ItcouldhelpspuramedicalrevolutionasimportantasantibioticsandvaccinessaysRobertLanzaofAdvancedCellTechnologyACTacompanyinWorcesterMass.that’salsoinvestigatingthepromisingstemcellstrategycalledtherapeuticcloning.HowevernowthatthemethodologyispubliclyavailableLanzaaddsIthinkitisabsolutelyimperativethatwepasslawsworldwidetopreventthetechnologyfrombeingabusedforreproductive-cloningpurposes.Whilesomefertilitydoctorsandareligiousculthaveclaimedsuccessatcreatingapregnancyviacloningthey’veofferednoconvincingproof.IncontrasttheSouthKoreanresearchisbeingreportedatthemeetingoftheAmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofScienceinSeattleandwillappearinanupcomingScience.ThisisrealitysaysstemcellresearcherJohnGearhartofJohnsHopkinsUniversity.He4’eisabonafiderefereedjournalsayingthatahumanembryohasbeenclonedandacelllinederivedfromit.AlthoughACThasnotyetpublishedareportofaclonedhumanblastocystLanzasaysthattheSouthKoreansuccessisconsistentwithourownresults.TherapeuticcloningappealstoLanzaandphysiciansbecausecellsmadethiswaycouldhavethesameDNAasapatient’scellsdoandthusavoidrejectionafterthey’retransplanted.Seekingacompromisethatwouldpermitthisstrategytobepursuedmanyscientistshavecalledforlegislationthatwouldbancloningtoproduceababybutallowthecreationofclonedembryostogeneratestemcellsforresearchortherapies.Thedebatehasbeenverypolarizednotesbio-ethicistLaurieZolothofNorthwesternUniversityinEvanston.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethathumancloning
Inthelongperiodfrom1500to1800westernEuropeannation-stateswereallinfluencedbyasetofideasknownasmercantilism.46Mercantilistdoctrineandinstitutionswereimportantbecausetheywereheldbypracticalbusinesspeopleandheadsofstatewhostronglyinfluencedpublicpolicyandinstitutionalchange. Theprimaryaimofmercantilistswastoachievepowerandwealthforthestate.Togenerateaninflowofgoldorsilverthroughtradethevalueofexportsshouldexceedthevalueofimports.Andthestatecouldattaingreatpoweronlyifpoliticalandeconomicunitybecameafact.47Ifallthematerialsnecessarytofosterdomesticindustrywerenotavailabletheycouldbestbeobtainedbyestablishingcoloniesorfriendlyforeigntradingpostsfromwhichsuchgoodscouldbeimported.Andastrongmerchantmarinecouldcarryforeigngoodstherebyhelpingtosecurefavorabletradebalances.48Mercantilistsbelievedthatthesemeansofachievingnationalpowercouldbemadeeffectivebythepassageandstrictenforcementoflegislationregulatingeconomiclife. 49AlmostassoonasVirginiatobaccobegantobeshippedincommercialquantitiestoEnglandKingJamesIleviedataxonitwhileagreeingtoprohibitthegrowthofcompetingtobaccoinEngland.TaxesregulationandsubsidieswereallusedasmercantilepoliciesbuttheprimaryonesthataffectedthecoloniesweretheNavigationActs. In1640sAmericanshadslippedintothehabitofshippingtheirgoodsdirectlytocontinentalportsandtheDutchmadegreatinroadsintothecarryingtradeofthecolonies.AftertheRestorationEnglandwasinapositiontoenforceastrictcommercialpolicybeginningwiththeNavigationActsof1660and1663.Despitethecontinuedmodificationstotheseactsbypolicychangesitissufficienttonotethreeprimarycategoriesoftraderestriction: 50AlltradeofthecolonieswastobecarriedinvesselsthatwereEnglishbuiltandownedcommandedbyanEnglishcaptainandmannedbyacrewofwhomthree-quarterswereEnglish. AllforeignmerchantswereexcludedfromdealingdirectlyinthecommerceoftheEnglishcolonies.TheycouldengageincolonialtradeonlythroughEnglandandmerchantsresidentthere. CertaincommoditiesproducedinthecoloniescouldbeexportedonlytoEnglandessentiallyanydestinationwithintheEmpire.These"enumerated"goodsincludedsugartobaccocottonindigogingerandsoon. Mercantilistsbelievedthatthesemeansofachievingnationalpowercouldbemadeeffectivebythepassageandstrictenforcementoflegislationregulatingeconomiclife.
Healthimplies.morethanphysicalfitness.Italsoimpliesmentalandemotionalwellbeing.Anangryfrustratedemotionally1personingoodphysicalconditionisnot2healthy.Mentalhealththereforehasmuchtodo3howapersoncopeswiththeworldasitexists.Manyofthefactorsthat4physicalhealthalsoaffectmentalandemotionalwell-being. Havingagoodself-imagemeansthatpeoplehavepositive5picturesandgoodpositivefeelingsaboutthemselvesaboutwhattheyarecapable6andabouttherolestheyplay.Peoplewithgoodself-imageslikethemselvesandtheyare7likeothers.Havingagoodself-imageisbased8arealistic9ofone’sownworthandvalueandcapabilities. Stressisanunavoidablenecessaryandpotentiallyhealthful10ofoursociety.Peopleofallages11stress.Childrenbeginto12stressduringprenataldevelopmentandduringchildbirth.Examplesofstress-inducing13inthelifeofayoungpersonaredeathofapetpressureto14academicallythedivorceofparentsorjoininganewyouthgroup.Thedifferentwaysinwhichindividuals15tostressmaybringhealthfulorunhealthyresults.Onepersonexperiencingagreatdealofstressmayfunctionexceptionallywell16anothermaybeunabletofunctionatall.Ifstressfulsituationsarecontinuallyencounteredtheindividual’sphysicalsocialandmentalhealthareeventuallyaffected. Satisfyingsocialrelationsarevitalto17mentalandemotionalhealth.Itisbelievedthatinorderto18developandmaintaineffectiveandfulfillingsocialrelationshipspeoplemust19theabilitytoknowandtrusteachotherunderstandeachotherinfluenceandhelpeachother.Theymustalsobecapableof20conflictsinaconstructiveway. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points18
