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一位学者将在你所在的社区做一介讲座。请以社区委员会( Neighborhoods Committee)的名义写一份通知。内容包括： (1)谁做讲座； (2)讲座主题； (3)讲座的时间、地点； ...
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一位学者将在你所在的社区作一个讲座写一份通知内容包括1谁作讲座2讲座主题3讲座的时间地点4讲座的意义
在什么情况下要求罢免社区委员会成员
什么情况下形成社区成员代表大会议案议案如何提交社区委员会
社区委员会的性质是什么
社区卫生服务的六位一体的一体是
医院
社区卫生服务中心
街道行政服务中心
社区委员会
社区委员会一般设立哪些工作岗位
在我国开展社区社会工作的组织机构不包括
街道办事处
社区委员会
c.社区学校
社区服务中心
健全基层民主是社会主义民主政治建设的基础性工作和重要内容在我国农村最基层的群众自治组织是
城镇社区委员会
居住社区委员会
职工代表大会
村民委员会
罢免社区委员会成员有哪些罢免程序
讲座通知一位学者将在你所在的社区做一个讲座请以社区委员会NeighborhoodsCommittee
在我国开展社区社会工作的组织机构不包括下列选项中的
街道办事处
社区委员会
社区学校
社区服务中心
社区委员会选举的原则是什么
社区委员会设置哪些职位一般如何配备社区干部
物业管理服务是指通过物业服务合同约定的公共性服务
业主与物业服务企业
业主与业主大会
业主与社区委员会
社区委员会与物业服务企业
我国社区社会工作的组织机构有哪些
社区服务中心
社区委员会
居民委员会
社区工作站
街道办事处
社区委员会实行自治的原则是什么
你所在社区选举社区委员会代表投票数45%以上获选你怎么组织
@B.
@D.
社区委员会成员候选人如何提名推荐
一位学者将在你所在的社区作一个讲座写一份通知内容包括1谁作讲座2讲座主题3讲座的时间地点4讲座的意义
你所在社区选举社区委员会代表投票数45%以上获选你怎么组织
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中国人花在享受和奢侈品上的钱比美国人少
PassageOne Abudget预算isaspendingplan.Itcanhelpyouspendmoneywisely.Itcandothisbycuttingoutwastefulspending.Ofcoursepreparingabudgettakesplanningandfollowingabudgettakeswillpower自制力.Yourbudgetshouldmeetyourfamily’sneedsandincome. Thefirststepincreatingabudgetistosetyourgoals.WhatdoesyourfamilyneedandwantYoumustknowallthattoworkoutthedetailsofthebudget.Neverspendmorethanyoucan.Thendecidewhichgoalsarethemostimportant. Thenextstepisestimatingfamilyincome.Beforeyoucanplanwiselyyouneedtoknowhowmuchmoneyyouhavetospend!Writedownallthemoneyyouexpecttoreceivewagessavinginterestetc.duringtheplannedbudgetperiod. Afteryouhavecalculatedhowmuchmoneywillbeavailableitistimetoestimateexpenses.Listallofyourfamilyexpenses. Ifyouarenotsatisfiedwithwhatyougotforyourmoneylookcarefullyatyourspending.Studyingyourecordswillshowwhereoverspendinghasoccurred.Itwillalsopointoutpoorbuyinghabits. Itisalsoagoodideatosetasideasmallamountofmoneyforemergencies紧急情况.Everyfamilyhassmallemergencies:ablowntireabrokendeviceortheneedformedicalcare. Thispassageismainlyabout
BythetimeyouarriveI______workingfortwohours.
