首页
试卷库
试题库
当前位置：
X题卡
>
所有题目
>
题目详情
The dentist has decided to extract her bad tooth.
查看本题答案
包含此试题的试卷
卫生类《简单单选》真题及答案
点击查看
你可能感兴趣的试题
Thedentisthasdecidedtotakeoutthegirlsbadtooth.
dig
draw
pull
extract
Thedentisthasdecidedtoextractherbadtooth.
take out
break off
push in
dig up
Thedentisthasdecidedtopulloutherbadtooth.
repair
extract
take
dig
Thedentisthasdecidedtotakeoutthegirl’sbadtooth.
dig
draw
pull
extract
Thedentisthasdecidedtoextractherhadtooth.
take out
repair
pull
dig
Thedentisthasdecidedto{{U}}extract{{/U}}herbadtoot
take out
repair
pull
dig
Thedentisthasdecidedto{{U}}extract{{/U}}herbadtoot
take out
repair
push in
dig
Thedentisthasdecidedto{{U}}extract{{/U}}herbadtoot
take out
break off
push in
dig up
Thedentisthasdecidedto{{U}}takeout{{/U}}thegirl'sb
dig
draw
pull
extract
Thedentisthasdecidedto{{U}}extract{{/U}}herbadtoot
pull out
repair
take
dig
Thedentisthasdecidedtoextractherbadtooth.
pull out
repair
take
dig
Thedentisthasdecidedtotakeoutthegirl'sbadtooth.
dig
draw
pull
extract
Thedentisthasdecidedtotakeoutthegirl’sbadtooth.
dig
draw
pull
extract
Thedentisthasdecidedtoextractherbadtooth.
take out
repair
push in
dig
Thedentisthasdecidedtoextractherbadtooth.
take out
repair
pull
dig
热门试题
更多
It’ssurprisinglyeasyforapersontoamputate切除partofafinger-forinstancewhilechoppingvegetablesorusinganelectricsaw.Don’ttrytopreservetheloosepartbyplacingitdirectlyonice.Dowraptheseveredpartindampgauze纱布saline生理盐水wouldbeidealforwettingtheclothplaceitinawatertightbagandplacethebagonice.Thenbesuretobringthebagandicetotheemergencyroom.Thepatientwillbegoingintosurgerysohe’sbestoffwithanemptystomach.Asforthewoundonthehandorbodyapplyicetoreduceswellingandcoveritwithacleandrycloth.Iceshouldbeappliedtothewoundonthehandorbodyto
ThebiggestproblemwiththeU.S.health-caresystemisthatithaslongbeendesignedtorespondtoillnessratherthanpreventit.AccordingtoananalysisbytheCommonwealthFundafoundationthatfundshealth-careresearchhalfofAmericanadultsin2005didnotreceiverecommendedpreventivecarewhichincludesvaccinationscancerscreeningsandblood-pressurechecks.Whenwedogetourcardiachealthcheckedtoooftenit’sbecausewe’vebeenrushedtotheemergencyroomsufferingfromchestpains.Whenwedogetacancerevaluationtoooftenit’sadiagnosisofadvanceddiseasethathasspreadbeyondtheinitialtumorsite.WhatwillprobablyhappenunderthepresentUShealth-caresystem
Ifwewantuniversalinsuranceandunlimitedpatientanddoctorchoicecostswillcontinuallyspiralupwardbecausetherewillbenoreasonornoonetostopthem.Wehaveavariantofthattoday-acost-plussystemwithwidespreadinsuranceandopen-endedreimbursement偿还.Highercostspushuppremiums保险费andtaxes.That’sonereasonhealthspendinghasgonefrom5percentofgrossdomesticproductin1960to16percentin2007.Butcontrollingspendingrequireslimitsonpatientsanddoctors.Healthspendinghasincreasedsince1960partlybecause.
第二篇 DownloadKnowledgeDirectlytoYourBrain Forthefirsttimeresearchershavebeenabletohackintotheprocessoflearninginthebrainusinginducedbrainpatternstocreatealearnedbehavior.It’snotquiteasadvancedasaninstantkung-fudownloadandit’snotassleekascognitiveinceptionbutit’sstillanimportantfindingthatcouldleadtonewteachingandrehabilitationtechniques. Futuretherapiescoulddecodethebrainactivitypatternsofanathleteoramusicianandusethemasabenchmarkforteachinganotherpersonanewactivityaccordingtotheresearchers. ScientistsfromBostonUniversityandATRComputationalNeuroscienceLaboratoriesinKyotousedfunctionalmagneticresonanceimagingorfMRItostudythelearningprocess.Theywereexaminingtheadultbrain’saptitudeforvisualperceptuallearningorVPLinwhichrepetitivetrainingimprovesaperson’sperformanceonaparticulartask.Whetheradultscandothisaswellasyoungpeoplehasbeenanongoingdebateinneuroscience. LedbyBUneuroscientistTakeoWatanaberesearchersusedamethodcalleddecodedfMRIneurofeedbacktostimulatethevisualcortex.Firsttheyshowedparticipantscirclesatdifferentorientations.ThentheyusedfMRItowatchtheparticipants’brainactivity.Theresearcherswerethenabletotraintheparticipantstorecreatethisvisualcortexactivity. ThevolunteerswereagainplacedinMRImachinesandaskedtovisualizeshapesofcertaincolors.Theparticipantswereaskedtosomehowregulateactivityintheposteriorpartofthebraintomakeasolidgreendiscaslargeastheycould.Theyweretoldtheywouldgetapaidbonusproportionaltothesizeofthisdiscbuttheyweren’ttoldanythingaboutwhatthediscmeant.Theresearcherswatchedtheparticipants’brainactivityandmonitoredtheactivationpatternsintheirvisualcortices. Participantscanbetrainedtocontroltheoverallmeanactivationofanentirebrainregionthestudyauthorswriteortheactivationinoneregionrelativetothatinanotherregion. Thisworkedevenwhentestsubjectswerenotawareofwhattheywerelearningtheresearcherssaid. Themostsurprisingthinginthisstudyisthatmereinductionsofneuralactivationpatternscorrespondingtoaspecificvisualfeatureledtovisualperformanceimprovementonthevisualfeaturewithoutpresentingthefeatureorsubjects’awarenessofwhatwastobelearnedWatanabesaidinastatement. Watanabeandcolleaguessaidthismethodcanbeapowerfultool. Itcan‘incept’apersontoacquirenewlearningskillsormemoryorpossiblytorestoreskillsorknowledgethathasbeendamagedthroughaccidentdiseaseoragingwithoutaperson’sawarenessofwhatislearnedormemorizedtheywrite. thefindingofthestudyismostsignificantinthatlearning
第二篇 DownloadKnowledgeDirectlytoYourBrain Forthefirsttimeresearchershavebeenabletohackintotheprocessoflearninginthebrainusinginducedbrainpatternstocreatealearnedbehavior.It’snotquiteasadvancedasaninstantkung-fudownloadandit’snotassleekascognitiveinceptionbutit’sstillanimportantfindingthatcouldleadtonewteachingandrehabilitationtechniques. Futuretherapiescoulddecodethebrainactivitypatternsofanathleteoramusicianandusethemasabenchmarkforteachinganotherpersonanewactivityaccordingtotheresearchers. ScientistsfromBostonUniversityandATRComputationalNeuroscienceLaboratoriesinKyotousedfunctionalmagneticresonanceimagingorfMRItostudythelearningprocess.Theywereexaminingtheadultbrain’saptitudeforvisualperceptuallearningorVPLinwhichrepetitivetrainingimprovesaperson’sperformanceonaparticulartask.Whetheradultscandothisaswellasyoungpeoplehasbeenanongoingdebateinneuroscience. LedbyBUneuroscientistTakeoWatanaberesearchersusedamethodcalleddecodedfMRIneurofeedbacktostimulatethevisualcortex.Firsttheyshowedparticipantscirclesatdifferentorientations.ThentheyusedfMRItowatchtheparticipants’brainactivity.Theresearcherswerethenabletotraintheparticipantstorecreatethisvisualcortexactivity. ThevolunteerswereagainplacedinMRImachinesandaskedtovisualizeshapesofcertaincolors.Theparticipantswereaskedtosomehowregulateactivityintheposteriorpartofthebraintomakeasolidgreendiscaslargeastheycould.Theyweretoldtheywouldgetapaidbonusproportionaltothesizeofthisdiscbuttheyweren’ttoldanythingaboutwhatthediscmeant.Theresearcherswatchedtheparticipants’brainactivityandmonitoredtheactivationpatternsintheirvisualcortices. Participantscanbetrainedtocontroltheoverallmeanactivationofanentirebrainregionthestudyauthorswriteortheactivationinoneregionrelativetothatinanotherregion. Thisworkedevenwhentestsubjectswerenotawareofwhattheywerelearningtheresearcherssaid. Themostsurprisingthinginthisstudyisthatmereinductionsofneuralactivationpatternscorrespondingtoaspecificvisualfeatureledtovisualperformanceimprovementonthevisualfeaturewithoutpresentingthefeatureorsubjects’awarenessofwhatwastobelearnedWatanabesaidinastatement. Watanabeandcolleaguessaidthismethodcanbeapowerfultool. Itcan‘incept’apersontoacquirenewlearningskillsormemoryorpossiblytorestoreskillsorknowledgethathasbeendamagedthroughaccidentdiseaseoragingwithoutaperson’sawarenessofwhatislearnedormemorizedtheywrite. whathelpsapersontodoaparticulartaskbetterinvisualperceptuallearning?
