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Competition Thequestionofwhetherwarisinevitableisonewhichhasconcernedmanyoftheworldsgreatwriters.Beforeconsideringthisquestionitwillbeusefultointroducesomerelatedconcepts.Conflictdefinedasoppositionamongsocialentitiesdirectedagainstoneanotherisdistinguishedfromcompetitiondefinedasoppositionamongsocialentitiesindependentlystrivingforsomethingwhichisininadequatesupply.Competitorsmaynotbeawareofoneanotherwhilethepartiestoaconflictare.Conflictandcompetitionarebothcategoriesofoppositionwhichhasbeendefinedasaprocessbywhichsocialentitiesfunctioninthedisserviceofoneanother.Oppositionisthuscontrastedwithcooperationtheprocessbywhichsocialentitiesfunctionintheserviceofoneanother.Thesedefinitionsarenecessarybecauseitisimportanttoemphasizethatcompetitionbetweenindividualsorgroupsisinevitableinaworldoflimitedresourcesbutconflictisnot.Conflictneverthelessisverylikelytooccurandisprobablyanessentialanddesirableelementofhumansocieties. Manyauthorshavearguedfortheinevitabilityofwarfromthepremisethatinthestruggleforexistenceamonganimalspeciesonlythefittestsurvive.Ingeneralhoweverthisstruggleinnatureiscompetitionnotconflict.Socialanimalssuchasmonkeysandcattlefighttowinormaintainleadershipofthegroup.Thestruggleforexistenceoccursnotinsuchfightsbutinthecompetitionforlimitedfeedingareasandfortheoccupancy占有ofareasfreefrommeat-eatinganimals.Thosewhofailinthiscompetitionstarvetodeathorbecomevictimstootherspecies.Thisstruggleforexistencedoesnotresemblehumanwarbutratherthecompetitionofindividualsforjobsmarketsandmaterials.Theessenceofthestruggleisthecompetitionforthenecessitiesoflifethatareinsufficienttosatisfyall. Amongnationsthereiscompetitionindevelopingresourcestradesskillsandasatisfactorywayoflife.Thesuccessfulnationsgrowandproper繁荣;theunsuccessfuldecline.Whileitistruethatthiscompetitionmayinduceeffortstoexpandterritoryattheexpenseofothersandthusleadtoconflictitcannotbesaidthatwarlikeconflictamongnationsisinevitablealthoughcompetitionis. Competitioncanleadtoconflict.
ASmallEvent OneafternooninJanuary1989SuzanSharp43andher8-year-oldsonDavidwerewalkinghardacrossanicyparkinglotwhenSuzan’’scane手杖slidontheice.She【51】facefistintothemud.David【52】toherside.AreyouallrightMom? 【53】Suzanputherselfup.I’’mokayhoney.shesaid. IthadbeennearlytwoyearssinceSuzanhadtroublewalking.Shewasfallingmore【54】now.Everyinchoficewasa【55】dangerforher.Icoulddosomethingtheboythought. Davidtoowashaving【56】ofhisown.Theboyhadaspeechdefect.Atschoolhe【57】askedquestionsorreadaloud. OnedayDavidsteacherannounceda【58】assignment.Eachofyouisgoingtocomeupwithaninventionshesaid.ThiswasforINVENTAMERICA!anationalcompetitiontoencouragecreativityin【59】.AnideahitDavidoneevening.【60】onlyhismotherscanedidn’tsliponicehethought.That’’sit!Davidrealized. WhatifIfixedyourcanetoanailstretchedoutofthebottom?heaskedhismother.Hismothertoldhim【61】itwouldscratchfloors. Itlookslikeaball-pointpen.Youtakeyourhand【62】thebuttonandthenailreturnsbackup.Hourslaterthecanewasfinished.DavidandhisfatherJeff【63】asSuzanusedittowalk50feetacrossthe【64】. Itworks!shesaid.InJuly1989DavidwasdeclarednationalwinnerattheannualINVENTAMERICA!ceremonyinWashingtonD.C.. AsDavidbegantomake【65】appearanceshewasforcedtocommunicatemoreclearly.TodayDavidisnearlyfreeofhiscanewhichiswaitingtobewidelyused. Sotheboywhooncehadtroubletalkingnowhopestostartmakingcanesforpeoplewhohavetroublewalking.
ASmallEvent OneafternooninJanuary1989SuzanSharp43andher8-year-oldsonDavidwerewalkinghardacrossanicyparkinglotwhenSuzan’’scane手杖slidontheice.She【51】facefistintothemud.David【52】toherside.AreyouallrightMom? 【53】Suzanputherselfup.I’’mokayhoney.shesaid. IthadbeennearlytwoyearssinceSuzanhadtroublewalking.Shewasfallingmore【54】now.Everyinchoficewasa【55】dangerforher.Icoulddosomethingtheboythought. Davidtoowashaving【56】ofhisown.Theboyhadaspeechdefect.Atschoolhe【57】askedquestionsorreadaloud. OnedayDavidsteacherannounceda【58】assignment.Eachofyouisgoingtocomeupwithaninventionshesaid.ThiswasforINVENTAMERICA!anationalcompetitiontoencouragecreativityin【59】.AnideahitDavidoneevening.【60】onlyhismotherscanedidn’tsliponicehethought.That’’sit!Davidrealized. WhatifIfixedyourcanetoanailstretchedoutofthebottom?heaskedhismother.Hismothertoldhim【61】itwouldscratchfloors. Itlookslikeaball-pointpen.Youtakeyourhand【62】thebuttonandthenailreturnsbackup.Hourslaterthecanewasfinished.DavidandhisfatherJeff【63】asSuzanusedittowalk50feetacrossthe【64】. Itworks!shesaid.InJuly1989DavidwasdeclarednationalwinnerattheannualINVENTAMERICA!ceremonyinWashingtonD.C.. AsDavidbegantomake【65】appearanceshewasforcedtocommunicatemoreclearly.TodayDavidisnearlyfreeofhiscanewhichiswaitingtobewidelyused. Sotheboywhooncehadtroubletalkingnowhopestostartmakingcanesforpeoplewhohavetroublewalking.