PassageOne Abudget预算isaspendingplan.Itcanhelpyouspendmoneywisely.Itcandothisbycuttingoutwastefulspending.Ofcoursepreparingabudgettakesplanningandfollowingabudgettakeswillpower自制力.Yourbudgetshouldmeetyourfamily’sneedsandincome. Thefirststepincreatingabudgetistosetyourgoals.WhatdoesyourfamilyneedandwantYoumustknowallthattoworkoutthedetailsofthebudget.Neverspendmorethanyoucan.Thendecidewhichgoalsarethemostimportant. Thenextstepisestimatingfamilyincome.Beforeyoucanplanwiselyyouneedtoknowhowmuchmoneyyouhavetospend!Writedownallthemoneyyouexpecttoreceivewagessavinginterestetc.duringtheplannedbudgetperiod. Afteryouhavecalculatedhowmuchmoneywillbeavailableitistimetoestimateexpenses.Listallofyourfamilyexpenses. Ifyouarenotsatisfiedwithwhatyougotforyourmoneylookcarefullyatyourspending.Studyingyourecordswillshowwhereoverspendinghasoccurred.Itwillalsopointoutpoorbuyinghabits. Itisalsoagoodideatosetasideasmallamountofmoneyforemergencies紧急情况.Everyfamilyhassmallemergencies:ablowntireabrokendeviceortheneedformedicalcare. Incarryingoutyourbudgetyouneed
Mostchildrenwithhealthyappetitesarereadytoeatalmostanythingthatisofferedthemandachildrarelydislikesfood36itisbadlycooked.The37amealiscookedandservedismostimportantandan38servedmealwilloftenimproveachild’sappetite.Neveraskachild39helikesordislikesafoodandnever40likesanddislikesinfrontofhimorallow41elsetodoso.Ifthefathersayshehatesfatmeatorthemother42vegetablesinthechild’shearingheis43tocopythisprocedure.Takeit44grantedthathelikeseverythingandheprobably45Nothinghealthfulshouldbeomittedfromthemealbecauseofa46dislike.Atmealtimesitisagood47togiveachildasmallportionandlethim48backforasecondhelpingratherthangivehimas49asheislikelytoeatallatonce.Donottalktoomuchtothechild50mealtimesbutlethimgetonwithhisfoodanddonot51himtoleavethetableimmediatelyafteramealorhewill52learntoswallowhisfood53hecanhurrybacktohistoys.Under54circumstancemustachildbecoaxed哄骗55forcedtoeat. 50
IwouldneverhavebelieveditwaspossibleifI______itwithmyowneyes.
PassageFour Whenanicon偶像lastsformorethanacenturythereisareason.ButwhatisitabouttheteddybearthatmakesitalastingsymbolinoursocietyTrendsexpertssaythatwhenaniconisrootedinrealitywhenpeoplegrowtoloveitandwhenitrepresentssomethinglargerittendstolast. America’saffairwiththeteddybearbeganinthefallof1902whenthen-PresidentTheodoreRooseveltwentonabearhuntingtripintheSouth.Hehadnolucktillthefifthdaywhenhespottedabearandraisedhisrifletoshoot--thenlowereditwhenhesawababybearinthelineoffireeatinghoneyfromitspaws.Rooseveltisreputedtohavesaid"Idon’tshootbabybears."AnotherstoryhasRooseveltrefusingtoshootawoundedbear. WashingtonPostcartoonistCliffordBerrymandepictedthebearincidentsandbeganusingbearsinmanypoliticalcartoonsonmanysubjects.Soontoyandnoveltymakersstartedcreatingthebearsinawidevarietyofstyles.QuicklytheRooseveltbearandtheTeddybearbecametheteddybear--andeveryonehadone.Apresident’shuntingtripbecamethecatalyst催化剂foranindustrythatspanstheWesternworld.Todayanestimated2.5millionAmericanscollectteddybears. "Peopletendtoanthropomorphize把......比拟作人teddybears"saystrendsexpertMaritaWesely-Clough."Bearsseemtohaveapersonalitythatissafecomfortingandcuddly值得搂抱的.Littleboysareallowedtoloveandcuddlebearswheretheyhavebeenculturallyconditionednottoplaywithdolls.Childrentendtokeeptheirteddybearsandiftheydon’ttheirmothersdo." Theteddybearisasocial/culturallevelerthatpassesnationalandeconomicboundaries.Theteddybeariconwon’tdiminishorgoawaybecauseitrepresentslovingfriendshipcareandcomfortIafeelingofhomeawayfromhomesaysWesely-Clough. "Theteddybearisasociallyacceptablesecurityblanketthattranscendsgenderageandnationality"shesays. Peopleimaginethatteddybearsinhabitanidealizedworldwithoutdangerormeannesstowhichwewouldliketoescapeespeciallyduringtenseorstressfultimes. "Bearsarepopularongreetingcardsnotonlybecausetheyarefamiliarandfriendlybutalsobecausepeoplecanexpressthroughteddybearswhattheymightnotbeabletosayforthemselves"Wesely-Cloughsays. Oncardsforchildrenforpoliticalstatementsforexpressinglonelinesstheteddybearhasbeentherefornearlyninedecadesofgreetingcards--harmlesssafeandfamiliar. BysayingpeopletendtoanthropomorphizeteddybearsPara.4theauthormeansthatpeopletendto