Vitaminsareanotheressentialrequirementforhealth.ThereareaboutflortyknownvitaminslintthemostgenerallyreferredtoareABCDandE.DeficiencyofVitaminAfoundincarrotsrose-hips玫瑰果liveretc.isallegedtoaffectthevisionandtheskinandreduceresistancetoinfection.VitaminCpresentinnearlyallfruitparticularlyorangesandothercitrusfruit柑橘属水果hascometoberegardedasparticularlyeffectiveinthepreventipnofcoldandlowenergystates.
第一篇 GrossNationalHappiness Inthelastcenturynewtechnologyimprovedthelivesofmanypeopleinmanycountries.Howeveronecountryresistedthesechanges.HighintheHimalayanmountainsofAsiathekingdomofBhutanremainedseparate.ItspeopleandBuddhistfó jiāo culturehadnotbeenaffectedforalmostathousandyears.Bhutanhoweverwasapoorcountry.Peoplediedatayoungage.Mostofitspeoplecouldnotreadandtheydidnotknowmuchabouttheoutsideworld.Thenin1972anewrulernamedKingJigmeSingyeWangchuckdecidedtohelpBhutantobecomemodernbutwithoutlosingitstraditions. KingWangchucklookedatothercountriesforideas.HesawthatmostcountriesmeasuredtheirprogressbytheirGrossNationalProductGNP.TheGNPmeasuresproductsandmoney.Whenthenumberofproductssoldincreasespeoplesaythecountryismakingprogress.KingWangchuckhadadifferentideaforBhutan.Hewantedtomeasurehiscountry’sprogressbypeople’shappiness.Ifthepeople’shappinessincreasedthekingcouldsaythatBhutanwasmakingprogress.TodecideifpeoplewerehappierhecreatedameasurecalledGrossNationalHappinessGNH. GNHisbasedoncertainprinciplesthatcreatehappiness.Peoplearehappieriftheyhavehealthcareeducationandjobs.Theyarehappierwhentheyliveinahealthyprotectedenvironment.Theyarehappierwhentheycankeeptheirtraditionalcultureandcustoms.Finallypeoplearehappierwhentheyhaveagoodstablegovernment. NowthereissomeevidenceofincreasedGNHinBhutan.Peoplearehealthierandarelivinglonger.Morepeopleareeducatedandemployed.Teenty-fivepercentofthelandhasbecomenationalparksandthecountryhasalmostnopollution.TheBhutanesecontinuetoweartheirtraditionalclothingandfollowtheirancientBuddhistcustoms.Bhutanhasalsobecomeademocracy.In2008KingWangchuckgavehispowertohisson.Althoughthecountrystillhadakingithelditsfirstdemocraticelectionsthatyear.Bhutanhadpoliticalpartiesandpoliticalcandidatesforthefirsttime.FinallyBhutanhasconnectedtotherestoftheworldthroughtelevisionandinternet. Bhutanisasymbolforsocialprogress.ManycountriesarenowinterestedinBhutan’sGNH.Thesecountriesareinvestigatingtheirownwaystomeasurehappiness.Theywanttocreatenewpoliciesthattakecareoftheirpeopleculturesandland. BrazilmaybethenestcountrytousetheprinciplesofGNH.BrazilianleadersseetheprinciplesofGNHasasourceofinspiration.Brazilisalargecountrywithadiversepopulation.IfhappinessworksasameasureofprogressinBrazilperhapstherestoftheworldwillfollow. WhowasJigmeSingyeWangchuck?
SolarPowerwithoutSolarCells AdramaticandsurprisingmagneticeffectoflightdiscoveredbyUniversityofMichigan1researcherscouldleadtosolarpowerwithouttraditionalsemiconductor-basedsolarcells. Theresearchersfoundawaytomakeanoptical51saidStephenRandaprofessorinthedepartmentsofElectricalEngineeringandComputerSciencePhysicsandAppliedPhysics. Lighthaselectricandmagnetic52.Untilnowscientiststhoughttheeffectofthemagneticfieldweresoweakthattheycouldbe53.WhatRandandhiscolleaguesfoundisthatattherightintensitywhenlightistravelingthroughamaterialthatdoesnot54electricitythelightfieldcangeneratemagneticeffectsthatare100milliontimesstrongerthanpreviouslyexpected.Underthesecircumstancesthemagneticeffectsdevelopstrength55toastrongelectriceffect. ThiscouldleadtoanewkindofsolarcellwithoutsemiconductorsandwithoutabsorptiontoproducechargeseparationRandsaid.Insolarcellsthe56goesintoamaterialgetsabsorbedandcreatesheat.Hereweexpecttohaveaverylowheatload2.Insteadofthelightbeingabsorbedenergyisstoredinthemagneticmoment3.Intensemagnetizationcanbeinducedbyintenselightandthenitisultimatelycapableofprovidingacapacitivepower57WhatmakesthispossibleisapreviouslyundetectedbrandofopticalrectificationsaysWilliamFisheradoctoralstudentinappliedphysics.Intraditionalopticalrectificationlight’selectricfieldcausesachargeseparationorapulling58ofthepositiveandnegativechargesinamaterial.Thissetsupavoltagesimilarto59inabattery. RandandFisherfoundthatundertherightcircumstancesandinrighttypesofmaterialsthelight’smagneticfieldcanalsocreateopticalrectification.Thelightmustbeshonethrougha60thatdoesnotconductelectricitysuchasglass.Anditmustbefocusedtoanintensityof10millionwattspersquarecentimeter8.Sunlightisn’tthis61onitsownbutnewmaterialsarebeingsoughtthatwouldworkatlowerintensitiesFishersaid. Inourmostrecentpaperweshowthatincoherentlight9likesunlightistheoreticallyalmost62effectiveinproducingchargeseparationaslaserlightisFishersaid. Thisnew63couldmakesolarpowercheapertheresearcherssay.Theypredictthatwithimprovedmaterialstheycouldachieve10percentefficiencyinconvertingsolarpowertouseableenergy.That’sequivalenttotoday’scommercial-gradesolarcells. Tomanufacturemodemsolarcellsyouhavetodo64semiconductorprocessingFishersaid.Allwewouldneedarelensestofocusthelightandafibertoguideit.Glassworksfor65.It’salreadymadeinbulkanditdoesn’trequireasmuchprocessing.Transparentceramicsmightbeevenbetter.
