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The wedding tradition of "something old, something new, something borrowed, something blue" has b...
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Mostpeopleknowthataweddingringissymbolicofthebondo
Theweddingtraditionofsomethingoldsomethingnewso
PartBDirections:Youaregoingtoreadatextaboutanol
Theweddingtraditionofsomethingoldsomethingnewso
Mostpeopleknowthataweddingringissymbolicofthebondo
Mostpeopleknowthataweddingringissymbolicofthebondo
Theweddingtraditionofsomethingoldsomethingnewso
LastmonthI33_______returntoAustraliatoattendmyelde
第三部分阅读理解共20小题共40分第一节共15题每小题2分满分30分阅读下列短文从每题所给的四个选项
PartBDirections:Youaregoingtoreadatextaboutanol
第三部分阅读理解共20小题共40分第一节共15题每小题2分满分30分阅读下列短文从每题所给的四个选项
Theweddingtraditionofsomethingoldsomethingnewso
Mostpeopleknowthataweddingringissymbolicofthebondo
PartBDirections:Youaregoingtoreadatextaboutanol
Mostpeopleknowthataweddingringissymbolicofthebond连
Usuallyatypicalwhiteweddingdressandabigweddingpart
PartBDirections:Youaregoingtoreadatextaboutanol
Todayisthecouple’sweddinga__________________.
PartBDirections:Youaregoingtoreadatextaboutanol
The______ofwearingawhiteweddinggownwasbroughttoour
customs
tradition
feast
festival
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Healthimplies.morethanphysicalfitness.Italsoimpliesmentalandemotionalwellbeing.Anangryfrustratedemotionally1personingoodphysicalconditionisnot2healthy.Mentalhealththereforehasmuchtodo3howapersoncopeswiththeworldasitexists.Manyofthefactorsthat4physicalhealthalsoaffectmentalandemotionalwell-being. Havingagoodself-imagemeansthatpeoplehavepositive5picturesandgoodpositivefeelingsaboutthemselvesaboutwhattheyarecapable6andabouttherolestheyplay.Peoplewithgoodself-imageslikethemselvesandtheyare7likeothers.Havingagoodself-imageisbased8arealistic9ofone’sownworthandvalueandcapabilities. Stressisanunavoidablenecessaryandpotentiallyhealthful10ofoursociety.Peopleofallages11stress.Childrenbeginto12stressduringprenataldevelopmentandduringchildbirth.Examplesofstress-inducing13inthelifeofayoungpersonaredeathofapetpressureto14academicallythedivorceofparentsorjoininganewyouthgroup.Thedifferentwaysinwhichindividuals15tostressmaybringhealthfulorunhealthyresults.Onepersonexperiencingagreatdealofstressmayfunctionexceptionallywell16anothermaybeunabletofunctionatall.Ifstressfulsituationsarecontinuallyencounteredtheindividual’sphysicalsocialandmentalhealthareeventuallyaffected. Satisfyingsocialrelationsarevitalto17mentalandemotionalhealth.Itisbelievedthatinorderto18developandmaintaineffectiveandfulfillingsocialrelationshipspeoplemust19theabilitytoknowandtrusteachotherunderstandeachotherinfluenceandhelpeachother.Theymustalsobecapableof20conflictsinaconstructiveway. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points12
WhenEuropeanUnionEUleaderstookdeliveryofEurope’sfirstdraftofaconstitutionatasummitinGreecelastJuneitwaswithalmostuniversalpraise.TherewaswideagreementthatthetextcouldsavetheEUfromparalysisonceitexpandsfrom15to25membersnextyear.ItwouldgiveEuropeamorestableleadershipandgreatercloutontheworldstagesaidthechairmanoftheConventionwhichdraftedtheagreementformerFrenchPresidentValeryGiscardd’Estaing.Suchpraisewastoogoodtolast.Astheproductofaunique16-monthpublicdebatethedrafthasbecomeabattleground.Lessthanfourmonthsafteritwasdeliveredthesameleaderswhoaccepteditopenedthesecondroundoftalksonitscontentthisweekbytradingveiledthreatstoblockagreementorcutofffundsiftheydon’tgettheirway.Thetonewaspolitebutunyielding.InablandjointstatementissuedwhenthetalksopenedonOctober4theleadersstressedtheconstitutionrepresentsavitalstepintheprocessaimedatmakingEuropemorecohesivemoredemocraticandclosertoitscitizens.SharpdifferencesremainthoughbetweenmembercountriesoftheEUovervotingrightsthesizeandcompositionoftheexecutiveEuropeanCommissiondefenseco-operationandtheroleofreligioninthenewconstitution.ItalianPrimeMinisterSilvioBerlusconi’shopesofwrappingupadealontheconstitutionbyChristmasseemfarfrombeingrealized.WhilethesixfoundingmembersoftheEU--GermanyFranceItalytheNetherlandsBelgiumandLuxembourg--plusBritainandDenmarkwantaslittlechangeaspossibletothedraftthe10mainlycentralEuropeancountriesduetojointhe15-nationblocnextyearwanttoaltertheinstitution’sbalance.Suchsmallstatesareafraidtheirviewswillbeignoredundertheconstitutionandaredeterminedtodefendthedisproportionatevotingrightstheywonatthe2000NiceSummit.EUexpertsfearsuchsharpdifferenceswillcreateexactlytheparalysisintheEUtheConventionwasestablishedtoavoid.Theuniversalpraiseforthedraftturnedouttobe
Healthimplies.morethanphysicalfitness.Italsoimpliesmentalandemotionalwellbeing.Anangryfrustratedemotionally1personingoodphysicalconditionisnot2healthy.Mentalhealththereforehasmuchtodo3howapersoncopeswiththeworldasitexists.Manyofthefactorsthat4physicalhealthalsoaffectmentalandemotionalwell-being. Havingagoodself-imagemeansthatpeoplehavepositive5picturesandgoodpositivefeelingsaboutthemselvesaboutwhattheyarecapable6andabouttherolestheyplay.Peoplewithgoodself-imageslikethemselvesandtheyare7likeothers.Havingagoodself-imageisbased8arealistic9ofone’sownworthandvalueandcapabilities. Stressisanunavoidablenecessaryandpotentiallyhealthful10ofoursociety.Peopleofallages11stress.Childrenbeginto12stressduringprenataldevelopmentandduringchildbirth.Examplesofstress-inducing13inthelifeofayoungpersonaredeathofapetpressureto14academicallythedivorceofparentsorjoininganewyouthgroup.Thedifferentwaysinwhichindividuals15tostressmaybringhealthfulorunhealthyresults.Onepersonexperiencingagreatdealofstressmayfunctionexceptionallywell16anothermaybeunabletofunctionatall.Ifstressfulsituationsarecontinuallyencounteredtheindividual’sphysicalsocialandmentalhealthareeventuallyaffected. Satisfyingsocialrelationsarevitalto17mentalandemotionalhealth.Itisbelievedthatinorderto18developandmaintaineffectiveandfulfillingsocialrelationshipspeoplemust19theabilitytoknowandtrusteachotherunderstandeachotherinfluenceandhelpeachother.Theymustalsobecapableof20conflictsinaconstructiveway. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points6
Healthimplies.morethanphysicalfitness.Italsoimpliesmentalandemotionalwellbeing.Anangryfrustratedemotionally1personingoodphysicalconditionisnot2healthy.Mentalhealththereforehasmuchtodo3howapersoncopeswiththeworldasitexists.Manyofthefactorsthat4physicalhealthalsoaffectmentalandemotionalwell-being. Havingagoodself-imagemeansthatpeoplehavepositive5picturesandgoodpositivefeelingsaboutthemselvesaboutwhattheyarecapable6andabouttherolestheyplay.Peoplewithgoodself-imageslikethemselvesandtheyare7likeothers.Havingagoodself-imageisbased8arealistic9ofone’sownworthandvalueandcapabilities. Stressisanunavoidablenecessaryandpotentiallyhealthful10ofoursociety.Peopleofallages11stress.Childrenbeginto12stressduringprenataldevelopmentandduringchildbirth.Examplesofstress-inducing13inthelifeofayoungpersonaredeathofapetpressureto14academicallythedivorceofparentsorjoininganewyouthgroup.Thedifferentwaysinwhichindividuals15tostressmaybringhealthfulorunhealthyresults.Onepersonexperiencingagreatdealofstressmayfunctionexceptionallywell16anothermaybeunabletofunctionatall.Ifstressfulsituationsarecontinuallyencounteredtheindividual’sphysicalsocialandmentalhealthareeventuallyaffected. Satisfyingsocialrelationsarevitalto17mentalandemotionalhealth.Itisbelievedthatinorderto18developandmaintaineffectiveandfulfillingsocialrelationshipspeoplemust19theabilitytoknowandtrusteachotherunderstandeachotherinfluenceandhelpeachother.Theymustalsobecapableof20conflictsinaconstructiveway. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points16