Duringrecentyearswehaveheardmuchabout"race":howthisracedoescertainthingsandthatracebelievescertainthingsandsoon.Yetthe1phenomenonofraceconsistsofafewsurfaceindications. Wejudgeraceusually2thecoloringoftheskin:awhiteraceabrownraceayellowraceandablackrace.But3youweretoremovetheskinyoucouldnot4anythingabouttheracetowhichtheindividualbelonged.Thereis5inphysicalstructurethebrainortheinternalorgansto6adifference. Therearefourtypesofblood.7typesarefoundineveryraceandnotypeisdistincttoanyrace.Humanbrainsarethe8.Noscientistscouldexamineabrainandtellyoutheracetowhichtheindividualbelonged.Brainswin9insizebutthisoccurswithineveryrace.10doessizehaveanythingtodowithintelligence.Thelargestbrain11examinedbelongedtoapersonofweak12.Ontheotherhandsomeofourmostdistinguishedpeoplehavehad13brains. Mentaltestswhicharereasonably14shownodifferencesinintelligencebetweenraces.Highandlowtestresultsbothcanberecordedbydifferentmembersofanyrace.15equaleducationaladvantagestherewillbenodifferenceinaveragestandingseitheronaccountofraceorgeographicallocation.Individualsofeveryrace16civilizationtogobackwardorforward.Trainingandeducationcanchangetheresponseofgroupsofpeople17enablethemtobehaveina18way. Thebehaviorandidealsofpeoplechangeaccordingtocircumstancesbuttheycanalwaysgobackorgoontosomethingnew19isbetterandhigherthananything20thepast. Directions:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
Itistrueasthemovementcriticsassertthatthepresentwomen’sliberationgroupsarealmostentirelybasedamongmiddleclasswomenthatiscollegeandcareerwomen;andtheissuesofpsychologicalandsexualexploitationandtoalesserextentexploitationthroughconsumptionhavebeenthemostprominentones.Itisnotsurprisingthatthewomen’sliberationmovementshouldbeginamongbourgeoiswomenandshouldbedominatedinthebeginningbytheirconsciousnessandtheirparticularconcerns.Radicalwomenaregenerallythepostwarmiddleclassgenerationthatgrewupwiththerighttovotethechanceathighereducationandtrainingforsupportiverolesintheprofessionsandbusiness.Mostofthemareyoungandsophisticatedenoughtohavenotyethadchildrenanddonothavetomarrytosupportthemselves.Incomparisonwithmostwomentheyarecapableofacertainamountofcontrolovertheirlives.Thehigherdevelopmentofbourgeoisdemocraticsocietyallowsthewomenwhobenefitfromeducationandrelativeequalitytoseethecontradictionsbetweenitsrhetoriceverychildcanbecomepresidentandtheiractualplaceinthatsociety.Theworkingclasswomanmightbelievethateducationcouldhavemadeherfinanciallyindependentbuttheeducatedcareerwomanfindsthatmoneyhasnotmadeherindependent.Infactbecauseshehasbeenallowedtoprogresshalfwayontheupward-mobilityladdershecanseetherestofthedistancethatisdeniedheronlybecausesheisawoman.Shecanseethesimilaritybetweenheroppressionandthatofothersectionsofthepopulation.Thusfromtheirownexperienceradicalwomeninthemovementareawareofmorefaultsinthesocietythanracismandimperialism.Becausetheyhavepushedthedemocraticmythtoitslimitstheyknowconcretelyhowitlimitsthem.AtthesametimethatradicalwomenwerelearningaboutAmericansocietytheywerealsobecomingawareofthemalechauvinisminthemovement.Infactthatisusuallythecauseoftheirfirstconscious100verbalizationoftheprejudicetheyfeel;itismoredisillusioningtoknowthatthesamecontradictionexistsbetweenthemovement’srhetoricofequalityanditsrealityforweexpectmoreofourcomrades.Thisrealizationofthedeep-seatedprejudiceagainstthemselvesinthemovementproducestwocommonreactionsamongitswomen:1apreoccupationwiththisimmediatebarrierandperhapsaresultanthopelessnessand2atendencytoretreatinwardtobuythefool’sgoldofcreatingapersonallyliberatedlifestyle.Howeverourconceptofliberationrepresentsaconsciousnessthatconditionshaveforcedonuswhilemostofoursistersarechainedbyotherconditionsbiologicalandeconomicthatoverwhelmtheirhumanityanddesiresforself-fulfillment.Ourbackgroundaccountsforourignoranceaboutthestarkoppressionofwomen’sdailylives.Whatdoradicalwomenexpectmorefromtheirmalecounterparts
WhenEuropeanUnionEUleaderstookdeliveryofEurope’sfirstdraftofaconstitutionatasummitinGreecelastJuneitwaswithalmostuniversalpraise.TherewaswideagreementthatthetextcouldsavetheEUfromparalysisonceitexpandsfrom15to25membersnextyear.ItwouldgiveEuropeamorestableleadershipandgreatercloutontheworldstagesaidthechairmanoftheConventionwhichdraftedtheagreementformerFrenchPresidentValeryGiscardd’Estaing.Suchpraisewastoogoodtolast.Astheproductofaunique16-monthpublicdebatethedrafthasbecomeabattleground.Lessthanfourmonthsafteritwasdeliveredthesameleaderswhoaccepteditopenedthesecondroundoftalksonitscontentthisweekbytradingveiledthreatstoblockagreementorcutofffundsiftheydon’tgettheirway.Thetonewaspolitebutunyielding.InablandjointstatementissuedwhenthetalksopenedonOctober4theleadersstressedtheconstitutionrepresentsavitalstepintheprocessaimedatmakingEuropemorecohesivemoredemocraticandclosertoitscitizens.SharpdifferencesremainthoughbetweenmembercountriesoftheEUovervotingrightsthesizeandcompositionoftheexecutiveEuropeanCommissiondefenseco-operationandtheroleofreligioninthenewconstitution.ItalianPrimeMinisterSilvioBerlusconi’shopesofwrappingupadealontheconstitutionbyChristmasseemfarfrombeingrealized.WhilethesixfoundingmembersoftheEU--GermanyFranceItalytheNetherlandsBelgiumandLuxembourg--plusBritainandDenmarkwantaslittlechangeaspossibletothedraftthe10mainlycentralEuropeancountriesduetojointhe15-nationblocnextyearwanttoaltertheinstitution’sbalance.Suchsmallstatesareafraidtheirviewswillbeignoredundertheconstitutionandaredeterminedtodefendthedisproportionatevotingrightstheywonatthe2000NiceSummit.EUexpertsfearsuchsharpdifferenceswillcreateexactlytheparalysisintheEUtheConventionwasestablishedtoavoid.Whichofthefollowingissuemightnotbetheirsourceofargument
