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In 1901, H. G. Wells, an English writer, wrote a book describing a trip to the moon. When the explor...
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In1901H.G.WellsanEnglishwriterwroteabookdescribing
第二部分阅读理解共两节满分40分共15小题每小题2分满分30分阅读下列短文从每题所给的四个选项A.B
1846年用乙醚成功的人是
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在同温同压下下列各组热化学方程式中b>a的是
H2(g)+Cl2(g)=2HCl(g);△H=-a 1/2H2(g)+1/2Cl2(g)=HCl(g);△H=-b
C(s)+1/2O2(g)=CO (g);△H=-a
(s)+O2(g)=CO2 (g);△H=-b C. 2H2(g)+O2(g)=2H2O(l);△H=-a 2H2(g)+O2(g)=2H2O(g);△H=-b
S(g)+O2(g)=SO2 (g);△H=-a S(s)+O2(g)=SO2 (g);△H=-b
In1901H.G.WellsanEnglishwriterwroteabookdescribing
下列各组热化学方程式中化学反应的△H.前者大于后者的是①C.s+Og==COg△H.C.s+Og==
①②
③④
②③④
②③
In1901H.G.WellsanEnglishwriterwroteabookdescribing
______isnotimpliedinthepassage.
All oil wells use lights as signals
Some oil wells use lights as signals
Some oil wells use sound signals only
Some oil wells use both lights and sound signals
In1901H.G.WellsanEnglishwriterwroteabookdescribing
在同温同压下下列各组热化学方程式中△H2>△H1的是
S(s) + O2 (g) =SO2 (g); △H1 S(g) + O2 (g) =SO2 (g);△H2
2H2(g) + O2 (g)= 2H2O(g);△H1 2H2 (g) + O2 (g) = 2H2O(l);△H2
CO(g) + 1/2 O2(g) = CO2(g);△H1 2CO(g) + O2(g) = 2CO2(g);△H2
H2 (g) +Cl2(g)=2HCl(g);△H1 1/2 H2(g) + 1/2 Cl2(g) = HCl(g);△H2
在同温同压下下列各组热化学方程式中△H2>△H1的是
2H2(g) + O2(g)= 2H2O(g) △H1 ; 2H2(g) + O2(g) = 2H2O(l) △H2
S(g) + O2(g) =SO2(g) △H1 ; S(s) + O2(g) = SO2(g) △H2
CO(g) + 1/2 O2(g) = CO2(g) △H1 ;2CO(g) + O2(g) = 2CO2(g) △H2
C.(s)+H2O(g)=CO(g)+H2(g) △H1 ;CaO(s)+H2O(l)===Ca(OH)2(s) △H2
In1901H.G.WellsanEnglishwriterwroteabookdescribing
In1901H.G.WellsanEnglishwriterwroteabookdescribing
第四部分写作技能共两节满分25分双向翻译共5小题每小题2分满分10分请根据上下文内容将文中划线部分译
In1901H.G.WellsanEnglishwriterwroteabookdescribing
第三部分阅读共两节满分40分第一节阅读理解共15小题每小题2分满分30分阅读下面短文掌握其大意然后从
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In1901H.G.WellsanEnglishwriterwroteabookdescribing
In1901H.G.WellsanEnglishwriterwroteabookdescribing
In1901H.G.WellsanEnglishwriterwroteabookdescribing
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SpecialBridgesHelpAnimalsCrosstheRoad――ReportedbySheilaCarrickWhydidthechickencrosstheroad?TogettotheothersidE.Mostpeopleknowthisjoke.ButrecentlysomepeoplehavebeenmuchmoreworriedabouthowthegrizzlybearandmountainlioncancrosstheroaD.MillionsofanimalsdieeachyearonU.S.roadstheFederalHighwayAdministrationreports.Infactonlyabout80ocelotsanendangeredwildcatexistintheU.S.today.Themainreason?Roadkill.Ecopassagesmayhelpanimalscrosstheroadwithoutbeinghitbycars.Theyarepathsbothoverandunderroads.TheseecopassagescanbeextremelyusefulsothatwildlifecanavoidroadaccidentssaidJodiHiltyoftheWildlifeProtectionSociety.Butdoanimalsactuallyusetheecopassages?Theanswerisyes.PaulBeierofNorthernArizonaUniversityfoundfootmarksleftbymountainlionsonanecopassagethatwentunderahighway.ThisshowedthatthelionsusedthepassagE.Buildersofecopassagestrytomakethemlooklikeanaturalpartofanareabyplantingtreesonandaroundthem.Animalsseemtobecatchingon.Animalsasdifferentassalamandersandgrizzlybearsareusingthebridgesandunderpasses.Thenexttimeyouvisitaparkordrivethroughanareawithalotofwildlifelookaround.Youmightseeananimalsoverpass!45.Thewriterusestheexampleofocelotstoshowthat______.A.wildanimalshavebecomemoredangerousB.thedrivingconditionshaveimprovedgreatlyC.themeasureforprotectingwildlifefailstoworkD.anincreasingnumberofanimalsarekilledinroadaccidents46.Fromthenewsstoryweknowanecopassageis______.A.anundergroundpathforcarsB.afencebuiltforthesafetyoftheareaC.abridgeforanimalstogetoverariverD.apassforanimalstocrosstheroad47.Whenthewritersaysthatanimalsseemtobecatchingonhemeans______.A.animalsbegintorealizethedangersontheroadB.animalsbegintolearntouseecopassagesC.animalsarecrossingtheroadingroupsD.animalsareincreasinginnumber48.Thewriterasksvisitorsanddriverstolookaroundwhentravelingbecause______.A.wildanimalsmayattackcarsB.wildanimalsmayjamtheroadC.theymayseewildanimalsintheparkD.theymayseewildanimalsonecopassages
AvolcaniceruptioninIcelandhassentashacrossnorthernEuropE.AirlineshavestoppedorchangedtheflightsacrosstheAtlanticOceanleavinghundredsofpassengersstuckinairports.GrirmsvomisoneofthelargestandmostactivevolcanoesinEuropE.WhatmakesGrimsvomdifferentisthatitliesunderahugeglacier冰川oficeupto12matersthick.Thehotvolcanoheatsuptheiceaboveitwhichthenformsalayer层ofwaterbetweentheglacierandthevolcanoThislayerofwaterputspressureonthevolcanokeepingitstableAsthewaterflowsoutfromundertheglacierthepressurelifts.Thelava岩浆fromthevolcanothencomesuptothesurfacE.Thisisexactlywhathappenedtoday.Nowairlineshavetomakechangestotheirflightssoasnottoflythroughthecloudsofvolcanicash.AccordingtoKLM.oneofEurope’sbiggestairlinesairplanescannotgounderthecloudoroverit.Goingthroughthecloudcanresultinashgettingstuckintheairplane’senginescausingdamagetotheplanE.TheeruptionhasalsocausedproblemsforanimalsinIceland.Thevolcanoleftashandsharp.Glass-likerocksalloverthecountrysidE.Farmersarekeepingtheiranimalsinsidetostopthemfromeatingash-coveredgrasstothesharpobject..64.WhatmakesGrimsvotndifferentfromothervolcanoes?A.ItisbelowicE.B.ItliesundertheseaC.ItisthelargestvolcanoD.Itislavaaffectstheairlines65.WhatkeepsGrimsvotnstill?A.TheslowflowofwaterB.ThelowwatertemperatureC.ThethickglacierD.Thewaterpressure66.Whichofthefollowingistheresultofthevolcaniceruption?A.PeoplestoptravelinginEuropeB.AirlinessufferfromthelossofplanesC.ItbecomesdangerousforanimalstoeatoutsideD.Farmershavelostmanyoftheiranimals67.Thistextismostprobablytakenfrom_A.aresearchpaperB.anewspaperreportC.aclasspresentationD.ageographytextbook.