PassageFour Whenanicon偶像lastsformorethanacenturythereisareason.ButwhatisitabouttheteddybearthatmakesitalastingsymbolinoursocietyTrendsexpertssaythatwhenaniconisrootedinrealitywhenpeoplegrowtoloveitandwhenitrepresentssomethinglargerittendstolast. America’saffairwiththeteddybearbeganinthefallof1902whenthen-PresidentTheodoreRooseveltwentonabearhuntingtripintheSouth.Hehadnolucktillthefifthdaywhenhespottedabearandraisedhisrifletoshoot--thenlowereditwhenhesawababybearinthelineoffireeatinghoneyfromitspaws.Rooseveltisreputedtohavesaid"Idon’tshootbabybears."AnotherstoryhasRooseveltrefusingtoshootawoundedbear. WashingtonPostcartoonistCliffordBerrymandepictedthebearincidentsandbeganusingbearsinmanypoliticalcartoonsonmanysubjects.Soontoyandnoveltymakersstartedcreatingthebearsinawidevarietyofstyles.QuicklytheRooseveltbearandtheTeddybearbecametheteddybear--andeveryonehadone.Apresident’shuntingtripbecamethecatalyst催化剂foranindustrythatspanstheWesternworld.Todayanestimated2.5millionAmericanscollectteddybears. "Peopletendtoanthropomorphize把......比拟作人teddybears"saystrendsexpertMaritaWesely-Clough."Bearsseemtohaveapersonalitythatissafecomfortingandcuddly值得搂抱的.Littleboysareallowedtoloveandcuddlebearswheretheyhavebeenculturallyconditionednottoplaywithdolls.Childrentendtokeeptheirteddybearsandiftheydon’ttheirmothersdo." Theteddybearisasocial/culturallevelerthatpassesnationalandeconomicboundaries.Theteddybeariconwon’tdiminishorgoawaybecauseitrepresentslovingfriendshipcareandcomfortIafeelingofhomeawayfromhomesaysWesely-Clough. "Theteddybearisasociallyacceptablesecurityblanketthattranscendsgenderageandnationality"shesays. Peopleimaginethatteddybearsinhabitanidealizedworldwithoutdangerormeannesstowhichwewouldliketoescapeespeciallyduringtenseorstressfultimes. "Bearsarepopularongreetingcardsnotonlybecausetheyarefamiliarandfriendlybutalsobecausepeoplecanexpressthroughteddybearswhattheymightnotbeabletosayforthemselves"Wesely-Cloughsays. Oncardsforchildrenforpoliticalstatementsforexpressinglonelinesstheteddybearhasbeentherefornearlyninedecadesofgreetingcards--harmlesssafeandfamiliar. CliffordBerrymangottheteddybearmorepopularizedby
PassageTwo Themenworkallweekinthefactoryandattheendoftheweektheygettheirpay.Naturallyenoughtheyopentheenvelopesandtheyallcountthemoney.Onemanisstandinginthecomer.He’scountinghismoney.Suddenlyherealizesthatitiswrong.Hecountsthemoneyagain.Nodoubtaboutit--thereisamistake.Thereistoomuch.Fivepoundstoomuch.Heputshismoneycarefullyinhispocketandsaysnothingtotheothers.Aweekgoesby.It’spaydayagain.Themenatecountingtheirpay.Thesamemanisstandinginthecomer.Suddenlyhestartsshouting.Thistimethereisn’tenoughmoneyinhisenvelope.It’sfivepoundsshort.Hegoesimmediatelytoseetheboss.Heisveryangry. "Look"hesays"thereisn’tenoughmoneyinmypayenvelope."’What’sright"saystheboss."Butdidn’tyounoticelastweekTherewasamistake.Therewastoomuch.Fiverpoundstoomuch.""Yesthat’sright"saysthemanheisveryangry.Therewasamistakelastweek.ForonemistakeIcanshutmyeye--butfortwomistakesnoIcan’t." Themengettheirpay
Candidatesarerequiredtopresentthemselvesfifteenminutesbeforetheexaminationbegins.
