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Interferon For several years, scientists have been testing a...
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{{*HTML*}}下的短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第1～4段第段选择1个最佳标题2第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定1个最佳选项? ? LungCancer??1?The deathrateduetocancerofthelungshasincreasedmorethan800percentin malesandhasmorethandoubledinfemalesduringthelast25years.Itis considerablyhigherinurbanandindustrialareasthaninruraldistricts.There aremanypossiblecausebutitisstillcontroversialwhicharemost blameworthy.Thosefactorswhichhavebeenmentionedmostfrequentlyare thepresenceofforeignparticlesandotherirritantsintheairsmoke particlessmogexhaustfumesandthesmokingofcigarettesand cigars.??2?Numerousstudieshavedemonstratedastriking correlationbetweenthedeathratefromlungcancerandsmokinghabits.Among heavysmokers—21to30cigarettesperday—themortalityratefromlungcanceris nearly17timestheratefromnonsmokers.Itisexpectedthedeathrateamong womenwillincreaseasthepresenthighrateofsmokingamongwomenhasits effect.??3?Sometimescasesoflungcancerarediscoveredat thetimeanX-rayistakenforthepurposeofdetectingtuberculosis.Toooften howeveracurrentemphasisuponthedangerofexposuretoradiationfromX-ray machinescanfrightenpeopleawayfromroutinechestX-rays.ModernX-ray machinesincompetenthandsposesuchslightdangeratleasttothoseover40 yearsofagethatthiswouldbemuchmorethanoffsetbytheadvantagesof discoveringatumorwhileitissmallenoughtobecompletelyremoved.? ?4?Acommonformoflungcancerisbroncho-geniccarcinomaso-called becausethemalignancyoriginatesinabronchus.Thetumormaygrowuntilthe bronchusisblockedcuttingspacesbetweenlungandtheoutsidewitha resultingpneumoniaortheformationofalungabscess.Suchalungcancercan alsospreadtocausesecondarygrowthsinthelymphnodesofthechestandneck aswellasinthebrainandotherpartsofthebody.Theonlytreatmentthat offersapossibilityofcurebeforesecondarygrowthshavehadtimetoformis toremovethelungcompletely.Thisoperationiscalledpneumonectomy.? ?5?Malignanttumorsofthestomachthebreasttheprostategland andotherorgansmayspreadtothelungscausingsecondarygrowths. ??A.CommonSecondaryLungCancers??B.The AdvantagesBroughtaboutbyRoutineChestCheckup??C. RelationshipBetweenMortalityRatefromLungCancerandSmoking Habits??D.OperableandInoperableLungCancers? ?E.TheIncreasingDeathRatefromLungCancerandPossible Causes??F.AnOrdinaryTypeofLungCancerParagraph4______
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{{*HTML*}}下面的短文有5处空白短文后有6个句子其中5个取自短文请根据短文内容将其分别放回原有位置以恢复文章原貌 ?? Leukemia??Leukemiais themostcommontypeofcancerkidsgetbutitisstillveryrare.Leukemia involvesthebloodandblood-formingorganssuchasthebonemarrow.{{U}}? 46?{{/U}}??Akidwithleukemiaproduceslotsofabnormal whitebloodcellsinthebonemarrow.Usuallywhitebloodcellsfight infectionbutthewhitebloodcellsinapersonwithleukemiadon’tworkthe waythey’resupposedto.{{U}}?47?{{/U}}Theabnormalwhiteblood cellsmultiplyoutofcontrolfillingthebonemarrowandmakingithardfor enoughnormalinfection-fightingwhitebloodcellstoform.Otherblood cells—suchasredbloodcellsthatcarryoxygeninthebloodtothebody’s tissuesandplateletsthatallowbloodtoclot—arealsocrowdedoutbythe whitebloodcellsofleukemia.Thesecancercellsmayalsomovetootherparts ofthebodyincludingthebloodstreamwheretheycontinuetomultiplyand buildup.??Althoughleukemiacanmakekidssickmostofthetime itistreatableandkidsgetbetter.Almostallleukemiapatientsaretreated withchemotherapywhichmeansusinganti-cancerdrugs.