WithanewAdministrationpromisingmuchneededreforminthewayhealthcareisaccesseddeliveredandreimbursedlegislatorshealthofficialsdoctorsandpatientsseethisasarareopportunityasweetspotinwhichnationalneedcouldmeetnationalwillandwecouldactuallyfixasystemthatseemstobecostingusmoreandmorebutdeliveringlessandless.Theimprovementscan’tcometoosoon.Inspiteofourgleaminghospitalsandcutting-edgetechnologythatcandetectthetiniesttumorsandrepairthemostcomplexorganonsomebasichealthmeasurestheU.S.isstartingtofallbehind--farbehind.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofthepresenthealth-caresystem
SolarPowerwithoutSolarCells AdramaticandsurprisingmagneticeffectoflightdiscoveredbyUniversityofMichigan1researcherscouldleadtosolarpowerwithouttraditionalsemiconductor-basedsolarcells. Theresearchersfoundawaytomakeanoptical51saidStephenRandaprofessorinthedepartmentsofElectricalEngineeringandComputerSciencePhysicsandAppliedPhysics. Lighthaselectricandmagnetic52.Untilnowscientiststhoughttheeffectofthemagneticfieldweresoweakthattheycouldbe53.WhatRandandhiscolleaguesfoundisthatattherightintensitywhenlightistravelingthroughamaterialthatdoesnot54electricitythelightfieldcangeneratemagneticeffectsthatare100milliontimesstrongerthanpreviouslyexpected.Underthesecircumstancesthemagneticeffectsdevelopstrength55toastrongelectriceffect. ThiscouldleadtoanewkindofsolarcellwithoutsemiconductorsandwithoutabsorptiontoproducechargeseparationRandsaid.Insolarcellsthe56goesintoamaterialgetsabsorbedandcreatesheat.Hereweexpecttohaveaverylowheatload2.Insteadofthelightbeingabsorbedenergyisstoredinthemagneticmoment3.Intensemagnetizationcanbeinducedbyintenselightandthenitisultimatelycapableofprovidingacapacitivepower57WhatmakesthispossibleisapreviouslyundetectedbrandofopticalrectificationsaysWilliamFisheradoctoralstudentinappliedphysics.Intraditionalopticalrectificationlight’selectricfieldcausesachargeseparationorapulling58ofthepositiveandnegativechargesinamaterial.Thissetsupavoltagesimilarto59inabattery. RandandFisherfoundthatundertherightcircumstancesandinrighttypesofmaterialsthelight’smagneticfieldcanalsocreateopticalrectification.Thelightmustbeshonethrougha60thatdoesnotconductelectricitysuchasglass.Anditmustbefocusedtoanintensityof10millionwattspersquarecentimeter8.Sunlightisn’tthis61onitsownbutnewmaterialsarebeingsoughtthatwouldworkatlowerintensitiesFishersaid. Inourmostrecentpaperweshowthatincoherentlight9likesunlightistheoreticallyalmost62effectiveinproducingchargeseparationaslaserlightisFishersaid. Thisnew63couldmakesolarpowercheapertheresearcherssay.Theypredictthatwithimprovedmaterialstheycouldachieve10percentefficiencyinconvertingsolarpowertouseableenergy.That’sequivalenttotoday’scommercial-gradesolarcells. Tomanufacturemodemsolarcellsyouhavetodo64semiconductorprocessingFishersaid.Allwewouldneedarelensestofocusthelightandafibertoguideit.Glassworksfor65.It’salreadymadeinbulkanditdoesn’trequireasmuchprocessing.Transparentceramicsmightbeevenbetter.
Thedebateoverspankinggoesbackmanyyearsbuttheessentialquestionoftenevades同避discussion:doesspankingactuallyworkIntheshorttermyes.Youcancorrectimmediatemisbehaviorwithaslaportwoontherear-endorhand.Butwhataboutthelong-termimpactCanspankingleadtopermanenthiddenscarsonchildrenyearslaterWithaslaportwoonthebuttorhandofthechildaparentcan
第一篇 GrossNationalHappiness Inthelastcenturynewtechnologyimprovedthelivesofmanypeopleinmanycountries.Howeveronecountryresistedthesechanges.HighintheHimalayanmountainsofAsiathekingdomofBhutanremainedseparate.ItspeopleandBuddhistfó jiāo culturehadnotbeenaffectedforalmostathousandyears.Bhutanhoweverwasapoorcountry.Peoplediedatayoungage.Mostofitspeoplecouldnotreadandtheydidnotknowmuchabouttheoutsideworld.Thenin1972anewrulernamedKingJigmeSingyeWangchuckdecidedtohelpBhutantobecomemodernbutwithoutlosingitstraditions. KingWangchucklookedatothercountriesforideas.HesawthatmostcountriesmeasuredtheirprogressbytheirGrossNationalProductGNP.TheGNPmeasuresproductsandmoney.Whenthenumberofproductssoldincreasespeoplesaythecountryismakingprogress.KingWangchuckhadadifferentideaforBhutan.Hewantedtomeasurehiscountry’sprogressbypeople’shappiness.Ifthepeople’shappinessincreasedthekingcouldsaythatBhutanwasmakingprogress.TodecideifpeoplewerehappierhecreatedameasurecalledGrossNationalHappinessGNH. GNHisbasedoncertainprinciplesthatcreatehappiness.Peoplearehappieriftheyhavehealthcareeducationandjobs.Theyarehappierwhentheyliveinahealthyprotectedenvironment.Theyarehappierwhentheycankeeptheirtraditionalcultureandcustoms.Finallypeoplearehappierwhentheyhaveagoodstablegovernment. NowthereissomeevidenceofincreasedGNHinBhutan.Peoplearehealthierandarelivinglonger.Morepeopleareeducatedandemployed.Teenty-fivepercentofthelandhasbecomenationalparksandthecountryhasalmostnopollution.TheBhutanesecontinuetoweartheirtraditionalclothingandfollowtheirancientBuddhistcustoms.Bhutanhasalsobecomeademocracy.In2008KingWangchuckgavehispowertohisson.Althoughthecountrystillhadakingithelditsfirstdemocraticelectionsthatyear.Bhutanhadpoliticalpartiesandpoliticalcandidatesforthefirsttime.FinallyBhutanhasconnectedtotherestoftheworldthroughtelevisionandinternet. Bhutanisasymbolforsocialprogress.ManycountriesarenowinterestedinBhutan’sGNH.Thesecountriesareinvestigatingtheirownwaystomeasurehappiness.Theywanttocreatenewpoliciesthattakecareoftheirpeopleculturesandland. BrazilmaybethenestcountrytousetheprinciplesofGNH.BrazilianleadersseetheprinciplesofGNHasasourceofinspiration.Brazilisalargecountrywithadiversepopulation.IfhappinessworksasameasureofprogressinBrazilperhapstherestoftheworldwillfollow. AcountryshowsitsprogresswithGNPby