Healthimplies.morethanphysicalfitness.Italsoimpliesmentalandemotionalwellbeing.Anangryfrustratedemotionally1personingoodphysicalconditionisnot2healthy.Mentalhealththereforehasmuchtodo3howapersoncopeswiththeworldasitexists.Manyofthefactorsthat4physicalhealthalsoaffectmentalandemotionalwell-being. Havingagoodself-imagemeansthatpeoplehavepositive5picturesandgoodpositivefeelingsaboutthemselvesaboutwhattheyarecapable6andabouttherolestheyplay.Peoplewithgoodself-imageslikethemselvesandtheyare7likeothers.Havingagoodself-imageisbased8arealistic9ofone’sownworthandvalueandcapabilities. Stressisanunavoidablenecessaryandpotentiallyhealthful10ofoursociety.Peopleofallages11stress.Childrenbeginto12stressduringprenataldevelopmentandduringchildbirth.Examplesofstress-inducing13inthelifeofayoungpersonaredeathofapetpressureto14academicallythedivorceofparentsorjoininganewyouthgroup.Thedifferentwaysinwhichindividuals15tostressmaybringhealthfulorunhealthyresults.Onepersonexperiencingagreatdealofstressmayfunctionexceptionallywell16anothermaybeunabletofunctionatall.Ifstressfulsituationsarecontinuallyencounteredtheindividual’sphysicalsocialandmentalhealthareeventuallyaffected. Satisfyingsocialrelationsarevitalto17mentalandemotionalhealth.Itisbelievedthatinorderto18developandmaintaineffectiveandfulfillingsocialrelationshipspeoplemust19theabilitytoknowandtrusteachotherunderstandeachotherinfluenceandhelpeachother.Theymustalsobecapableof20conflictsinaconstructiveway. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points20
Scientistshaveforthefirsttimeusedcloningtocreatehumanembryosthatlivelongenoughinalaboratorydishtohavetheirstemcellsharvested.Thefeatcouldsetthestageforphysicianstoproducecellsandtissuestailoredtoapatient’sgeneticidentitythatcantreatawidevarietyofhumanillnesses.Theaccomplishmentalsoprovidesaroadmapforhowtocloneapersonanevenmoredivisiveundertaking.ThenewworkperformedinSouthKorearepresentsamajoradvanceinstemcellresearch.ItcouldhelpspuramedicalrevolutionasimportantasantibioticsandvaccinessaysRobertLanzaofAdvancedCellTechnologyACTacompanyinWorcesterMass.that’salsoinvestigatingthepromisingstemcellstrategycalledtherapeuticcloning.HowevernowthatthemethodologyispubliclyavailableLanzaaddsIthinkitisabsolutelyimperativethatwepasslawsworldwidetopreventthetechnologyfrombeingabusedforreproductive-cloningpurposes.Whilesomefertilitydoctorsandareligiousculthaveclaimedsuccessatcreatingapregnancyviacloningthey’veofferednoconvincingproof.IncontrasttheSouthKoreanresearchisbeingreportedatthemeetingoftheAmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofScienceinSeattleandwillappearinanupcomingScience.ThisisrealitysaysstemcellresearcherJohnGearhartofJohnsHopkinsUniversity.He4’eisabonafiderefereedjournalsayingthatahumanembryohasbeenclonedandacelllinederivedfromit.AlthoughACThasnotyetpublishedareportofaclonedhumanblastocystLanzasaysthattheSouthKoreansuccessisconsistentwithourownresults.TherapeuticcloningappealstoLanzaandphysiciansbecausecellsmadethiswaycouldhavethesameDNAasapatient’scellsdoandthusavoidrejectionafterthey’retransplanted.Seekingacompromisethatwouldpermitthisstrategytobepursuedmanyscientistshavecalledforlegislationthatwouldbancloningtoproduceababybutallowthecreationofclonedembryostogeneratestemcellsforresearchortherapies.Thedebatehasbeenverypolarizednotesbio-ethicistLaurieZolothofNorthwesternUniversityinEvanston.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethathumancloning
[A]ForexampletheUnitedStatesisamajorconsumerofcoffeeyetitdoesnothavetheclimatetogrowanyofitsown.ConsequentlytheUnitedStatesmustimportcoffeefromcountriessuchasBrazilColombiaandGuatemalathatgrowcoffeeefficiently.OntheotherhandtheUnitedStateshaslargeindustrialplantscapableofproducingavarietyofgoodssuchaschemicalsandairplaneswhichcanbesoldtonationsthatneedthem.Ifnationstradeditemforitemsuchasoneautomobilefor10000bagsofcoffeeforeigntradewouldbeextremelycumbersomeandrestrictive.SoinsteadofbarterwhichisthetradeofgoodswithoutanexchangeofmoneytheUnitedStatesreceivesmoneyinpaymentforwhatitsells.ItpaysforBraziliancoffeewithdollarswhichBrazilcanthenusetobuywoolfromAustraliawhichinturncanbuytextilesfromGreatBritainwhichcanthenbuytobaccofromtheUnitedStates. [B]Foreigntradealsooccursbecauseacountryoftendoesnothaveenoughofaparticularitemtomeetitsneeds.AlthoughtheUnitedStatesisamajorproducerofsugaritconsumesmorethanitcanproduceinternallyandthusmustimportsugar. [C]Foreigntradetheexchangeofgoodsbetweennationstakesplaceformanyreasons.Thefirstasmentionedaboveisthatnonationhasallofthecommoditiesthatitneeds.Rawmaterialsarescatteredaroundtheworld.LargedepositsofcopperareminedinPeruandZairediamondsareminedinSouthAfricaandpetroleumisrecoveredintheMiddleEast.Countriesthatdonothavetheseresourceswithintheirownboundariesmustbuyfromcountriesthatexportthem. [D]Intoday’scomplexeconomicworldneitherindividualsnornationsareself-suffi-cient.Nationshaveutilizeddifferenteconomicresources;peoplehavedevelopeddifferentskills.Thisisthefoundationofworldtradeandeconomicactivity.Asaresultofthistradeandactivityinternationalfinanceandbankinghaveevolved. [E]Finallyforeigntradetakesplacebecauseofinnovationorstyle.EventhoughtheUnitedStatesproducesmoreautomobilesthananyothercountryitstillimportslargenumbersofautosfromGermanyJapanandSwedenprimarilybecausethereisamarketforthemintheUnitedStates. [F]Formostnationsexportsandimportsarethemostimportantinternationalactivity.Whennationsexportmorethantheyimporttheyaresaidtohaveafavorablebalanceoftrade.Whentheyimportmorethantheyexportanunfavorablebalanceoftradeexists.Nationstrytomaintainafavorablebalanceoftradewhichassuresthemofthemeanstobuynecessaryimports. [G]Thirdonenationcansellsomeitemsatalowercostthanothercountries.Japanhasbeenabletoexportlargequantitiesofradiosandtelevisionsetsbecauseitcanproducethemmoreefficientlythanothercountries.ItischeaperfortheUnitedStatestobuythesefromJapanthantoproducethemdomestically.AccordingtoeconomictheoryJapanshouldproduceandexportthoseitemsfromwhichitderivesacomparativeadvantage.Itshouldalsobuyandimportwhatitneedsfromthosecountriesthathaveacomparativeadvantageinthedesireditems. Order: 42
Inthelongperiodfrom1500to1800westernEuropeannation-stateswereallinfluencedbyasetofideasknownasmercantilism.46Mercantilistdoctrineandinstitutionswereimportantbecausetheywereheldbypracticalbusinesspeopleandheadsofstatewhostronglyinfluencedpublicpolicyandinstitutionalchange. Theprimaryaimofmercantilistswastoachievepowerandwealthforthestate.Togenerateaninflowofgoldorsilverthroughtradethevalueofexportsshouldexceedthevalueofimports.Andthestatecouldattaingreatpoweronlyifpoliticalandeconomicunitybecameafact.47Ifallthematerialsnecessarytofosterdomesticindustrywerenotavailabletheycouldbestbeobtainedbyestablishingcoloniesorfriendlyforeigntradingpostsfromwhichsuchgoodscouldbeimported.Andastrongmerchantmarinecouldcarryforeigngoodstherebyhelpingtosecurefavorabletradebalances.48Mercantilistsbelievedthatthesemeansofachievingnationalpowercouldbemadeeffectivebythepassageandstrictenforcementoflegislationregulatingeconomiclife. 49AlmostassoonasVirginiatobaccobegantobeshippedincommercialquantitiestoEnglandKingJamesIleviedataxonitwhileagreeingtoprohibitthegrowthofcompetingtobaccoinEngland.TaxesregulationandsubsidieswereallusedasmercantilepoliciesbuttheprimaryonesthataffectedthecoloniesweretheNavigationActs. In1640sAmericanshadslippedintothehabitofshippingtheirgoodsdirectlytocontinentalportsandtheDutchmadegreatinroadsintothecarryingtradeofthecolonies.AftertheRestorationEnglandwasinapositiontoenforceastrictcommercialpolicybeginningwiththeNavigationActsof1660and1663.Despitethecontinuedmodificationstotheseactsbypolicychangesitissufficienttonotethreeprimarycategoriesoftraderestriction: 50AlltradeofthecolonieswastobecarriedinvesselsthatwereEnglishbuiltandownedcommandedbyanEnglishcaptainandmannedbyacrewofwhomthree-quarterswereEnglish. AllforeignmerchantswereexcludedfromdealingdirectlyinthecommerceoftheEnglishcolonies.TheycouldengageincolonialtradeonlythroughEnglandandmerchantsresidentthere. CertaincommoditiesproducedinthecoloniescouldbeexportedonlytoEnglandessentiallyanydestinationwithintheEmpire.These"enumerated"goodsincludedsugartobaccocottonindigogingerandsoon. Mercantilistsbelievedthatthesemeansofachievingnationalpowercouldbemadeeffectivebythepassageandstrictenforcementoflegislationregulatingeconomiclife.