Traditionallythewomanhasheldalowpositioninmarriagepartnerships.Whileherhusbandwenthiswayshehadtowashstitchandsew.Todaythemoveistoliberatethewomanwhichmayintheendstrengthenthemarriageunion.Perhapsthegreatestobstacletofriendshipinmarriageistheamountacoupleusuallyseesofeachother.Friendshipinitsusualsenseisnottestedbythestrainofdailyyear-longcohabitation.46Couplesneedtotakeupseparateinterestsandfriendshipaswellasmutuallysharedonesiftheyarenottogetusedtothemoreattractiveelementsofeachother’spersonalities. 47Marriedcouplesarelikelytoexertthemselvesforguests--beingamusingdiscussingwithpassionandpoint--andthentofallintodullexhaustedsilencewhentheguestshavegone.Asinallfriendshipahusbandandwifemusttrytointeresteachotherandtospendsufficienttimesharingabsorbingactivitiestogive-themcontinuingcommoninterests48Butatthesametimetheymustspendenoughtimeonseparateinterestswithseparatepeopletopreserveanddeveloptheirseparatepersonalitiesandkeeptheirrelationshipfresh. 49Fortoomanyhighlyintelligentworkingwomenhomerepresentschoreobligationsbecausethehusbandonlytoleratesherworkanddoesnotparticipateinhouseholdchores.Fortoomanyhighlyintelligentworkingmenhomerepresentsdullnessandcomplaints--fromanover-dependentwifewhowillnotgathercouragetomaketheirownlife. Insuchanatmospherethepartnersgrowfurtherandfurtherapartbothloveandlikingdisappearing.50Fortoomanycoupleswithchildrenthechildrenareallowedtocommandalltimeandattentionallowingthecouplenotimetodeveloplikingandfriendshipaswellasloveallottingexclusiveparentalroles. Couplesneedtotakeupseparateinterestsandfriendshipaswellasmutuallysharedonesiftheyarenottogetusedtothemoreattractiveelementsofeachother’spersonalities.
Healthimplies.morethanphysicalfitness.Italsoimpliesmentalandemotionalwellbeing.Anangryfrustratedemotionally1personingoodphysicalconditionisnot2healthy.Mentalhealththereforehasmuchtodo3howapersoncopeswiththeworldasitexists.Manyofthefactorsthat4physicalhealthalsoaffectmentalandemotionalwell-being. Havingagoodself-imagemeansthatpeoplehavepositive5picturesandgoodpositivefeelingsaboutthemselvesaboutwhattheyarecapable6andabouttherolestheyplay.Peoplewithgoodself-imageslikethemselvesandtheyare7likeothers.Havingagoodself-imageisbased8arealistic9ofone’sownworthandvalueandcapabilities. Stressisanunavoidablenecessaryandpotentiallyhealthful10ofoursociety.Peopleofallages11stress.Childrenbeginto12stressduringprenataldevelopmentandduringchildbirth.Examplesofstress-inducing13inthelifeofayoungpersonaredeathofapetpressureto14academicallythedivorceofparentsorjoininganewyouthgroup.Thedifferentwaysinwhichindividuals15tostressmaybringhealthfulorunhealthyresults.Onepersonexperiencingagreatdealofstressmayfunctionexceptionallywell16anothermaybeunabletofunctionatall.Ifstressfulsituationsarecontinuallyencounteredtheindividual’sphysicalsocialandmentalhealthareeventuallyaffected. Satisfyingsocialrelationsarevitalto17mentalandemotionalhealth.Itisbelievedthatinorderto18developandmaintaineffectiveandfulfillingsocialrelationshipspeoplemust19theabilitytoknowandtrusteachotherunderstandeachotherinfluenceandhelpeachother.Theymustalsobecapableof20conflictsinaconstructiveway. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points10
Sincetheindustrialrevolutiongovernmentsocietyandindustryhaveattemptedtochanneltechnologicalprogressinusefuldirections.WhetheritistheprintingpressthecottongintheautomobileortheInternettechnologicalinnovationsoftenhaveprofoundeconomicandsocialeffects.Toharnessthebenefitsandminimizethemoreharmfuleffectsofnewtechnologiesmoderngovernmentsusefourbasicapproaches:specificdirectionmarketincentivescriminalprohibitionandbehaviormodification.SpecificdirectionstartswithgovernmentsidentifyingoneormorekeyfactorsintheR&Dphase.Thenusingavarietyofmeansrangingfromadministrativeregulationtooutrightstateownershipthegovernmentseekstocontroltheimplementationofthetechnology.Marketincentivesarethedeliberatemanipulationofthemarketbythegovernmenttocontrolhowaparticularlytechnologyisdistributedandused.Forexamplesomegovernmentsimposetaxestocoverthehiddencostsassociatedwiththeuseofaparticulartechnology.Forexampleraisinggasolinetaxestopayforhighwayimprovements.Othermethodsincludethegrantingofsubsidiestoprivateresearchersorthestrengtheningofintellectualpropertylawstogiveaddedincentivestodevelopers.Criminalprohibitionusuallytakesplacewhenstrongoppositionexiststoaparticulartechnologyorfieldofresearch.Inrecentyearsmostdevelopedcountrieshaveenactedlegislationtobanthecloningofhumanbeings.Otherexamplesaretheenforcementofcleanairregulationsthatforcepowerplantstoemitfewergreenhousegasses.Finallybehaviormodificationincludestheuseofthemediaadvertisingandgovernmentandcorporateleadershiptoencourageaparticularsocietytouseatechnologyinabeneficialway.ForexamplewhilethereislimitedgovernmentregulationoftheInternetwebsitesareencouragedtoinstallsafeguardstopreventchildrenfromviewinginappropriatematerial.ArecentnationaladvertisingcampaignrecentlyboostedthepercentageofNewYorkresidentswhorecycledbyalmost25%.Suchcampaignsdonotusedirectgovernmentregulationbutinsteadappealtotheuser’ssenseofcivicdutyorsocialresponsibility.OfallnewtechnologiesperhapsnonehaschangedthelandscapeandcharacterofAmericanlifemorethantheautomobile.YetthecostsofthistechnologyarenotalwaysreflectedinthepriceofUsingthetechnology.Forexampleitcostsanoilcompany$0.89pergallonofgasproduced.ThissameliterissoldtoU.S.consumersatabout$1.20pergallon.Yetwhilethispricereflectsthecostofproductionplusaprofitfortheoilcompanyitdoesnotreflecttheactualcostofusingthetechnology.Forthatwemustfactorintheenvironmentalcostsassociatedwithairpollutionincreasedhealthcareenvironmentaldegradationandthepoliticalcostsdependenceonforeignoilenergyshortages.Inshortinordertobeeffectiveallofthesestrategiesforchannelingtechnologytobenefitsocietymustincorporateallthecostsassociatedwithusage.Marketincentivesareusefulinthatthey