{{U}}?48? {{/U}}Chemotherapyquicklygoestoworktravelingthroughthebloodtothebone marrow.Therethedrugscanattackthecancercells.Afterseveralweeksof chemotherapymanykidsbegintofeelbetter.??Somechildrenwith leukemiawillalsohaveradiationtherapytoo.{{U}}?49? {{/U}}??Ifthecancerisn’tgettingbetterfromusualamountsof chemotherapyandradiationthenakidwithleukemiaWillprobablyneedmore treatment—withhigherdosesofchemotherapyandradiationtofinallykillthe cancercells.Butthisheavy-dutytreatmentwillalsoharmthenormalcellsin thekid’sbonemarrowtooandthebonemarrowwillnolongerbeabletoproduce normalbloodceils.Sodoctorswillthengiveakid—oranyoneelsewithbone marrowthatisnolongerworking—normalbonemarrowtissuefromsomeoneelsewho ishealthy.{{U}}?50?{{/U}}??A.Thechemotherapydrugs aregiventhroughacatheteranarrowtubethatisinsertedintoablood vesselsometimesinthekid’supperchest.??B.Earlysymptomsof leukemiaareoftenoverlookedsincetheymayresemblesymptomsofthefluor othercommondiseases.??C.Thisisaspecialprocedurecalleda bonemarrowtransplantandithelpsthepatientmakenewbloodcellssothey canrecoverfromtheleukemia.??D.Bonemarrowistheinnermost partofsomeboneswherebloodceilsarefirstmade.??E.They don’tprotectthepersonfrominfectionsverywell.??F.Radiation therapyusesinvisiblehigh-energywavessimilartoX-raystokillcancerous cells.
{{*HTML*}}下的短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第1～4段第段选择1个最佳标题2第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定1个最佳选项? ? LungCancer??1?The deathrateduetocancerofthelungshasincreasedmorethan800percentin malesandhasmorethandoubledinfemalesduringthelast25years.Itis considerablyhigherinurbanandindustrialareasthaninruraldistricts.There aremanypossiblecausebutitisstillcontroversialwhicharemost blameworthy.Thosefactorswhichhavebeenmentionedmostfrequentlyare thepresenceofforeignparticlesandotherirritantsintheairsmoke particlessmogexhaustfumesandthesmokingofcigarettesand cigars.??2?Numerousstudieshavedemonstratedastriking correlationbetweenthedeathratefromlungcancerandsmokinghabits.Among heavysmokers—21to30cigarettesperday—themortalityratefromlungcanceris nearly17timestheratefromnonsmokers.Itisexpectedthedeathrateamong womenwillincreaseasthepresenthighrateofsmokingamongwomenhasits effect.??3?Sometimescasesoflungcancerarediscoveredat thetimeanX-rayistakenforthepurposeofdetectingtuberculosis.Toooften howeveracurrentemphasisuponthedangerofexposuretoradiationfromX-ray machinescanfrightenpeopleawayfromroutinechestX-rays.ModernX-ray machinesincompetenthandsposesuchslightdangeratleasttothoseover40 yearsofagethatthiswouldbemuchmorethanoffsetbytheadvantagesof discoveringatumorwhileitissmallenoughtobecompletelyremoved.? ?4?Acommonformoflungcancerisbroncho-geniccarcinomaso-called becausethemalignancyoriginatesinabronchus.Thetumormaygrowuntilthe bronchusisblockedcuttingspacesbetweenlungandtheoutsidewitha resultingpneumoniaortheformationofalungabscess.Suchalungcancercan alsospreadtocausesecondarygrowthsinthelymphnodesofthechestandneck aswellasinthebrainandotherpartsofthebody.Theonlytreatmentthat offersapossibilityofcurebeforesecondarygrowthshavehadtimetoformis toremovethelungcompletely.Thisoperationiscalledpneumonectomy.? ?5?Malignanttumorsofthestomachthebreasttheprostategland andotherorgansmayspreadtothelungscausingsecondarygrowths. ??A.CommonSecondaryLungCancers??B.The AdvantagesBroughtaboutbyRoutineChestCheckup??C. RelationshipBetweenMortalityRatefromLungCancerandSmoking Habits??D.OperableandInoperableLungCancers? ?E.TheIncreasingDeathRatefromLungCancerandPossible Causes??F.AnOrdinaryTypeofLungCancerParagraph2______