Arecentreporthassuggestedthatairpollutioninourbigcitiescouldbeasdamagingtoourhealth.Thereportputforwardpracticaltipsthatcitypeoplecantaketoreducetheirexposure暴露tocityairpollution.Quitealotitturnsout.◙WatchwhereyouwalkAvoidwalkingalongbusystreetsandthoroughfares大街insteadchoosingsidestreetsandparks.becausepollutionlevelscanfallbyafactorof10justbymovingafewmetresawayfromthemainsourceofthepollution-exhaustfumes.Don'twalkbehindsmokersandwalkonthewindward迎风sideofthestreetwhereexposuretopollutants污染源canbe50%lessthanontheleeward背风sidE.◙Pavement人行道senseWhenyou'recrossingaroadstandwellbackfromthekerb路边石whileyouwaitforthelightstochangE.EverymetrereallydoescountwhenyouareclosetotraffiC.AsthetrafficmovesthegasescandisappearinjustafewsecondsparticularlyifthewindisupwhichmeansholdingyourbreathduringthisperiodcanmakeadifferencesillyasthatmightsounD.BesidescrosstheroadasquicklyaspossiblE.Andonceyou'reovercontinuealongthepavementasfarawayfromthekerbaspossiblE.◙WheretositonthebusSittingonthedriver'ssideofabuscanincreaseyourexposureby10%comparedwithsittingonthesidenearesttothepavement.Andsittingupstairsonadouble-deckercanreduceyourexposuretoo.It'sdifficulttosaywhethertravellingonanundergroundtrainisbetterorworsethantakingthebusbuttheairpollutiononundergroundtrainstendstobelesstoxic有毒的byweightthanthatfoundatstreetlevel.◙Wearamask口罩Maskscanbeagoodthingbuttheyonlymakeadifferenceiftheyfittightlyandarecleanedregularly.Eventheslightestgaptoallowyoutobreathemoreeasilywillneutralizeanyadvantages.Worseifyoufailtocleanorchangethemaskregularlysomethingdangerouscanformonthemask.Sotheairyoubreatheisdirtierratherthancleaner.68.Thebesttitleforthepassageprobablywouldbe________.A.HowtomakeourlifeeasyandateaseB.Howtoreducetheexposuretocityairpollution.C.ThewaystodealwithcitypollutionD.Weshoulddrawalessonfromcityairpollution69.Whichofthefollowingistheauthor’sopinionaccordingtothepassage?A.thereisnowaytoescapefromairpollutionB.weshouldn’ttravelonanundergroundorabus.C.wemustreduceairpollutiontoliveinthecityD.wemusttrytoprotectourselvesfromcityairpollution.70.WhichofthefollowingisNOTTRUEaccordingtothepassage?A.whenyouareclosetotrafficitisnotadvisabletoholdyourbreathawhileB.CrossthestreetasquicklyaspossiblewhenwaitingforthelighttochangeC.Travellingonanundergroundtrainisbetterthantakingthebus.D.Don’tgetclosetotrafficwheneveritispossiblE.71.Thewordneutralizeunderlinedinthelastparagraphprobablymeans_________.A.cutdownB.addtoC.leadtoD.getinto
Goodtooldesignisimportantinthepreventionofoveruseinjuries.Welldesignedtoolsandequipmentwillrequirelessforcetooperatethemandpreventawkward别扭的handpositions.Theywillallowtheworkertokeeptheelbows肘nexttothebodytopreventdamagetotheshoulderandarm.Overuseinjuriescanthereforebepreventedorreducediftheemployerprovidesandworkersuse:●powertoolsratherthanhavingtousemuscle肌肉power●toolswithspeciallydesignedhandlesthatallowthewrist手腕tokeepstraightSeeFigure1.Thismeansthathandsandwristsarekeptinthesamepositionastheywouldbeiftheywerehangingrelaxedataperson’ssideFigurel.Bendthetoolnotthewrist●toolswithhandlesthatcanbeheldcomfortablybythewholehanD.ThismeanshavingaselectionofsizesrememberthattoolsthatprovideacomfortablefirmholdforapersonwithaverylargehandmaybeawkwardforsomeonewithaverysmallhanD.Thisisaparticularlyimportantconsiderationforwomenwhomayusetoolsoriginallydesignedformen.●toolsthatdonotpressfingersorfleshbetweenthehandlesandwhosehandlesdonothavesharpedgesorasmallsurfaceareA.60.Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?A.GoodToolDesignforWomen.B.ImportanceofGoodToolDesign.C.ToolDesignandPreventionofInjuries.D.OveruseofToolsandWorkerProtection.61.Whichofthefollowingdescribesawell-designedtool?A.It’skeptclosetothebody.B.Itfullyusesmusclepower.C.ItmakesusersfeelrelaxedD.It’soperatedwithlessforcE.62.WhatisFigure1usedtoshow?A.Theeffectiveuseofthetool.B.Thewayofoperatingthetool.C.TheproperdesignofthehandlE.D.Thepurposeofbendingthewrist.63.Inchoosingtoolsforwomen_________ofthehandleisthemostimportant.A.thesizeB.theedgeC.theshapeD.theposition
Haveyoueverwonderedwhybirdssing?Maybeyouthoughtthattheywerejusthappy.Afterallyouprobablysingorwhistlewhenyouarehappy.Somescientistsbelievethatbirdsdosingsomeofthetimejustbecausetheyarehappy.However;theysingmostofthetimeforaverydifferentreason.Theirsingingisactuallyawarningtootherbirdstostayoutoftheirterritory.Doyouknowwhataterritoryis?Aterritoryisanareathatananimalusuallythemaleclaims声称asitsown.Onlyheandhisfamilyarewelcomethere.Nootherfamiliesofthesamespecies物种arewelcome.Youryardandhouseareyourterritorywhereonlyyourfamilyandfriendsarewelcome.Ifastrangershouldenteryourterritoryandthreatenyouyoumightshout.Probablythiswouldbeenoughtofrightenhimaway.Ifsoyouhaveactuallyscaredthestrangerawaywithouthavingtofighthim.Abirddoesthesamething.Butheexpectsanoutsideralmostanytimeespeciallyatnesting筑巢season.Soheisscreamingallthetimewhetherhecanseeanoutsiderornot.Thisscreamingiswhatwecallabird’ssonganditisusuallyenoughtokeepanoutsideraway.Birdssingloudestinthespringwhentheyaretryingtoattractamateandwarnothersnottoentertheterritoryoftheirs.Youcanseethatbirdshavealanguagealltheirown.Mostofithastodowithattractingmatesandsettingupterritories.56.Somescientistsbelievethatmostofthetimebirds’singingisactually.A.anexpressionofhappinessB.awayofwarningC.anexpressionofangerD.awayofgreeting57.Whatisabird’sterritory?A.AplacewherefamiliesofotherspeciesarenotaccepteD.B.AplacewhereabirdmayshoutatthetopofitsvoicE.C.Anareaforwhichbirdsfightagainsteachother.D.Anareawhichabirdconsiderstobeitsown.58.Whydobirdskeeponsingingatnestingseason?A.Becausetheywanttoinvitemorefriends.B.Becausetheirsinginghelpsfrightenoutsidersaway.C.BecausetheywanttofindoutsidersarounD.D.Becausetheirsinginghelpsgetridoftheirfears.56.Howdoesthewriterexplainbirds’singing?A.Bycomparingbirdswithhumanbeings.B.Byreportingexperimentresults.C.Bydescribingbirds’dailylifE.D.Bytellingabird’sstory.
Arainforestisanareacoveredbytalltreeswiththetotalhighrainfallspreadingquiteequallythroughtheyearandthetemperaturerarelydippingbelowl6℃.Rainforestshaveagreateffectontheworldenvironmentbecausetheycantakeinheatfromthesunandadjusttheclimate.WithouttheforestcovertheseareaswouldreflectmoreheatintotheatmospherewarmingtherestoftheworlD.Losingtherainforestsmayalsoinfluencewindandrainfallpatternspotentiallycausingcertainnaturaldisastersallovertheworld.Inthepasthundredyearshumanshavebegundestroyingrainforestsinsearchofthreemajorresources资源landforcropswoodforpaperandotherproductslandforraisingfarmanimals.Thisactionaffectstheenvironmentasawhole.Forexamplealotofcarbondioxide二氧化碳intheaircomesfromburningtherainforests.Peopleobviouslyhaveaneedfortheresourceswegainfromcuttingtreesbutwewillsuffermuchmorethanwewillbenefit.Therearetwomainreasonsforthis.Firstlywhenpeoplecutdowntreesgenerallytheycanonlyusethelandforayearortwo.Secondlycuttinglargesectionsofrainforestsmayprovideagoodsupplyofwoodrightnowbutinthelongrunitactuallyreducestheworld’swoodsupply.Rainforestsareoftencalledtheworld’sdrugstore.Morethan25%ofthemedicinesweusetodaycomefromplantsinrainforests.Howeverfewerthanl%ofrainforestplantshavebeenexaminedfortheirmedicalvalue.Itisextremelylikelythatourbestchancetocurediseasesliessomewhereintheworld’sshrinkingrainforests.72.Rainforestscanhelptoadjusttheclimatebecausethey.A.reflectmoreheatintotheatmosphereB.bringabouthighrainfallthroughouttheworldC.rarelycausethetemperaturetodroplowerthanl6℃D.reducetheeffectofheatfromthesunontheearth73.Whatdoesthewordthisunderlinedinthethirdparagraphreferto?A.Wewilllosemuchmorethanwecangain.B.Humanshavebegundestroyingrainforests.C.Peoplehaveastrongdesireforresources.D.Muchcarbondioxidecomesfromburningrainforests.74.ItcanbeinferredfromthetextthatA.wecangetenoughresourceswithoutrainforestsB.thereisgreatmedicinepotentialinrainforestsC.wewillgrowfewerkindsofcropsinthegainedlandD.thelevelofannualrainfallaffectswindpatterns75.Whatmightbethebesttitleforthetext?A.HowtoSaveRainforestsB.HowtoProtectNatureC.RainforestsandtheEnvironmentD.RainforestsandMedicalDevelopment