LongbeforeManlivedontheEarththerewerefishesreptilesbirdsinsectsandsomemammals.Althoughsomeoftheseanimalswereancestorsofkindslivingtodayothersarenowextinctthatistheyhavenodescendantsalivenow.41.Veryoccasionallytherocksshowimpressionofskinsothatapartfromcolorwecanbuildupareasonablyaccuratepictureofananimalthatdiedmillionsofyearsago.Thatkindofrockinwhichtheremainsarefoundtellsusmuchaboutthenatureoftheoriginallandoftenoftheplantsthatgrewonitandevenofitsclimate.42Nearlyallofthefossilsthatweknowwerepreservedinrocksformedbywateractionandmostoftheseareofanimalsthatlivedinornearwater.Thusitfollowsthattheremustbemanykindsofmammalsbirdsandinsectsofwhichweknownothing.43.Therewerealsocrablikecreatureswhosebodieswerecoveredwithahornysubstance.Thebodysegmentseachhadtwopairsoflegsonepairforwalkingonthesandybottomtheotherforswimming.Theheadwasakindofshieldwithapairofcompoundeyesoftenwiththousandsoflenses.Theywereusuallyaninchortwolongbutsomewere2feet.44.Ofthesetheammonitesareveryinterestingandimportant.Theyhaveashellcomposedofmanychamberseachrepresentingatemporaryhomeoftheanimal.Astheyounggrewlargeritgrewanewchamberandsealedoffthepreviousone.ThousandsofthesecanbeseenintherocksontheDorsetCoast.45.About75millionyearsagotheAgeofReptileswasoverandmostofthegroupsdiedout.Themammalsquicklydevelopedandwecantracetheevolutionofmanyfamiliaranimalssuchastheelephantandhorse.Manyofthelatermammalsthoughnowextinctwereknowntoprimitivemanandwerefeaturedbyhimincavepaintingsandonbonecarvings. [A]Theshellfishhavealonghistoryintherockandmanydifferentkindsareknown [B]Neverthelessweknowagreatdealaboutmanyofthembecausetheirbonesandshellshavebeenpreservedintherocksasfossils.Fromthemwecantelltheirsizeandshapehowtheywalkedthekindoffoodtheyate. [C]Thefirstanimalswithtruebackboneswerethefishesfirstknownintherocksof375millionyearsago.About300millionyearsagotheamphibianstheanimalsabletolivebothonlandandinwaterappeared.Theyweregiantsometimes8feetlongandmanyofthemlivedintheswampypoolsinwhichourcoalseamorlayerorformed.Theamphibiansgaverisetothereptilesandfornearly150millionyearstheseweretheprincipalformsoflifeonlandintheseaandintheair. [D]Thebestindexfossilstendtobemarinecreature.Thereanimalsevolvedrapidlyandspreadoverlargeoverlargeareasoftheworld. [E]Theearliestanimalswhoseremainshavebeenfoundwereallverysimplekindsandlivedinthesea.Laterformaaremorecomplexandamongthesearethesea-liliesrelationsofthestar-fisheswhichhadlongarmsandwereattachedbyalongstalktotheseabedortorocks. [F]Whenananimaldiesthebodyitsbonesorshellmayoftenbecarriedawaybystreamsintolakesortheseaandtheregetcoveredupbymud.Iftheanimallivedintheseaitsbodywouldprobablysinkandbecoveredwithmud.Moreandmoremudwouldfalluponituntilthebonesorshellbecomeembeddedandpreserved. [G]Manyfactorscaninfluencehowfossilsarepreservedinrocks.Remainsofanorganismmaybereplacedbymineralsdissolvedbyanacidicsolutiontoleaveonlytheirimpressionorsimplyreducedtoamorestableform. 44
Healthimplies.morethanphysicalfitness.Italsoimpliesmentalandemotionalwellbeing.Anangryfrustratedemotionally1personingoodphysicalconditionisnot2healthy.Mentalhealththereforehasmuchtodo3howapersoncopeswiththeworldasitexists.Manyofthefactorsthat4physicalhealthalsoaffectmentalandemotionalwell-being. Havingagoodself-imagemeansthatpeoplehavepositive5picturesandgoodpositivefeelingsaboutthemselvesaboutwhattheyarecapable6andabouttherolestheyplay.Peoplewithgoodself-imageslikethemselvesandtheyare7likeothers.Havingagoodself-imageisbased8arealistic9ofone’sownworthandvalueandcapabilities. Stressisanunavoidablenecessaryandpotentiallyhealthful10ofoursociety.Peopleofallages11stress.Childrenbeginto12stressduringprenataldevelopmentandduringchildbirth.Examplesofstress-inducing13inthelifeofayoungpersonaredeathofapetpressureto14academicallythedivorceofparentsorjoininganewyouthgroup.Thedifferentwaysinwhichindividuals15tostressmaybringhealthfulorunhealthyresults.Onepersonexperiencingagreatdealofstressmayfunctionexceptionallywell16anothermaybeunabletofunctionatall.Ifstressfulsituationsarecontinuallyencounteredtheindividual’sphysicalsocialandmentalhealthareeventuallyaffected. Satisfyingsocialrelationsarevitalto17mentalandemotionalhealth.Itisbelievedthatinorderto18developandmaintaineffectiveandfulfillingsocialrelationshipspeoplemust19theabilitytoknowandtrusteachotherunderstandeachotherinfluenceandhelpeachother.Theymustalsobecapableof20conflictsinaconstructiveway. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points8