Thechildren’sstorywriterknownasDr.Seussprovedthatthesimpleststoriesforchildrencouldhavecharacterizationand{{U}}suspense.{{/U}}
LouisSullivanafamousAmericanarchitectvariedhisstructuresto{{U}}suit{{/U}}thelocalclimate.
CigarsInstead? Smokingoneortwocigarsadaydoublestheriskofcancersoftheliptonguemouthandthroataccordingtoagovernmentstudy. DailycigarsalsoincreasetheriskoflungcancerandcanceroftheesophagusandincreasetheriskofcancerofthelarynxvoiceboxsixfoldsayresearchersattheNationalCancerInstituteinBethesdaMaryland. Inadditionthereportrevealedthatsmokingthreeorfourcigarsadayincreasedtheriskoforalcancerto8.5timestheriskfornonsmokersandtheriskofesophagealcancerbyfourtimestheriskofnonsmokers. ThehealtheffectsofsmokingcigarsisoneofeightsectionsofthearticleCigars:HealthEffectsandTrends.Theresearchersreportthatcomparedwithacigarettealargecigaremitsupto90timesasmuchcarcinogenictobacco-specificnitrosamines ThisarticleprovidesclearandinvaluableinformationaboutthedisturbingincreaseincigaruseandthesignificantpublichealthconsequencesforthecountrysaidDr.RichardKlausnerdirectoroftheNationalCancerInstituteinastatement. Thedataareclear-theharmfulsubstancesandcarcinogensincigarsmokelikecigarettesareassociatedwiththeincreasedrisksofseveralkindsofcancersaswellasheartandlungdiseasesheadded.Inotherwordscigarsarenotsafealternativestocigarettesandmaybeaddictive. Tothoseindividualswhomaybethinkingaboutsmokingcigarsouradvicesis—don’’t.TothosecurrentlysmokingcigarsquittingistheonlywaytoeliminatecompletelythecancerheartandlungdiseaseriskswarnedKlausner. AccordingtoaNationalCancerInstitutepressreleasetherehaven’’tbeenanystudiesonthehealtheffectsonnonsmokersatcigarsocialeventsbut...asignificantbodyofevidenceclearlydemonstratesanincreasedlungcancerriskfromsecondhandsmoke. WhatisthemainideaofthearticleCigars:HealthEffectsandTrends?
TheWeddellsealofAntarcticacandivetoadepthofabout1600feetandremain{{U}}submerged{{/U}}foraslongasanhourandtenminutes.
Itisdifficulttounderstandthiskindofcomplicatedcalculation.
Competition Thequestionofwhetherwarisinevitableisonewhichhasconcernedmanyoftheworldsgreatwriters.Beforeconsideringthisquestionitwillbeusefultointroducesomerelatedconcepts.Conflictdefinedasoppositionamongsocialentitiesdirectedagainstoneanotherisdistinguishedfromcompetitiondefinedasoppositionamongsocialentitiesindependentlystrivingforsomethingwhichisininadequatesupply.Competitorsmaynotbeawareofoneanotherwhilethepartiestoaconflictare.Conflictandcompetitionarebothcategoriesofoppositionwhichhasbeendefinedasaprocessbywhichsocialentitiesfunctioninthedisserviceofoneanother.Oppositionisthuscontrastedwithcooperationtheprocessbywhichsocialentitiesfunctionintheserviceofoneanother.Thesedefinitionsarenecessarybecauseitisimportanttoemphasizethatcompetitionbetweenindividualsorgroupsisinevitableinaworldoflimitedresourcesbutconflictisnot.Conflictneverthelessisverylikelytooccurandisprobablyanessentialanddesirableelementofhumansocieties. Manyauthorshavearguedfortheinevitabilityofwarfromthepremisethatinthestruggleforexistenceamonganimalspeciesonlythefittestsurvive.Ingeneralhoweverthisstruggleinnatureiscompetitionnotconflict.Socialanimalssuchasmonkeysandcattlefighttowinormaintainleadershipofthegroup.Thestruggleforexistenceoccursnotinsuchfightsbutinthecompetitionforlimitedfeedingareasandfortheoccupancy占有ofareasfreefrommeat-eatinganimals.Thosewhofailinthiscompetitionstarvetodeathorbecomevictimstootherspecies.Thisstruggleforexistencedoesnotresemblehumanwarbutratherthecompetitionofindividualsforjobsmarketsandmaterials.Theessenceofthestruggleisthecompetitionforthenecessitiesoflifethatareinsufficienttosatisfyall. Amongnationsthereiscompetitionindevelopingresourcestradesskillsandasatisfactorywayoflife.Thesuccessfulnationsgrowandproper繁荣;theunsuccessfuldecline.Whileitistruethatthiscompetitionmayinduceeffortstoexpandterritoryattheexpenseofothersandthusleadtoconflictitcannotbesaidthatwarlikeconflictamongnationsisinevitablealthoughcompetitionis. ThephrasefunctioninthedisserviceofoneanotherPara.1mostprobablymeansharmeachother.