ThreeyearsagofiveparrotsweresetfreeinawildplaceofArizonathousandsofmilesfromtheChannelIslandsinJerseywheretheyhadbeenlookedafterbyzookeepers.Noevolutionarystrategiesinformedthemhowtobehaveinthisnewlandscapeofmountainouspineforestunoccupiedbytheirkindfor50years.Totheresearchers’surprisetheyfailedtomakecontactwithagroupofwildparrotsimportedfromMexicoandsetfreeatthesametimE.Within24hoursthereintroducingendedinfailureandthepoorbirdswerebackincagesontheirwaytothesafetyoftheArizonareintroductionprogrammE.EversincethentheprogrammehasenjoyedgreatsuccessmainlybecausethebirdsnowbeingsetfreeareMexicanbirdsillegallycaughtinthewildconfiscated没收onarrivalnorthoftheborderandraisedbytheirparentsinthesafetyoftheprogrammE.Theexperienceshowshowlittleweknowaboutthebehaviourandpsychology心理ofparrotsasPeterBennettabirdresearcherpointsout:Reintroducingspeciesofhighintelligencelikeparrotsisalotmoredifficult.Peoplelikeparrotsalwaystreatingthemasnothingmorethanpetsorvaluable‘collectables’.Nowthatmanyspeciesofparrotareinimmediatedangerofdyingoutbiologistsareworkingtogethertostudythenaturalhistoryandthebehaviourofthisfamilyofbirds.Lastyearwasanimportantturningpoint:conservationistsfoundedtheWorldParrotTrustbasedatHayleinCornwalltosupportresearchintobothwildandcagedbirds.Researchonparrotsisvitalfortworeasons.FirstastheArizonaprogrammeshowedwhenreintroducingparrotstothewildweneedtobeawareofwhatthebirdsmustknowiftheyaretosurviveintheirnaturalhomE.WealsoneedtolearnmoreabouttheneedsofparrotskeptaspetsparticularlyastheTrust’scampaigndoesnotattempttodiscouragethepracticebutratherurgespeoplewhobuyparrotsaspetstochoosebirdsraisedbyhumans.55.Whatdoweknowabouttheareawherethefiveparrotswerereintroduced?A.ItslandscapeisnewtoparrotsoftheirkinD.B.ItusedtobehometoparrotsoftheirkinD.C.Itisclosetowheretheyhadbeenkept.D.Pinetreeswereplantedtoattractbirds.56.Thereintroducingexperiencethreeyearsagoshowsthatman-raisedparrotsA.canfindtheirwaybackhomeinJerseyB.areunabletorecognizetheirparentsC.areunabletoadapttothewildD.canproduceanewspecies57.Whyareresearchesonparrotsimportantaccordingtothepassage?A.TheTrustshowsgreatconcernfortheprogrammE.B.Weneedtoknowmoreabouthowtopreserveparrots.C.Manypeopleareinterestedincollectingparrots.D.Parrots’intelligencemaysomedaybenefitpeoplE.58.Accordingtothepassagepeopleareadvised______.A.totreatwildandcagedparrotsequallyB.tosetupcomfortablehomesforparrotsC.nottokeepwildparrotsaspetsD.nottoletmoreparrotsgotothewild
SportscanhelpyoukeepfitandgetintouchwithnaturE.Howeverwhetheryouareonthemountainsinthewavesoronthegrasslandyoushouldbeawarethatyoursportofchoicemighthavegreatinfluenceontheenvironment.Somesportsareresource-hungry.Golfasyoumayknoweatsupnotonlylargeareasofcountrysidebutalsotonsofwater.Besidesallsortsofchemicalsandhugeamountsofenergyareusedtokeepitscourses球场ingoodcondition.Thiscausesmajorenvironmentaleffects.ForexampleinthedryregionsofPortugalandSpaingolfisoftenheldresponsibleforseriouswatershortageinsomelocalareas.Therearemanyenvironment-friendlysports.Powerwalkingisoneofthemthatyoucouldtakeuptoday.Youdon’tneedanyspecialequipmentexceptagoodpairofshoes;andyoudon’thavetoworryaboutresourcesandyourpursE.Simpleandfreepowerwalkingcanalsokeepyoufit.Ifyouwalkregularlyitwillbegoodforyourheartandbones.Expertssaythat20minutesofpowerwalkingdailycanmakeyoufeellessanxioussleepwellandhavebetterweightcontrol.Whateversportyoutakeupyoucanmakeitgreenerbyusingenvironment-friendlyequipmentandbuyingproductsmadefromrecycledmaterials.Butthefinalgoalshouldbegreengyms.Theyarebetterreplacementsfortraditionalhealthclubsandmodernsportscenters.Membersofgreengymsplaysportsoutdoorsinthecountrysideorotheropenspaces.Thereisnospecialrequirementforyoutostartyourmembership.Andbestofallit’sfreE.64.Whichofthefollowingistheauthormostprobablyinfavorof?A.CyclingaroundalakE.B.Motorracinginthedesert.C.Playingbasketballinagym.D.Swimminginasportscenter.65.Whatdoweknowaboutgolffromthepassage?A.ItispopularinPortugalandSpain.B.ItcauseswatershortagesaroundtheworlD.C.Itpollutestheearthwithchemicalsandwastes.D.Itneedswaterandelectricitytokeepitscoursesgreen.66.Theauthorusespowerwalkingasanexamplemainlybecause______.A.itisanoutdoorsportB.itimprovesourhealthC.itusesfewerresourcesD.itisrecommendedbyexperts67.Theauthorwritesthepassageto_______.A.showusthefunctionofmajorsportsB.encourageustogoinforgreensportsC.discussthemajorinfluenceofpopularsportsD.introducedifferenttypesofenvironment-friendlysports
Beforeanewtypeofairplanegoesintoserviceeverypartofitistestedagainandagain.Buttherearetwoteststhataremoreimportantthanalltheothers.Thefirstiscalledthetanktest.A.modemairplanemustflyveryhighinthesky.AirmustbepumpedintotheplanesothatthepassengerscanbreathE.Themetalstructure结构oftheplanehastobeverystrongforthisreason.Whentheplaneisfilledwith'airtheairpressesagainsttheskinoftheplaneinsidE.Thepressure压力onasmallwindowislikeahugefootthatistryingtogetout.Ifasmallpartoftheplaneweretofailtheplanewouldexplodeinthesky.Totestthestructureoftheplanetheplaneisloweredintoahugetankorcontainerofwater.Thenitisfilledwithair.Thepressureinsidetheplaneisgreaterthaniteverwillbewhenitishighupintheair.Finallythereisanexplosion.ThisdoesnotcausesomuchdamageinsidethewatertankasitwouldanywhereelsE.Engineerscandiscoverwhichpartoftheplanehasbroken.Thenthatpartismadestronger.Themostdangeroustesthappenswhenthenewplaneisgoingthroughtestflightsintheair.Thetestpilotmustfindoutexactlywhathappenswhentheengines发动机areallshutoffatoncE.TheplanebeginstofalllikeastonE.Itisthepilot'sjobtofindouthowhecangetcontroloftheplaneagain.Thesetwotestsareexamplesofhowplanesaremadesafebeforetheyevercarrypassengers.68.Bydoingthetanktesttheengineerscanfindout_________.A.theamountofairintheplaneB.thestrengthoftheplanestructureC.thepressureinsideandoutsidetheplaneD.thepoweroftheairplaneengines69.Whatwillhappentotheplaneunderthetanktest?A.Itwillbebroken.B.Itwillbemadestronger.C.Itwillbefilledwithwater.D.Itwillbetestedbypilots.70.Accordingtothetextwhyaretestflightsmostdangerous?A.Theplanemayexplodeintheair.C.TheenginesmaybedamageD.B.ThepilotmaylosecontroloftheplanE.D.ToomuchairmaygetintotheplanE.71.Whatmightbethemostsuitabletitleforthetext?A.TwoImportantTestsonAirplanesC.TheDangerofTestingAirplanesB.TheImportanceofFlyingSafelyD.HowAirplanesAreMadeandTested
Plantscan’tcommunicatebymovingormakingsoundsasmostanimalsdo.Insteadplantsproducevolatilecompoundschemicalsthateasilychangefromaliquidtoagas.Aflower’ssweetsmellforexamplecomesfromvolatilecompoundsthattheplantproducestoattractinsectssuchasbugsandbees.Plantscanalsodetectvolatilecompoundsproducedbyotherplants.A.treeunderattackbyhungryinsectsforinstancemaygiveoffvolatilecompoundsthatletothertreesknowabouttheattackInresponsetheothertreesmaysendoffchemicalstokeepthebugsaway-orevenchemicalsthatattractthebugs’naturalenemies.Nowscientistshavecreatedaquickwaytounderstandwhatplantsaresaying:achemicalsensor传感器calledanelectronicnosE.Thee-nosecantellcompoundsthatcropplantsmakewhenthey’reattackeD.Scientistssaythee-nosecouldhelpquicklydetestwhetherplantsarebeingeatenbyinsectsButtodaytheonlywaytodetectsuchinsectsistovisuallyinspectindividualplants.Thisisachallengingtaskformanagersofgreenhousesenclosedgardensthatcanhousethousandsofplants.Theresearchteamworkedwithane-nosethatrecognizesvolatilecompounds.Insidethedevice13sensorschemicallyreactwithvolatilecompounds.Basedontheseinteractionsthee-nosegivesoffelectronicsignalsthatthescientistsanalyzeusingcomputersoftwarE.Totestthenosetheteampresenteditwithhealthyleavesfromcucumberpepperandtomatoplantsallcommongreenhousecrops.Thenthescientistscollectedsamplesofairarounddamagedleavesfromeachtypeofcrop.Theseplantshadbeendamagedbyinsectsorbyscientistswhomadeholesintheleaveswithaholepunch打孔器.Thee-noseitturnsoutcouldidentifyhealthycucumberpepperandtomatoplantsbasedonthevolatilecompoundstheyproducE.ItcouldalsoidentifytomatoleavesthathadbeendamageD.Butevenmoreimpressivethedevicecouldtellwhichtypeofdamagebyinsectsorwithaholepunchhadbeendonetothetomatoleaves.Withsomefinetuningadevicelikethee-nosecouldonedaybeusedingreenhousestoquicklyspotharmfulbugstheresearcherssay.A.devicelikethiscouldalsobeusedtoidentifyfruitsthatareperfectlyripeandreadytopickandeatsaysNataliaDudareveabiochemistatPurdueUniversityinWestLafayetteInD.whostudiessmellsofflowersandplants.HopefullyscientistsbelievethedevicecouldbringlargebenefitstogreenhousemanagersinthenearfuturE.49.Welearnfromthetextthatplantscommunicatewitheachotherby______.A.makingsomesoundsB.wavingtheirleavesC.producingsomechemicalsD.sendingoutelectronicsignals50.Whatdidthescientistsdotofindoutifthee-noseworked?A.Theypresenteditwithallcommoncrops..B.Theyfixed13sensorsinsidethedevicE.C.Theycollecteddifferentdamagedleaves.D.Theymadetestsondamagedandhealthyleaves.51.Accordingtothewriterthemostamazingthingabouttheenoseisthatitcan______.A.pickoutripefruitsB.spottheinsectsquicklyC.distinguishdifferentdamagestotheleavesD.recognizeunhealthytomatoleaves52.Wecaninferfromthelastparagraphthatthee-nose_____.A.isunabletotellthesmellofflowersB.isnotyetusedingreenhousesC.isdesignedbyscientistsatPurdueD.ishelpfulinkillingharmfulinsects
Haveyoueverbeenoutonaboatandfeltitliftedupbyawave?Orhaveyoujumpedinthewaterandfelttherushofenergyaswavescameoveryou?askedJamieTayloroftheWaveEnergyGroupattheUniversityofEdinburgh.Thereiscertainlyalotofenergyinwaveshesaid.Scientistsareworkingtousethatenergytomakeelectricity.Mostwavesarecreatedwhenwindsblowacrosstheocean.Thewindstartsoutbymakinglittleripples涟漪butiftheykeeponblowingthoseripplesgetbiggerandbiggerandturnintowavesTaylorsaid.Wavesareoneofnature'swaysofpickingupenergyandthensendingitoffonajourney.Whenwavescometowardtheshorepeoplecansetupdamstoblockthewaterandsenditthroughalargewheelcalledaturbine涡轮机.Theturbinecanthenpoweranelectricalgeneratortoproduceelectricity.TheresourceishugesaidJanetSwainoftheWorldwatchInstitute.Wewillneverrunoutofwavepower.Besideswaveenergydoesnotcreatethesamepollutionasotherenergysourcessuchasoilorcoal.Oceanscoverthree-quartersoftheEarth'ssurface-thatwouldmakewavepowerseemidealforcreatingenergythroughouttheworldthoughtherearesomeweakpointsyettoovercome.Swainsaidthatwavepowerstillcoststoomuchmoney.Shealsosaidthatitseffectsonseaanimalsarestillunknown.WhatismorewavepowercouldaffectfishingandboattraffiC.Traditionalsourcesofenergylikeoilandgasmaysomedayrunout.DemandforenergytopowerourTVsandcomputersdriveourcarsandheatandcoolourhomesisrisingrapidlythroughouttheworldSwainsaid.Inthefuturewhenyouturnonalightanoceanwavecouldbeprovidingtheelectricity!64.Thewriterusesthetwoquestionsatthebeginningofthepassageto_______.A.testthereaders'knowledgeaboutwavesB.drawthereaders'attentiontothetopicC.showJamieTaylor'simportanceD.invitethereaderstoanswerthem65.Theunderlinedphrasepickingupparagraph2isclosestinmeaningto_______.A.startingagainB.speedingupC.gatheringD.improving66.Wecanmakebetteruseofwaveenergyifwe_______.A.shortenitsjourneytothousandsofhomesB.buildmoresmallpowerstationsontheoceansC.reducethecostofturningitintoelectricpowerD.quickenthestepsofproducingelectricity67.Itcanbeinferredthatsomedaywemightnotworryabout________.A.airpollutionB.ourboattrafficC.ourpowersupplyD.oursupplyofseafish