Healthimplies.morethanphysicalfitness.Italsoimpliesmentalandemotionalwellbeing.Anangryfrustratedemotionally1personingoodphysicalconditionisnot2healthy.Mentalhealththereforehasmuchtodo3howapersoncopeswiththeworldasitexists.Manyofthefactorsthat4physicalhealthalsoaffectmentalandemotionalwell-being. Havingagoodself-imagemeansthatpeoplehavepositive5picturesandgoodpositivefeelingsaboutthemselvesaboutwhattheyarecapable6andabouttherolestheyplay.Peoplewithgoodself-imageslikethemselvesandtheyare7likeothers.Havingagoodself-imageisbased8arealistic9ofone’sownworthandvalueandcapabilities. Stressisanunavoidablenecessaryandpotentiallyhealthful10ofoursociety.Peopleofallages11stress.Childrenbeginto12stressduringprenataldevelopmentandduringchildbirth.Examplesofstress-inducing13inthelifeofayoungpersonaredeathofapetpressureto14academicallythedivorceofparentsorjoininganewyouthgroup.Thedifferentwaysinwhichindividuals15tostressmaybringhealthfulorunhealthyresults.Onepersonexperiencingagreatdealofstressmayfunctionexceptionallywell16anothermaybeunabletofunctionatall.Ifstressfulsituationsarecontinuallyencounteredtheindividual’sphysicalsocialandmentalhealthareeventuallyaffected. Satisfyingsocialrelationsarevitalto17mentalandemotionalhealth.Itisbelievedthatinorderto18developandmaintaineffectiveandfulfillingsocialrelationshipspeoplemust19theabilitytoknowandtrusteachotherunderstandeachotherinfluenceandhelpeachother.Theymustalsobecapableof20conflictsinaconstructiveway. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points18
Itistrueasthemovementcriticsassertthatthepresentwomen’sliberationgroupsarealmostentirelybasedamongmiddleclasswomenthatiscollegeandcareerwomen;andtheissuesofpsychologicalandsexualexploitationandtoalesserextentexploitationthroughconsumptionhavebeenthemostprominentones.Itisnotsurprisingthatthewomen’sliberationmovementshouldbeginamongbourgeoiswomenandshouldbedominatedinthebeginningbytheirconsciousnessandtheirparticularconcerns.Radicalwomenaregenerallythepostwarmiddleclassgenerationthatgrewupwiththerighttovotethechanceathighereducationandtrainingforsupportiverolesintheprofessionsandbusiness.Mostofthemareyoungandsophisticatedenoughtohavenotyethadchildrenanddonothavetomarrytosupportthemselves.Incomparisonwithmostwomentheyarecapableofacertainamountofcontrolovertheirlives.Thehigherdevelopmentofbourgeoisdemocraticsocietyallowsthewomenwhobenefitfromeducationandrelativeequalitytoseethecontradictionsbetweenitsrhetoriceverychildcanbecomepresidentandtheiractualplaceinthatsociety.Theworkingclasswomanmightbelievethateducationcouldhavemadeherfinanciallyindependentbuttheeducatedcareerwomanfindsthatmoneyhasnotmadeherindependent.Infactbecauseshehasbeenallowedtoprogresshalfwayontheupward-mobilityladdershecanseetherestofthedistancethatisdeniedheronlybecausesheisawoman.Shecanseethesimilaritybetweenheroppressionandthatofothersectionsofthepopulation.Thusfromtheirownexperienceradicalwomeninthemovementareawareofmorefaultsinthesocietythanracismandimperialism.Becausetheyhavepushedthedemocraticmythtoitslimitstheyknowconcretelyhowitlimitsthem.AtthesametimethatradicalwomenwerelearningaboutAmericansocietytheywerealsobecomingawareofthemalechauvinisminthemovement.Infactthatisusuallythecauseoftheirfirstconscious100verbalizationoftheprejudicetheyfeel;itismoredisillusioningtoknowthatthesamecontradictionexistsbetweenthemovement’srhetoricofequalityanditsrealityforweexpectmoreofourcomrades.Thisrealizationofthedeep-seatedprejudiceagainstthemselvesinthemovementproducestwocommonreactionsamongitswomen:1apreoccupationwiththisimmediatebarrierandperhapsaresultanthopelessnessand2atendencytoretreatinwardtobuythefool’sgoldofcreatingapersonallyliberatedlifestyle.Howeverourconceptofliberationrepresentsaconsciousnessthatconditionshaveforcedonuswhilemostofoursistersarechainedbyotherconditionsbiologicalandeconomicthatoverwhelmtheirhumanityanddesiresforself-fulfillment.Ourbackgroundaccountsforourignoranceaboutthestarkoppressionofwomen’sdailylives.Whatdoradicalwomenexpectmorefromtheirmalecounterparts
WhenEuropeanUnionEUleaderstookdeliveryofEurope’sfirstdraftofaconstitutionatasummitinGreecelastJuneitwaswithalmostuniversalpraise.TherewaswideagreementthatthetextcouldsavetheEUfromparalysisonceitexpandsfrom15to25membersnextyear.ItwouldgiveEuropeamorestableleadershipandgreatercloutontheworldstagesaidthechairmanoftheConventionwhichdraftedtheagreementformerFrenchPresidentValeryGiscardd’Estaing.Suchpraisewastoogoodtolast.Astheproductofaunique16-monthpublicdebatethedrafthasbecomeabattleground.Lessthanfourmonthsafteritwasdeliveredthesameleaderswhoaccepteditopenedthesecondroundoftalksonitscontentthisweekbytradingveiledthreatstoblockagreementorcutofffundsiftheydon’tgettheirway.Thetonewaspolitebutunyielding.InablandjointstatementissuedwhenthetalksopenedonOctober4theleadersstressedtheconstitutionrepresentsavitalstepintheprocessaimedatmakingEuropemorecohesivemoredemocraticandclosertoitscitizens.SharpdifferencesremainthoughbetweenmembercountriesoftheEUovervotingrightsthesizeandcompositionoftheexecutiveEuropeanCommissiondefenseco-operationandtheroleofreligioninthenewconstitution.ItalianPrimeMinisterSilvioBerlusconi’shopesofwrappingupadealontheconstitutionbyChristmasseemfarfrombeingrealized.WhilethesixfoundingmembersoftheEU--GermanyFranceItalytheNetherlandsBelgiumandLuxembourg--plusBritainandDenmarkwantaslittlechangeaspossibletothedraftthe10mainlycentralEuropeancountriesduetojointhe15-nationblocnextyearwanttoaltertheinstitution’sbalance.Suchsmallstatesareafraidtheirviewswillbeignoredundertheconstitutionandaredeterminedtodefendthedisproportionatevotingrightstheywonatthe2000NiceSummit.EUexpertsfearsuchsharpdifferenceswillcreateexactlytheparalysisintheEUtheConventionwasestablishedtoavoid.Whichofthefollowingissuemightnotbetheirsourceofargument
Traditionallythewomanhasheldalowpositioninmarriagepartnerships.Whileherhusbandwenthiswayshehadtowashstitchandsew.Todaythemoveistoliberatethewomanwhichmayintheendstrengthenthemarriageunion.Perhapsthegreatestobstacletofriendshipinmarriageistheamountacoupleusuallyseesofeachother.Friendshipinitsusualsenseisnottestedbythestrainofdailyyear-longcohabitation.46Couplesneedtotakeupseparateinterestsandfriendshipaswellasmutuallysharedonesiftheyarenottogetusedtothemoreattractiveelementsofeachother’spersonalities. 47Marriedcouplesarelikelytoexertthemselvesforguests--beingamusingdiscussingwithpassionandpoint--andthentofallintodullexhaustedsilencewhentheguestshavegone.Asinallfriendshipahusbandandwifemusttrytointeresteachotherandtospendsufficienttimesharingabsorbingactivitiestogive-themcontinuingcommoninterests48Butatthesametimetheymustspendenoughtimeonseparateinterestswithseparatepeopletopreserveanddeveloptheirseparatepersonalitiesandkeeptheirrelationshipfresh. 49Fortoomanyhighlyintelligentworkingwomenhomerepresentschoreobligationsbecausethehusbandonlytoleratesherworkanddoesnotparticipateinhouseholdchores.Fortoomanyhighlyintelligentworkingmenhomerepresentsdullnessandcomplaints--fromanover-dependentwifewhowillnotgathercouragetomaketheirownlife. Insuchanatmospherethepartnersgrowfurtherandfurtherapartbothloveandlikingdisappearing.50Fortoomanycoupleswithchildrenthechildrenareallowedtocommandalltimeandattentionallowingthecouplenotimetodeveloplikingandfriendshipaswellasloveallottingexclusiveparentalroles. Couplesneedtotakeupseparateinterestsandfriendshipaswellasmutuallysharedonesiftheyarenottogetusedtothemoreattractiveelementsofeachother’spersonalities.