ASmallEvent OneafternooninJanuary1989SuzanSharp43andher8-year-oldsonDavidwerewalkinghardacrossanicyparkinglotwhenSuzan’’scane手杖slidontheice.She【51】facefistintothemud.David【52】toherside.AreyouallrightMom? 【53】Suzanputherselfup.I’’mokayhoney.shesaid. IthadbeennearlytwoyearssinceSuzanhadtroublewalking.Shewasfallingmore【54】now.Everyinchoficewasa【55】dangerforher.Icoulddosomethingtheboythought. Davidtoowashaving【56】ofhisown.Theboyhadaspeechdefect.Atschoolhe【57】askedquestionsorreadaloud. OnedayDavidsteacherannounceda【58】assignment.Eachofyouisgoingtocomeupwithaninventionshesaid.ThiswasforINVENTAMERICA!anationalcompetitiontoencouragecreativityin【59】.AnideahitDavidoneevening.【60】onlyhismotherscanedidn’tsliponicehethought.That’’sit!Davidrealized. WhatifIfixedyourcanetoanailstretchedoutofthebottom?heaskedhismother.Hismothertoldhim【61】itwouldscratchfloors. Itlookslikeaball-pointpen.Youtakeyourhand【62】thebuttonandthenailreturnsbackup.Hourslaterthecanewasfinished.DavidandhisfatherJeff【63】asSuzanusedittowalk50feetacrossthe【64】. Itworks!shesaid.InJuly1989DavidwasdeclarednationalwinnerattheannualINVENTAMERICA!ceremonyinWashingtonD.C.. AsDavidbegantomake【65】appearanceshewasforcedtocommunicatemoreclearly.TodayDavidisnearlyfreeofhiscanewhichiswaitingtobewidelyused. Sotheboywhooncehadtroubletalkingnowhopestostartmakingcanesforpeoplewhohavetroublewalking.
Atagetwenty-fiveOrsonWelles{{U}}stunned{{/U}}thefilmworldwithhismovieCitizenKane.
Competition Thequestionofwhetherwarisinevitableisonewhichhasconcernedmanyoftheworldsgreatwriters.Beforeconsideringthisquestionitwillbeusefultointroducesomerelatedconcepts.Conflictdefinedasoppositionamongsocialentitiesdirectedagainstoneanotherisdistinguishedfromcompetitiondefinedasoppositionamongsocialentitiesindependentlystrivingforsomethingwhichisininadequatesupply.Competitorsmaynotbeawareofoneanotherwhilethepartiestoaconflictare.Conflictandcompetitionarebothcategoriesofoppositionwhichhasbeendefinedasaprocessbywhichsocialentitiesfunctioninthedisserviceofoneanother.Oppositionisthuscontrastedwithcooperationtheprocessbywhichsocialentitiesfunctionintheserviceofoneanother.Thesedefinitionsarenecessarybecauseitisimportanttoemphasizethatcompetitionbetweenindividualsorgroupsisinevitableinaworldoflimitedresourcesbutconflictisnot.Conflictneverthelessisverylikelytooccurandisprobablyanessentialanddesirableelementofhumansocieties. Manyauthorshavearguedfortheinevitabilityofwarfromthepremisethatinthestruggleforexistenceamonganimalspeciesonlythefittestsurvive.Ingeneralhoweverthisstruggleinnatureiscompetitionnotconflict.Socialanimalssuchasmonkeysandcattlefighttowinormaintainleadershipofthegroup.Thestruggleforexistenceoccursnotinsuchfightsbutinthecompetitionforlimitedfeedingareasandfortheoccupancy占有ofareasfreefrommeat-eatinganimals.Thosewhofailinthiscompetitionstarvetodeathorbecomevictimstootherspecies.Thisstruggleforexistencedoesnotresemblehumanwarbutratherthecompetitionofindividualsforjobsmarketsandmaterials.Theessenceofthestruggleisthecompetitionforthenecessitiesoflifethatareinsufficienttosatisfyall. Amongnationsthereiscompetitionindevelopingresourcestradesskillsandasatisfactorywayoflife.Thesuccessfulnationsgrowandproper繁荣;theunsuccessfuldecline.Whileitistruethatthiscompetitionmayinduceeffortstoexpandterritoryattheexpenseofothersandthusleadtoconflictitcannotbesaidthatwarlikeconflictamongnationsisinevitablealthoughcompetitionis. ThepassageisprobablyintendedtoanswerthequestionWhyisthereconflictandcompetition?
CigarsInstead? Smokingoneortwocigarsadaydoublestheriskofcancersoftheliptonguemouthandthroataccordingtoagovernmentstudy. DailycigarsalsoincreasetheriskoflungcancerandcanceroftheesophagusandincreasetheriskofcancerofthelarynxvoiceboxsixfoldsayresearchersattheNationalCancerInstituteinBethesdaMaryland. Inadditionthereportrevealedthatsmokingthreeorfourcigarsadayincreasedtheriskoforalcancerto8.5timestheriskfornonsmokersandtheriskofesophagealcancerbyfourtimestheriskofnonsmokers. ThehealtheffectsofsmokingcigarsisoneofeightsectionsofthearticleCigars:HealthEffectsandTrends.Theresearchersreportthatcomparedwithacigarettealargecigaremitsupto90timesasmuchcarcinogenictobacco-specificnitrosamines ThisarticleprovidesclearandinvaluableinformationaboutthedisturbingincreaseincigaruseandthesignificantpublichealthconsequencesforthecountrysaidDr.RichardKlausnerdirectoroftheNationalCancerInstituteinastatement. Thedataareclear-theharmfulsubstancesandcarcinogensincigarsmokelikecigarettesareassociatedwiththeincreasedrisksofseveralkindsofcancersaswellasheartandlungdiseasesheadded.Inotherwordscigarsarenotsafealternativestocigarettesandmaybeaddictive. Tothoseindividualswhomaybethinkingaboutsmokingcigarsouradvicesis—don’’t.TothosecurrentlysmokingcigarsquittingistheonlywaytoeliminatecompletelythecancerheartandlungdiseaseriskswarnedKlausner. AccordingtoaNationalCancerInstitutepressreleasetherehaven’’tbeenanystudiesonthehealtheffectsonnonsmokersatcigarsocialeventsbut...asignificantbodyofevidenceclearlydemonstratesanincreasedlungcancerriskfromsecondhandsmoke. Accordingtothereportsmokingthreeorfourcigarsaday______.