Doyouwanttowatchahotmoviewhilechattingwithyourfriendonthephoneorshopwithyourmobilewhileonatrain?Theongoingconstructionofanewtelecommunicationservicewillmakethesethingsrealityverysoon.ItisreportedthatChinaistoissueitsfirstlicenceforthecommercialuseofthirdgenerationtelecommunicationtechnologyearlynextyear.Theso-called3Gtechnologywillenablemobilephoneuserstoenjoyhigh-speedInternet-basedservices.ItwillhelpincreasemobilityinmanyareasofourlifE.Nowadaysmanymobilephonesalsoallowyoutosende-mailsorreadthelateststoriesontheInternetbuttheirservicesarelimitedbytheirtransportingspeedwhichisonly10kilobytesperseconD.But3GwillenableyoutoconnecttotheInternetwithaspeedofupto2megabytespersecondathousandtimesfasterthanwhatyouusenow.Ifrecentmobiletechnologyislikeridingabikeonacountryroadthen3Gwillmakeyouflyontheinformationhighway.Forexampleamobilephonewith3Gtechnologywillenableyoutodownloadathreeminutes’MP3songwithintwominutes.ButatthemomentitwilltakeyouuptoanhourtodothiswithyourmobilephonE.Inthenearfuturewe’llexpecthigh-speedaccesstotheInternetentertainmentinformationandelectroniccommerceserviceswhereverwearenotjustatourcomputersortelevisionsets.IntheUKandmanyotherEuropeancountrieswhere3Gserviceshavebeenaroundsince20033GhasalreadybecomeapartofmodernbusinesslifE.NowadaysemployeesareabletospendsomeoftheirworkinghoursathomE.ThenewtechnologyallowstheemergencyservicestoprovideavideolinkwithahospitalordoctorforpatientswhoneedspecialcarE.60.Whatarethestrengthoftheso-called3Gtechnology?A.ItenablesmobilephoneuserstoenjoyInternet-basedservicesB.ItcanenableyoutodownloadMP3songs.C.A.3Gmobilephonecantransportinformationmuchfasterthanwhatweusenow.D.3Gtechnologywillofferyouhigh-speedaccesstotheInternetwhereverthereisacomputer.61.WhichisNOTtrueaccordingtothepassage?A.ItisimpossibleforustolistentoMP3musicwithourcurrentmobilephonE.B.Thanksto3GphonesEuropeanemployeesneedn’talwaystraveltowork.C.3Gmobilephoneenablesyoutowatchahotmoviewhilechatting.D.Thenewtechnologyallowsadoctortoexamineapatientthroughavideolink.62.Whichsentencecanbestdescribethepicture?A.3Gwillmakeyouflyontheinformationhighway.B.3Gwillhelpincreasemobilityinmanyareasofourlives.C.3Ghasalreadybecomeapartofmodernbusiness.D.3Gwillenableyouconnecttotheinternetwithaspeedof2megabytesperseconD.
SportscanhelpyoukeepfitandgetintouchwithnaturE.Howeverwhetheryouareonthemountainsinthewavesoronthegrasslandyoushouldbeawarethatyoursportofchoicemighthavegreatinfluenceontheenvironment.Somesportsareresource-hungry.Golfasyoumayknoweatsupnotonlylargeareasofcountrysidebutalsotonsofwater.Besidesallsortsofchemicalsandhugeamountsofenergyareusedtokeepitscourses球场ingoodcondition.Thiscausesmajorenvironmentaleffects.ForexampleinthedryregionsofPortugalandSpaingolfisoftenheldresponsibleforseriouswatershortageinsomelocalareas.Therearemanyenvironment-friendlysports.Powerwalkingisoneofthemthatyoucouldtakeuptoday.Youdon’tneedanyspecialequipmentexceptagoodpairofshoes;andyoudon’thavetoworryaboutresourcesandyourpursE.Simpleandfreepowerwalkingcanalsokeepyoufit.Ifyouwalkregularlyitwillbegoodforyourheartandbones.Expertssaythat20minutesofpowerwalkingdailycanmakeyoufeellessanxioussleepwellandhavebetterweightcontrol.Whateversportyoutakeupyoucanmakeitgreenerbyusingenvironment-friendlyequipmentandbuyingproductsmadefromrecycledmaterials.Butthefinalgoalshouldbegreengyms.Theyarebetterreplacementsfortraditionalhealthclubsandmodernsportscenters.Membersofgreengymsplaysportsoutdoorsinthecountrysideorotheropenspaces.Thereisnospecialrequirementforyoutostartyourmembership.Andbestofallit’sfreE.64.Whichofthefollowingistheauthormostprobablyinfavorof?A.CyclingaroundalakE.B.Motorracinginthedesert.C.Playingbasketballinagym.D.Swimminginasportscenter.65.Whatdoweknowaboutgolffromthepassage?A.ItispopularinPortugalandSpain.B.ItcauseswatershortagesaroundtheworlD.C.Itpollutestheearthwithchemicalsandwastes.D.Itneedswaterandelectricitytokeepitscoursesgreen.66.Theauthorusespowerwalkingasanexamplemainlybecause______.A.itisanoutdoorsportB.itimprovesourhealthC.itusesfewerresourcesD.itisrecommendedbyexperts67.Theauthorwritesthepassageto_______.A.showusthefunctionofmajorsportsB.encourageustogoinforgreensportsC.discussthemajorinfluenceofpopularsportsD.introducedifferenttypesofenvironment-friendlysports
Fromthemomentthatananimalisbornithastomakedecisions.Ithastodecidewhichofthethingsarounditareforeatingandwhicharetobeavoided;whentoattackandwhentorunaway.Theanimalisinfactplayingaverydangerousgamewithitsenvironmentagameinwhichitmustmakedecision―amatteroflifeordeath.Animals’abilitytoactreasonablyisbelievedtocomepartlyfromwhatwemaycallgenetic遗传性的learningwhichisdifferentfromtheindividual个体的learningthatananimaldoesinthecourseofitsownlifetime.Geneticlearningislearningbyaspecies―animalsofthesamekind―asawholeanditisachievedbyselectionofthosemembersofeachgenerationthathappentoactintherightway.Howevertheroleofgeneticlearningdependsuponhowsimilarthefutureenvironmentistothepast.Themoreimportantindividualexperienceislikelytobethelessimportantisgeneticlearningasameansofgettingovertheproblemsofthesurvivalgame.Becausemostanimalsliveineverchangingevironmentsfromonegenerationtothenextitisnotsurprisingtofindthatveryfewspeciesindeeddependwhollyupongeneticlearning.Inthegreatmajorityofanimalstheirparticularwaysofactinginanewenvironmentareacompound复合体ofindividualexperienceaddedtotheactionpatternsanimalsarebornwith.Thatiswhyanimalscansurvive.72.Theanimal’slifewillcometoanend.A.iftheanimalmakesawrongdecisionB.iftheanimalplaysadangerousgameC.whentheanimalattacksitsenemyD.whentheanimalrunstooslowly73.Veryfewspeciesdependentirelyongeneticlearningbecause.A.eachgenerationhasitsownwayoflearningB.theirenvironmentschangeallthetimeC.theycanactreasonablyontheirownD.ittakestheirwholelifetolearn74.Whentheenvironmentdoesn’tchangemuch.A.animalscannotactinarightwayB.geneticlearningislessimportantforanimalsC.individuallearningplaysalessimportantroleD.animalscannotgetoverproblemsontheirontheirown75.Animals’livingongenerationaftergenerationdependson.A.theirnaturalactionpatternwiththeirownexperienceB.thelessonstheyhavelearntduringtheirlifetimeC.theirexperienceinparticularenvironmentsD.theknowledgepassedonbytheirparents
SometimeswecrybecausewearesadandsometimesbecauseweareextremelyhappyAnirritant刺激物suchasonionsmellorgrainsofsandintheeyecanalsomakecryInthiscasetearsperformanobviousroleingettingridofsubstances物质thatmightharmthesurfaceoftheeyeDrWilliamFreyoftheDryEyeandTearResearchCenteratStPaulinMinnesotaUSAbelievesthattearsfromemotionalcausesmayperformasimilarroleHethinksthatcryingcouldgetridofemotionalstressbywashingawayachemicalinthebloodcausedbystrongemotionsToprovehistheoryhehopesfirsttoidentifythischemicalandthenseeifitisfoundintearsofsadnessonhappinessSofarDrFreyhasfailedtofindoutthedifferencebetweenemotionaltearsandtearscausedbyanirritantintheeyeThismaybebecausethesesubstancesthemselvescauseadegreeofstresslandemotionWhathehasidentifiedinalltearsisavarietyofbiochemicals生化物whichareoneofIfthecausesofstressA.moredetailedstudymayhelpusunderstandwhysufferersfromstress-relateddisorderscrylessoftenthanhealthypeopleDrFreyisalsointerestedtoseeifthereareanyphysiological生理学的explanationsforwhywomeningeneralcryfivetimesmoreoftenthanmenonaverage68ThemainpurposeofDrFrey’sstudyoftearsistoAshowthattherearetwotypesoftearscausedbyirritantsandbyemotionsBfindoutthecauseofstress-relatedproblemsandemotionaldisordersCexplainwhywomencrymoreoftenthanmenDprovethattearscanremoveachemicalinthebloodcausedbystrongemotions69Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothepassage?ATearsfailtohelpgetridofemotionalstressBIrritantsintheeyeresultintearswithoutcausingstressandemotionCHealthypeoplecrymoreoftenthanthosewithstress-relatedproblemsDThebiochemicalidentifiedbyDrFreyhasnothingtodowithstress70WecanlearnfromthepassagethatAcryingdoesUSmoreharmthangoodBinnerfeelingsdon’taffectourbodiesCsorrowmaycausesomechemicalsinourbloodDemotionaltearsaredifferentfromtearscausedbyirritantsintheeye71DrFreybelievesthattearsfromemotionalcausesmayplayaroleingettingridorAemotionalstressbywashingawayachemicalinthebloodBonionsmellorgrainsofsandCsufferingsfromirritantsDsubstancesthatmightnotharmthesurfaceoftheeye