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{{*HTML*}}{{B}}第二篇{{/B}} ?? WarmPeopleLikelytoKeepColdat Bay??Stayingpositivethroughthecoldseason couldbeyourbestdefenseagainstgettingillnewstudyfindingssuggest.In anexperimentthatexposedhealthyvolunteerstoacoldorfluvirus researchersfoundthatpeoplewithagenerallysunnydispositionwereless likelytofallill.??Thefindingspublishedinthejournal PsychosomaticMedicinebuildonevidencethatapositiveemotionalstylecan helpwardoffthecommoncoldandotherillnesses.Researchersbelievethe reasonsmaybebothobjectiveasinhappinessboostingimmunefunctionand subjectiveasinhappypeoplebeinglesstroubledbyascratchythroatorrunny nose.??Peoplewithapositiveemotionalstylemayhavedifferent immuneresponsestothevirus.explainedleadstudyauthorDrSheldonCohenof CarnegieMellonUniversityinPittsburgh.Andwhentheydogetacoldtheymay interprettheirillnessasbeinglesssevere.??Cohenandhis colleagueshadfoundinapreviousstudythathappierpeopleseemedless susceptibletocatchingacoldbutsomequestionsremainedastowhetherthe emotionaltraititselfhadtheeffect.??Forthenewstudythe researchershad193healthyadultscompletesstandself-perceivedhealthand emotionalstyle.Thosewhotendedtobehappyenergeticandeasy-goingwere judgedashavingapositiveemotionalstylewhilethosewhowereoftenunhappy tenseandhostilehadanegativestyle.??Theresearchersgavethem nasaldropscontainingeitheracoldvirusoraparticularfluvirus.Overthe nextsixdaysthevolunteersreportedonanyachespainssneezingor congestiontheyhadwhiletheresearcherscollectedobjectivedatalikedaily mucusproduction.Cohenandhiscolleaguesfoundthatbasedonobjective measuresofnasalwoeshappypeoplewerelesslikelytodevelopa cold.WhichofthefollowingisNOToneofthecharacteristicsthatpeoplewithanegativeemotionalstylemayhave?
{{*HTML*}}下面的短文后列出了7个句子请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断如果该句提的是正确的信息请选择A如果该句提的是错误信息衣选择B如果该句的信息文中没有提及请选择C ?? EvolutionofSleep? ?Sleepisveryancient.Intheelectroencephalographicsenseweshareit withalltheprimatesandalmostalltheothermammalsandbirds:itmayextend backasfarasthereptiles.??Thereissomeevidencethatthetwo typesofsleepdreaminganddreamlessdependonthelife-styleoftheanimal andthatpredatorsarestatisticallymuchmorelikelytodreamthanpreywhich areinturnmuchmorelikelytoexperiencedreamlesssleep.Indreamsleepthe animalispowerfullyimmobilizedandremarkablyunresponsivetoexternal stimuli.??Dreamlesssleepismuchshallowerandwehaveall witnessedcatsordogscockingtheirearstoasoundwhenapparentlyfast asleep.Thefactthatdeepdreamsleepisrareamongpreytodayseemsclearlyto beaproductofnaturalselectionanditmakessensethattodaywhensleepis highlyevolvedthestupidanimalsarelessfrequentlyimmobilizedbydeepsleep thanthesmartones.Butwhyshouldtheysleepdeeplyatall?? ?Whyshouldastateofsuchdeepimmobilizationeverhaveevolved?Perhaps oneusefulhintabouttheoriginalfunctionofsleepistobefoundinthefact thatdolphinsandwhalesandaquaticmammalsingeneralseemtosleepvery little.Thereisbyandlargenoplacetohideintheocean.? ?Coulditbethatratherthanincreasingananimal’svulnerabilitythe functionofsleepistodecreaseit?WilseWebboftheUniversityofFloridaand RayMeddisofLondonUniversityhavesuggestedthistobethecase.Itis conceivablethatanimalswhoaretoostupidtobequietontheirowninitiative areduringperiodsofhighriskimmobilizedbytheimplacablearmofsleep. Thepointseemsparticularlyclearfortheyoungofpredatoryanimals.Thisis aninterestingnotionandprobablyatleastpartly true.Thefunctionofsleepistodecreaseanimal’svulnerability.