Thediseaserust{{U}}stunts{{/U}}aplant’sgrowthandleadstothedestructionoftheplant.
TheDevelopmentofBothHIVAndItsCure Asthenumberofpeopleinfected传染withtheAIDS—causingHIVrosetomorethan14millionworldwideandasnewresearchshowedthatintheU.S.oneofevery92youngmenmaybeinfectedacureforthediseasestillremainedanelusive令人困惑的dream.TohelpslowthespreadofHIVtoinfantstheCDCinJulycalledforallpregnant怀孕的womentobetestedforthevirus毒素.Therecommendation推荐stemmed发展froma.studythatfoundthattheriskthatanHIV-infectedwomanwillpassthevirusontoherunbornchildiscutbytwo-thirdsifthemotherreceivesthedrugazidothymidineAZTduringpregnancy.Theyearwasalsomarkedbythefirstofficialrecognition认可thattreatingHIV-infectedpeoplewithacombination结合ofantiviral抗毒素的drugsissuperiortotreatingthemwithonlyAZTadrugthathadbeenthegoldstandardoftreatmentsincethelate1980s.AtaninternationalconferenceinCopenhagenapane专门小组ofscientistsrecommendedthatpatientswiththeAIDSvirusreceivecombinationtherapyalthoughtherewasstillnoconsensus一致onwheninthecourseofthediseasethedrugsshouldbestarted.InDecembertheFDAapprovedthefirstofalong-awaitednewclassofAIDSdrugscalledproteaseinhibitorsPhysiciansemphasizedhoweverthatthenewdrugsaquinavirisnotacureandmustbetakenincombinationwithotherAIDSdrugs.Aglimmer微光ofhopeforacurecamewhenateamfromtheUniversityofWashingtonreportedinNovemberthatanewdrugPMPApreventedmonkeysfrombecominginfectedbythemonkeyversionofHIVevenwhentheviruswasinjected注射directlyintotheanimals. Theyearalsoprovidedtheresearchcommunity界withafewmoreclues线索onhowtoattackHIV.InJuneresearchersfoundthat70%ofWestAfricanwomeninfectedwithaslow-actinglesseasilytransmitted传播typeoftheviruswereprotectedagainstinfectionbythefaster-actingtypewhichwasmostcommonintheWest.Earlierintheyearhopesforlifesaving救命的AIDStreatmentsorvaccines痘苗werealsobolstered支持byanintriguing激起好奇心的—andhotlydebated—reportthatatleasttwochildrenwhohadbeenborninfectedwiththeAIDSviruslaterbecamefreeofit. Despitethemammoth巨大的swath长而宽的地带ofdestruction破坏thatAIDShascutaroundtheworldsinceitfirstsurfaced升到水面just15yearsagoittookamuchrarer稀有的—andmuchswifter反应快的—killertheEbolavirustojolt唤起thepublicoutofitscomplacency自满towardthethreatofemerginginfectious感染性的diseases. TheCDCcalledonallpregnantwomentobetestedforHIV______.
ASmallEvent OneafternooninJanuary1989SuzanSharp43andher8-year-oldsonDavidwerewalkinghardacrossanicyparkinglotwhenSuzan’’scane手杖slidontheice.She【51】facefistintothemud.David【52】toherside.AreyouallrightMom? 【53】Suzanputherselfup.I’’mokayhoney.shesaid. IthadbeennearlytwoyearssinceSuzanhadtroublewalking.Shewasfallingmore【54】now.Everyinchoficewasa【55】dangerforher.Icoulddosomethingtheboythought. Davidtoowashaving【56】ofhisown.Theboyhadaspeechdefect.Atschoolhe【57】askedquestionsorreadaloud. OnedayDavidsteacherannounceda【58】assignment.Eachofyouisgoingtocomeupwithaninventionshesaid.ThiswasforINVENTAMERICA!anationalcompetitiontoencouragecreativityin【59】.AnideahitDavidoneevening.【60】onlyhismotherscanedidn’tsliponicehethought.That’’sit!Davidrealized. WhatifIfixedyourcanetoanailstretchedoutofthebottom?heaskedhismother.Hismothertoldhim【61】itwouldscratchfloors. Itlookslikeaball-pointpen.Youtakeyourhand【62】thebuttonandthenailreturnsbackup.Hourslaterthecanewasfinished.DavidandhisfatherJeff【63】asSuzanusedittowalk50feetacrossthe【64】. Itworks!shesaid.InJuly1989DavidwasdeclarednationalwinnerattheannualINVENTAMERICA!ceremonyinWashingtonD.C.. AsDavidbegantomake【65】appearanceshewasforcedtocommunicatemoreclearly.TodayDavidisnearlyfreeofhiscanewhichiswaitingtobewidelyused. Sotheboywhooncehadtroubletalkingnowhopestostartmakingcanesforpeoplewhohavetroublewalking.
Theoutcryagainstthegovernment’spolicieswill{{U}}subside{{/U}}onlyifacompromiseisreachedintheassembly.
Thefuture{{U}}survival{{/U}}ofthebaldeagleisstillanimportantAmericanecologicalconcern.
Ourpublictransportationisnotsufficientfortheneedofthepeopleinourmajorcities.