如今父母都愿意为孩子的教育而作出牺牲
PassageTwo Themenworkallweekinthefactoryandattheendoftheweektheygettheirpay.Naturallyenoughtheyopentheenvelopesandtheyallcountthemoney.Onemanisstandinginthecomer.He’scountinghismoney.Suddenlyherealizesthatitiswrong.Hecountsthemoneyagain.Nodoubtaboutit--thereisamistake.Thereistoomuch.Fivepoundstoomuch.Heputshismoneycarefullyinhispocketandsaysnothingtotheothers.Aweekgoesby.It’spaydayagain.Themenatecountingtheirpay.Thesamemanisstandinginthecomer.Suddenlyhestartsshouting.Thistimethereisn’tenoughmoneyinhisenvelope.It’sfivepoundsshort.Hegoesimmediatelytoseetheboss.Heisveryangry. "Look"hesays"thereisn’tenoughmoneyinmypayenvelope."’What’sright"saystheboss."Butdidn’tyounoticelastweekTherewasamistake.Therewastoomuch.Fiverpoundstoomuch.""Yesthat’sright"saysthemanheisveryangry.Therewasamistakelastweek.ForonemistakeIcanshutmyeye--butfortwomistakesnoIcan’t." Onthenextpaydaywhathappensafterhecountsthemoney
Mostchildrenwithhealthyappetitesarereadytoeatalmostanythingthatisofferedthemandachildrarelydislikesfood36itisbadlycooked.The37amealiscookedandservedismostimportantandan38servedmealwilloftenimproveachild’sappetite.Neveraskachild39helikesordislikesafoodandnever40likesanddislikesinfrontofhimorallow41elsetodoso.Ifthefathersayshehatesfatmeatorthemother42vegetablesinthechild’shearingheis43tocopythisprocedure.Takeit44grantedthathelikeseverythingandheprobably45Nothinghealthfulshouldbeomittedfromthemealbecauseofa46dislike.Atmealtimesitisagood47togiveachildasmallportionandlethim48backforasecondhelpingratherthangivehimas49asheislikelytoeatallatonce.Donottalktoomuchtothechild50mealtimesbutlethimgetonwithhisfoodanddonot51himtoleavethetableimmediatelyafteramealorhewill52learntoswallowhisfood53hecanhurrybacktohistoys.Under54circumstancemustachildbecoaxed哄骗55forcedtoeat. 48
Mostchildrenwithhealthyappetitesarereadytoeatalmostanythingthatisofferedthemandachildrarelydislikesfood36itisbadlycooked.The37amealiscookedandservedismostimportantandan38servedmealwilloftenimproveachild’sappetite.Neveraskachild39helikesordislikesafoodandnever40likesanddislikesinfrontofhimorallow41elsetodoso.Ifthefathersayshehatesfatmeatorthemother42vegetablesinthechild’shearingheis43tocopythisprocedure.Takeit44grantedthathelikeseverythingandheprobably45Nothinghealthfulshouldbeomittedfromthemealbecauseofa46dislike.Atmealtimesitisagood47togiveachildasmallportionandlethim48backforasecondhelpingratherthangivehimas49asheislikelytoeatallatonce.Donottalktoomuchtothechild50mealtimesbutlethimgetonwithhisfoodanddonot51himtoleavethetableimmediatelyafteramealorhewill52learntoswallowhisfood53hecanhurrybacktohistoys.Under54circumstancemustachildbecoaxed哄骗55forcedtoeat. 54
FrancisPrestonBlairJr.______borninKentuckylivedandpracticedlawinMissouri.