Healthimplies.morethanphysicalfitness.Italsoimpliesmentalandemotionalwellbeing.Anangryfrustratedemotionally1personingoodphysicalconditionisnot2healthy.Mentalhealththereforehasmuchtodo3howapersoncopeswiththeworldasitexists.Manyofthefactorsthat4physicalhealthalsoaffectmentalandemotionalwell-being. Havingagoodself-imagemeansthatpeoplehavepositive5picturesandgoodpositivefeelingsaboutthemselvesaboutwhattheyarecapable6andabouttherolestheyplay.Peoplewithgoodself-imageslikethemselvesandtheyare7likeothers.Havingagoodself-imageisbased8arealistic9ofone’sownworthandvalueandcapabilities. Stressisanunavoidablenecessaryandpotentiallyhealthful10ofoursociety.Peopleofallages11stress.Childrenbeginto12stressduringprenataldevelopmentandduringchildbirth.Examplesofstress-inducing13inthelifeofayoungpersonaredeathofapetpressureto14academicallythedivorceofparentsorjoininganewyouthgroup.Thedifferentwaysinwhichindividuals15tostressmaybringhealthfulorunhealthyresults.Onepersonexperiencingagreatdealofstressmayfunctionexceptionallywell16anothermaybeunabletofunctionatall.Ifstressfulsituationsarecontinuallyencounteredtheindividual’sphysicalsocialandmentalhealthareeventuallyaffected. Satisfyingsocialrelationsarevitalto17mentalandemotionalhealth.Itisbelievedthatinorderto18developandmaintaineffectiveandfulfillingsocialrelationshipspeoplemust19theabilitytoknowandtrusteachotherunderstandeachotherinfluenceandhelpeachother.Theymustalsobecapableof20conflictsinaconstructiveway. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points10
Sincetheindustrialrevolutiongovernmentsocietyandindustryhaveattemptedtochanneltechnologicalprogressinusefuldirections.WhetheritistheprintingpressthecottongintheautomobileortheInternettechnologicalinnovationsoftenhaveprofoundeconomicandsocialeffects.Toharnessthebenefitsandminimizethemoreharmfuleffectsofnewtechnologiesmoderngovernmentsusefourbasicapproaches:specificdirectionmarketincentivescriminalprohibitionandbehaviormodification.SpecificdirectionstartswithgovernmentsidentifyingoneormorekeyfactorsintheR&Dphase.Thenusingavarietyofmeansrangingfromadministrativeregulationtooutrightstateownershipthegovernmentseekstocontroltheimplementationofthetechnology.Marketincentivesarethedeliberatemanipulationofthemarketbythegovernmenttocontrolhowaparticularlytechnologyisdistributedandused.Forexamplesomegovernmentsimposetaxestocoverthehiddencostsassociatedwiththeuseofaparticulartechnology.Forexampleraisinggasolinetaxestopayforhighwayimprovements.Othermethodsincludethegrantingofsubsidiestoprivateresearchersorthestrengtheningofintellectualpropertylawstogiveaddedincentivestodevelopers.Criminalprohibitionusuallytakesplacewhenstrongoppositionexiststoaparticulartechnologyorfieldofresearch.Inrecentyearsmostdevelopedcountrieshaveenactedlegislationtobanthecloningofhumanbeings.Otherexamplesaretheenforcementofcleanairregulationsthatforcepowerplantstoemitfewergreenhousegasses.Finallybehaviormodificationincludestheuseofthemediaadvertisingandgovernmentandcorporateleadershiptoencourageaparticularsocietytouseatechnologyinabeneficialway.ForexamplewhilethereislimitedgovernmentregulationoftheInternetwebsitesareencouragedtoinstallsafeguardstopreventchildrenfromviewinginappropriatematerial.ArecentnationaladvertisingcampaignrecentlyboostedthepercentageofNewYorkresidentswhorecycledbyalmost25%.Suchcampaignsdonotusedirectgovernmentregulationbutinsteadappealtotheuser’ssenseofcivicdutyorsocialresponsibility.OfallnewtechnologiesperhapsnonehaschangedthelandscapeandcharacterofAmericanlifemorethantheautomobile.YetthecostsofthistechnologyarenotalwaysreflectedinthepriceofUsingthetechnology.Forexampleitcostsanoilcompany$0.89pergallonofgasproduced.ThissameliterissoldtoU.S.consumersatabout$1.20pergallon.Yetwhilethispricereflectsthecostofproductionplusaprofitfortheoilcompanyitdoesnotreflecttheactualcostofusingthetechnology.Forthatwemustfactorintheenvironmentalcostsassociatedwithairpollutionincreasedhealthcareenvironmentaldegradationandthepoliticalcostsdependenceonforeignoilenergyshortages.Inshortinordertobeeffectiveallofthesestrategiesforchannelingtechnologytobenefitsocietymustincorporateallthecostsassociatedwithusage.Marketincentivesareusefulinthatthey
LongbeforeManlivedontheEarththerewerefishesreptilesbirdsinsectsandsomemammals.Althoughsomeoftheseanimalswereancestorsofkindslivingtodayothersarenowextinctthatistheyhavenodescendantsalivenow.41.Veryoccasionallytherocksshowimpressionofskinsothatapartfromcolorwecanbuildupareasonablyaccuratepictureofananimalthatdiedmillionsofyearsago.Thatkindofrockinwhichtheremainsarefoundtellsusmuchaboutthenatureoftheoriginallandoftenoftheplantsthatgrewonitandevenofitsclimate.42Nearlyallofthefossilsthatweknowwerepreservedinrocksformedbywateractionandmostoftheseareofanimalsthatlivedinornearwater.Thusitfollowsthattheremustbemanykindsofmammalsbirdsandinsectsofwhichweknownothing.43.Therewerealsocrablikecreatureswhosebodieswerecoveredwithahornysubstance.Thebodysegmentseachhadtwopairsoflegsonepairforwalkingonthesandybottomtheotherforswimming.Theheadwasakindofshieldwithapairofcompoundeyesoftenwiththousandsoflenses.Theywereusuallyaninchortwolongbutsomewere2feet.44.Ofthesetheammonitesareveryinterestingandimportant.Theyhaveashellcomposedofmanychamberseachrepresentingatemporaryhomeoftheanimal.Astheyounggrewlargeritgrewanewchamberandsealedoffthepreviousone.ThousandsofthesecanbeseenintherocksontheDorsetCoast.45.About75millionyearsagotheAgeofReptileswasoverandmostofthegroupsdiedout.Themammalsquicklydevelopedandwecantracetheevolutionofmanyfamiliaranimalssuchastheelephantandhorse.Manyofthelatermammalsthoughnowextinctwereknowntoprimitivemanandwerefeaturedbyhimincavepaintingsandonbonecarvings. [A]Theshellfishhavealonghistoryintherockandmanydifferentkindsareknown [B]Neverthelessweknowagreatdealaboutmanyofthembecausetheirbonesandshellshavebeenpreservedintherocksasfossils.Fromthemwecantelltheirsizeandshapehowtheywalkedthekindoffoodtheyate. [C]Thefirstanimalswithtruebackboneswerethefishesfirstknownintherocksof375millionyearsago.About300millionyearsagotheamphibianstheanimalsabletolivebothonlandandinwaterappeared.Theyweregiantsometimes8feetlongandmanyofthemlivedintheswampypoolsinwhichourcoalseamorlayerorformed.Theamphibiansgaverisetothereptilesandfornearly150millionyearstheseweretheprincipalformsoflifeonlandintheseaandintheair. [D]Thebestindexfossilstendtobemarinecreature.Thereanimalsevolvedrapidlyandspreadoverlargeoverlargeareasoftheworld. [E]Theearliestanimalswhoseremainshavebeenfoundwereallverysimplekindsandlivedinthesea.Laterformaaremorecomplexandamongthesearethesea-liliesrelationsofthestar-fisheswhichhadlongarmsandwereattachedbyalongstalktotheseabedortorocks. [F]Whenananimaldiesthebodyitsbonesorshellmayoftenbecarriedawaybystreamsintolakesortheseaandtheregetcoveredupbymud.Iftheanimallivedintheseaitsbodywouldprobablysinkandbecoveredwithmud.Moreandmoremudwouldfalluponituntilthebonesorshellbecomeembeddedandpreserved. [G]Manyfactorscaninfluencehowfossilsarepreservedinrocks.Remainsofanorganismmaybereplacedbymineralsdissolvedbyanacidicsolutiontoleaveonlytheirimpressionorsimplyreducedtoamorestableform. 44