Europa’swateryunderworld EuropaoneofJupiter’s63knownmoonslooksbrightandicyonthesurface.Butappearancescanbedeceiving:MileswithinitscrackedfrigidshellEuropaprobablyhidesgiantpoolsofliquidwater.Wherescientistsfindliquidwatertheyhopetofindlifeaswell. Sincewecan’tgodivingintoEuropa’sdepthsjustyetscientistsinsteadhavetoinvestigatethemoon’ssurfaceforcluestowhatliesbeneath.InanewstudyscientistsinvestigatedonegroupofstrangeicepatternsonEuropaandconcludedthattheformationsmarkthetopofanundergroundpoolthatholdsasmuchwaterastheU.S.GreatLakes. PicturesofEuropawhichisslightlysmallerthanEarth’smoonclearlyshowatangledicymishmashoflinesandcracksknownaschaosterrains.ThesechaoticplacescovermorethanhalfofEuropa.Formorethan10yearsscientistshavewonderedwhatcausestheformations.Thenewstudysuggeststhattheyarisefromthemixingofvastundergroundstoresofliquidwaterwithicymaterialnearthesurface. ForscientistswhosuspectthatEuropaalsomaybehidinglifebeneathitsicysurfacethenewsaboutthenewlakeisexciting. ItwouldbegreatiftheselakesharboredlifeBritneySchmidtaplanetaryscientistwhoworkedonthestudytoldScienceNews.Buteveniftheydidn’ttheysaythatEuropaisdoingsomethinginterestingandactiverightnow. SchmidtascientistattheUniversityofTexasatAustinandhercolleagueswantedtoknowhowchaosterrainsform.Sincetheycouldn’trockettoEuropatoseeforthemselvestheysearchedforsimilarformationshereonEarth.TheystudiedcollapsediceshelvesinAntarcticaandicycapsonvolcanoesinIceland.ThosefeaturesonEarthformedwhenliquidwatermixedwithice.ThescientistsnowsuspectsomethingsimilarmightbehappeningonEuropa:thataswaterandiceofdifferenttemperaturesmingleandshiftthesurfacefractures.Thiswouldexplainthejumbledicesculptures. FracturingcatastrophicallydisruptstheiceinthesamewaythatitcausesiceshelvestocollapseonEarthSchmidttoldScienceNews.SheandherteamfoundthattheprocesscouldbecausingchaosterrainstoformquicklyonEuropa. Thenewstudysuggeststhatonthismoonelementssuchasoxygenfromthesurfaceblendwiththedeepbodiesofwater.Thatmixturemaycreateanenvironmentthatsupportslife. TheformationsonEuropa’ssurfaceareratheruniqueinthe
SolarPowerwithoutSolarCells AdramaticandsurprisingmagneticeffectoflightdiscoveredbyUniversityofMichigan1researcherscouldleadtosolarpowerwithouttraditionalsemiconductor-basedsolarcells. Theresearchersfoundawaytomakeanoptical51saidStephenRandaprofessorinthedepartmentsofElectricalEngineeringandComputerSciencePhysicsandAppliedPhysics. Lighthaselectricandmagnetic52.Untilnowscientiststhoughttheeffectofthemagneticfieldweresoweakthattheycouldbe53.WhatRandandhiscolleaguesfoundisthatattherightintensitywhenlightistravelingthroughamaterialthatdoesnot54electricitythelightfieldcangeneratemagneticeffectsthatare100milliontimesstrongerthanpreviouslyexpected.Underthesecircumstancesthemagneticeffectsdevelopstrength55toastrongelectriceffect. ThiscouldleadtoanewkindofsolarcellwithoutsemiconductorsandwithoutabsorptiontoproducechargeseparationRandsaid.Insolarcellsthe56goesintoamaterialgetsabsorbedandcreatesheat.Hereweexpecttohaveaverylowheatload2.Insteadofthelightbeingabsorbedenergyisstoredinthemagneticmoment3.Intensemagnetizationcanbeinducedbyintenselightandthenitisultimatelycapableofprovidingacapacitivepower57WhatmakesthispossibleisapreviouslyundetectedbrandofopticalrectificationsaysWilliamFisheradoctoralstudentinappliedphysics.Intraditionalopticalrectificationlight’selectricfieldcausesachargeseparationorapulling58ofthepositiveandnegativechargesinamaterial.Thissetsupavoltagesimilarto59inabattery. RandandFisherfoundthatundertherightcircumstancesandinrighttypesofmaterialsthelight’smagneticfieldcanalsocreateopticalrectification.Thelightmustbeshonethrougha60thatdoesnotconductelectricitysuchasglass.Anditmustbefocusedtoanintensityof10millionwattspersquarecentimeter8.Sunlightisn’tthis61onitsownbutnewmaterialsarebeingsoughtthatwouldworkatlowerintensitiesFishersaid. Inourmostrecentpaperweshowthatincoherentlight9likesunlightistheoreticallyalmost62effectiveinproducingchargeseparationaslaserlightisFishersaid. Thisnew63couldmakesolarpowercheapertheresearcherssay.Theypredictthatwithimprovedmaterialstheycouldachieve10percentefficiencyinconvertingsolarpowertouseableenergy.That’sequivalenttotoday’scommercial-gradesolarcells. Tomanufacturemodemsolarcellsyouhavetodo64semiconductorprocessingFishersaid.Allwewouldneedarelensestofocusthelightandafibertoguideit.Glassworksfor65.It’salreadymadeinbulkanditdoesn’trequireasmuchprocessing.Transparentceramicsmightbeevenbetter.