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{{*HTML*}}下面有3篇短文后有5道题请根据短文内容为每题定为1个最佳选项{{B}}第一篇{{/B}} ?? Dreams??Studiesshow thatindreamsthingsareseenandheardratherthatthought.Intermsofthe sensesvisualexperienceispresentinalmostalldreams;auditoryexperience in40to50percent;andtouchtastesmellandpaininarelativelysmall percentage.Aconsiderableamountofemotioniscommonlypresentusuallyapure andsingleemotionsuchasfearangerorjoy.??Theclearly distinguishablestatesofsheepexist.ThefirststatecalledNREM-sheep non-rap-id-eyemovementsleepoccupiesmostofthesleepperiodandis associatedwitharelativelylowpulseandbloodpressureandfewornoreports ofdreaming.ThesecondtypeofsheepknownasREM-sleeprapid-eye-movement sleepoccurscyclicallyduringthesleepperiodwithrapideyemovementsand frequentdreamreports.Typicallyapersonhasfourorfiveperiodsof REM-sleepduringthenightwhetherthedreamsarerememberedoftenrarelyor notatall;theyoccuratintervalsofabout90minutesandaltogethermakeup about25percentofthenight’ssleepasmuchas50percentinanewborn child.Evidenceindicatesthatadreamperiodusuallylastsfrom5to20 minutes.Soundsandtouchesworkingonadreamercangointoadreamifthey occurduringaRemperiod.Althoughmentalactivitymaybereportedduring NREM-sleeptheseareusuallyshortpiecesofthoughtlike experiences.??Moderndreamresearchhasfocusedontwogeneral interpretationsofdreamcontent.Inoneviewdreamshavenomeaningoftheir ownbutaresimplyaprocessbywhichthebrainintegratesnewinformationinto memories.Intheotherviewdreamscontainrealmeaningsymbolizedinapicture languagedistinctfromconsciouslogicalthought.Ifdreamsexpressimportant wishesfearsconcernsandworriesofthedreamerthestudyandanalysisof dreamscanhelprevealpreviouslyunknownaspectsofaperson’smental functioning.Thisessaytellsusthat______.