Healthimplies.morethanphysicalfitness.Italsoimpliesmentalandemotionalwellbeing.Anangryfrustratedemotionally1personingoodphysicalconditionisnot2healthy.Mentalhealththereforehasmuchtodo3howapersoncopeswiththeworldasitexists.Manyofthefactorsthat4physicalhealthalsoaffectmentalandemotionalwell-being. Havingagoodself-imagemeansthatpeoplehavepositive5picturesandgoodpositivefeelingsaboutthemselvesaboutwhattheyarecapable6andabouttherolestheyplay.Peoplewithgoodself-imageslikethemselvesandtheyare7likeothers.Havingagoodself-imageisbased8arealistic9ofone’sownworthandvalueandcapabilities. Stressisanunavoidablenecessaryandpotentiallyhealthful10ofoursociety.Peopleofallages11stress.Childrenbeginto12stressduringprenataldevelopmentandduringchildbirth.Examplesofstress-inducing13inthelifeofayoungpersonaredeathofapetpressureto14academicallythedivorceofparentsorjoininganewyouthgroup.Thedifferentwaysinwhichindividuals15tostressmaybringhealthfulorunhealthyresults.Onepersonexperiencingagreatdealofstressmayfunctionexceptionallywell16anothermaybeunabletofunctionatall.Ifstressfulsituationsarecontinuallyencounteredtheindividual’sphysicalsocialandmentalhealthareeventuallyaffected. Satisfyingsocialrelationsarevitalto17mentalandemotionalhealth.Itisbelievedthatinorderto18developandmaintaineffectiveandfulfillingsocialrelationshipspeoplemust19theabilitytoknowandtrusteachotherunderstandeachotherinfluenceandhelpeachother.Theymustalsobecapableof20conflictsinaconstructiveway. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points8
[A]ForexampletheUnitedStatesisamajorconsumerofcoffeeyetitdoesnothavetheclimatetogrowanyofitsown.ConsequentlytheUnitedStatesmustimportcoffeefromcountriessuchasBrazilColombiaandGuatemalathatgrowcoffeeefficiently.OntheotherhandtheUnitedStateshaslargeindustrialplantscapableofproducingavarietyofgoodssuchaschemicalsandairplaneswhichcanbesoldtonationsthatneedthem.Ifnationstradeditemforitemsuchasoneautomobilefor10000bagsofcoffeeforeigntradewouldbeextremelycumbersomeandrestrictive.SoinsteadofbarterwhichisthetradeofgoodswithoutanexchangeofmoneytheUnitedStatesreceivesmoneyinpaymentforwhatitsells.ItpaysforBraziliancoffeewithdollarswhichBrazilcanthenusetobuywoolfromAustraliawhichinturncanbuytextilesfromGreatBritainwhichcanthenbuytobaccofromtheUnitedStates. [B]Foreigntradealsooccursbecauseacountryoftendoesnothaveenoughofaparticularitemtomeetitsneeds.AlthoughtheUnitedStatesisamajorproducerofsugaritconsumesmorethanitcanproduceinternallyandthusmustimportsugar. [C]Foreigntradetheexchangeofgoodsbetweennationstakesplaceformanyreasons.Thefirstasmentionedaboveisthatnonationhasallofthecommoditiesthatitneeds.Rawmaterialsarescatteredaroundtheworld.LargedepositsofcopperareminedinPeruandZairediamondsareminedinSouthAfricaandpetroleumisrecoveredintheMiddleEast.Countriesthatdonothavetheseresourceswithintheirownboundariesmustbuyfromcountriesthatexportthem. [D]Intoday’scomplexeconomicworldneitherindividualsnornationsareself-suffi-cient.Nationshaveutilizeddifferenteconomicresources;peoplehavedevelopeddifferentskills.Thisisthefoundationofworldtradeandeconomicactivity.Asaresultofthistradeandactivityinternationalfinanceandbankinghaveevolved. [E]Finallyforeigntradetakesplacebecauseofinnovationorstyle.EventhoughtheUnitedStatesproducesmoreautomobilesthananyothercountryitstillimportslargenumbersofautosfromGermanyJapanandSwedenprimarilybecausethereisamarketforthemintheUnitedStates. [F]Formostnationsexportsandimportsarethemostimportantinternationalactivity.Whennationsexportmorethantheyimporttheyaresaidtohaveafavorablebalanceoftrade.Whentheyimportmorethantheyexportanunfavorablebalanceoftradeexists.Nationstrytomaintainafavorablebalanceoftradewhichassuresthemofthemeanstobuynecessaryimports. [G]Thirdonenationcansellsomeitemsatalowercostthanothercountries.Japanhasbeenabletoexportlargequantitiesofradiosandtelevisionsetsbecauseitcanproducethemmoreefficientlythanothercountries.ItischeaperfortheUnitedStatestobuythesefromJapanthantoproducethemdomestically.AccordingtoeconomictheoryJapanshouldproduceandexportthoseitemsfromwhichitderivesacomparativeadvantage.Itshouldalsobuyandimportwhatitneedsfromthosecountriesthathaveacomparativeadvantageinthedesireditems. Order: 44
Healthimplies.morethanphysicalfitness.Italsoimpliesmentalandemotionalwellbeing.Anangryfrustratedemotionally1personingoodphysicalconditionisnot2healthy.Mentalhealththereforehasmuchtodo3howapersoncopeswiththeworldasitexists.Manyofthefactorsthat4physicalhealthalsoaffectmentalandemotionalwell-being. Havingagoodself-imagemeansthatpeoplehavepositive5picturesandgoodpositivefeelingsaboutthemselvesaboutwhattheyarecapable6andabouttherolestheyplay.Peoplewithgoodself-imageslikethemselvesandtheyare7likeothers.Havingagoodself-imageisbased8arealistic9ofone’sownworthandvalueandcapabilities. Stressisanunavoidablenecessaryandpotentiallyhealthful10ofoursociety.Peopleofallages11stress.Childrenbeginto12stressduringprenataldevelopmentandduringchildbirth.Examplesofstress-inducing13inthelifeofayoungpersonaredeathofapetpressureto14academicallythedivorceofparentsorjoininganewyouthgroup.Thedifferentwaysinwhichindividuals15tostressmaybringhealthfulorunhealthyresults.Onepersonexperiencingagreatdealofstressmayfunctionexceptionallywell16anothermaybeunabletofunctionatall.Ifstressfulsituationsarecontinuallyencounteredtheindividual’sphysicalsocialandmentalhealthareeventuallyaffected. Satisfyingsocialrelationsarevitalto17mentalandemotionalhealth.Itisbelievedthatinorderto18developandmaintaineffectiveandfulfillingsocialrelationshipspeoplemust19theabilitytoknowandtrusteachotherunderstandeachotherinfluenceandhelpeachother.Theymustalsobecapableof20conflictsinaconstructiveway. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points4
Sincetheindustrialrevolutiongovernmentsocietyandindustryhaveattemptedtochanneltechnologicalprogressinusefuldirections.WhetheritistheprintingpressthecottongintheautomobileortheInternettechnologicalinnovationsoftenhaveprofoundeconomicandsocialeffects.Toharnessthebenefitsandminimizethemoreharmfuleffectsofnewtechnologiesmoderngovernmentsusefourbasicapproaches:specificdirectionmarketincentivescriminalprohibitionandbehaviormodification.SpecificdirectionstartswithgovernmentsidentifyingoneormorekeyfactorsintheR&Dphase.Thenusingavarietyofmeansrangingfromadministrativeregulationtooutrightstateownershipthegovernmentseekstocontroltheimplementationofthetechnology.Marketincentivesarethedeliberatemanipulationofthemarketbythegovernmenttocontrolhowaparticularlytechnologyisdistributedandused.Forexamplesomegovernmentsimposetaxestocoverthehiddencostsassociatedwiththeuseofaparticulartechnology.Forexampleraisinggasolinetaxestopayforhighwayimprovements.Othermethodsincludethegrantingofsubsidiestoprivateresearchersorthestrengtheningofintellectualpropertylawstogiveaddedincentivestodevelopers.Criminalprohibitionusuallytakesplacewhenstrongoppositionexiststoaparticulartechnologyorfieldofresearch.Inrecentyearsmostdevelopedcountrieshaveenactedlegislationtobanthecloningofhumanbeings.Otherexamplesaretheenforcementofcleanairregulationsthatforcepowerplantstoemitfewergreenhousegasses.Finallybehaviormodificationincludestheuseofthemediaadvertisingandgovernmentandcorporateleadershiptoencourageaparticularsocietytouseatechnologyinabeneficialway.ForexamplewhilethereislimitedgovernmentregulationoftheInternetwebsitesareencouragedtoinstallsafeguardstopreventchildrenfromviewinginappropriatematerial.ArecentnationaladvertisingcampaignrecentlyboostedthepercentageofNewYorkresidentswhorecycledbyalmost25%.Suchcampaignsdonotusedirectgovernmentregulationbutinsteadappealtotheuser’ssenseofcivicdutyorsocialresponsibility.OfallnewtechnologiesperhapsnonehaschangedthelandscapeandcharacterofAmericanlifemorethantheautomobile.YetthecostsofthistechnologyarenotalwaysreflectedinthepriceofUsingthetechnology.Forexampleitcostsanoilcompany$0.89pergallonofgasproduced.ThissameliterissoldtoU.S.consumersatabout$1.20pergallon.Yetwhilethispricereflectsthecostofproductionplusaprofitfortheoilcompanyitdoesnotreflecttheactualcostofusingthetechnology.Forthatwemustfactorintheenvironmentalcostsassociatedwithairpollutionincreasedhealthcareenvironmentaldegradationandthepoliticalcostsdependenceonforeignoilenergyshortages.Inshortinordertobeeffectiveallofthesestrategiesforchannelingtechnologytobenefitsocietymustincorporateallthecostsassociatedwithusage.Behaviormodificationisdifferentfromtheotherthreemeasuresinthat