第一篇 GrossNationalHappiness Inthelastcenturynewtechnologyimprovedthelivesofmanypeopleinmanycountries.Howeveronecountryresistedthesechanges.HighintheHimalayanmountainsofAsiathekingdomofBhutanremainedseparate.ItspeopleandBuddhistfó jiāo culturehadnotbeenaffectedforalmostathousandyears.Bhutanhoweverwasapoorcountry.Peoplediedatayoungage.Mostofitspeoplecouldnotreadandtheydidnotknowmuchabouttheoutsideworld.Thenin1972anewrulernamedKingJigmeSingyeWangchuckdecidedtohelpBhutantobecomemodernbutwithoutlosingitstraditions. KingWangchucklookedatothercountriesforideas.HesawthatmostcountriesmeasuredtheirprogressbytheirGrossNationalProductGNP.TheGNPmeasuresproductsandmoney.Whenthenumberofproductssoldincreasespeoplesaythecountryismakingprogress.KingWangchuckhadadifferentideaforBhutan.Hewantedtomeasurehiscountry’sprogressbypeople’shappiness.Ifthepeople’shappinessincreasedthekingcouldsaythatBhutanwasmakingprogress.TodecideifpeoplewerehappierhecreatedameasurecalledGrossNationalHappinessGNH. GNHisbasedoncertainprinciplesthatcreatehappiness.Peoplearehappieriftheyhavehealthcareeducationandjobs.Theyarehappierwhentheyliveinahealthyprotectedenvironment.Theyarehappierwhentheycankeeptheirtraditionalcultureandcustoms.Finallypeoplearehappierwhentheyhaveagoodstablegovernment. NowthereissomeevidenceofincreasedGNHinBhutan.Peoplearehealthierandarelivinglonger.Morepeopleareeducatedandemployed.Teenty-fivepercentofthelandhasbecomenationalparksandthecountryhasalmostnopollution.TheBhutanesecontinuetoweartheirtraditionalclothingandfollowtheirancientBuddhistcustoms.Bhutanhasalsobecomeademocracy.In2008KingWangchuckgavehispowertohisson.Althoughthecountrystillhadakingithelditsfirstdemocraticelectionsthatyear.Bhutanhadpoliticalpartiesandpoliticalcandidatesforthefirsttime.FinallyBhutanhasconnectedtotherestoftheworldthroughtelevisionandinternet. Bhutanisasymbolforsocialprogress.ManycountriesarenowinterestedinBhutan’sGNH.Thesecountriesareinvestigatingtheirownwaystomeasurehappiness.Theywanttocreatenewpoliciesthattakecareoftheirpeopleculturesandland. BrazilmaybethenestcountrytousetheprinciplesofGNH.BrazilianleadersseetheprinciplesofGNHasasourceofinspiration.Brazilisalargecountrywithadiversepopulation.IfhappinessworksasameasureofprogressinBrazilperhapstherestoftheworldwillfollow. Todaymanycountriesare
Europa’swateryunderworld EuropaoneofJupiter’s63knownmoonslooksbrightandicyonthesurface.Butappearancescanbedeceiving:MileswithinitscrackedfrigidshellEuropaprobablyhidesgiantpoolsofliquidwater.Wherescientistsfindliquidwatertheyhopetofindlifeaswell. Sincewecan’tgodivingintoEuropa’sdepthsjustyetscientistsinsteadhavetoinvestigatethemoon’ssurfaceforcluestowhatliesbeneath.InanewstudyscientistsinvestigatedonegroupofstrangeicepatternsonEuropaandconcludedthattheformationsmarkthetopofanundergroundpoolthatholdsasmuchwaterastheU.S.GreatLakes. PicturesofEuropawhichisslightlysmallerthanEarth’smoonclearlyshowatangledicymishmashoflinesandcracksknownaschaosterrains.ThesechaoticplacescovermorethanhalfofEuropa.Formorethan10yearsscientistshavewonderedwhatcausestheformations.Thenewstudysuggeststhattheyarisefromthemixingofvastundergroundstoresofliquidwaterwithicymaterialnearthesurface. ForscientistswhosuspectthatEuropaalsomaybehidinglifebeneathitsicysurfacethenewsaboutthenewlakeisexciting. ItwouldbegreatiftheselakesharboredlifeBritneySchmidtaplanetaryscientistwhoworkedonthestudytoldScienceNews.Buteveniftheydidn’ttheysaythatEuropaisdoingsomethinginterestingandactiverightnow. SchmidtascientistattheUniversityofTexasatAustinandhercolleagueswantedtoknowhowchaosterrainsform.Sincetheycouldn’trockettoEuropatoseeforthemselvestheysearchedforsimilarformationshereonEarth.TheystudiedcollapsediceshelvesinAntarcticaandicycapsonvolcanoesinIceland.ThosefeaturesonEarthformedwhenliquidwatermixedwithice.ThescientistsnowsuspectsomethingsimilarmightbehappeningonEuropa:thataswaterandiceofdifferenttemperaturesmingleandshiftthesurfacefractures.Thiswouldexplainthejumbledicesculptures. FracturingcatastrophicallydisruptstheiceinthesamewaythatitcausesiceshelvestocollapseonEarthSchmidttoldScienceNews.SheandherteamfoundthattheprocesscouldbecausingchaosterrainstoformquicklyonEuropa. Thenewstudysuggeststhatonthismoonelementssuchasoxygenfromthesurfaceblendwiththedeepbodiesofwater.Thatmixturemaycreateanenvironmentthatsupportslife. ThesizeofEuropaisabitlargerthanthatofEarth’smoon.
OnFridayasociologistfromtheUniversityofNewHampshireMurrayStrauspresentedapaperattheInternationalConferenceonViolenceAbuseandTraumainSanDiegosuggestingthatcorporal身体的punishmentdoesleavealong-lastingmark-intheformoflowerIQ.Strauswhois83andhasbeenstudyingcorporalpunishmentsince1969foundthatkidswhowerephysicallypunishedhaduptoafive-pointlowerIQscorethankidswhoweren’t-themorechildrenwerespankedthelowertheirIQ--andthattheeffectcouldbeseennotonlyinindividualchildrenbutacrossentirenations.Among32countriesStrausstudiedinthosewherespankingwasacceptedtheaverageIQofthesurveypopulationwaslowerthaninnationswherespankingwasraretheresearchersays.
Ahealthprofileisaportraitofallofthefactorsthatinfluenceyourhealth.Todrawyourhealthprofileyouwillneedtoknowwhatdiseasesruninyourfamilywhathealthhazardsyoumaybeexposedtoatworkhowyourdailydietcomparestotherecommendedstandardshowmuchtimeperweekyouspendexercisingandwhattypeofexerciseyouengageinhowstressfulyourworkandfamilyenvironmentsarewhatkindsofillnessesyougetregularlyandwhetherornotyouhaveanyoneofanumberofaddictions.Tocompletethisportraityoushouldhaveacheckuptodeterminehowyourbloodheartandlungsarefunctioning.Thischeckupwillserveasabaseline基础起点towhichyoucanthencomparelatertests.Whatisahealthprofile
SolarPowerwithoutSolarCells AdramaticandsurprisingmagneticeffectoflightdiscoveredbyUniversityofMichigan1researcherscouldleadtosolarpowerwithouttraditionalsemiconductor-basedsolarcells. Theresearchersfoundawaytomakeanoptical51saidStephenRandaprofessorinthedepartmentsofElectricalEngineeringandComputerSciencePhysicsandAppliedPhysics. Lighthaselectricandmagnetic52.Untilnowscientiststhoughttheeffectofthemagneticfieldweresoweakthattheycouldbe53.WhatRandandhiscolleaguesfoundisthatattherightintensitywhenlightistravelingthroughamaterialthatdoesnot54electricitythelightfieldcangeneratemagneticeffectsthatare100milliontimesstrongerthanpreviouslyexpected.Underthesecircumstancesthemagneticeffectsdevelopstrength55toastrongelectriceffect. ThiscouldleadtoanewkindofsolarcellwithoutsemiconductorsandwithoutabsorptiontoproducechargeseparationRandsaid.Insolarcellsthe56goesintoamaterialgetsabsorbedandcreatesheat.Hereweexpecttohaveaverylowheatload2.Insteadofthelightbeingabsorbedenergyisstoredinthemagneticmoment3.Intensemagnetizationcanbeinducedbyintenselightandthenitisultimatelycapableofprovidingacapacitivepower57WhatmakesthispossibleisapreviouslyundetectedbrandofopticalrectificationsaysWilliamFisheradoctoralstudentinappliedphysics.Intraditionalopticalrectificationlight’selectricfieldcausesachargeseparationorapulling58ofthepositiveandnegativechargesinamaterial.Thissetsupavoltagesimilarto59inabattery. RandandFisherfoundthatundertherightcircumstancesandinrighttypesofmaterialsthelight’smagneticfieldcanalsocreateopticalrectification.Thelightmustbeshonethrougha60thatdoesnotconductelectricitysuchasglass.Anditmustbefocusedtoanintensityof10millionwattspersquarecentimeter8.Sunlightisn’tthis61onitsownbutnewmaterialsarebeingsoughtthatwouldworkatlowerintensitiesFishersaid. Inourmostrecentpaperweshowthatincoherentlight9likesunlightistheoreticallyalmost62effectiveinproducingchargeseparationaslaserlightisFishersaid. Thisnew63couldmakesolarpowercheapertheresearcherssay.Theypredictthatwithimprovedmaterialstheycouldachieve10percentefficiencyinconvertingsolarpowertouseableenergy.That’sequivalenttotoday’scommercial-gradesolarcells. Tomanufacturemodemsolarcellsyouhavetodo64semiconductorprocessingFishersaid.Allwewouldneedarelensestofocusthelightandafibertoguideit.Glassworksfor65.It’salreadymadeinbulkanditdoesn’trequireasmuchprocessing.Transparentceramicsmightbeevenbetter.