{{*HTML*}}下面的短文后列出了7个句子请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断如果该句提的是正确的信息请选择A如果该句提的是错误信息衣选择B如果该句的信息文中没有提及请选择C ?? EvolutionofSleep? ?Sleepisveryancient.Intheelectroencephalographicsenseweshareit withalltheprimatesandalmostalltheothermammalsandbirds:itmayextend backasfarasthereptiles.??Thereissomeevidencethatthetwo typesofsleepdreaminganddreamlessdependonthelife-styleoftheanimal andthatpredatorsarestatisticallymuchmorelikelytodreamthanpreywhich areinturnmuchmorelikelytoexperiencedreamlesssleep.Indreamsleepthe animalispowerfullyimmobilizedandremarkablyunresponsivetoexternal stimuli.??Dreamlesssleepismuchshallowerandwehaveall witnessedcatsordogscockingtheirearstoasoundwhenapparentlyfast asleep.Thefactthatdeepdreamsleepisrareamongpreytodayseemsclearlyto beaproductofnaturalselectionanditmakessensethattodaywhensleepis highlyevolvedthestupidanimalsarelessfrequentlyimmobilizedbydeepsleep thanthesmartones.Butwhyshouldtheysleepdeeplyatall?? ?Whyshouldastateofsuchdeepimmobilizationeverhaveevolved?Perhaps oneusefulhintabouttheoriginalfunctionofsleepistobefoundinthefact thatdolphinsandwhalesandaquaticmammalsingeneralseemtosleepvery little.Thereisbyandlargenoplacetohideintheocean.? ?Coulditbethatratherthanincreasingananimal’svulnerabilitythe functionofsleepistodecreaseit?WilseWebboftheUniversityofFloridaand RayMeddisofLondonUniversityhavesuggestedthistobethecase.Itis conceivablethatanimalswhoaretoostupidtobequietontheirowninitiative areduringperiodsofhighriskimmobilizedbytheimplacablearmofsleep. Thepointseemsparticularlyclearfortheyoungofpredatoryanimals.Thisis aninterestingnotionandprobablyatleastpartly true.Comparedwithsmartanimalsstupidonesaremoreoftenimmobilizedbysleep.
{{*HTML*}}??A.beforethecancercellsspreadelsewhere??B. themorechancesofdyingofX-rayradiationhewillhave??C. whatismostresponsibleforlungcancer??D.assomepeople imagine??E.themorechancesofgettinglungcancerhewill have??F.whichformoflungcancerisacommononeAprimarylungcancerpatientmaybecuredbyremovingthelungcompletely______.
{{*HTML*}}下面的短文有5处空白短文后有6个句子其中5个取自短文请根据短文内容将其分别放回原有位置以恢复文章原貌 ?? Leukemia??Leukemiais themostcommontypeofcancerkidsgetbutitisstillveryrare.Leukemia involvesthebloodandblood-formingorganssuchasthebonemarrow.{{U}}? 46?{{/U}}??Akidwithleukemiaproduceslotsofabnormal whitebloodcellsinthebonemarrow.Usuallywhitebloodcellsfight infectionbutthewhitebloodcellsinapersonwithleukemiadon’tworkthe waythey’resupposedto.{{U}}?47?{{/U}}Theabnormalwhiteblood cellsmultiplyoutofcontrolfillingthebonemarrowandmakingithardfor enoughnormalinfection-fightingwhitebloodcellstoform.Otherblood cells—suchasredbloodcellsthatcarryoxygeninthebloodtothebody’s tissuesandplateletsthatallowbloodtoclot—arealsocrowdedoutbythe whitebloodcellsofleukemia.Thesecancercellsmayalsomovetootherparts ofthebodyincludingthebloodstreamwheretheycontinuetomultiplyand buildup.??Althoughleukemiacanmakekidssickmostofthetime itistreatableandkidsgetbetter.Almostallleukemiapatientsaretreated withchemotherapywhichmeansusinganti-cancerdrugs.{{U}}?48? {{/U}}Chemotherapyquicklygoestoworktravelingthroughthebloodtothebone marrow.Therethedrugscanattackthecancercells.Afterseveralweeksof chemotherapymanykidsbegintofeelbetter.??Somechildrenwith leukemiawillalsohaveradiationtherapytoo.{{U}}?49? {{/U}}??Ifthecancerisn’tgettingbetterfromusualamountsof chemotherapyandradiationthenakidwithleukemiaWillprobablyneedmore treatment—withhigherdosesofchemotherapyandradiationtofinallykillthe cancercells.Butthisheavy-dutytreatmentwillalsoharmthenormalcellsin thekid’sbonemarrowtooandthebonemarrowwillnolongerbeabletoproduce normalbloodceils.Sodoctorswillthengiveakid—oranyoneelsewithbone marrowthatisnolongerworking—normalbonemarrowtissuefromsomeoneelsewho ishealthy.{{U}}?50?{{/U}}??A.Thechemotherapydrugs aregiventhroughacatheteranarrowtubethatisinsertedintoablood vesselsometimesinthekid’supperchest.??B.Earlysymptomsof leukemiaareoftenoverlookedsincetheymayresemblesymptomsofthefluor othercommondiseases.??C.Thisisaspecialprocedurecalleda bonemarrowtransplantandithelpsthepatientmakenewbloodcellssothey canrecoverfromtheleukemia.??D.Bonemarrowistheinnermost partofsomeboneswherebloodceilsarefirstmade.??E.They don’tprotectthepersonfrominfectionsverywell.??F.Radiation therapyusesinvisiblehigh-energywavessimilartoX-raystokillcancerous cells.