Healthimplies.morethanphysicalfitness.Italsoimpliesmentalandemotionalwellbeing.Anangryfrustratedemotionally1personingoodphysicalconditionisnot2healthy.Mentalhealththereforehasmuchtodo3howapersoncopeswiththeworldasitexists.Manyofthefactorsthat4physicalhealthalsoaffectmentalandemotionalwell-being. Havingagoodself-imagemeansthatpeoplehavepositive5picturesandgoodpositivefeelingsaboutthemselvesaboutwhattheyarecapable6andabouttherolestheyplay.Peoplewithgoodself-imageslikethemselvesandtheyare7likeothers.Havingagoodself-imageisbased8arealistic9ofone’sownworthandvalueandcapabilities. Stressisanunavoidablenecessaryandpotentiallyhealthful10ofoursociety.Peopleofallages11stress.Childrenbeginto12stressduringprenataldevelopmentandduringchildbirth.Examplesofstress-inducing13inthelifeofayoungpersonaredeathofapetpressureto14academicallythedivorceofparentsorjoininganewyouthgroup.Thedifferentwaysinwhichindividuals15tostressmaybringhealthfulorunhealthyresults.Onepersonexperiencingagreatdealofstressmayfunctionexceptionallywell16anothermaybeunabletofunctionatall.Ifstressfulsituationsarecontinuallyencounteredtheindividual’sphysicalsocialandmentalhealthareeventuallyaffected. Satisfyingsocialrelationsarevitalto17mentalandemotionalhealth.Itisbelievedthatinorderto18developandmaintaineffectiveandfulfillingsocialrelationshipspeoplemust19theabilitytoknowandtrusteachotherunderstandeachotherinfluenceandhelpeachother.Theymustalsobecapableof20conflictsinaconstructiveway. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points4
Sincetheindustrialrevolutiongovernmentsocietyandindustryhaveattemptedtochanneltechnologicalprogressinusefuldirections.WhetheritistheprintingpressthecottongintheautomobileortheInternettechnologicalinnovationsoftenhaveprofoundeconomicandsocialeffects.Toharnessthebenefitsandminimizethemoreharmfuleffectsofnewtechnologiesmoderngovernmentsusefourbasicapproaches:specificdirectionmarketincentivescriminalprohibitionandbehaviormodification.SpecificdirectionstartswithgovernmentsidentifyingoneormorekeyfactorsintheR&Dphase.Thenusingavarietyofmeansrangingfromadministrativeregulationtooutrightstateownershipthegovernmentseekstocontroltheimplementationofthetechnology.Marketincentivesarethedeliberatemanipulationofthemarketbythegovernmenttocontrolhowaparticularlytechnologyisdistributedandused.Forexamplesomegovernmentsimposetaxestocoverthehiddencostsassociatedwiththeuseofaparticulartechnology.Forexampleraisinggasolinetaxestopayforhighwayimprovements.Othermethodsincludethegrantingofsubsidiestoprivateresearchersorthestrengtheningofintellectualpropertylawstogiveaddedincentivestodevelopers.Criminalprohibitionusuallytakesplacewhenstrongoppositionexiststoaparticulartechnologyorfieldofresearch.Inrecentyearsmostdevelopedcountrieshaveenactedlegislationtobanthecloningofhumanbeings.Otherexamplesaretheenforcementofcleanairregulationsthatforcepowerplantstoemitfewergreenhousegasses.Finallybehaviormodificationincludestheuseofthemediaadvertisingandgovernmentandcorporateleadershiptoencourageaparticularsocietytouseatechnologyinabeneficialway.ForexamplewhilethereislimitedgovernmentregulationoftheInternetwebsitesareencouragedtoinstallsafeguardstopreventchildrenfromviewinginappropriatematerial.ArecentnationaladvertisingcampaignrecentlyboostedthepercentageofNewYorkresidentswhorecycledbyalmost25%.Suchcampaignsdonotusedirectgovernmentregulationbutinsteadappealtotheuser’ssenseofcivicdutyorsocialresponsibility.OfallnewtechnologiesperhapsnonehaschangedthelandscapeandcharacterofAmericanlifemorethantheautomobile.YetthecostsofthistechnologyarenotalwaysreflectedinthepriceofUsingthetechnology.Forexampleitcostsanoilcompany$0.89pergallonofgasproduced.ThissameliterissoldtoU.S.consumersatabout$1.20pergallon.Yetwhilethispricereflectsthecostofproductionplusaprofitfortheoilcompanyitdoesnotreflecttheactualcostofusingthetechnology.Forthatwemustfactorintheenvironmentalcostsassociatedwithairpollutionincreasedhealthcareenvironmentaldegradationandthepoliticalcostsdependenceonforeignoilenergyshortages.Inshortinordertobeeffectiveallofthesestrategiesforchannelingtechnologytobenefitsocietymustincorporateallthecostsassociatedwithusage.Behaviormodificationisdifferentfromtheotherthreemeasuresinthat
Scientistshaveforthefirsttimeusedcloningtocreatehumanembryosthatlivelongenoughinalaboratorydishtohavetheirstemcellsharvested.Thefeatcouldsetthestageforphysicianstoproducecellsandtissuestailoredtoapatient’sgeneticidentitythatcantreatawidevarietyofhumanillnesses.Theaccomplishmentalsoprovidesaroadmapforhowtocloneapersonanevenmoredivisiveundertaking.ThenewworkperformedinSouthKorearepresentsamajoradvanceinstemcellresearch.ItcouldhelpspuramedicalrevolutionasimportantasantibioticsandvaccinessaysRobertLanzaofAdvancedCellTechnologyACTacompanyinWorcesterMass.that’salsoinvestigatingthepromisingstemcellstrategycalledtherapeuticcloning.HowevernowthatthemethodologyispubliclyavailableLanzaaddsIthinkitisabsolutelyimperativethatwepasslawsworldwidetopreventthetechnologyfrombeingabusedforreproductive-cloningpurposes.Whilesomefertilitydoctorsandareligiousculthaveclaimedsuccessatcreatingapregnancyviacloningthey’veofferednoconvincingproof.IncontrasttheSouthKoreanresearchisbeingreportedatthemeetingoftheAmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofScienceinSeattleandwillappearinanupcomingScience.ThisisrealitysaysstemcellresearcherJohnGearhartofJohnsHopkinsUniversity.He4’eisabonafiderefereedjournalsayingthatahumanembryohasbeenclonedandacelllinederivedfromit.AlthoughACThasnotyetpublishedareportofaclonedhumanblastocystLanzasaysthattheSouthKoreansuccessisconsistentwithourownresults.TherapeuticcloningappealstoLanzaandphysiciansbecausecellsmadethiswaycouldhavethesameDNAasapatient’scellsdoandthusavoidrejectionafterthey’retransplanted.Seekingacompromisethatwouldpermitthisstrategytobepursuedmanyscientistshavecalledforlegislationthatwouldbancloningtoproduceababybutallowthecreationofclonedembryostogeneratestemcellsforresearchortherapies.Thedebatehasbeenverypolarizednotesbio-ethicistLaurieZolothofNorthwesternUniversityinEvanston.Accordingtothetextstemcellsarehardtoobtainbecause