ASmallEvent OneafternooninJanuary1989SuzanSharp43andher8-year-oldsonDavidwerewalkinghardacrossanicyparkinglotwhenSuzan’’scane手杖slidontheice.She【51】facefistintothemud.David【52】toherside.AreyouallrightMom? 【53】Suzanputherselfup.I’’mokayhoney.shesaid. IthadbeennearlytwoyearssinceSuzanhadtroublewalking.Shewasfallingmore【54】now.Everyinchoficewasa【55】dangerforher.Icoulddosomethingtheboythought. Davidtoowashaving【56】ofhisown.Theboyhadaspeechdefect.Atschoolhe【57】askedquestionsorreadaloud. OnedayDavidsteacherannounceda【58】assignment.Eachofyouisgoingtocomeupwithaninventionshesaid.ThiswasforINVENTAMERICA!anationalcompetitiontoencouragecreativityin【59】.AnideahitDavidoneevening.【60】onlyhismotherscanedidn’tsliponicehethought.That’’sit!Davidrealized. WhatifIfixedyourcanetoanailstretchedoutofthebottom?heaskedhismother.Hismothertoldhim【61】itwouldscratchfloors. Itlookslikeaball-pointpen.Youtakeyourhand【62】thebuttonandthenailreturnsbackup.Hourslaterthecanewasfinished.DavidandhisfatherJeff【63】asSuzanusedittowalk50feetacrossthe【64】. Itworks!shesaid.InJuly1989DavidwasdeclarednationalwinnerattheannualINVENTAMERICA!ceremonyinWashingtonD.C.. AsDavidbegantomake【65】appearanceshewasforcedtocommunicatemoreclearly.TodayDavidisnearlyfreeofhiscanewhichiswaitingtobewidelyused. Sotheboywhooncehadtroubletalkingnowhopestostartmakingcanesforpeoplewhohavetroublewalking.
TheDevelopmentofBothHIVAndItsCure Asthenumberofpeopleinfected传染withtheAIDS—causingHIVrosetomorethan14millionworldwideandasnewresearchshowedthatintheU.S.oneofevery92youngmenmaybeinfectedacureforthediseasestillremainedanelusive令人困惑的dream.TohelpslowthespreadofHIVtoinfantstheCDCinJulycalledforallpregnant怀孕的womentobetestedforthevirus毒素.Therecommendation推荐stemmed发展froma.studythatfoundthattheriskthatanHIV-infectedwomanwillpassthevirusontoherunbornchildiscutbytwo-thirdsifthemotherreceivesthedrugazidothymidineAZTduringpregnancy.Theyearwasalsomarkedbythefirstofficialrecognition认可thattreatingHIV-infectedpeoplewithacombination结合ofantiviral抗毒素的drugsissuperiortotreatingthemwithonlyAZTadrugthathadbeenthegoldstandardoftreatmentsincethelate1980s.AtaninternationalconferenceinCopenhagenapane专门小组ofscientistsrecommendedthatpatientswiththeAIDSvirusreceivecombinationtherapyalthoughtherewasstillnoconsensus一致onwheninthecourseofthediseasethedrugsshouldbestarted.InDecembertheFDAapprovedthefirstofalong-awaitednewclassofAIDSdrugscalledproteaseinhibitorsPhysiciansemphasizedhoweverthatthenewdrugsaquinavirisnotacureandmustbetakenincombinationwithotherAIDSdrugs.Aglimmer微光ofhopeforacurecamewhenateamfromtheUniversityofWashingtonreportedinNovemberthatanewdrugPMPApreventedmonkeysfrombecominginfectedbythemonkeyversionofHIVevenwhentheviruswasinjected注射directlyintotheanimals. Theyearalsoprovidedtheresearchcommunity界withafewmoreclues线索onhowtoattackHIV.InJuneresearchersfoundthat70%ofWestAfricanwomeninfectedwithaslow-actinglesseasilytransmitted传播typeoftheviruswereprotectedagainstinfectionbythefaster-actingtypewhichwasmostcommonintheWest.Earlierintheyearhopesforlifesaving救命的AIDStreatmentsorvaccines痘苗werealsobolstered支持byanintriguing激起好奇心的—andhotlydebated—reportthatatleasttwochildrenwhohadbeenborninfectedwiththeAIDSviruslaterbecamefreeofit. Despitethemammoth巨大的swath长而宽的地带ofdestruction破坏thatAIDShascutaroundtheworldsinceitfirstsurfaced升到水面just15yearsagoittookamuchrarer稀有的—andmuchswifter反应快的—killertheEbolavirustojolt唤起thepublicoutofitscomplacency自满towardthethreatofemerginginfectious感染性的diseases. ComparedwithAIDSEbolavirus______.
{{*HTML*}}阅读下面这篇短文短文后列出7个句子请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断 ??????? ??????????? ????????Winnersand Losers??Whyarethebiggestwinnersinthepastdecadeoftrade globalizationmostlyinSouthandEastAsiawhereasthebiggestlosersare mostlyintheformerSovietbloc集团andsub-SaharanAfrica?Historyisa partialguide:EastAsiahasalongtradingtraditionLatelyreinvigorated 给以新的活力bytheChineseadoptionofmarketeconomics.TheSovietUniononthe otherhandwasshelteredfromfree-marketforcesformorethan70years.In Africasomecountriesaredisadvantagedbecauseofinadequateinfrastructure 基础结构;manycountrieshavelittletotradehutcommoditiesthepricesofwhich havefalleninrecentyears.??Insomeregionscertaincountries havesufferedbyadoptingmisguidedpoliciesoftenunderpressurefrom InternationalMonetaryFund.FirstamongtheseisRussiawhichintheearly 1990striedtoembracecapitalismbeforefirstbuildingtheinstitutionsthat makecapitalismworksuchasanindependentbanksystemasystemofbusiness lawandanadequatemethodforcollectingtaxes.EncouragedbytheIMFthe WorldBankandtheU.S.DepartmentoftheTreasuryPresidentBorisYeltsin’s regimeprivatizedthestate-ownedindustrialsectorcreatingaclassof oligarchs寡头政治集团成员whoknowinghowunstableconditionswereathomesent theirmoneyabroadinsteadofinvestingitathome.??Incontrast ChinathebiggestwinnerfromglobalizationdidnotfollowtheIMFformula.Of theformerstatesoftheSovietbloconlyafewnotablyPolandandHungary managedtogrowwhichtheydidbyignoringIMFadviceandadoptingexpansionary plansincludingspendingmorethantheycollectedintaxes.BotswanaandUganda arealsosuccessstories:despitetheirdisadvantagestheircountriesachieved vigorousgrowthbycreatingstablecivilsocietiesliberalizingtradeand implementingreformsthatrancountertoIMF prescriptions.AllAfricancountriesfollowedtheIMFformula.