______problemsyouhaveaskHarryheretohelpyou.Heknowseverything.
PassageThree Yesthatcollegetuitionbillwasbiggerthisyear. Confirmingwhatstudentsandtheirparentsalreadyknewaninfluentialeducationthinktank智囊机构saysthatstatesarepassingalongtheirbudgetwoes困难topublicuniversitystudentsandtheirfamilies.Tuitionsarerisingbydoubledigitsinsomestateswhiletheamountofstate-fundedstudentaidisdropping. TheresultsaystheNationalCenterforPublicPolicyandHigherEducationinSanJoseCalif.is"theworstfiscalnewsforpublichighereducationinstitutionsandtheirstudentsinatleastadecade." Althoughincomesarerisingbyonly1%to2%inmoststatestuitionatfour-yearpublicschoolsleaptby24%inMassachusetts20%inTexasand7%nationallysincethe2001-2002schoolyearthecentersays. Statebudgetdeficits预算赤字arethecause.Nationallystatesspendabout48%oftheirrevenueoneducationorabout$235billionin2001forkindergartenthroughcollegesaystheNationalGovernorsAssociation.Elementaryandsecondaryeducationbudgetsareprotectedinmanystateconstitutionswhichmeanstheyaregenerallythelastexpensethatstateswillcut.Buthighereducationisvulnerabletobudgetcuts--andtuitionincreases:Afterallnoonehastogotocollege. Collegesanduniversities"haveclientstheycancharge"saystheNationalCenter’spresidentPatrickM.Callan.Tuition"istheeasiestmoneytoget"headds. Thepressuretoraisetuitionisparticularlyintensebecausestatesfrozeorevencutstateuniversitytuitionduringthe1990s.Withitseyeontheknowledge-driveneconomicboomtheUniversityofVirginiacuttuitionby20%in1999.Thisyearalthoughper-capitaincomegrewbylessthan1%inVirginiathestateraisedtuitionatitsfour-yearcollegesby9%andcutstudentaidby8%orabout$10million. Therisingcostofpubliceducationandthefearthatitisfinanciallysqueezingsomestudentsoutofaneducationhaspromptedsomestateuniversitiestoadoptapracticelongusedbyprivateschoolstoattractstudents:tuitiondiscounting.Intuitiondiscountingcollegesturnaroundashareofthetuitionpaidbysomestudentsanduseittopayforscholarshipsforothers.Privatecollegestypicallyreturn$35to$45inscholarshipsforevery$100theycollectintuitionrevenue.Butuntilrecentlystateshavevieweddiscountingaspoliticallyunpopular. Thereareafewstepsstudentsandtheirfamiliescantaketooffsetrisingtuitionsbutnotmany.Becausecollegesarealwaysinterestedinraisingacademicqualitytalentedstudentscanpitonecollegeagainstanotherinhopesofraisingtheirfinancial-aidoffer.Somecollegesnowinvitestudentstocallandrenegotiatetheiraidpackagesiftheygetabetterofferfromanotherinstitution. Accordingtothepassageincompetingfortalentedstudentssomecollegesofferto
Agoodathleteshouldsetagoodexampleandactasarolemodeltoyoungpeople.
Spanishpeopleusuallyspeak______thanEnglishpeople.
Soquickly______theirworkthattheyweregivenabonus.
Iamlookingforward______Mikenextweek.
______themostversatileofthecommonmetalsleadwaswidelyvaluedandusedinancienttimes.
PassageOne Abudget预算isaspendingplan.Itcanhelpyouspendmoneywisely.Itcandothisbycuttingoutwastefulspending.Ofcoursepreparingabudgettakesplanningandfollowingabudgettakeswillpower自制力.Yourbudgetshouldmeetyourfamily’sneedsandincome. Thefirststepincreatingabudgetistosetyourgoals.WhatdoesyourfamilyneedandwantYoumustknowallthattoworkoutthedetailsofthebudget.Neverspendmorethanyoucan.Thendecidewhichgoalsarethemostimportant. Thenextstepisestimatingfamilyincome.Beforeyoucanplanwiselyyouneedtoknowhowmuchmoneyyouhavetospend!Writedownallthemoneyyouexpecttoreceivewagessavinginterestetc.duringtheplannedbudgetperiod. Afteryouhavecalculatedhowmuchmoneywillbeavailableitistimetoestimateexpenses.Listallofyourfamilyexpenses. Ifyouarenotsatisfiedwithwhatyougotforyourmoneylookcarefullyatyourspending.Studyingyourecordswillshowwhereoverspendinghasoccurred.Itwillalsopointoutpoorbuyinghabits. Itisalsoagoodideatosetasideasmallamountofmoneyforemergencies紧急情况.Everyfamilyhassmallemergencies:ablowntireabrokendeviceortheneedformedicalcare. Accordingtothepassageoneadvantageofkeepingarecordofyourspendingisthat
Mostchildrenwithhealthyappetitesarereadytoeatalmostanythingthatisofferedthemandachildrarelydislikesfood36itisbadlycooked.The37amealiscookedandservedismostimportantandan38servedmealwilloftenimproveachild’sappetite.Neveraskachild39helikesordislikesafoodandnever40likesanddislikesinfrontofhimorallow41elsetodoso.Ifthefathersayshehatesfatmeatorthemother42vegetablesinthechild’shearingheis43tocopythisprocedure.Takeit44grantedthathelikeseverythingandheprobably45Nothinghealthfulshouldbeomittedfromthemealbecauseofa46dislike.Atmealtimesitisagood47togiveachildasmallportionandlethim48backforasecondhelpingratherthangivehimas49asheislikelytoeatallatonce.Donottalktoomuchtothechild50mealtimesbutlethimgetonwithhisfoodanddonot51himtoleavethetableimmediatelyafteramealorhewill52learntoswallowhisfood53hecanhurrybacktohistoys.Under54circumstancemustachildbecoaxed哄骗55forcedtoeat. 52
PassageThree Yesthatcollegetuitionbillwasbiggerthisyear. Confirmingwhatstudentsandtheirparentsalreadyknewaninfluentialeducationthinktank智囊机构saysthatstatesarepassingalongtheirbudgetwoes困难topublicuniversitystudentsandtheirfamilies.Tuitionsarerisingbydoubledigitsinsomestateswhiletheamountofstate-fundedstudentaidisdropping. TheresultsaystheNationalCenterforPublicPolicyandHigherEducationinSanJoseCalif.is"theworstfiscalnewsforpublichighereducationinstitutionsandtheirstudentsinatleastadecade." Althoughincomesarerisingbyonly1%to2%inmoststatestuitionatfour-yearpublicschoolsleaptby24%inMassachusetts20%inTexasand7%nationallysincethe2001-2002schoolyearthecentersays. Statebudgetdeficits预算赤字arethecause.Nationallystatesspendabout48%oftheirrevenueoneducationorabout$235billionin2001forkindergartenthroughcollegesaystheNationalGovernorsAssociation.Elementaryandsecondaryeducationbudgetsareprotectedinmanystateconstitutionswhichmeanstheyaregenerallythelastexpensethatstateswillcut.Buthighereducationisvulnerabletobudgetcuts--andtuitionincreases:Afterallnoonehastogotocollege. Collegesanduniversities"haveclientstheycancharge"saystheNationalCenter’spresidentPatrickM.Callan.Tuition"istheeasiestmoneytoget"headds. Thepressuretoraisetuitionisparticularlyintensebecausestatesfrozeorevencutstateuniversitytuitionduringthe1990s.Withitseyeontheknowledge-driveneconomicboomtheUniversityofVirginiacuttuitionby20%in1999.Thisyearalthoughper-capitaincomegrewbylessthan1%inVirginiathestateraisedtuitionatitsfour-yearcollegesby9%andcutstudentaidby8%orabout