Inthelongperiodfrom1500to1800westernEuropeannation-stateswereallinfluencedbyasetofideasknownasmercantilism.46Mercantilistdoctrineandinstitutionswereimportantbecausetheywereheldbypracticalbusinesspeopleandheadsofstatewhostronglyinfluencedpublicpolicyandinstitutionalchange. Theprimaryaimofmercantilistswastoachievepowerandwealthforthestate.Togenerateaninflowofgoldorsilverthroughtradethevalueofexportsshouldexceedthevalueofimports.Andthestatecouldattaingreatpoweronlyifpoliticalandeconomicunitybecameafact.47Ifallthematerialsnecessarytofosterdomesticindustrywerenotavailabletheycouldbestbeobtainedbyestablishingcoloniesorfriendlyforeigntradingpostsfromwhichsuchgoodscouldbeimported.Andastrongmerchantmarinecouldcarryforeigngoodstherebyhelpingtosecurefavorabletradebalances.48Mercantilistsbelievedthatthesemeansofachievingnationalpowercouldbemadeeffectivebythepassageandstrictenforcementoflegislationregulatingeconomiclife. 49AlmostassoonasVirginiatobaccobegantobeshippedincommercialquantitiestoEnglandKingJamesIleviedataxonitwhileagreeingtoprohibitthegrowthofcompetingtobaccoinEngland.TaxesregulationandsubsidieswereallusedasmercantilepoliciesbuttheprimaryonesthataffectedthecoloniesweretheNavigationActs. In1640sAmericanshadslippedintothehabitofshippingtheirgoodsdirectlytocontinentalportsandtheDutchmadegreatinroadsintothecarryingtradeofthecolonies.AftertheRestorationEnglandwasinapositiontoenforceastrictcommercialpolicybeginningwiththeNavigationActsof1660and1663.Despitethecontinuedmodificationstotheseactsbypolicychangesitissufficienttonotethreeprimarycategoriesoftraderestriction: 50AlltradeofthecolonieswastobecarriedinvesselsthatwereEnglishbuiltandownedcommandedbyanEnglishcaptainandmannedbyacrewofwhomthree-quarterswereEnglish. AllforeignmerchantswereexcludedfromdealingdirectlyinthecommerceoftheEnglishcolonies.TheycouldengageincolonialtradeonlythroughEnglandandmerchantsresidentthere. CertaincommoditiesproducedinthecoloniescouldbeexportedonlytoEnglandessentiallyanydestinationwithintheEmpire.These"enumerated"goodsincludedsugartobaccocottonindigogingerandsoon. AlltradeofthecolonieswastobecarriedinvesselsthatwereEnglishbuiltandownedcommandedbyanEnglishcaptainandmannedbyacrewofwhomthree-quarterswereEnglish.
Healthimplies.morethanphysicalfitness.Italsoimpliesmentalandemotionalwellbeing.Anangryfrustratedemotionally1personingoodphysicalconditionisnot2healthy.Mentalhealththereforehasmuchtodo3howapersoncopeswiththeworldasitexists.Manyofthefactorsthat4physicalhealthalsoaffectmentalandemotionalwell-being. Havingagoodself-imagemeansthatpeoplehavepositive5picturesandgoodpositivefeelingsaboutthemselvesaboutwhattheyarecapable6andabouttherolestheyplay.Peoplewithgoodself-imageslikethemselvesandtheyare7likeothers.Havingagoodself-imageisbased8arealistic9ofone’sownworthandvalueandcapabilities. Stressisanunavoidablenecessaryandpotentiallyhealthful10ofoursociety.Peopleofallages11stress.Childrenbeginto12stressduringprenataldevelopmentandduringchildbirth.Examplesofstress-inducing13inthelifeofayoungpersonaredeathofapetpressureto14academicallythedivorceofparentsorjoininganewyouthgroup.Thedifferentwaysinwhichindividuals15tostressmaybringhealthfulorunhealthyresults.Onepersonexperiencingagreatdealofstressmayfunctionexceptionallywell16anothermaybeunabletofunctionatall.Ifstressfulsituationsarecontinuallyencounteredtheindividual’sphysicalsocialandmentalhealthareeventuallyaffected. Satisfyingsocialrelationsarevitalto17mentalandemotionalhealth.Itisbelievedthatinorderto18developandmaintaineffectiveandfulfillingsocialrelationshipspeoplemust19theabilitytoknowandtrusteachotherunderstandeachotherinfluenceandhelpeachother.Theymustalsobecapableof20conflictsinaconstructiveway. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points14
Itistrueasthemovementcriticsassertthatthepresentwomen’sliberationgroupsarealmostentirelybasedamongmiddleclasswomenthatiscollegeandcareerwomen;andtheissuesofpsychologicalandsexualexploitationandtoalesserextentexploitationthroughconsumptionhavebeenthemostprominentones.Itisnotsurprisingthatthewomen’sliberationmovementshouldbeginamongbourgeoiswomenandshouldbedominatedinthebeginningbytheirconsciousnessandtheirparticularconcerns.Radicalwomenaregenerallythepostwarmiddleclassgenerationthatgrewupwiththerighttovotethechanceathighereducationandtrainingforsupportiverolesintheprofessionsandbusiness.Mostofthemareyoungandsophisticatedenoughtohavenotyethadchildrenanddonothavetomarrytosupportthemselves.Incomparisonwithmostwomentheyarecapableofacertainamountofcontrolovertheirlives.Thehigherdevelopmentofbourgeoisdemocraticsocietyallowsthewomenwhobenefitfromeducationandrelativeequalitytoseethecontradictionsbetweenitsrhetoriceverychildcanbecomepresidentandtheiractualplaceinthatsociety.Theworkingclasswomanmightbelievethateducationcouldhavemadeherfinanciallyindependentbuttheeducatedcareerwomanfindsthatmoneyhasnotmadeherindependent.Infactbecauseshehasbeenallowedtoprogresshalfwayontheupward-mobilityladdershecanseetherestofthedistancethatisdeniedheronlybecausesheisawoman.Shecanseethesimilaritybetweenheroppressionandthatofothersectionsofthepopulation.Thusfromtheirownexperienceradicalwomeninthemovementareawareofmorefaultsinthesocietythanracismandimperialism.Becausetheyhavepushedthedemocraticmythtoitslimitstheyknowconcretelyhowitlimitsthem.AtthesametimethatradicalwomenwerelearningaboutAmericansocietytheywerealsobecomingawareofthemalechauvinisminthemovement.Infactthatisusuallythecauseoftheirfirstconscious100verbalizationoftheprejudicetheyfeel;itismoredisillusioningtoknowthatthesamecontradictionexistsbetweenthemovement’srhetoricofequalityanditsrealityforweexpectmoreofourcomrades.Thisrealizationofthedeep-seatedprejudiceagainstthemselvesinthemovementproducestwocommonreactionsamongitswomen:1apreoccupationwiththisimmediatebarrierandperhapsaresultanthopelessnessand2atendencytoretreatinwardtobuythefool’sgoldofcreatingapersonallyliberatedlifestyle.Howeverourconceptofliberationrepresentsaconsciousnessthatconditionshaveforcedonuswhilemostofoursistersarechainedbyotherconditionsbiologicalandeconomicthatoverwhelmtheirhumanityanddesiresforself-fulfillment.Ourbackgroundaccountsforourignoranceaboutthestarkoppressionofwomen’sdailylives.Theauthorimpliesinthelastparagraphthat
Itistrueasthemovementcriticsassertthatthepresentwomen’sliberationgroupsarealmostentirelybasedamongmiddleclasswomenthatiscollegeandcareerwomen;andtheissuesofpsychologicalandsexualexploitationandtoalesserextentexploitationthroughconsumptionhavebeenthemostprominentones.Itisnotsurprisingthatthewomen’sliberationmovementshouldbeginamongbourgeoiswomenandshouldbedominatedinthebeginningbytheirconsciousnessandtheirparticularconcerns.Radicalwomenaregenerallythepostwarmiddleclassgenerationthatgrewupwiththerighttovotethechanceathighereducationandtrainingforsupportiverolesintheprofessionsandbusiness.Mostofthemareyoungandsophisticatedenoughtohavenotyethadchildrenanddonothavetomarrytosupportthemselves.Incomparisonwithmostwomentheyarecapableofacertainamountofcontrolovertheirlives.Thehigherdevelopmentofbourgeoisdemocraticsocietyallowsthewomenwhobenefitfromeducationandrelativeequalitytoseethecontradictionsbetweenitsrhetoriceverychildcanbecomepresidentandtheiractualplaceinthatsociety.Theworkingclasswomanmightbelievethateducationcouldhavemadeherfinanciallyindependentbuttheeducatedcareerwomanfindsthatmoneyhasnotmadeherindependent.Infactbecauseshehasbeenallowedtoprogresshalfwayontheupward-mobilityladdershecanseetherestofthedistancethatisdeniedheronlybecausesheisawoman.Shecanseethesimilaritybetweenheroppressionandthatofothersectionsofthepopulation.Thusfromtheirownexperienceradicalwomeninthemovementareawareofmorefaultsinthesocietythanracismandimperialism.Becausetheyhavepushedthedemocraticmythtoitslimitstheyknowconcretelyhowitlimitsthem.AtthesametimethatradicalwomenwerelearningaboutAmericansocietytheywerealsobecomingawareofthemalechauvinisminthemovement.Infactthatisusuallythecauseoftheirfirstconscious100verbalizationoftheprejudicetheyfeel;itismoredisillusioningtoknowthatthesamecontradictionexistsbetweenthemovement’srhetoricofequalityanditsrealityforweexpectmoreofourcomrades.Thisrealizationofthedeep-seatedprejudiceagainstthemselvesinthemovementproducestwocommonreactionsamongitswomen:1apreoccupationwiththisimmediatebarrierandperhapsaresultanthopelessnessand2atendencytoretreatinwardtobuythefool’sgoldofcreatingapersonallyliberatedlifestyle.Howeverourconceptofliberationrepresentsaconsciousnessthatconditionshaveforcedonuswhilemostofoursistersarechainedbyotherconditionsbiologicalandeconomicthatoverwhelmtheirhumanityanddesiresforself-fulfillment.Ourbackgroundaccountsforourignoranceaboutthestarkoppressionofwomen’sdailylives.ThebasicdifferencebetweenMiddleClasswomenandotherwomenintheliberationmovementisthat
Scientistshaveforthefirsttimeusedcloningtocreatehumanembryosthatlivelongenoughinalaboratorydishtohavetheirstemcellsharvested.Thefeatcouldsetthestageforphysicianstoproducecellsandtissuestailoredtoapatient’sgeneticidentitythatcantreatawidevarietyofhumanillnesses.Theaccomplishmentalsoprovidesaroadmapforhowtocloneapersonanevenmoredivisiveundertaking.ThenewworkperformedinSouthKorearepresentsamajoradvanceinstemcellresearch.ItcouldhelpspuramedicalrevolutionasimportantasantibioticsandvaccinessaysRobertLanzaofAdvancedCellTechnologyACTacompanyinWorcesterMass.that’salsoinvestigatingthepromisingstemcellstrategycalledtherapeuticcloning.HowevernowthatthemethodologyispubliclyavailableLanzaaddsIthinkitisabsolutelyimperativethatwepasslawsworldwidetopreventthetechnologyfrombeingabusedforreproductive-cloningpurposes.Whilesomefertilitydoctorsandareligiousculthaveclaimedsuccessatcreatingapregnancyviacloningthey’veofferednoconvincingproof.IncontrasttheSouthKoreanresearchisbeingreportedatthemeetingoftheAmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofScienceinSeattleandwillappearinanupcomingScience.ThisisrealitysaysstemcellresearcherJohnGearhartofJohnsHopkinsUniversity.He4’eisabonafiderefereedjournalsayingthatahumanembryohasbeenclonedandacelllinederivedfromit.AlthoughACThasnotyetpublishedareportofaclonedhumanblastocystLanzasaysthattheSouthKoreansuccessisconsistentwithourownresults.TherapeuticcloningappealstoLanzaandphysiciansbecausecellsmadethiswaycouldhavethesameDNAasapatient’scellsdoandthusavoidrejectionafterthey’retransplanted.Seekingacompromisethatwouldpermitthisstrategytobepursuedmanyscientistshavecalledforlegislationthatwouldbancloningtoproduceababybutallowthecreationofclonedembryostogeneratestemcellsforresearchortherapies.Thedebatehasbeenverypolarizednotesbio-ethicistLaurieZolothofNorthwesternUniversityinEvanston.Thecompromiseinthelastparagraphprobablyreferstothepracticeof