ASmallEvent OneafternooninJanuary1989SuzanSharp43andher8-year-oldsonDavidwerewalkinghardacrossanicyparkinglotwhenSuzan’’scane手杖slidontheice.She【51】facefistintothemud.David【52】toherside.AreyouallrightMom? 【53】Suzanputherselfup.I’’mokayhoney.shesaid. IthadbeennearlytwoyearssinceSuzanhadtroublewalking.Shewasfallingmore【54】now.Everyinchoficewasa【55】dangerforher.Icoulddosomethingtheboythought. Davidtoowashaving【56】ofhisown.Theboyhadaspeechdefect.Atschoolhe【57】askedquestionsorreadaloud. OnedayDavidsteacherannounceda【58】assignment.Eachofyouisgoingtocomeupwithaninventionshesaid.ThiswasforINVENTAMERICA!anationalcompetitiontoencouragecreativityin【59】.AnideahitDavidoneevening.【60】onlyhismotherscanedidn’tsliponicehethought.That’’sit!Davidrealized. WhatifIfixedyourcanetoanailstretchedoutofthebottom?heaskedhismother.Hismothertoldhim【61】itwouldscratchfloors. Itlookslikeaball-pointpen.Youtakeyourhand【62】thebuttonandthenailreturnsbackup.Hourslaterthecanewasfinished.DavidandhisfatherJeff【63】asSuzanusedittowalk50feetacrossthe【64】. Itworks!shesaid.InJuly1989DavidwasdeclarednationalwinnerattheannualINVENTAMERICA!ceremonyinWashingtonD.C.. AsDavidbegantomake【65】appearanceshewasforcedtocommunicatemoreclearly.TodayDavidisnearlyfreeofhiscanewhichiswaitingtobewidelyused. Sotheboywhooncehadtroubletalkingnowhopestostartmakingcanesforpeoplewhohavetroublewalking.
{{*HTML*}}阅读下面这篇短文短文后列出7个句子请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断 ??????? ??????????? ????????Winnersand Losers??Whyarethebiggestwinnersinthepastdecadeoftrade globalizationmostlyinSouthandEastAsiawhereasthebiggestlosersare mostlyintheformerSovietbloc集团andsub-SaharanAfrica?Historyisa partialguide:EastAsiahasalongtradingtraditionLatelyreinvigorated 给以新的活力bytheChineseadoptionofmarketeconomics.TheSovietUniononthe otherhandwasshelteredfromfree-marketforcesformorethan70years.In Africasomecountriesaredisadvantagedbecauseofinadequateinfrastructure 基础结构;manycountrieshavelittletotradehutcommoditiesthepricesofwhich havefalleninrecentyears.??Insomeregionscertaincountries havesufferedbyadoptingmisguidedpoliciesoftenunderpressurefrom InternationalMonetaryFund.FirstamongtheseisRussiawhichintheearly 1990striedtoembracecapitalismbeforefirstbuildingtheinstitutionsthat makecapitalismworksuchasanindependentbanksystemasystemofbusiness lawandanadequatemethodforcollectingtaxes.EncouragedbytheIMFthe WorldBankandtheU.S.DepartmentoftheTreasuryPresidentBorisYeltsin’s regimeprivatizedthestate-ownedindustrialsectorcreatingaclassof oligarchs寡头政治集团成员whoknowinghowunstableconditionswereathomesent theirmoneyabroadinsteadofinvestingitathome.??Incontrast ChinathebiggestwinnerfromglobalizationdidnotfollowtheIMFformula.Of theformerstatesoftheSovietbloconlyafewnotablyPolandandHungary managedtogrowwhichtheydidbyignoringIMFadviceandadoptingexpansionary plansincludingspendingmorethantheycollectedintaxes.BotswanaandUganda arealsosuccessstories:despitetheirdisadvantagestheircountriesachieved vigorousgrowthbycreatingstablecivilsocietiesliberalizingtradeand implementingreformsthatrancountertoIMF prescriptions.Japanhasalongtradingtradition.