Don’tfailtogetmedicalattentionforajoltofelectricityforinstancefromlightningapowerlineorhomeelectricalcordsevenifnodamageisevident.Anelectricalbumcancauseinvisibleandseriousinjurydeeperinsidethebody.Morethan500Americansdieeveryyearfromelectricalburns.DogototheERimmediately.Besuretogetmedicalattentionforelectricalburnsevenifthereisnoobviousdamagebecause.
It’sbecometheconventionalwisdomthatthetorturedwillsayanythingtomakethetorturestopandthatanythingneednotbetruthfulaslongasitiswhatthetorturerswanttohear.Butyearsworthofstudiesinneuroscienceaswellasnewresearchsuggestthatthereareinadditionfundamentalaspectsofneurochemistrythatincreasethechancethatinformationobtainedundertorturewillnotbetruthful.Incommonsenseatorturedpersonwillsayanythingto
It’smostimportanttowashyourhandsfrequentlyandwell-20secondswithsoapandwater-andavoidtouchingyoureyesandnose.Alcohol-basedhandgelsarealsoeffective.Secondtoavoidspreadinggermscoveryourmouthwhenyoucoughorsneezepreferablyusingyoursleeveoratissue.Andthirdifyou’resickoryourchildissickstayhomeuntilthefeverhasgoneawayforatleast24hourswithouttheuseoffever-reducingmedication.Peoplecanavoidspreadinggermsby
第三篇 SmallButWise OnDecember14NASA1blastedasmallbutmightytelescopeintospace.ThetelescopeiscalledWISEandisaboutaswidearoundasatrashcan.Don’tletitssmallsizefoolyou:WISEhasapowerfuldigitalcameraanditwillbetakingpicturesofsomethewildestobjects2intheknownuniverseincludingasteroidsfaintstarsblazinggalaxies3andgiantcloudsofdustwhereplanetsandstarsareborn. I’mveryexcitedbecausewe’regoingtobeseeingpartsoftheuniversethatwehaven’tseenbeforesaidNedWrightascientistwhodirectstheWISEproject. SincearrivinginspacetheWISEtelescopehasbeencirclingtheEarthheldbygravityinapolarorbit4thismeansitcrossesclosetothenorthandsouthpoleswitheachlap5.ItscameraispointedoutwardawayfromtheEarthandWISEwillsnapapictureofadifferentpartoftheskyevery11minutes.Aftersixmonthsitwillhavetakenpicturesacrosstheentiresky. ThepicturestakenbyWISEwon’tbelikeeverydaydigitalphotographshowever.WISEstandsforWide-fieldInfraredSurveyExplorer.AsitsnamesuggeststheWISEcameratakespicturesoffeaturesthatgiveoffinfraredradiation6. Radiationisenergythattravelsasawave.Visiblelightincludingthefamiliarspectrumoflight7thatbecomesvisibleinarainbowisanexampleofradiation.Whenanordinarydigitalcameratakesapictureofatreeforexampleitreceivesthewavesofvisiblelightthatarereflectedoffthetree.Whenthesewavesenterthecamerathroughthelensthey’reprocessedbythecamerawhichthenputstheimagetogether. Wavesofinfraredradiationarelongerthanwavesofvisiblelightsoordinarydigitalcamerasdon’tseethemandneitherdotheeyesofhumanbeings.Althoughinvisibletotheeyelongerinfraredradiationcanbedetectedaswarmthbytheskin. That’sakeyideatowhyWISEwillbeabletoseethingsothertelescopescan’t.Noteverythingintheuniverseshowsupinvisiblelight.Asteroidsforexamplearegiantrocksthatfloatthroughspace—buttheyabsorbmostofthelightthatreachesthem.Theydon’treflectlightsothey’redifficulttosee.ButtheydogiveoffinfraredradiationsoaninfraredtelescopelikeWISEwillbeabletoproduceimagesofthem.DuringitsmissionWISEwilltakepicturesofhundredsofthousandsofasteroids. Browndwarfs8areanotherkindofdeep-spaceobjectthatwillshowupinWISE’spictures.Theseobjectsarefailedstars—whichmeanstheyarenotmassiveenoughtojumpstart9thesamekindofreactionsthatpowerstarssuchasthesun.Insteadbrowndwarfssimplyshrinkandcooldown.They’resodimthatthey’realmostimpossibletoseewithvisiblelightbutintheinfraredspectrumtheyglow. Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatbrowndwarfs.