Healthimplies.morethanphysicalfitness.Italsoimpliesmentalandemotionalwellbeing.Anangryfrustratedemotionally1personingoodphysicalconditionisnot2healthy.Mentalhealththereforehasmuchtodo3howapersoncopeswiththeworldasitexists.Manyofthefactorsthat4physicalhealthalsoaffectmentalandemotionalwell-being. Havingagoodself-imagemeansthatpeoplehavepositive5picturesandgoodpositivefeelingsaboutthemselvesaboutwhattheyarecapable6andabouttherolestheyplay.Peoplewithgoodself-imageslikethemselvesandtheyare7likeothers.Havingagoodself-imageisbased8arealistic9ofone’sownworthandvalueandcapabilities. Stressisanunavoidablenecessaryandpotentiallyhealthful10ofoursociety.Peopleofallages11stress.Childrenbeginto12stressduringprenataldevelopmentandduringchildbirth.Examplesofstress-inducing13inthelifeofayoungpersonaredeathofapetpressureto14academicallythedivorceofparentsorjoininganewyouthgroup.Thedifferentwaysinwhichindividuals15tostressmaybringhealthfulorunhealthyresults.Onepersonexperiencingagreatdealofstressmayfunctionexceptionallywell16anothermaybeunabletofunctionatall.Ifstressfulsituationsarecontinuallyencounteredtheindividual’sphysicalsocialandmentalhealthareeventuallyaffected. Satisfyingsocialrelationsarevitalto17mentalandemotionalhealth.Itisbelievedthatinorderto18developandmaintaineffectiveandfulfillingsocialrelationshipspeoplemust19theabilitytoknowandtrusteachotherunderstandeachotherinfluenceandhelpeachother.Theymustalsobecapableof20conflictsinaconstructiveway. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points2
Directions: ThegraphsbelowshowthetypesofmusicalbumspurchasedbypeopleinBritainaccordingtosexandage. Writeareportforauniversitylecturerdescribingtheinformationshownbelow.Youshouldwriteabout160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
LongbeforeManlivedontheEarththerewerefishesreptilesbirdsinsectsandsomemammals.Althoughsomeoftheseanimalswereancestorsofkindslivingtodayothersarenowextinctthatistheyhavenodescendantsalivenow.41.Veryoccasionallytherocksshowimpressionofskinsothatapartfromcolorwecanbuildupareasonablyaccuratepictureofananimalthatdiedmillionsofyearsago.Thatkindofrockinwhichtheremainsarefoundtellsusmuchaboutthenatureoftheoriginallandoftenoftheplantsthatgrewonitandevenofitsclimate.42Nearlyallofthefossilsthatweknowwerepreservedinrocksformedbywateractionandmostoftheseareofanimalsthatlivedinornearwater.Thusitfollowsthattheremustbemanykindsofmammalsbirdsandinsectsofwhichweknownothing.43.Therewerealsocrablikecreatureswhosebodieswerecoveredwithahornysubstance.Thebodysegmentseachhadtwopairsoflegsonepairforwalkingonthesandybottomtheotherforswimming.Theheadwasakindofshieldwithapairofcompoundeyesoftenwiththousandsoflenses.Theywereusuallyaninchortwolongbutsomewere2feet.44.Ofthesetheammonitesareveryinterestingandimportant.Theyhaveashellcomposedofmanychamberseachrepresentingatemporaryhomeoftheanimal.Astheyounggrewlargeritgrewanewchamberandsealedoffthepreviousone.ThousandsofthesecanbeseenintherocksontheDorsetCoast.45.About75millionyearsagotheAgeofReptileswasoverandmostofthegroupsdiedout.Themammalsquicklydevelopedandwecantracetheevolutionofmanyfamiliaranimalssuchastheelephantandhorse.Manyofthelatermammalsthoughnowextinctwereknowntoprimitivemanandwerefeaturedbyhimincavepaintingsandonbonecarvings. [A]Theshellfishhavealonghistoryintherockandmanydifferentkindsareknown [B]Neverthelessweknowagreatdealaboutmanyofthembecausetheirbonesandshellshavebeenpreservedintherocksasfossils.Fromthemwecantelltheirsizeandshapehowtheywalkedthekindoffoodtheyate. [C]Thefirstanimalswithtruebackboneswerethefishesfirstknownintherocksof375millionyearsago.About300millionyearsagotheamphibianstheanimalsabletolivebothonlandandinwaterappeared.Theyweregiantsometimes8feetlongandmanyofthemlivedintheswampypoolsinwhichourcoalseamorlayerorformed.Theamphibiansgaverisetothereptilesandfornearly150millionyearstheseweretheprincipalformsoflifeonlandintheseaandintheair. [D]Thebestindexfossilstendtobemarinecreature.Thereanimalsevolvedrapidlyandspreadoverlargeoverlargeareasoftheworld. [E]Theearliestanimalswhoseremainshavebeenfoundwereallverysimplekindsandlivedinthesea.Laterformaaremorecomplexandamongthesearethesea-liliesrelationsofthestar-fisheswhichhadlongarmsandwereattachedbyalongstalktotheseabedortorocks. [F]Whenananimaldiesthebodyitsbonesorshellmayoftenbecarriedawaybystreamsintolakesortheseaandtheregetcoveredupbymud.Iftheanimallivedintheseaitsbodywouldprobablysinkandbecoveredwithmud.Moreandmoremudwouldfalluponituntilthebonesorshellbecomeembeddedandpreserved. [G]Manyfactorscaninfluencehowfossilsarepreservedinrocks.Remainsofanorganismmaybereplacedbymineralsdissolvedbyanacidicsolutiontoleaveonlytheirimpressionorsimplyreducedtoamorestableform. 42
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