ModernDrugs Doctorssixtyyearsagocoulddolittletohelpvictimsofpolio.Seriouscasesusuallyendedindeath.In1955avaccinewasdevelopedthatpreventedthedisease.Todaypolioisnolongeramajorhealthproblem. Manyofthemostimportantdrugsthatdoctorsprescribetodayhavebeendevelopedinthelast30years.Moderndrugsarecomplexspecificandpowerful.Peopleneedtoknowmoreaboutdrugsinordertousethemsafely. Earlypeoplediscoveredbyaccidentthatsomeoftheplantsgrowingaroundthemseemedusefultohealsoresrelievepainorevencurediseases.Theseplantswerethefirstdrugs.Nowplantsarestillthesourceofsomedrugs.Quinineforexampleisabitter-tastingdrugusedtotreatthechillsandfeverofmalariaandtoreduceattacksofthedisease.ItismadefromthebarkofthecinchonatreewhichgrowsintheAndesMountains.TheIndiansofthatregionwerethefirsttousethebarkasamedicine.TheSpanishpeopleprobablybroughtittoEuropeintheearly1600s.Chemistslearnedhowtogetthepuredrugfromthebarkandin1944;itwasmadeartificiallyinthelaboratory. Otherimportantdrugssuchashormonesandvaccinesareobtainedfromanimals.Butmostofthemoderndrugscomefromchemicalcombinationsworkedoutbyresearchscientists.Mostpeopleneverseedrugsintheirsimpleformaschemicals.Insteadtheyareseenastabletscapsulesorliquidsthatcontainthedrugandotheringredients. Peopleusedrugstogetdifferentresults.Somedrugsattacktheorganismthatcausesadisease.Theycurebykillingtheorganism.Otherdrugsrelievewhatwecallthesymptomsofthedisease:theheadachepainfeverorchillsandmakethepatientmorecomfortable.Theseconstitutemostover-the-counterdrugs.Peoplecangetthemindrugstores. Itisimpliedinthepassagethatmostdrugscanbe______.
Competition Thequestionofwhetherwarisinevitableisonewhichhasconcernedmanyoftheworldsgreatwriters.Beforeconsideringthisquestionitwillbeusefultointroducesomerelatedconcepts.Conflictdefinedasoppositionamongsocialentitiesdirectedagainstoneanotherisdistinguishedfromcompetitiondefinedasoppositionamongsocialentitiesindependentlystrivingforsomethingwhichisininadequatesupply.Competitorsmaynotbeawareofoneanotherwhilethepartiestoaconflictare.Conflictandcompetitionarebothcategoriesofoppositionwhichhasbeendefinedasaprocessbywhichsocialentitiesfunctioninthedisserviceofoneanother.Oppositionisthuscontrastedwithcooperationtheprocessbywhichsocialentitiesfunctionintheserviceofoneanother.Thesedefinitionsarenecessarybecauseitisimportanttoemphasizethatcompetitionbetweenindividualsorgroupsisinevitableinaworldoflimitedresourcesbutconflictisnot.Conflictneverthelessisverylikelytooccurandisprobablyanessentialanddesirableelementofhumansocieties. Manyauthorshavearguedfortheinevitabilityofwarfromthepremisethatinthestruggleforexistenceamonganimalspeciesonlythefittestsurvive.Ingeneralhoweverthisstruggleinnatureiscompetitionnotconflict.Socialanimalssuchasmonkeysandcattlefighttowinormaintainleadershipofthegroup.Thestruggleforexistenceoccursnotinsuchfightsbutinthecompetitionforlimitedfeedingareasandfortheoccupancy占有ofareasfreefrommeat-eatinganimals.Thosewhofailinthiscompetitionstarvetodeathorbecomevictimstootherspecies.Thisstruggleforexistencedoesnotresemblehumanwarbutratherthecompetitionofindividualsforjobsmarketsandmaterials.Theessenceofthestruggleisthecompetitionforthenecessitiesoflifethatareinsufficienttosatisfyall. Amongnationsthereiscompetitionindevelopingresourcestradesskillsandasatisfactorywayoflife.Thesuccessfulnationsgrowandproper繁荣;theunsuccessfuldecline.Whileitistruethatthiscompetitionmayinduceeffortstoexpandterritoryattheexpenseofothersandthusleadtoconflictitcannotbesaidthatwarlikeconflictamongnationsisinevitablealthoughcompetitionis. Infirstparagraphtheauthorgivesthedefinitionofsometermsinordertodistinguishbetweentwokindsofopposition.
ASmallEvent OneafternooninJanuary1989SuzanSharp43andher8-year-oldsonDavidwerewalkinghardacrossanicyparkinglotwhenSuzan’’scane手杖slidontheice.She【51】facefistintothemud.David【52】toherside.AreyouallrightMom? 【53】Suzanputherselfup.I’’mokayhoney.shesaid. IthadbeennearlytwoyearssinceSuzanhadtroublewalking.Shewasfallingmore【54】now.Everyinchoficewasa【55】dangerforher.Icoulddosomethingtheboythought. Davidtoowashaving【56】ofhisown.Theboyhadaspeechdefect.Atschoolhe【57】askedquestionsorreadaloud. OnedayDavidsteacherannounceda【58】assignment.Eachofyouisgoingtocomeupwithaninventionshesaid.ThiswasforINVENTAMERICA!anationalcompetitiontoencouragecreativityin【59】.AnideahitDavidoneevening.【60】onlyhismotherscanedidn’tsliponicehethought.That’’sit!Davidrealized. WhatifIfixedyourcanetoanailstretchedoutofthebottom?heaskedhismother.Hismothertoldhim【61】itwouldscratchfloors. Itlookslikeaball-pointpen.Youtakeyourhand【62】thebuttonandthenailreturnsbackup.Hourslaterthecanewasfinished.DavidandhisfatherJeff【63】asSuzanusedittowalk50feetacrossthe【64】. Itworks!shesaid.InJuly1989DavidwasdeclarednationalwinnerattheannualINVENTAMERICA!ceremonyinWashingtonD.C.. AsDavidbegantomake【65】appearanceshewasforcedtocommunicatemoreclearly.TodayDavidisnearlyfreeofhiscanewhichiswaitingtobewidelyused. Sotheboywhooncehadtroubletalkingnowhopestostartmakingcanesforpeoplewhohavetroublewalking.