TheprogramrunbypsychotherapistsCosetteDawnaRaeandHilarieCashislocatedinRae’shousewhereherhusbandandsonalsoreside.There’sroomforsixpatientsbutduringAlexander’streatmentheistheonlyoneatthefacility.Heisgivenaregularschedulewithoutdooractivitiesincludingcarpentryprojectsorcaringforchickensandgoatsplottedthroughoutthedaypluschoresandmeals.Raesaystheprogramisdesignedtomimicwhatlifewillbelikeoncepatientsreturnhome--downtimeisbuiltintotheroutinesopeoplecanlearntocopewithboredom.Alexanderspendssomeofthattimerunning--whenhefirstgottothefacilityheexpressedallinterestinrunningsoRaeandCashsethimupwithalocaltrainerwhonowtakeshimonregularjogs.AlexanderalsohasdailycounselingsessionswithRaewheretheydiscusshislong-termgoalsandevenworkonaplanforatutoringbusinesshehopestostart.OnceaweekhehasatherapysessionwithCashaspecialistinvideogameandInternetaddiction.Downtimewasbuiltintotheroutineduringwhich
SolarPowerwithoutSolarCells AdramaticandsurprisingmagneticeffectoflightdiscoveredbyUniversityofMichigan1researcherscouldleadtosolarpowerwithouttraditionalsemiconductor-basedsolarcells. Theresearchersfoundawaytomakeanoptical51saidStephenRandaprofessorinthedepartmentsofElectricalEngineeringandComputerSciencePhysicsandAppliedPhysics. Lighthaselectricandmagnetic52.Untilnowscientiststhoughttheeffectofthemagneticfieldweresoweakthattheycouldbe53.WhatRandandhiscolleaguesfoundisthatattherightintensitywhenlightistravelingthroughamaterialthatdoesnot54electricitythelightfieldcangeneratemagneticeffectsthatare100milliontimesstrongerthanpreviouslyexpected.Underthesecircumstancesthemagneticeffectsdevelopstrength55toastrongelectriceffect. ThiscouldleadtoanewkindofsolarcellwithoutsemiconductorsandwithoutabsorptiontoproducechargeseparationRandsaid.Insolarcellsthe56goesintoamaterialgetsabsorbedandcreatesheat.Hereweexpecttohaveaverylowheatload2.Insteadofthelightbeingabsorbedenergyisstoredinthemagneticmoment3.Intensemagnetizationcanbeinducedbyintenselightandthenitisultimatelycapableofprovidingacapacitivepower57WhatmakesthispossibleisapreviouslyundetectedbrandofopticalrectificationsaysWilliamFisheradoctoralstudentinappliedphysics.Intraditionalopticalrectificationlight’selectricfieldcausesachargeseparationorapulling58ofthepositiveandnegativechargesinamaterial.Thissetsupavoltagesimilarto59inabattery. RandandFisherfoundthatundertherightcircumstancesandinrighttypesofmaterialsthelight’smagneticfieldcanalsocreateopticalrectification.Thelightmustbeshonethrougha60thatdoesnotconductelectricitysuchasglass.Anditmustbefocusedtoanintensityof10millionwattspersquarecentimeter8.Sunlightisn’tthis61onitsownbutnewmaterialsarebeingsoughtthatwouldworkatlowerintensitiesFishersaid. Inourmostrecentpaperweshowthatincoherentlight9likesunlightistheoreticallyalmost62effectiveinproducingchargeseparationaslaserlightisFishersaid. Thisnew63couldmakesolarpowercheapertheresearcherssay.Theypredictthatwithimprovedmaterialstheycouldachieve10percentefficiencyinconvertingsolarpowertouseableenergy.That’sequivalenttotoday’scommercial-gradesolarcells. Tomanufacturemodemsolarcellsyouhavetodo64semiconductorprocessingFishersaid.Allwewouldneedarelensestofocusthelightandafibertoguideit.Glassworksfor65.It’salreadymadeinbulkanditdoesn’trequireasmuchprocessing.Transparentceramicsmightbeevenbetter.
SolarPowerwithoutSolarCells AdramaticandsurprisingmagneticeffectoflightdiscoveredbyUniversityofMichigan1researcherscouldleadtosolarpowerwithouttraditionalsemiconductor-basedsolarcells. Theresearchersfoundawaytomakeanoptical51saidStephenRandaprofessorinthedepartmentsofElectricalEngineeringandComputerSciencePhysicsandAppliedPhysics. Lighthaselectricandmagnetic52.Untilnowscientiststhoughttheeffectofthemagneticfieldweresoweakthattheycouldbe53.WhatRandandhiscolleaguesfoundisthatattherightintensitywhenlightistravelingthroughamaterialthatdoesnot54electricitythelightfieldcangeneratemagneticeffectsthatare100milliontimesstrongerthanpreviouslyexpected.Underthesecircumstancesthemagneticeffectsdevelopstrength55toastrongelectriceffect. ThiscouldleadtoanewkindofsolarcellwithoutsemiconductorsandwithoutabsorptiontoproducechargeseparationRandsaid.Insolarcellsthe56goesintoamaterialgetsabsorbedandcreatesheat.Hereweexpecttohaveaverylowheatload2.Insteadofthelightbeingabsorbedenergyisstoredinthemagneticmoment3.Intensemagnetizationcanbeinducedbyintenselightandthenitisultimatelycapableofprovidingacapacitivepower57WhatmakesthispossibleisapreviouslyundetectedbrandofopticalrectificationsaysWilliamFisheradoctoralstudentinappliedphysics.Intraditionalopticalrectificationlight’selectricfieldcausesachargeseparationorapulling58ofthepositiveandnegativechargesinamaterial.Thissetsupavoltagesimilarto59inabattery. RandandFisherfoundthatundertherightcircumstancesandinrighttypesofmaterialsthelight’smagneticfieldcanalsocreateopticalrectification.Thelightmustbeshonethrougha60thatdoesnotconductelectricitysuchasglass.Anditmustbefocusedtoanintensityof10millionwattspersquarecentimeter8.Sunlightisn’tthis61onitsownbutnewmaterialsarebeingsoughtthatwouldworkatlowerintensitiesFishersaid. Inourmostrecentpaperweshowthatincoherentlight9likesunlightistheoreticallyalmost62effectiveinproducingchargeseparationaslaserlightisFishersaid. Thisnew63couldmakesolarpowercheapertheresearcherssay.Theypredictthatwithimprovedmaterialstheycouldachieve10percentefficiencyinconvertingsolarpowertouseableenergy.That’sequivalenttotoday’scommercial-gradesolarcells. Tomanufacturemodemsolarcellsyouhavetodo64semiconductorprocessingFishersaid.Allwewouldneedarelensestofocusthelightandafibertoguideit.Glassworksfor65.It’salreadymadeinbulkanditdoesn’trequireasmuchprocessing.Transparentceramicsmightbeevenbetter.
第三篇 SmallButWise OnDecember14NASA1blastedasmallbutmightytelescopeintospace.ThetelescopeiscalledWISEandisaboutaswidearoundasatrashcan.Don’tletitssmallsizefoolyou:WISEhasapowerfuldigitalcameraanditwillbetakingpicturesofsomethewildestobjects2intheknownuniverseincludingasteroidsfaintstarsblazinggalaxies3andgiantcloudsofdustwhereplanetsandstarsareborn. I’mveryexcitedbecausewe’regoingtobeseeingpartsoftheuniversethatwehaven’tseenbeforesaidNedWrightascientistwhodirectstheWISEproject. SincearrivinginspacetheWISEtelescopehasbeencirclingtheEarthheldbygravityinapolarorbit4thismeansitcrossesclosetothenorthandsouthpoleswitheachlap5.ItscameraispointedoutwardawayfromtheEarthandWISEwillsnapapictureofadifferentpartoftheskyevery11minutes.Aftersixmonthsitwillhavetakenpicturesacrosstheentiresky. ThepicturestakenbyWISEwon’tbelikeeverydaydigitalphotographshowever.WISEstandsforWide-fieldInfraredSurveyExplorer.AsitsnamesuggeststheWISEcameratakespicturesoffeaturesthatgiveoffinfraredradiation6. Radiationisenergythattravelsasawave.Visiblelightincludingthefamiliarspectrumoflight7thatbecomesvisibleinarainbowisanexampleofradiation.Whenanordinarydigitalcameratakesapictureofatreeforexampleitreceivesthewavesofvisiblelightthatarereflectedoffthetree.Whenthesewavesenterthecamerathroughthelensthey’reprocessedbythecamerawhichthenputstheimagetogether. Wavesofinfraredradiationarelongerthanwavesofvisiblelightsoordinarydigitalcamerasdon’tseethemandneitherdotheeyesofhumanbeings.Althoughinvisibletotheeyelongerinfraredradiationcanbedetectedaswarmthbytheskin. That’sakeyideatowhyWISEwillbeabletoseethingsothertelescopescan’t.Noteverythingintheuniverseshowsupinvisiblelight.Asteroidsforexamplearegiantrocksthatfloatthroughspace—buttheyabsorbmostofthelightthatreachesthem.Theydon’treflectlightsothey’redifficulttosee.ButtheydogiveoffinfraredradiationsoaninfraredtelescopelikeWISEwillbeabletoproduceimagesofthem.DuringitsmissionWISEwilltakepicturesofhundredsofthousandsofasteroids. Browndwarfs8areanotherkindofdeep-spaceobjectthatwillshowupinWISE’spictures.Theseobjectsarefailedstars—whichmeanstheyarenotmassiveenoughtojumpstart9thesamekindofreactionsthatpowerstarssuchasthesun.Insteadbrowndwarfssimplyshrinkandcooldown.They’resodimthatthey’realmostimpossibletoseewithvisiblelightbutintheinfraredspectrumtheyglow. Itistruethatinfraredradiation.