Scientistshaveforthefirsttimeusedcloningtocreatehumanembryosthatlivelongenoughinalaboratorydishtohavetheirstemcellsharvested.Thefeatcouldsetthestageforphysicianstoproducecellsandtissuestailoredtoapatient’sgeneticidentitythatcantreatawidevarietyofhumanillnesses.Theaccomplishmentalsoprovidesaroadmapforhowtocloneapersonanevenmoredivisiveundertaking.ThenewworkperformedinSouthKorearepresentsamajoradvanceinstemcellresearch.ItcouldhelpspuramedicalrevolutionasimportantasantibioticsandvaccinessaysRobertLanzaofAdvancedCellTechnologyACTacompanyinWorcesterMass.that’salsoinvestigatingthepromisingstemcellstrategycalledtherapeuticcloning.HowevernowthatthemethodologyispubliclyavailableLanzaaddsIthinkitisabsolutelyimperativethatwepasslawsworldwidetopreventthetechnologyfrombeingabusedforreproductive-cloningpurposes.Whilesomefertilitydoctorsandareligiousculthaveclaimedsuccessatcreatingapregnancyviacloningthey’veofferednoconvincingproof.IncontrasttheSouthKoreanresearchisbeingreportedatthemeetingoftheAmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofScienceinSeattleandwillappearinanupcomingScience.ThisisrealitysaysstemcellresearcherJohnGearhartofJohnsHopkinsUniversity.He4’eisabonafiderefereedjournalsayingthatahumanembryohasbeenclonedandacelllinederivedfromit.AlthoughACThasnotyetpublishedareportofaclonedhumanblastocystLanzasaysthattheSouthKoreansuccessisconsistentwithourownresults.TherapeuticcloningappealstoLanzaandphysiciansbecausecellsmadethiswaycouldhavethesameDNAasapatient’scellsdoandthusavoidrejectionafterthey’retransplanted.Seekingacompromisethatwouldpermitthisstrategytobepursuedmanyscientistshavecalledforlegislationthatwouldbancloningtoproduceababybutallowthecreationofclonedembryostogeneratestemcellsforresearchortherapies.Thedebatehasbeenverypolarizednotesbio-ethicistLaurieZolothofNorthwesternUniversityinEvanston.Accordingtothetextstemcellsarehardtoobtainbecause
Inthelongperiodfrom1500to1800westernEuropeannation-stateswereallinfluencedbyasetofideasknownasmercantilism.46Mercantilistdoctrineandinstitutionswereimportantbecausetheywereheldbypracticalbusinesspeopleandheadsofstatewhostronglyinfluencedpublicpolicyandinstitutionalchange. Theprimaryaimofmercantilistswastoachievepowerandwealthforthestate.Togenerateaninflowofgoldorsilverthroughtradethevalueofexportsshouldexceedthevalueofimports.Andthestatecouldattaingreatpoweronlyifpoliticalandeconomicunitybecameafact.47Ifallthematerialsnecessarytofosterdomesticindustrywerenotavailabletheycouldbestbeobtainedbyestablishingcoloniesorfriendlyforeigntradingpostsfromwhichsuchgoodscouldbeimported.Andastrongmerchantmarinecouldcarryforeigngoodstherebyhelpingtosecurefavorabletradebalances.48Mercantilistsbelievedthatthesemeansofachievingnationalpowercouldbemadeeffectivebythepassageandstrictenforcementoflegislationregulatingeconomiclife. 49AlmostassoonasVirginiatobaccobegantobeshippedincommercialquantitiestoEnglandKingJamesIleviedataxonitwhileagreeingtoprohibitthegrowthofcompetingtobaccoinEngland.TaxesregulationandsubsidieswereallusedasmercantilepoliciesbuttheprimaryonesthataffectedthecoloniesweretheNavigationActs. In1640sAmericanshadslippedintothehabitofshippingtheirgoodsdirectlytocontinentalportsandtheDutchmadegreatinroadsintothecarryingtradeofthecolonies.AftertheRestorationEnglandwasinapositiontoenforceastrictcommercialpolicybeginningwiththeNavigationActsof1660and1663.Despitethecontinuedmodificationstotheseactsbypolicychangesitissufficienttonotethreeprimarycategoriesoftraderestriction: 50AlltradeofthecolonieswastobecarriedinvesselsthatwereEnglishbuiltandownedcommandedbyanEnglishcaptainandmannedbyacrewofwhomthree-quarterswereEnglish. AllforeignmerchantswereexcludedfromdealingdirectlyinthecommerceoftheEnglishcolonies.TheycouldengageincolonialtradeonlythroughEnglandandmerchantsresidentthere. CertaincommoditiesproducedinthecoloniescouldbeexportedonlytoEnglandessentiallyanydestinationwithintheEmpire.These"enumerated"goodsincludedsugartobaccocottonindigogingerandsoon. AlltradeofthecolonieswastobecarriedinvesselsthatwereEnglishbuiltandownedcommandedbyanEnglishcaptainandmannedbyacrewofwhomthree-quarterswereEnglish.
Healthimplies.morethanphysicalfitness.Italsoimpliesmentalandemotionalwellbeing.Anangryfrustratedemotionally1personingoodphysicalconditionisnot2healthy.Mentalhealththereforehasmuchtodo3howapersoncopeswiththeworldasitexists.Manyofthefactorsthat4physicalhealthalsoaffectmentalandemotionalwell-being. Havingagoodself-imagemeansthatpeoplehavepositive5picturesandgoodpositivefeelingsaboutthemselvesaboutwhattheyarecapable6andabouttherolestheyplay.Peoplewithgoodself-imageslikethemselvesandtheyare7likeothers.Havingagoodself-imageisbased8arealistic9ofone’sownworthandvalueandcapabilities. Stressisanunavoidablenecessaryandpotentiallyhealthful10ofoursociety.Peopleofallages11stress.Childrenbeginto12stressduringprenataldevelopmentandduringchildbirth.Examplesofstress-inducing13inthelifeofayoungpersonaredeathofapetpressureto14academicallythedivorceofparentsorjoininganewyouthgroup.Thedifferentwaysinwhichindividuals15tostressmaybringhealthfulorunhealthyresults.Onepersonexperiencingagreatdealofstressmayfunctionexceptionallywell16anothermaybeunabletofunctionatall.Ifstressfulsituationsarecontinuallyencounteredtheindividual’sphysicalsocialandmentalhealthareeventuallyaffected. Satisfyingsocialrelationsarevitalto17mentalandemotionalhealth.Itisbelievedthatinorderto18developandmaintaineffectiveandfulfillingsocialrelationshipspeoplemust19theabilitytoknowandtrusteachotherunderstandeachotherinfluenceandhelpeachother.Theymustalsobecapableof20conflictsinaconstructiveway. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points14
Inthelongperiodfrom1500to1800westernEuropeannation-stateswereallinfluencedbyasetofideasknownasmercantilism.46Mercantilistdoctrineandinstitutionswereimportantbecausetheywereheldbypracticalbusinesspeopleandheadsofstatewhostronglyinfluencedpublicpolicyandinstitutionalchange. Theprimaryaimofmercantilistswastoachievepowerandwealthforthestate.Togenerateaninflowofgoldorsilverthroughtradethevalueofexportsshouldexceedthevalueofimports.Andthestatecouldattaingreatpoweronlyifpoliticalandeconomicunitybecameafact.47Ifallthematerialsnecessarytofosterdomesticindustrywerenotavailabletheycouldbestbeobtainedbyestablishingcoloniesorfriendlyforeigntradingpostsfromwhichsuchgoodscouldbeimported.Andastrongmerchantmarinecouldcarryforeigngoodstherebyhelpingtosecurefavorabletradebalances.48Mercantilistsbelievedthatthesemeansofachievingnationalpowercouldbemadeeffectivebythepassageandstrictenforcementoflegislationregulatingeconomiclife. 49AlmostassoonasVirginiatobaccobegantobeshippedincommercialquantitiestoEnglandKingJamesIleviedataxonitwhileagreeingtoprohibitthegrowthofcompetingtobaccoinEngland.TaxesregulationandsubsidieswereallusedasmercantilepoliciesbuttheprimaryonesthataffectedthecoloniesweretheNavigationActs. In1640sAmericanshadslippedintothehabitofshippingtheirgoodsdirectlytocontinentalportsandtheDutchmadegreatinroadsintothecarryingtradeofthecolonies.AftertheRestorationEnglandwasinapositiontoenforceastrictcommercialpolicybeginningwiththeNavigationActsof1660and1663.Despitethecontinuedmodificationstotheseactsbypolicychangesitissufficienttonotethreeprimarycategoriesoftraderestriction: 50AlltradeofthecolonieswastobecarriedinvesselsthatwereEnglishbuiltandownedcommandedbyanEnglishcaptainandmannedbyacrewofwhomthree-quarterswereEnglish. AllforeignmerchantswereexcludedfromdealingdirectlyinthecommerceoftheEnglishcolonies.TheycouldengageincolonialtradeonlythroughEnglandandmerchantsresidentthere. CertaincommoditiesproducedinthecoloniescouldbeexportedonlytoEnglandessentiallyanydestinationwithintheEmpire.These"enumerated"goodsincludedsugartobaccocottonindigogingerandsoon. Mercantilistdoctrineandinstitutionswereimportantbecausetheywereheldbypracticalbusinesspeopleandheadsofstatewhostronglyinfluencedpublicpolicyandinstitutionalchange.