ASmallEvent OneafternooninJanuary1989SuzanSharp43andher8-year-oldsonDavidwerewalkinghardacrossanicyparkinglotwhenSuzan’’scane手杖slidontheice.She【51】facefistintothemud.David【52】toherside.AreyouallrightMom? 【53】Suzanputherselfup.I’’mokayhoney.shesaid. IthadbeennearlytwoyearssinceSuzanhadtroublewalking.Shewasfallingmore【54】now.Everyinchoficewasa【55】dangerforher.Icoulddosomethingtheboythought. Davidtoowashaving【56】ofhisown.Theboyhadaspeechdefect.Atschoolhe【57】askedquestionsorreadaloud. OnedayDavidsteacherannounceda【58】assignment.Eachofyouisgoingtocomeupwithaninventionshesaid.ThiswasforINVENTAMERICA!anationalcompetitiontoencouragecreativityin【59】.AnideahitDavidoneevening.【60】onlyhismotherscanedidn’tsliponicehethought.That’’sit!Davidrealized. WhatifIfixedyourcanetoanailstretchedoutofthebottom?heaskedhismother.Hismothertoldhim【61】itwouldscratchfloors. Itlookslikeaball-pointpen.Youtakeyourhand【62】thebuttonandthenailreturnsbackup.Hourslaterthecanewasfinished.DavidandhisfatherJeff【63】asSuzanusedittowalk50feetacrossthe【64】. Itworks!shesaid.InJuly1989DavidwasdeclarednationalwinnerattheannualINVENTAMERICA!ceremonyinWashingtonD.C.. AsDavidbegantomake【65】appearanceshewasforcedtocommunicatemoreclearly.TodayDavidisnearlyfreeofhiscanewhichiswaitingtobewidelyused. Sotheboywhooncehadtroubletalkingnowhopestostartmakingcanesforpeoplewhohavetroublewalking.
CigarsInstead? Smokingoneortwocigarsadaydoublestheriskofcancersoftheliptonguemouthandthroataccordingtoagovernmentstudy. DailycigarsalsoincreasetheriskoflungcancerandcanceroftheesophagusandincreasetheriskofcancerofthelarynxvoiceboxsixfoldsayresearchersattheNationalCancerInstituteinBethesdaMaryland. Inadditionthereportrevealedthatsmokingthreeorfourcigarsadayincreasedtheriskoforalcancerto8.5timestheriskfornonsmokersandtheriskofesophagealcancerbyfourtimestheriskofnonsmokers. ThehealtheffectsofsmokingcigarsisoneofeightsectionsofthearticleCigars:HealthEffectsandTrends.Theresearchersreportthatcomparedwithacigarettealargecigaremitsupto90timesasmuchcarcinogenictobacco-specificnitrosamines ThisarticleprovidesclearandinvaluableinformationaboutthedisturbingincreaseincigaruseandthesignificantpublichealthconsequencesforthecountrysaidDr.RichardKlausnerdirectoroftheNationalCancerInstituteinastatement. Thedataareclear-theharmfulsubstancesandcarcinogensincigarsmokelikecigarettesareassociatedwiththeincreasedrisksofseveralkindsofcancersaswellasheartandlungdiseasesheadded.Inotherwordscigarsarenotsafealternativestocigarettesandmaybeaddictive. Tothoseindividualswhomaybethinkingaboutsmokingcigarsouradvicesis—don’’t.TothosecurrentlysmokingcigarsquittingistheonlywaytoeliminatecompletelythecancerheartandlungdiseaseriskswarnedKlausner. AccordingtoaNationalCancerInstitutepressreleasetherehaven’’tbeenanystudiesonthehealtheffectsonnonsmokersatcigarsocialeventsbut...asignificantbodyofevidenceclearlydemonstratesanincreasedlungcancerriskfromsecondhandsmoke. Inthecontextofthispassagesecondhandsmokemaymean______.
ModernDrugs Doctorssixtyyearsagocoulddolittletohelpvictimsofpolio.Seriouscasesusuallyendedindeath.In1955avaccinewasdevelopedthatpreventedthedisease.Todaypolioisnolongeramajorhealthproblem. Manyofthemostimportantdrugsthatdoctorsprescribetodayhavebeendevelopedinthelast30years.Moderndrugsarecomplexspecificandpowerful.Peopleneedtoknowmoreaboutdrugsinordertousethemsafely. Earlypeoplediscoveredbyaccidentthatsomeoftheplantsgrowingaroundthemseemedusefultohealsoresrelievepainorevencurediseases.Theseplantswerethefirstdrugs.Nowplantsarestillthesourceofsomedrugs.Quinineforexampleisabitter-tastingdrugusedtotreatthechillsandfeverofmalariaandtoreduceattacksofthedisease.ItismadefromthebarkofthecinchonatreewhichgrowsintheAndesMountains.TheIndiansofthatregionwerethefirsttousethebarkasamedicine.TheSpanishpeopleprobablybroughtittoEuropeintheearly1600s.Chemistslearnedhowtogetthepuredrugfromthebarkandin1944;itwasmadeartificiallyinthelaboratory. Otherimportantdrugssuchashormonesandvaccinesareobtainedfromanimals.Butmostofthemoderndrugscomefromchemicalcombinationsworkedoutbyresearchscientists.Mostpeopleneverseedrugsintheirsimpleformaschemicals.Insteadtheyareseenastabletscapsulesorliquidsthatcontainthedrugandotheringredients. Peopleusedrugstogetdifferentresults.Somedrugsattacktheorganismthatcausesadisease.Theycurebykillingtheorganism.Otherdrugsrelievewhatwecallthesymptomsofthedisease:theheadachepainfeverorchillsandmakethepatientmorecomfortable.Theseconstitutemostover-the-counterdrugs.Peoplecangetthemindrugstores. Itseemstotheauthorthatthemedicineusedbyearlypeople______.
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