$10million. Therisingcostofpubliceducationandthefearthatitisfinanciallysqueezingsomestudentsoutofaneducationhaspromptedsomestateuniversitiestoadoptapracticelongusedbyprivateschoolstoattractstudents:tuitiondiscounting.Intuitiondiscountingcollegesturnaroundashareofthetuitionpaidbysomestudentsanduseittopayforscholarshipsforothers.Privatecollegestypicallyreturn$35to$45inscholarshipsforevery$100theycollectintuitionrevenue.Butuntilrecentlystateshavevieweddiscountingaspoliticallyunpopular. Thereareafewstepsstudentsandtheirfamiliescantaketooffsetrisingtuitionsbutnotmany.Becausecollegesarealwaysinterestedinraisingacademicqualitytalentedstudentscanpitonecollegeagainstanotherinhopesofraisingtheirfinancial-aidoffer.Somecollegesnowinvitestudentstocallandrenegotiatetheiraidpackagesiftheygetabetterofferfromanotherinstitution. Collegeeducationbecomescostlierbecause
PassageThree Yesthatcollegetuitionbillwasbiggerthisyear. Confirmingwhatstudentsandtheirparentsalreadyknewaninfluentialeducationthinktank智囊机构saysthatstatesarepassingalongtheirbudgetwoes困难topublicuniversitystudentsandtheirfamilies.Tuitionsarerisingbydoubledigitsinsomestateswhiletheamountofstate-fundedstudentaidisdropping. TheresultsaystheNationalCenterforPublicPolicyandHigherEducationinSanJoseCalif.is"theworstfiscalnewsforpublichighereducationinstitutionsandtheirstudentsinatleastadecade." Althoughincomesarerisingbyonly1%to2%inmoststatestuitionatfour-yearpublicschoolsleaptby24%inMassachusetts20%inTexasand7%nationallysincethe2001-2002schoolyearthecentersays. Statebudgetdeficits预算赤字arethecause.Nationallystatesspendabout48%oftheirrevenueoneducationorabout$235billionin2001forkindergartenthroughcollegesaystheNationalGovernorsAssociation.Elementaryandsecondaryeducationbudgetsareprotectedinmanystateconstitutionswhichmeanstheyaregenerallythelastexpensethatstateswillcut.Buthighereducationisvulnerabletobudgetcuts--andtuitionincreases:Afterallnoonehastogotocollege. Collegesanduniversities"haveclientstheycancharge"saystheNationalCenter’spresidentPatrickM.Callan.Tuition"istheeasiestmoneytoget"headds. Thepressuretoraisetuitionisparticularlyintensebecausestatesfrozeorevencutstateuniversitytuitionduringthe1990s.Withitseyeontheknowledge-driveneconomicboomtheUniversityofVirginiacuttuitionby20%in1999.Thisyearalthoughper-capitaincomegrewbylessthan1%inVirginiathestateraisedtuitionatitsfour-yearcollegesby9%andcutstudentaidby8%orabout$10million. Therisingcostofpubliceducationandthefearthatitisfinanciallysqueezingsomestudentsoutofaneducationhaspromptedsomestateuniversitiestoadoptapracticelongusedbyprivateschoolstoattractstudents:tuitiondiscounting.Intuitiondiscountingcollegesturnaroundashareofthetuitionpaidbysomestudentsanduseittopayforscholarshipsforothers.Privatecollegestypicallyreturn$35to$45inscholarshipsforevery$100theycollectintuitionrevenue.Butuntilrecentlystateshavevieweddiscountingaspoliticallyunpopular. Thereareafewstepsstudentsandtheirfamiliescantaketooffsetrisingtuitionsbutnotmany.Becausecollegesarealwaysinterestedinraisingacademicqualitytalentedstudentscanpitonecollegeagainstanotherinhopesofraisingtheirfinancial-aidoffer.Somecollegesnowinvitestudentstocallandrenegotiatetheiraidpackagesiftheygetabetterofferfromanotherinstitution. Whyareelementaryandsecondaryschoolsnotlikelytogettheirbudgetscut
beexcitedtodorushoverinagreathurrygointotakesthoutgostraightworseofallbythetime
Accordingtorecentcalculationsmaintainingsucharhythmofgrowthwouldresultin60millionbillionpeopleontheearthin900yearswhichrepresents120inhabitantspersquaremeter.
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