Itistrueasthemovementcriticsassertthatthepresentwomen’sliberationgroupsarealmostentirelybasedamongmiddleclasswomenthatiscollegeandcareerwomen;andtheissuesofpsychologicalandsexualexploitationandtoalesserextentexploitationthroughconsumptionhavebeenthemostprominentones.Itisnotsurprisingthatthewomen’sliberationmovementshouldbeginamongbourgeoiswomenandshouldbedominatedinthebeginningbytheirconsciousnessandtheirparticularconcerns.Radicalwomenaregenerallythepostwarmiddleclassgenerationthatgrewupwiththerighttovotethechanceathighereducationandtrainingforsupportiverolesintheprofessionsandbusiness.Mostofthemareyoungandsophisticatedenoughtohavenotyethadchildrenanddonothavetomarrytosupportthemselves.Incomparisonwithmostwomentheyarecapableofacertainamountofcontrolovertheirlives.Thehigherdevelopmentofbourgeoisdemocraticsocietyallowsthewomenwhobenefitfromeducationandrelativeequalitytoseethecontradictionsbetweenitsrhetoriceverychildcanbecomepresidentandtheiractualplaceinthatsociety.Theworkingclasswomanmightbelievethateducationcouldhavemadeherfinanciallyindependentbuttheeducatedcareerwomanfindsthatmoneyhasnotmadeherindependent.Infactbecauseshehasbeenallowedtoprogresshalfwayontheupward-mobilityladdershecanseetherestofthedistancethatisdeniedheronlybecausesheisawoman.Shecanseethesimilaritybetweenheroppressionandthatofothersectionsofthepopulation.Thusfromtheirownexperienceradicalwomeninthemovementareawareofmorefaultsinthesocietythanracismandimperialism.Becausetheyhavepushedthedemocraticmythtoitslimitstheyknowconcretelyhowitlimitsthem.AtthesametimethatradicalwomenwerelearningaboutAmericansocietytheywerealsobecomingawareofthemalechauvinisminthemovement.Infactthatisusuallythecauseoftheirfirstconscious100verbalizationoftheprejudicetheyfeel;itismoredisillusioningtoknowthatthesamecontradictionexistsbetweenthemovement’srhetoricofequalityanditsrealityforweexpectmoreofourcomrades.Thisrealizationofthedeep-seatedprejudiceagainstthemselvesinthemovementproducestwocommonreactionsamongitswomen:1apreoccupationwiththisimmediatebarrierandperhapsaresultanthopelessnessand2atendencytoretreatinwardtobuythefool’sgoldofcreatingapersonallyliberatedlifestyle.Howeverourconceptofliberationrepresentsaconsciousnessthatconditionshaveforcedonuswhilemostofoursistersarechainedbyotherconditionsbiologicalandeconomicthatoverwhelmtheirhumanityanddesiresforself-fulfillment.Ourbackgroundaccountsforourignoranceaboutthestarkoppressionofwomen’sdailylives.Theauthorimpliesinthelastparagraphthat
Itistrueasthemovementcriticsassertthatthepresentwomen’sliberationgroupsarealmostentirelybasedamongmiddleclasswomenthatiscollegeandcareerwomen;andtheissuesofpsychologicalandsexualexploitationandtoalesserextentexploitationthroughconsumptionhavebeenthemostprominentones.Itisnotsurprisingthatthewomen’sliberationmovementshouldbeginamongbourgeoiswomenandshouldbedominatedinthebeginningbytheirconsciousnessandtheirparticularconcerns.Radicalwomenaregenerallythepostwarmiddleclassgenerationthatgrewupwiththerighttovotethechanceathighereducationandtrainingforsupportiverolesintheprofessionsandbusiness.Mostofthemareyoungandsophisticatedenoughtohavenotyethadchildrenanddonothavetomarrytosupportthemselves.Incomparisonwithmostwomentheyarecapableofacertainamountofcontrolovertheirlives.Thehigherdevelopmentofbourgeoisdemocraticsocietyallowsthewomenwhobenefitfromeducationandrelativeequalitytoseethecontradictionsbetweenitsrhetoriceverychildcanbecomepresidentandtheiractualplaceinthatsociety.Theworkingclasswomanmightbelievethateducationcouldhavemadeherfinanciallyindependentbuttheeducatedcareerwomanfindsthatmoneyhasnotmadeherindependent.Infactbecauseshehasbeenallowedtoprogresshalfwayontheupward-mobilityladdershecanseetherestofthedistancethatisdeniedheronlybecausesheisawoman.Shecanseethesimilaritybetweenheroppressionandthatofothersectionsofthepopulation.Thusfromtheirownexperienceradicalwomeninthemovementareawareofmorefaultsinthesocietythanracismandimperialism.Becausetheyhavepushedthedemocraticmythtoitslimitstheyknowconcretelyhowitlimitsthem.AtthesametimethatradicalwomenwerelearningaboutAmericansocietytheywerealsobecomingawareofthemalechauvinisminthemovement.Infactthatisusuallythecauseoftheirfirstconscious100verbalizationoftheprejudicetheyfeel;itismoredisillusioningtoknowthatthesamecontradictionexistsbetweenthemovement’srhetoricofequalityanditsrealityforweexpectmoreofourcomrades.Thisrealizationofthedeep-seatedprejudiceagainstthemselvesinthemovementproducestwocommonreactionsamongitswomen:1apreoccupationwiththisimmediatebarrierandperhapsaresultanthopelessnessand2atendencytoretreatinwardtobuythefool’sgoldofcreatingapersonallyliberatedlifestyle.Howeverourconceptofliberationrepresentsaconsciousnessthatconditionshaveforcedonuswhilemostofoursistersarechainedbyotherconditionsbiologicalandeconomicthatoverwhelmtheirhumanityanddesiresforself-fulfillment.Ourbackgroundaccountsforourignoranceaboutthestarkoppressionofwomen’sdailylives.ThebasicdifferencebetweenMiddleClasswomenandotherwomenintheliberationmovementisthat
Scientistshaveforthefirsttimeusedcloningtocreatehumanembryosthatlivelongenoughinalaboratorydishtohavetheirstemcellsharvested.Thefeatcouldsetthestageforphysicianstoproducecellsandtissuestailoredtoapatient’sgeneticidentitythatcantreatawidevarietyofhumanillnesses.Theaccomplishmentalsoprovidesaroadmapforhowtocloneapersonanevenmoredivisiveundertaking.ThenewworkperformedinSouthKorearepresentsamajoradvanceinstemcellresearch.ItcouldhelpspuramedicalrevolutionasimportantasantibioticsandvaccinessaysRobertLanzaofAdvancedCellTechnologyACTacompanyinWorcesterMass.that’salsoinvestigatingthepromisingstemcellstrategycalledtherapeuticcloning.HowevernowthatthemethodologyispubliclyavailableLanzaaddsIthinkitisabsolutelyimperativethatwepasslawsworldwidetopreventthetechnologyfrombeingabusedforreproductive-cloningpurposes.Whilesomefertilitydoctorsandareligiousculthaveclaimedsuccessatcreatingapregnancyviacloningthey’veofferednoconvincingproof.IncontrasttheSouthKoreanresearchisbeingreportedatthemeetingoftheAmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofScienceinSeattleandwillappearinanupcomingScience.ThisisrealitysaysstemcellresearcherJohnGearhartofJohnsHopkinsUniversity.He4’eisabonafiderefereedjournalsayingthatahumanembryohasbeenclonedandacelllinederivedfromit.AlthoughACThasnotyetpublishedareportofaclonedhumanblastocystLanzasaysthattheSouthKoreansuccessisconsistentwithourownresults.TherapeuticcloningappealstoLanzaandphysiciansbecausecellsmadethiswaycouldhavethesameDNAasapatient’scellsdoandthusavoidrejectionafterthey’retransplanted.Seekingacompromisethatwouldpermitthisstrategytobepursuedmanyscientistshavecalledforlegislationthatwouldbancloningtoproduceababybutallowthecreationofclonedembryostogeneratestemcellsforresearchortherapies.Thedebatehasbeenverypolarizednotesbio-ethicistLaurieZolothofNorthwesternUniversityinEvanston.Thecompromiseinthelastparagraphprobablyreferstothepracticeof