SolarPowerwithoutSolarCells AdramaticandsurprisingmagneticeffectoflightdiscoveredbyUniversityofMichigan1researcherscouldleadtosolarpowerwithouttraditionalsemiconductor-basedsolarcells. Theresearchersfoundawaytomakeanoptical51saidStephenRandaprofessorinthedepartmentsofElectricalEngineeringandComputerSciencePhysicsandAppliedPhysics. Lighthaselectricandmagnetic52.Untilnowscientiststhoughttheeffectofthemagneticfieldweresoweakthattheycouldbe53.WhatRandandhiscolleaguesfoundisthatattherightintensitywhenlightistravelingthroughamaterialthatdoesnot54electricitythelightfieldcangeneratemagneticeffectsthatare100milliontimesstrongerthanpreviouslyexpected.Underthesecircumstancesthemagneticeffectsdevelopstrength55toastrongelectriceffect. ThiscouldleadtoanewkindofsolarcellwithoutsemiconductorsandwithoutabsorptiontoproducechargeseparationRandsaid.Insolarcellsthe56goesintoamaterialgetsabsorbedandcreatesheat.Hereweexpecttohaveaverylowheatload2.Insteadofthelightbeingabsorbedenergyisstoredinthemagneticmoment3.Intensemagnetizationcanbeinducedbyintenselightandthenitisultimatelycapableofprovidingacapacitivepower57WhatmakesthispossibleisapreviouslyundetectedbrandofopticalrectificationsaysWilliamFisheradoctoralstudentinappliedphysics.Intraditionalopticalrectificationlight’selectricfieldcausesachargeseparationorapulling58ofthepositiveandnegativechargesinamaterial.Thissetsupavoltagesimilarto59inabattery. RandandFisherfoundthatundertherightcircumstancesandinrighttypesofmaterialsthelight’smagneticfieldcanalsocreateopticalrectification.Thelightmustbeshonethrougha60thatdoesnotconductelectricitysuchasglass.Anditmustbefocusedtoanintensityof10millionwattspersquarecentimeter8.Sunlightisn’tthis61onitsownbutnewmaterialsarebeingsoughtthatwouldworkatlowerintensitiesFishersaid. Inourmostrecentpaperweshowthatincoherentlight9likesunlightistheoreticallyalmost62effectiveinproducingchargeseparationaslaserlightisFishersaid. Thisnew63couldmakesolarpowercheapertheresearcherssay.Theypredictthatwithimprovedmaterialstheycouldachieve10percentefficiencyinconvertingsolarpowertouseableenergy.That’sequivalenttotoday’scommercial-gradesolarcells. Tomanufacturemodemsolarcellsyouhavetodo64semiconductorprocessingFishersaid.Allwewouldneedarelensestofocusthelightandafibertoguideit.Glassworksfor65.It’salreadymadeinbulkanditdoesn’trequireasmuchprocessing.Transparentceramicsmightbeevenbetter.
AlexanderisthefirstpatientatthenewlyopenedRESTARTavideo-gameandInternetaddictionrecoveryprograminFallCityWash.about30mileseastofSeattle.It’shardtoimagineAlexandernowmerrilygivingatourofthewoodsyfacilitygluedtoacomputergameformorethan16hoursadaybuthesaysItwasprettymuchallIwasdoingwhen1wasincollege.WhereisRESTARTlocated
第三篇 SmallButWise OnDecember14NASA1blastedasmallbutmightytelescopeintospace.ThetelescopeiscalledWISEandisaboutaswidearoundasatrashcan.Don’tletitssmallsizefoolyou:WISEhasapowerfuldigitalcameraanditwillbetakingpicturesofsomethewildestobjects2intheknownuniverseincludingasteroidsfaintstarsblazinggalaxies3andgiantcloudsofdustwhereplanetsandstarsareborn. I’mveryexcitedbecausewe’regoingtobeseeingpartsoftheuniversethatwehaven’tseenbeforesaidNedWrightascientistwhodirectstheWISEproject. SincearrivinginspacetheWISEtelescopehasbeencirclingtheEarthheldbygravityinapolarorbit4thismeansitcrossesclosetothenorthandsouthpoleswitheachlap5.ItscameraispointedoutwardawayfromtheEarthandWISEwillsnapapictureofadifferentpartoftheskyevery11minutes.Aftersixmonthsitwillhavetakenpicturesacrosstheentiresky. ThepicturestakenbyWISEwon’tbelikeeverydaydigitalphotographshowever.WISEstandsforWide-fieldInfraredSurveyExplorer.AsitsnamesuggeststheWISEcameratakespicturesoffeaturesthatgiveoffinfraredradiation6. Radiationisenergythattravelsasawave.Visiblelightincludingthefamiliarspectrumoflight7thatbecomesvisibleinarainbowisanexampleofradiation.Whenanordinarydigitalcameratakesapictureofatreeforexampleitreceivesthewavesofvisiblelightthatarereflectedoffthetree.Whenthesewavesenterthecamerathroughthelensthey’reprocessedbythecamerawhichthenputstheimagetogether. Wavesofinfraredradiationarelongerthanwavesofvisiblelightsoordinarydigitalcamerasdon’tseethemandneitherdotheeyesofhumanbeings.Althoughinvisibletotheeyelongerinfraredradiationcanbedetectedaswarmthbytheskin. That’sakeyideatowhyWISEwillbeabletoseethingsothertelescopescan’t.Noteverythingintheuniverseshowsupinvisiblelight.Asteroidsforexamplearegiantrocksthatfloatthroughspace—buttheyabsorbmostofthelightthatreachesthem.Theydon’treflectlightsothey’redifficulttosee.ButtheydogiveoffinfraredradiationsoaninfraredtelescopelikeWISEwillbeabletoproduceimagesofthem.DuringitsmissionWISEwilltakepicturesofhundredsofthousandsofasteroids. Browndwarfs8areanotherkindofdeep-spaceobjectthatwillshowupinWISE’spictures.Theseobjectsarefailedstars—whichmeanstheyarenotmassiveenoughtojumpstart9thesamekindofreactionsthatpowerstarssuchasthesun.Insteadbrowndwarfssimplyshrinkandcooldown.They’resodimthatthey’realmostimpossibletoseewithvisiblelightbutintheinfraredspectrumtheyglow. WhatissospecialaboutWISE?
热门题库
更多
卫生类
综合类
国际货运代理师
报关水平测试
报检员
物流员(四级)
助理物流师(三级)
物流师(二级)
高级物流师(一级)
物流案例分析
单证员基础理论与知识
单证员缮制与操作
国际货运代理理论与实务
外贸综合业务
外贸外语
跟单员基础理论
湘公网安备 43130202000226号