FallingandgravityAbout400yearsagoCaltleonoticedthatobjectsspeeduporaccelerateastheyfall.HefoundthatheavyandlightthingsofthesameshapeandsizetakethesametimetofalltothegrounD.Gravitypullsthen-*downequally.Trythisforyourselfwithdifferentobjectslikeaslipper:andaheavyboot.AirresistanceObjectsofdifferentshapesandsizesfallatdifferentrates.Theshapeofaparachutemakespeoplefallmoreslowly.Theairpushingagainsttheparachutecausesalotofairresistance*.A.personwithoutaparachutefallsfasterbecauselessairpushesagainstthem.Thefastersomethingfallsthemoreairresistancethereisonit.Eventuallytheairresistanceslowingitdownbecomesasstrongasthepullofgravity.Thenitsspeednolongerchanges.ThisiscalledterminalspeeD.FreefallIftherewerenoairtherewouldbenoairresistancE.Allfallingobjectswouldjustgetfasterandfaster
freefall.67.Fallingobjectsarepulleddowntothegroundby.A.gravityB.resistanceC.speedD.acceleration加速度68.Whydopeoplemakeparachutes降落伞?A.Tolookprettyandcolourfulintheair.B.ToslowdownthefallingspeeD.C.Topushagainsttheairinthesky.D.Toacceleratethefallingmovement.69.WhichdidGalileodiscover?A.A.heavyballfallsfasterthanalightball.B.A.lightballfallsfasterthanaheavyball.C.A.lightballandaheavyballfallatthesamespeedD.A.lightballandaheavyballfallatdifferentspeeD.70.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaccordingtothepassageA.HeavyandlightobjectsfallequallywhentheyaredifferentinsizE.B.WhenairresistanceequalsgravityobjectsfallatterminalspeeD.C.Withoutair;allfallingobjectsgetfasterandfasteratthesameratE.D.Slippers拖鞋andboots靴子fallatthesamespeedbecausetheyhavethesameshape
HowLongCanPeopleLive?Shetookupskatingatage85madeherfirstmovieappearanceatage114andheldaconcertintheneighborhoodonher121stbirthday.WhenitcomestolonglifeJeanneCalmentistheworld’srecordholder.Shelivedtotheripeoldageof122.Sois122theupperlimittothehumanlifespan寿命?Ifscientistscomeupwithsomesortofpillordietthatwouldslowagingcouldwepossiblymakeitto150-orbeyond?Researchersdon’tentirelyagreeontheanswers.Calmentlivedto122soitwouldn’tsurprisemeifsomeonealivetodayreaches130or135saysJerryShayattheUniversityofTexas.SteveAustadattheUniversityofTexasagrees.Peoplecanlivemuchlongerthanwethinkhesays.Expertsusedtosaythathumanscouldn’tlivepast110.WhenCalmentblewpastthatagetheyraisedthenumberto120.Sowhycan’twegohigher?Thetroublewithguessinghowoldpeoplecanlivetobeisthatit’salljustguessing.AnyonecanmakeupanumbersaysRichMillerattheUniversityofMichigan.UsuallythescientistwhopicksthehighestnumbergetshisnameinTimemagazinE.Won’tnewanti-agingtechniqueskeepusaliveforcenturies?AnycuresaysMillerforagingwouldprobablykeepmostofuskickinguntilabout120.Researchersareworkingontreatmentsthatlengthenthelifespanofmiceby50percentatmost.Soiftheaveragehumanlifespanisabout80yearssaysMilleraddinganother50percentwouldgetyouto120.Sowhatcanweconcludefromthislittledisagreementamongtheresearchers?Thatlifespanisflexible有弹性的butthereisalimitsaysGeorgeMartinoftheUniversityofWashington.Wecangetfliestolive50percentlongerhesays.Butafly’snevergoingtolive150years.Ofcourseifyoubecameanewspecies物种onethatagesataslowerspeedthatwouldbeadifferentstoryheadds.DoesMartinreallybelievethathumanscouldevolve进化theirwaytolongerlife?It’sprettycooltothinkabouthesayswithasmilE.72.WhatdoesthestoryofJeanneCalmentprovetous?A.Peoplecanliveto122.B.OldpeoplearecreativE.C.Womenaresportyat85.D.Womenlivelongerthanmen.73.AccordingtoSteveAustadattheUniversityofTexas______.A.theaveragehumanlifespancouldbe110B.scientistscannotfindwaystoslowagingC.fewpeoplecanexpecttolivetoover150D.researchersarenotsurehowlongpeoplecanlive74.Whowouldagreethatascientistwillbecomefamousifhemakesthewildestguessatlongevity?A.JerryShay.B.SteveAustadC.RichMillerD.GeorgeMartin75.Whatcanweinferfromthelastthreeparagraphs?A.Mostofuscouldbegoodatsportsevenat120.B.TheaveragehumanlifespancannotbedoubledC.ScientistsbelievemiceareagingataslowerspeedthanbeforE.D.Newtechniquescouldbeusedtochangefliesintoanewspecies
June262000―theHumanGenome基因组Projectagreat$3billion15-yeartaskaimedatdrawingthegeneticmapofhumansisnowmorethan90percentcompleteD.Thescientificandmedicalcommunitiesareveryexcitedaboutthechancesgeneticresearchprovidesforgettingridofdiseasesandprolonging延长humanlifE.ButthosecommunitiesandpolicymakersalsoarecarefulaboutthescientificdoortheyareopeningastheprojectuncoversthemysteriesoflifE.Forthelastfewyearsthegeneticadvancesinthedevelopingfieldofbiotechnologyhaveprovidesmaterialforallkindsofworkbutthedevelopmentsofmodernscienceinunlockingthesecretsofthehumangeneticcodehaveopenedaworldofpossibilitiesforhumanhealthaswellasforthepopularimagination.WhileEuropeanandJapaneseresearchersaremakingrapidprogressindecoding解码humanDNAtheleadingorganizationforgeneticresearchisintheUnitedStateswhichbeganin1990isunlockingthecodeofthehumanbodytolearnhowtodefeatfataldiseases.AlreadytheHumanGenomeProjecthasbecomewidelyknownandpraisedforfindingthegenesconnectedwithterriblediseasesasyetandmakingprogresstowardseparatingthegenesthatshowasignofbreastcancerorAIDS.Oncethesegenesarefoundandstudiedresearcherscandevelopnewwaystoattackinfectionsandgeneticdiseases.Medicalcompaniesareveryinterestedinmappingthehumangenomeastheyexpecttodevelopalotofnewdrugsfortheseillnesses.61.Whydidthescientistsworkhardatmappingthehumangenome?A.Becausethehumangenomecandestroymanyillnesses.B.Becausethehumangenome'scompletioncanhelpthemgetridofmanydiseases.C.Becausetheywantedtobebetterknownthanothers.D.Becausethehumangenomecanprovidealotofchancesofwork.62.Whichcountrystudiedthegenesmostrapidlyintheworld?A.Japan.B.Germany.C.TheUnitedStates.D.China.63.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?A.Ifthegenescanbefoundscientistscanstudymanynewwaystocureillnesses.B.Thescientistshavemadegreatprogressinconnectingthegeneswiththecancers.C.Manymedicalcompaniesshowgreatinterestindrawingthehumangenomemap.D.TheUnitedStatesbegantheGenesStudyearlyinthe19thcentury.64.TheauthorsuggeststhattheHumanGenomeProjectcancause_______.A.thepolicymakerstofeelveryworriedandcarefulB.thescientiststoworkharderC.manypeopletofindworkeasilyD.alotofcompaniestoproducemanynewdrugs65.Themainideaofthisarticleisabout_______.A.unlockinggeneticcodeB.thegenes'discoveryC.thegreathumangenomeD.thegenesandthescientists
Haveyouevernoticedthecolourofthewaterinariverorstreamafteraheavyrainfall?Whatdoyouthinkcausedthischangeincolour?Itissoilthathasbeenwashedintotheriverfromtheriverbankorfromt}lenearbyfields.ComponentsofSoftSoilismadeupofanumberoflayers层eachhavingitsowndistinctivecolourandtexture.Theupperlayerisknownasthelitter.Itactslikeablanket.limitingtemperaturechangesandreducingwaterloss.Thetopsoillayerismadeupofsmallparticlesofrockmixedwithrottenplantandanimalmattercalledhumus腐殖质whichisblackandgivesthetopsoilitsdarkcolour.Thislayerisusuallyrichinnutrientsoxygenandwater.Belowthetopsoilisthesubsoilalayerthatcontainsmorestonesmixedwithonlysmallamountsoforganicmatter.Thislayerislighterincolourbecauseofthelackofhumus.Beneaththesoilliesalayerofbedrock.Soilformsfromthebottomup.Overtimebedrockisattackedbyrainwindfrostandsnow.Itisgraduallybrokendownintosmallerparticlesinaprocesscalledweathering.Plantsbegintogrowandrottenmaterialsenrichthetopsoil.MostofthesoilinEasternCanada.forexample.Wasformedfromweatheredrockthatwasexposedwhentheicedisappearedl2.000yearsag0.WaterBeneaththeSoilSurfacewatercollectsandflowsabovethegroundinlakes.ponds.andrivers.Onceinthesoilorrockitiscalledgroundwater.Gravitypullsgroundwaterthroughthesoilinaprocesscalledpercolation渗透.Eventuallythewaterreachesalayercalledthewatertable.Underthisisbedrockthroughwhichwatercannotpercolate.Aswaterpercolatesdownwarditdissolvesorganicmatterandmineralsfromthesoilandcarriesthemtodeeperlayers.Thiscausesaseriousproblembecauseplantsrequirethesenutrientsforgrowth.SoilpHSoilcanbeacidic.neutral.orbasic.ThepHofthesoilisdeterminedbythenatureoftherockfromwhichitwasformed.andbythenatureoft}leplantsthatgrowandrotinit.TheacidityofrainandsnowcanlowerthepHofthegroundwaterthatentersthesoil.Byburningfossilfuelssuchascoaloilandgasolinehumanshavebeencontributingtohigherlevelsofacidityinmanysoils.Whenfossilfuelsareburned.gasesarereleasedintotheairandthenfallbacktoearthasacidrain.Acidsoilincreases出eproblemofcarryingnutrientstolowersoillevels.Asnutrientsareremovedsoilislessfertile.Plantsgrowmoreslowlyinacidicsoilandalsobecomeeasilyattackedbydiseases.67.Thelayerofsoilthatprovidesnecessarynutrientsforplantgrowthiscalled.A.1itterB.topsoilC.humusD.subsoil68.Accordingtothetext.whichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?A.Soilformsfromweatheredrockontheearthsurface.B.Thedeeperlayerofsoilisdarkerincolourthant}lesurfacesoil.C.Airpollutionispartiallyresponsibleforacidsoil.D.Groundwatertendstocarryawaynutrientsforplantgrowth.69.Wecaninferfromthepassagethatthewatertablelies.A.betweenthetopsoillayerandthesubsoillayerB.inthesubsoillayerabovebedrockC.betweenthesubsoillayerandbedrockD.inthebedrocklayerbeneaththesubsoil70.Theunderlinedworddissolveisusedtoexpresstheideathatorganicmatterandmineralsfromsoilare.A.rushedawayintotheriverB.cleanedandpurifiedbywaterC.destroyedandcarriedawaybywaterD.mixedwithwaterandbecomepartofit