Healthimplies.morethanphysicalfitness.Italsoimpliesmentalandemotionalwellbeing.Anangryfrustratedemotionally1personingoodphysicalconditionisnot2healthy.Mentalhealththereforehasmuchtodo3howapersoncopeswiththeworldasitexists.Manyofthefactorsthat4physicalhealthalsoaffectmentalandemotionalwell-being. Havingagoodself-imagemeansthatpeoplehavepositive5picturesandgoodpositivefeelingsaboutthemselvesaboutwhattheyarecapable6andabouttherolestheyplay.Peoplewithgoodself-imageslikethemselvesandtheyare7likeothers.Havingagoodself-imageisbased8arealistic9ofone’sownworthandvalueandcapabilities. Stressisanunavoidablenecessaryandpotentiallyhealthful10ofoursociety.Peopleofallages11stress.Childrenbeginto12stressduringprenataldevelopmentandduringchildbirth.Examplesofstress-inducing13inthelifeofayoungpersonaredeathofapetpressureto14academicallythedivorceofparentsorjoininganewyouthgroup.Thedifferentwaysinwhichindividuals15tostressmaybringhealthfulorunhealthyresults.Onepersonexperiencingagreatdealofstressmayfunctionexceptionallywell16anothermaybeunabletofunctionatall.Ifstressfulsituationsarecontinuallyencounteredtheindividual’sphysicalsocialandmentalhealthareeventuallyaffected. Satisfyingsocialrelationsarevitalto17mentalandemotionalhealth.Itisbelievedthatinorderto18developandmaintaineffectiveandfulfillingsocialrelationshipspeoplemust19theabilitytoknowandtrusteachotherunderstandeachotherinfluenceandhelpeachother.Theymustalsobecapableof20conflictsinaconstructiveway. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points2
Directions: ThegraphsbelowshowthetypesofmusicalbumspurchasedbypeopleinBritainaccordingtosexandage. Writeareportforauniversitylecturerdescribingtheinformationshownbelow.Youshouldwriteabout160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
LongbeforeManlivedontheEarththerewerefishesreptilesbirdsinsectsandsomemammals.Althoughsomeoftheseanimalswereancestorsofkindslivingtodayothersarenowextinctthatistheyhavenodescendantsalivenow.41.Veryoccasionallytherocksshowimpressionofskinsothatapartfromcolorwecanbuildupareasonablyaccuratepictureofananimalthatdiedmillionsofyearsago.Thatkindofrockinwhichtheremainsarefoundtellsusmuchaboutthenatureoftheoriginallandoftenoftheplantsthatgrewonitandevenofitsclimate.42Nearlyallofthefossilsthatweknowwerepreservedinrocksformedbywateractionandmostoftheseareofanimalsthatlivedinornearwater.Thusitfollowsthattheremustbemanykindsofmammalsbirdsandinsectsofwhichweknownothing.43.Therewerealsocrablikecreatureswhosebodieswerecoveredwithahornysubstance.Thebodysegmentseachhadtwopairsoflegsonepairforwalkingonthesandybottomtheotherforswimming.Theheadwasakindofshieldwithapairofcompoundeyesoftenwiththousandsoflenses.Theywereusuallyaninchortwolongbutsomewere2feet.44.Ofthesetheammonitesareveryinterestingandimportant.Theyhaveashellcomposedofmanychamberseachrepresentingatemporaryhomeoftheanimal.Astheyounggrewlargeritgrewanewchamberandsealedoffthepreviousone.ThousandsofthesecanbeseenintherocksontheDorsetCoast.45.About75millionyearsagotheAgeofReptileswasoverandmostofthegroupsdiedout.Themammalsquicklydevelopedandwecantracetheevolutionofmanyfamiliaranimalssuchastheelephantandhorse.Manyofthelatermammalsthoughnowextinctwereknowntoprimitivemanandwerefeaturedbyhimincavepaintingsandonbonecarvings. [A]Theshellfishhavealonghistoryintherockandmanydifferentkindsareknown [B]Neverthelessweknowagreatdealaboutmanyofthembecausetheirbonesandshellshavebeenpreservedintherocksasfossils.Fromthemwecantelltheirsizeandshapehowtheywalkedthekindoffoodtheyate. [C]Thefirstanimalswithtruebackboneswerethefishesfirstknownintherocksof375millionyearsago.About300millionyearsagotheamphibianstheanimalsabletolivebothonlandandinwaterappeared.Theyweregiantsometimes8feetlongandmanyofthemlivedintheswampypoolsinwhichourcoalseamorlayerorformed.Theamphibiansgaverisetothereptilesandfornearly150millionyearstheseweretheprincipalformsoflifeonlandintheseaandintheair. [D]Thebestindexfossilstendtobemarinecreature.Thereanimalsevolvedrapidlyandspreadoverlargeoverlargeareasoftheworld. [E]Theearliestanimalswhoseremainshavebeenfoundwereallverysimplekindsandlivedinthesea.Laterformaaremorecomplexandamongthesearethesea-liliesrelationsofthestar-fisheswhichhadlongarmsandwereattachedbyalongstalktotheseabedortorocks. [F]Whenananimaldiesthebodyitsbonesorshellmayoftenbecarriedawaybystreamsintolakesortheseaandtheregetcoveredupbymud.Iftheanimallivedintheseaitsbodywouldprobablysinkandbecoveredwithmud.Moreandmoremudwouldfalluponituntilthebonesorshellbecomeembeddedandpreserved. [G]Manyfactorscaninfluencehowfossilsarepreservedinrocks.Remainsofanorganismmaybereplacedbymineralsdissolvedbyanacidicsolutiontoleaveonlytheirimpressionorsimplyreducedtoamorestableform. 42
WantaglimpseofthefutureofhealthcareTakealookatthewaythevariousnetworksofpeopleinvolvedinpatientcarearebeingconnectedtooneanotherandhowthisnewconnectivityisbeingexploitedtodelivermedicinetothepatient—nomatterwhereheorshemaybe.Onlinedoctorsofferingadvicebasedonstandardizedsymptomsarethemostobviousexample.Increasinglyhoweverremotediagnosistelemedicinewillbebasedonrealphysiologicaldatafromtheactualpatient.AgroupfromtheUniversityofKentuckyhasshownthatbyusinganoff-the-shelfPDApersonaldataassistancesuchasaPalmPilotplusamobilephoneitisperfectlyfeasibletotransmitapatient’svitalsignsoverthetelephone.Withthiskindofequipmentinafirst-aidkitthecryaskingwhethertherewasadoctorinthehousecouldwellbeathingofthepast.Othermedicaltechnologygroupsareworkingonapplyingtelemedicinetoruralcare.Andatleastoneteamwantstousetelemedicineasatoolfordisasterresponse—especiallyafterearthquakes.Overallthetrendistowardsprovidingglobalaccesstomedicaldataandexpertise.Butthereisoneproblem.Bandwidthisthelimitingfactorfortransmittingcomplexmedicalimagesaroundtheworld—CTscansbeingoneofthebiggestbandwidthconsumers.Communicationssatellitesmaybeabletocopewiththeshort-termneedsduringdisasterssuchasearthquakeswarsorfamines.Butmedicineislookingtowardsboththesecond-generationInternetandthird-generationmobilephonesforthefutureofdistributedmedicalintelligence.Doctorshavemettodiscusscomputer-basedtoolsformedicaldiagnosistrainingandtelemedicine.Withthefallingpriceofbroadbandcommunicationsthenewtechnologiesshouldusherinanerawhentelemedicineandthesharingofmedicalinformationexpertopinionanddiagnosisarecommon.Apropertitleforthepassagemaybe______.
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