Everyyearmorepeoplerecognizethatitiswrongtokillwildlifeforsport.Progressinthisdirectionisslowbecauseshootingisnotasportforwatchingandonlythosefewwhotakepartrealizethecrueltyanddestruction.Thenumberofgunnershowevergrowsrapidly.Childrentooyoungtodevelopproperjudgmentsthroughindependentthoughtareledalongwayawaybytheirgunningparents.Theyaresubjectedtoadvertisementsofgunproducerswhodescribeshootingasgoodfortheirhealthandguncarryingasawayofputtingredderbloodintheveins血管.Theyarepersuadedbygunnermagazineswithstorieshonoringthechaseandthekill.Inschooltheyviewmotionpictureswhicharesupposedlymeanttoteachthemhowtodealwitharmssafelybutwhichareactuallydesignedtostimulate刺激adesiretoownagun.Wildlifeisdisappearingbecauseofshootingandbecauseofthelossofwildlandhabitat栖息地.Habitatlosswillcontinuewithourincreasingpopulationbutcanweslowthelossofwildlifecausedbyshooting?Theredoesn'tseemtobeanychanceiftheseriousconditionofourbirdsisnotimproveD.WildlifebelongstoeveryoneandnottothegunnersalonE.Althoughmostpeopledonotshoottheyseemtoforgiveshootingforsportbecausetheyknowlittleornothingaboutit.TheonlyanswerthenistobringthetruthaboutsportshootingtothegreatmajorityofpeoplE.Nowitistimetorealizethatanimalshavethesamerighttolifeaswedoandthatthereisnothingfairorrightaboutapersonwithagunshootingtheharmlessandbeautifulcreatures.Thegunnersliketodescribewhattheydoascharacter-buildingbutweknowthattowoundananimalandwatchitgothroughtheagonyofdyingcanmakenobodyhappy.Ifastheywouldhaveyoubelievegun-carryingandkillingimprovehuman-characterthenperhapsweshouldencouragewar.72.Accordingtothetextmostpeopledonotseemtobeagainsthuntingbecause___________.A.theyhavelittleknowledgeofitB.ithelpstobuildhumancharacterC.itistoocostlytostopkillingwildlifeD.theywanttokeepwildlifeundercontrol73.Theunderlinedwordagonyinthelastparagraphprobablymeans______________.A.formB.ConditionC.painD.sadness74.Accordingtothetextthefilmschildrenwatchatschoolactually__________.A.teachthemhowtodealwithgunssafelyB.praisehuntingascharacter-buildingC.describehuntingasanexerciseD.encouragethemtohavegunsoftheirown75.Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthattheauthorseemsto_____________.A.blamethemajorityofpeopleB.worryabouttheexistenceofwildlifeC.beinfavourofwarD.beinsupportofcharacter-building
Besidesgivingoffgasesanddustsintotheairhumansproducewastethatispouredontheenvironment.OftenthiswasteproducedbymajorindustriesandpeopleisharmfultobothnatureandhumanlifE.Oneofthemaincausesofthelargeamountofdangerouswasteisthatpeopledonotrealizehowlargeaproblemitis.Becauseitcanbesimplyremovedandsenttoalandfill废渣填埋场theproblemisoftenbelievedtoendtherE.Inadditionindustrieshaveoftenshownanunwillingnesstofindwaystodealwithdangerouswastebecauseoftherelatedexpenses.Manyindustriesandgovernmentsbuildsimplelandfillstostorewasteandoftenjustpourwastechemicalsintonearbybodiesofwater.OftenchemicalsusedforindustrialproductioncausedangerousformsofwastE.Theamountofthesechemicalshasincreasedgreatlyinthepastbutitisoftendifficultandexpensivetogetridofthesechemicalsortostoretheminawaysafetohumanlifeandtheenvironment.EveryyearmajorhealthproblemsresultfromdangerouswastE.SadlyitisoftenonlyaftersomeonehasdiedorbecomeseriouslyillthatgovernmentswilltakemeasurestoreducelevelsofharmfulwastE.Somegovernmentshaverealizedhowseriousthedangerouswasteproblemisandarenowtryingtosettlethisproblem.TheyarealsotryingtolimittheamountofwasteindustriesareallowedtoproducE.Notonlygovernmentsbutordinarypeopleaswellmustworktogethertosolvetheproblem.Theycanchoosenottobuythoseproductswhichrequiretheproductionofdangerouswasteandproducelessharmfulwastethemselves.Manyscientiststhinkthatwasteproductioncanbecut.Thewastecanbereducedbyatleastonethirdusingexistingtechnologiesandmethods.72.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?A.MeasuresofReducingDangerousWasteB.DangerofHarmfulWastetoMankindC.DangerousWasteandWaterPollutionD.EnvironmentalProtection73.Accordingtothetextpeople.A.donotproduceharmfulwasteintheirdailylifeB.donotknowwheretoplacethedangerouswasteC.arenotclearabouthowseriousthedangerouswasteproblemisD.arenotsureaboutwhereharmfulwasteends74.Whattroublesindustriesmostindealingwiththedangerouswasteproblem?A.Howtogetgovernmentsupport.B.Howtoincreasetheirproduction.C.HowtostoreharmfulwastE.D.Howtocutdowntherelatedcosts.75.Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?A.Thepollutingindustriesarenotallowedtoselltheirproducts.B.Presenttechnologieshavesettledtheharmfulwasteproblem.C.Everyoneshouldobeythegovernmentrulesfortheproblem.D.Tosolvetheproblemrequirestheeffortsofthewholesociety.
Successfulpeopleininternationalbusinessunderstandtheculturesofothercountriesandlearntochangetheirpracticesindifferentcultures.Theyunderstandtheimportanceofavoidingbusinessdecisionsbasedonmisconceptions-mistakenideas.Onecauseofmisconceptionsisethnocentrismthebeliefthatone’sownculture’swayofdoingthingsisbetterthanthewayofothercultures.It’sethnocentrismthatleadstofailureininternationalbusiness.Toavoidethnocentrismit’snecessarytostudythedifferentelements组成部分ofculture:languagevaluesandattitudesandcustomsandmanners.LanguageAknowledgeofthelocallanguagecanhelpinternationalbusinesspeopleinfourways.Firstpeoplecancommunicatesdirectly.SecondpeopleareusuallymoreopenintheircommunicationWithsomeonewhospeakstheirlanguagE.Thirdanunderstandingofthelanguageallowspeopletoinfermeaningsthatarenotsaiddirectly.Finallyknowingthelanguagehelpspeopletounderstandtheculturebetter.ValuesandAttitudesValuesarepeople’sbasicbeliefsaboutthedifferencebetweenrightandwronggoodandbaD.Anattitudeiswayofthinkingoracting.Valuesandattitudesinfluenceinternationalbusiness.ForExamplemanypeopleintheUnitedStatesbelievethatchocolatefromSwitzerlandisbetterthanchocolatefromothercountriesandtheybuyalotofit.CustomsandMannersCustomsarecommonsocialpractices.MannersarewaysofactingthatthesocietybelievesarepolitE.ForexampleintheUnitedStatesitiscustomtohavesalad色拉beforethemaincourseatdinnernotafter.It’snotacceptabletotalkwithfoodinmouthattablE.Failuretounderstandthecustomsandmannersofothercountrieswillbringdifficultysellingtheirproducts.OrangejuiceasabreakfastdrinkofanAmericancompanyinFrancedoesn’tsellwellbecausetheFrenchdon’tusuallydrinkjuicewithbreakfast.57.A.knowledgeofthelocallanguageallowsinternationalbusinesspeople__________.A.tobemoreopenwiththeircustomersB.tocommunicatewithoutoutsidehelpC.toexpresstheirthoughtsindirectlyD.tohaveabetterideaoftheirownculture58.TheactofmanypeoplebuyingchocolateofSwitzerlandshowstheroleof__________.A.mannersB.valuesC.attitudesD.customs59.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?A.MisconceptionsinBusinessB.BasicBeliefsinBusinessC.InternationalBusinessCultureD.SuccessfulInternationalBusiness60.Theauthor’spurposeofwritingthisarticleistotellpeople_________.A.howtotakearightattitudeinbusinessB.howtoavoidmisunderstandingsinbusinessC.howtousealocallanguageinbusinessD.howtoactpolitelyandproperlyinbusiness
Acrosstheworld11billionpeoplehavenoaccesstocleandrinkingwater.Morethan2.6bullionpeoplelackbasicsanitation卫生设备.Thecombinationprovesdeadly.Eachyear.diseasesrelatedtoinadequatewaterandsanitationkillbetween2and3millionpeopleandcauseanestimated80percentofallsicknessesinthedevelopingworld.Safethinkingwaterisapreconditionforhealthandthefightagainstchilddeathrateinequalitybetweenmenandwomenandpoverty.Considerthesefacts:●TheaveragedistancethatwomeninAfricaandAsiawalktocollectwateris6kilometers.●Only58percentofchildreninsub-SaharanAfricaaredrinkingsafewaterandonly37percentofchildreninSouthAsiahaveaccesstoevenabasictoilet.●EachyearinIndiaalone73millionworkingdaysarelosttowater-bornediseases.Herearethreewaysyoucanhelp:1WriteCongressCurrentU.S.foreignaidfordrinkingwaterandsanitationbudgetsonlyonedollarperyearperAmericancitizen.FewmembersofCongresshaveeverreceivedaletterfromvotersaboutcleandrinkingwaterabroad.2Sponsoraprojectwithafaith-basedorganizationManyU.S.religiousgroupsalreadysponsorwaterandsanitationprojectsworkingwithpartnerorganizationsabroad.SimplyputasingleprojectbyaU.S.organizationcanmakesafewaterarealityforthousandsofpeople.3SupportnonprofitwaterorganizationsNumerousU.S.-basednonprofitsworkskillfullyabroadincommunity-ledprojectsrelatedofdrinkingwaterandsanitation.Likethesampleofnon-profitsnotedasfollowssomeorganizationsarelargeotherssmall-scalesomeoperateworldwideothersaredevotedtocertainareasinAfricaAsiaorLatinAmerica.Supportthemgenerously.72.Thethreefactspresentedinthepassagetheusedtoillustratethat.A.povertycanresultinwater-bornediseasesB.peoplehavenoaccesstocleandrinkingwaterC.women’srightsaredeniedinsomedevelopingcountries.D.safedrinkingwatershouldbeaprimaryconcern73.Theintendedreadersofthepassageare_____________.A.AmericansB.overseassponsorsC.CongressmenD.U.S-basedwaterorganizations74.Themainpurposeofthepassageistocallonpeopleto___________.A.getridofwater-relateddiseasesindevelopingcountriesB.donatemoneytopeopleshortofwaterthroughreligiousgroupsC.fightagainsttheworldwidewatershortageandsanitationproblemD.takejointactioninsupportofsomenonprofitwaterorganizations75.Whatinformationwillprobablybeprovidedfollowingthelastparagraph?A.Avarietyofcompaniesandtheirworldwideoperation.B.Alistofnonprofitwaterorganizationstomakecontactwith.C.SomewaystogetfinancialaidsfromU.S.Congress.D.Afewwaterresourcesexploitedbysomeworld-famousorganizations.
Thetwentiethcenturysawgreaterchangesthananycenturybeforechangesforthebetterchangesfortheworsechangesthatbroughtalotofbenefitstohumanbeingschangesthatputmanindanger.ManythingscausedthechangesbutinmyopinionthemostimportantwastheprogressinsciencE.Scientificresearchinphysicsandbiologyhasvastlybroadenedourviews.Ithasgivenusadeeperknowledgeofthestructureofmatterandoftheuniverseithasbroughtusabetterunderstandingofthenatureoflifeandofitscontinuousdevelopment.TechnologyintheapplicationofsciencehasmadebigadvancesthathavebenefitedusinnearlyeverypartoflifE.Thecontinuationofsuchactivitiesinthetwenty-firstcenturywillresultinevengreateradvantagestohumanbeings:inpurescience―awideranddeeperknowledgeinallfieldsoflearning;inappliedscience―amorereasonablesharingofmaterialbenefitsandbetterprotectionoftheenvironment.Sadlyhoweverthereisanothersidetothepicture.Thecreativityofsciencehasbeenemployedindoingdamagetomankind.Theapplicationofscienceandtechnologytothedevelopmentandproductionofweaponsofmassdestructionhascreatedarealdangertothecontinuedexistenceofthehumanraceonthisplanet.WehaveseenthishappeninthecaseofnuclearweaponsAlthoughtheiractualusehassofaroccurredonlyintheSecondWorldWarthenumberofnuclearweaponsthatwereproducedandmadereadyforusewassolargethatiftheweaponshadactuallybeenusedtheresultcouldhavebeentheruinofthehumanraceaswellasofmanykindsofanimals.WilliamShakespearesaiD.Thewebofourlifeisofamingledyarn纱线goodandilltogether.Theabovebriefreviewoftheapplicationofonlyonepartofhumanactivities―scienceseemstoprovewhatShakespearesaiD.Butdoesithavetobeso?Musttheillalwaysgotogetherwiththegood?Arewebiologicallyprogrammedforwar?72.Whichofthefollowingbestshowsthestructureofthepassage?①=Paragraph1②=Paragraph2③=Paragraph3④=Paragraph4⑤=Paragraph573.Fromthefourthparagraphwecaninferthat.A.agreatmanynuclearweaponswereactuallyusedforwarB.alargenumberofnuclearweaponsshouldhavebeenusedforwarC.theauthorisdoubtfulabouttheruinofhumanbeingsbynuclearweaponsD.theauthorisanxiousaboutthehugenumberofnuclearweaponsontheearth74.Theunderlinedwordmingledinthelastparagraphmostprobablymeans.A.simpleB.mixedC.sadD.happy75.Whatdoyouthinktheauthorismostlikelytosuggestifhecontinuestowrite?A.Furtherapplicationofsciencetowar.B.MorereadingofWilliamShakespearE.C.Properuseofscienceinthenewcentury.D.Effectivewaystoseparatethegoodfromtheill.
Alltoooftenachoicethatseemssustainable可持续的turnsoutoncloserexaminationtobeproblematiC.Probablythebestexampleistherushtoproduceethanol乙醇forfuelfromcorn.Cornisarenewableresource―youcanharvestitandgrowmorealmostlimitlessly.Soreplacinggaswithcornethanolseemslikeagreatidea.Onemightgetabitmoreenergyoutoftheethanolthanthatusedtomakeitwhichcouldstillmakeethanolmoresustainablethangasgenerallybutthat’snottheendoftheproblem.UsingcorntomakeethanolmeanslesscornislefttofeedanimalsandpeoplewhichdrivesupthecostoffooD.Thatresultleadstoturningthefallowland―includinginsomecasesrainforestinplacessuchasBrazil―intofarmlandwhichinturngivesofflotsofcarbondioxideCO2intotheair.Finallyovermanyyearstheenergybenefitfromburningethanolwouldmakeupfortheforestloss.Butbythenclimatechangewouldhaveprogressedsofarthatitmightnothelp.Youcannotreallydeclareanypracticesustainableuntilyouhavedoneacompletelift-cycleanalysisofitsenvironmental环境的costs.Eventhentechnologyandpublicpolicykeepdevelopingandthatdevelopmentcanleadtounforeseenandundesiredresults.Theadmirablegoaloflivingsustainablerequiresplentyofthoughtonanongoingbasis.57.Whatmightdirectlycausethelossoftheforestaccordingtothetext?A.Thegrowingdemandforenergytomakeethanol.B.Theincreasingcarbondioxideintheair.C.ThegreaterneedforfarmlanD.D.Thebigchangeinweather.58.Theunderlineworditinthesecondparagraphrefersto.A.theenergybenefitB.theforestlossC.climatechangeD.burningethanol59.Theauthorthinksthatreplacinggaswithcornethanolis.A.impracticalB.acceptableC.admirableD.useless60.Whatdoestheauthormainlydiscussinthetext?A.Technology.B.Sustainability.C.Ethanolenergy.D.Environmentalprotection.
PeoplediettolookmoreattractivE.Fishdiettoavoidbeingbeatenupthrownoutoftheirsocialgroupandgettingeatenasaresult.ThatisthefascinatingconclusionofthelatestresearchintofishbehaviorbyateamofAustralianscientists.Theresearchteamhavediscoveredthatsubordinatefishvoluntarilydiettoavoidchallengingtheirlargercompetitors.Instudyinggobieswenoticedthatonlythelargesttwoindividualsamaleandfemalehadbreeding繁殖rightswithinthegroupexplainsMarianWrong.Allothergroupmembersarenonbreedingfemaleseachbeing5-10%smallerthanitsnextlargestcompetitor.Wewantedtofindouthowtheymaintainthisprecisesizeseparation.ThereasonforthesizedifferencewaseasytoseE.Onceasubordinatefishgrowstowithin5-10%ofthesizeofitslargercompetitoritcausesafightwhichusuallyendsinthesmallergobybeingdrivenawayfromthegroup.Moreoftenthannottheevictedfishistheneatenup.Itappearedthatthesmallerfishwerekeepingthemselvessmallinordertoavoidchallengingthebossfish.Whethertheydidsovoluntarilybyrestraininghowmuchtheyatewasnotclear.Theresearchteamdecidedtodoanexperiment.TheytriedtofattenupsomeofthesubordinategobiestoseewhathappeneD.Totheirsurprisethegobiessimplyrefusedtheextrafoodtheywereofferedclearlypreferringtoremainsmallandavoidfightsoverhavingafeast.Thediscoverychallengesthetraditionalscientificviewofhowbossindividualskeeptheirpositioninagroup.Previouslyitwasthoughtthatlargeindividualssimplyusedtheirweightandsizetothreatentheirsubordinatesandtakemoreofthefoodforthemselvessokeepingtheircompetitorssmall.Whilethehabitsofgobiesmayseemalittlemysterious.Dr.Wongexplainsthatunderstandingtherelationshipsbetweenbossandsubordinateanimalsisimportanttounderstandinghowhierarchical等级的societiesremainstablE.Theresearchhasprovedthefactthatvoluntarydietingisahabitfarfromexclusivetohuman.Asyetwelackacompleteunderstandingofhowwidespreadthevoluntaryreductionoffoodintakeisinnaturetheresearcherscomment.Dataonhumandietingsuggeststhatwhilehumansgenerallydiettoimprovehealthorincreaseattractivenessrarelydoesitimprovelong-termhealthandmalesregularlypreferfemalesthatarefatterthanthefemales'ownideal.65Whenagobygrowstowithin5-10%ofthesizeofitslargercompetitorit______.A.facesdangerB.hasbreedingrightsC.eatsitscompetitorD.leavesthegroupitself66.TheunderlinedwordstheevictedfishinParagraph3referto_____.A.thefishbeatenupB.thefishfoundoutC.thefishfattenedupD.thefishdrivenaway67Theexperimentshowedthatsmallerfish____.A.foughtoverafeastB.wentondietwillinglyC.preferredsomeextrafoodD.challengedthebossfish68.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Fishdietingandhumandieting.B.Dietingandhealth.C.Humandieting.D.Fishdieting.
Thediscoveryofadwarfed矮个的humanbeingwholivedinFloresIndonesiaupto18000yearsagoischangingthewaywethinkaboutthehumanfamily.ThisFloresHumanwasthreefoottallandherbrainwassmallerthanthatoftheaveragechimp黑猩猩yetsheandherrelativesapparentlylivedfullyhumanlives.Theyseemtohavemadetoolsworkedtogethertofindfoodandcookitandperhapsevenburiedtheirdeadwithceremony.Itwasamajorsurprisetofindtoolsassociatedwiththenewhumanfamilymember.ThetoolsarelikethoseformerlyseenonlywithEuropeanfossils化石fromourownspeciesHomosapiens智人andtheoldestofthemweremade94000yearsago.Homosapiensisthoughttohavearrivedintheislandabout40000yearsagomuchtoolatetoberesponsibleforthetools.Ifthistinyhumanmadethetoolsthentheinsidestructure结构ofitsbrainmusthavebeenmorelikeourownthanachimp'sdespitebeingjustathirdthesizeofours.This'newhumanwassuspectedtobeadwarfedbranchofHomoerectus直立人.Whencreaturesareseparatedinregionswithrareresourcesbutfewenemiesbeingbigisadisadvantageandevolutiontendstoshrinkthemaprocessknownasislanddwarfing.Couldnaturalselectionmakeahumansmallerwhilekeeping--evenimprovingmentalability?QuitepossiblybelievesChristopherWillsoftheUniversityofCalifornia.HastheFloresHumanevenshowntheabilityoflanguage?Ifinditdifficulttoimaginethatpeoplecouldmaketoolsusefireandkilllargeanimalswithoutfairlyadvancedcommunication.Willssays.DidFloresHumanpossessthebasiccomponentsofhumanculture--suchastheburyingofthedeadwithceremony?EmilianoBruneroftheItalianInstitutepointsoutthatIndonesia'shotwetenvironmentisbadforfossilization.Itisreasonabletoassumehesaysthatthe18000-year-oldbonesofthemostcompleteFloreswomanwerewell-preservedbecauseshewasburiedwithspecialcarE.67.AccordingtothepassageFloresHuman_____.A.livedapartlyhumanlifeB.wasabranchofHomosapiensC.usedtoolsbeforeHomosapiensarrivedD.hadabrainaslargeasacommonchimp's68.TheunderlinedpartthistinyhumaninParagraph2referstoA.achimpB.FloresHumanC.HomosapiensD.Homoerectus69.Thispassagemainlytalksabout______.A.thetoolsmadebyFloresHumanB.thelanguageusedbyFloresHumanC.theevolutionofFloresHumanD.themajorsurprisingfindingsaboutFloresHuman70.AccordingtothepassageitisbelievedthatFloresHuman______.A.wasdwarfedbyitsenemiesB.coulduselanguageC.leftalotoffossilsinthehotandwetenvironmentD.reachedFlores40000yearsago
MillionsofpeoplevisitYosemiteNationalParkeveryyeartoseethetallwaterfallsandmountains.Theemountainsareasplendidsightwhenviewedfromthevalleyfloor.Lotsofstoreshotelsandrestaurantsareneededtohandlethecrowds.Alsowaterroadsandotherservicesystemsarepartoftheinfrastructure基础设施thatmustbemaintainedUnfortunatelythesesystemsarestartingtobreakdown.It’snotjustinYosemitebutinnationalparksaroundthenation.YosemiteisthirtyyearsoldaccordingtoDennisGalvinaNationalParkServiceworker.Theparkisnotonlyoldbutwornout.Twoorthreetimesasmanyvisitorscomeeveryyear.Thatistoomanyvisitorsfortheparkstodealwith.FouryearsagoastormwashedoutawaterpipelineintheGrandCanyon.TheNationalParkservicehadtosendwatertruckstoprovidewaterforthevisitors.LastmonthpipesalmostbrokeagainandroadshadtobeclosedforawhilE.Whyhasn’ttheNationalParkServicekeptuptheparkrepairs?Thereisalackofmoney.TheUnitedStateshas378monumentsparksandwildernessareas.Betweenthreeandfourbilliondollarsareneedsforrepairs.Yosemiteisonenationalparkthatdoeshavemoneyforrepairs.Ithastwohundredmilliondollarsbutcannotspenditanywayitchooses.WhentheparkworkersstartedwideningtheroadtheywereforcedtostopbytheSierraCluB.TheclubclaimedthattheroadworkwasdamagingtheMercedRiverthatrunsthroughthepark.AsierraClublawyerJuliaOlsonfeelsthattheinfrastructureneedstobemovedoutofYosemitE.Thatwaylesspressurewillbeputonthealreadycrowdedpark.65.AccordingtothetextthemountainsinYosemitelookmostsplendidwhentheyareappreciatedfrom_______A.thebottomofthevalleysB.thetopofthemountainsC.thesideofthemountainsD.theedgeofthevalleys66.NationalparkslikeYosemiteintheU.S.finditincreasinglydifficulttomeettheneedofvisitorsbecause________AthattransportmanagementneedsimprovingB.theyspendtoomuchontheirservicesystemsC.theirservicesystemsfrequentlygooutoforderD.theyneedhelpfromenvironmentalorganizations67.ThemainproblemofYosemiteNationalParkisits_______A.rundownwaterpipesB.overcrowdednessC.lackofmoneyD.narrowroads68.AccordingtothetexttheSierraClubismostlikelytobe______A.anenvironmentalgroupB.aninformationcenterC.atravelserviceD.alawfirm
NexttimeacustomercomestoyourofficeofferhimacupofcoffeE.Andwhenyou’redoingyourholidayshoppingonlinemakesureyou’reholdingalargeglassoficedteA.Thephysicalsensation感觉ofwarmthencouragesemotionalwarmthwhileacolddrinkinhandpreventsyoufrommakingunwisedecisions―thosearethepracticallessonbeingdrawnfromrecentresearchbypsychologistJohnA.Bargh.Psychologistshaveknownthatoneperson’sperception感知ofanother’swarmthisapowerfuldeterminerinsocialrelationships.JudgingsomeonetobeeitherwarmorcoldisaprimaryconsiderationeventrumpingevidencethatacoldpersonmaybemorecapablE.MuchofthisisrootedinveryearlychildhoodexperiencesBarghargueswhenbabies’conceptualsenseoftheworldaroundthemisshapedbyphysicalsensationsparticularlywarmthandcoldness.ClassicstudiesbyHarryHarlowpublishedin1958showedmonkeyspreferredtostayclosetoaclothmotherratherthanonemadeofwireevenwhenthewiremothercarriedafoodbottlE.Harlow’sworkandlaterstudieshaveledpsychologiststostresstheneedforwarmphysicalcontactfromcaregiverstohelpyoungchildrengrowintohealthyadultswithnormalsocialskills.Feelingsofwarmthandcoldnessinsocialjudgmentsappeartobeuniversal.AlthoughnoworldwidestudyhasbeendoneBarghsaysthatdescribingpeopleaswarmorcoldiscommontomanyculturesandstudieshavefoundthoseperceptionsinfluencejudgmentindozensofcountries.TotesttherelationshipbetweenphysicalandpsychologicalwarmthBarghconductedanexperimentwhichinvolved41collegestudents.A.researchassistantwhowasunawareofthestudy’shypotheses假设handedthestudentseitherahotcupofcoffeeoracolddrinktoholdwhiletheresearcherfilledoutashortinformationform:Thedrinkwasthenhandedback.AfterthatthestudentswereaskedtoratethepersonalityofPersonAbasedonaparticulardescription.ThosewhohadbrieflyheldthewarmdrinkregardedPersonA.aswarmerthanthosewhohadheldtheiceddrink.WearegroundedinourphysicalexperiencesevenwhenwethinkabstractlysaysBargh.51.AccordingtoParagraph1aperson’semotionmaybeaffectedby______.A.thevisitorstohisofficeB.thepsychologylessonshehasC.hisphysicalfeelingofcoldnessD.thethingshehasboughtonline52.TheauthormentionsHarlow’sexperimenttoshowthat______.A.adultsshoulddevelopsocialskillsB.babiesneedwarmphysicalcontactC.caregiversshouldbehealthyadultsD.monkeyshavesocialrelationships53.InBargh’sexperimentthestudentswereaskedto______.A.evaluatesomeone’spersonalityB.writedowntheirhypothesesC.filloutapersonalinformationformD.holdcoffeeandcolddrinkalternatively54.Wecaninferfromthepassagethat______.A.abstractthinkingdoesnotcomefromphysicalexperiencesB.feelingsofwarmthandcoldnessarestudiedworldwideC.physicaltemperatureaffectshowweseeothersD.capablepersonsareoftencoldtoothers55.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.DrinkingforBetterSocialRelationships.B.ExperimentsofPersonalityEvaluation.C.DevelopingBetterDrinkingHabits.D.PhysicalSensationsandEmotions.
Despitethehightechnologyandinvestment投资inflooddefensesbytheEnvironmentAgency环保局thereisnowaytostopallflooding--soonerorlaternaturewillproducesomethingthatwillbeateventhestrongestdefenses.Warningpeopleoftiffsdangerisveryimportantifwearetopreventthegreatlossoflifeseenfifty-threeyearsago.IndeediftheFloodWarmingSystemthatcurrentlyexistshadbeenaroundonthatcoldstormynightinJanuary1953manyliveswouldhavebeenspareD.TheEnvironmentAgencytookovertheroleoffloodwarningin1995fromthepolicewhohadtogodoortodoororsoundalarmstogetthenewsout.TheserviceisbeingconstantlyimprovedandacombinationofbettertechnologyandincreasedinvestmentfollowingtheEasterFloodsof1998hasledtothecreationofFloodlineandanautomatic自动messagingsystemthatcanwarnthousandsofpeopleinverylittletimE.Floodline08459881188offersinformationandadvice24hoursadayandifwarningsareinplacecallerscangetinformationeitherfromlocalupdatesorbyusingaquickdialcodefortheirareA.TheFloodWarningteaminKenthasalsosentletterstothepeoplelivingclosetotheriversortheseaandinvitedthemtojointheAVMautomatedvoicemessagingsystem.Anyonechoosingtotakeupthisfreeservicewillreceivearecordedmessagedirectlytotheirhomebusinessorpagertellingthemoftilelevelofwarninggivingthemasmuchtimeaspossibletocarryouttheirfloodplanandsaveitemsthatcannotbereplacediflostordamagedsuchasphotographsorchildren'sfavoritetoys.72.ChoosethecorrectstatementsfromtilefollowingaccordingtothepassagE.A.Manypeoplelosttheirlivesinthefloodin1953.B.TheFloodWarningsystemwasalreadyinusein1953.E.Flooddefensescanstopallflooding.D.TheEnvironmentAgencybegantowarnpeopleoffloodill1995.E.FloodlinewascreatedaftertheEasterFloodsof1998.A.abcB.bcdC.aceD.ade73.Whatdoestheunderlinedwordpagermeanintilepassage?A.A.boyemployedtocarryluggageinhotels.B.A.pieceofequipmentdesignedtoreceiveandshowmessages.C.A.pageofpaperswrittentooffermessages.D.A.personinvitedtowritepagesofmessages.74.Peoplecaneasilygetinformationandadviceaboutfloodanytimeofthedayfrom________.A.automaticmessagingsystemB.Floodline08459881188C.theFloodWarningteaminKentD.automatedvoicemessagingsystem75.Thebesttitleforthispassagemayprobablybe__________.A.EnvironmentAgencyB.TechnologyInFloodDefensesC.FloodWarningSystemD.EasterFloods
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