{{*HTML*}}{{B}}第二篇{{/B}} ?? WarmPeopleLikelytoKeepColdat Bay??Stayingpositivethroughthecoldseason couldbeyourbestdefenseagainstgettingillnewstudyfindingssuggest.In anexperimentthatexposedhealthyvolunteerstoacoldorfluvirus researchersfoundthatpeoplewithagenerallysunnydispositionwereless likelytofallill.??Thefindingspublishedinthejournal PsychosomaticMedicinebuildonevidencethatapositiveemotionalstylecan helpwardoffthecommoncoldandotherillnesses.Researchersbelievethe reasonsmaybebothobjectiveasinhappinessboostingimmunefunctionand subjectiveasinhappypeoplebeinglesstroubledbyascratchythroatorrunny nose.??Peoplewithapositiveemotionalstylemayhavedifferent immuneresponsestothevirus.explainedleadstudyauthorDrSheldonCohenof CarnegieMellonUniversityinPittsburgh.Andwhentheydogetacoldtheymay interprettheirillnessasbeinglesssevere.??Cohenandhis colleagueshadfoundinapreviousstudythathappierpeopleseemedless susceptibletocatchingacoldbutsomequestionsremainedastowhetherthe emotionaltraititselfhadtheeffect.??Forthenewstudythe researchershad193healthyadultscompletesstandself-perceivedhealthand emotionalstyle.Thosewhotendedtobehappyenergeticandeasy-goingwere judgedashavingapositiveemotionalstylewhilethosewhowereoftenunhappy tenseandhostilehadanegativestyle.??Theresearchersgavethem nasaldropscontainingeitheracoldvirusoraparticularfluvirus.Overthe nextsixdaysthevolunteersreportedonanyachespainssneezingor congestiontheyhadwhiletheresearcherscollectedobjectivedatalikedaily mucusproduction.Cohenandhiscolleaguesfoundthatbasedonobjective measuresofnasalwoeshappypeoplewerelesslikelytodevelopa cold.Accordingtoastudyauthorwhenpeoplewithapositiveemotionalstyledogetacoldtheymaythink______.
{{*HTML*}}下面的短文后列出了7个句子请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断如果该句提的是正确的信息请选择A如果该句提的是错误信息衣选择B如果该句的信息文中没有提及请选择C ?? EvolutionofSleep? ?Sleepisveryancient.Intheelectroencephalographicsenseweshareit withalltheprimatesandalmostalltheothermammalsandbirds:itmayextend backasfarasthereptiles.??Thereissomeevidencethatthetwo typesofsleepdreaminganddreamlessdependonthelife-styleoftheanimal andthatpredatorsarestatisticallymuchmorelikelytodreamthanpreywhich areinturnmuchmorelikelytoexperiencedreamlesssleep.Indreamsleepthe animalispowerfullyimmobilizedandremarkablyunresponsivetoexternal stimuli.??Dreamlesssleepismuchshallowerandwehaveall witnessedcatsordogscockingtheirearstoasoundwhenapparentlyfast asleep.Thefactthatdeepdreamsleepisrareamongpreytodayseemsclearlyto beaproductofnaturalselectionanditmakessensethattodaywhensleepis highlyevolvedthestupidanimalsarelessfrequentlyimmobilizedbydeepsleep thanthesmartones.Butwhyshouldtheysleepdeeplyatall?? ?Whyshouldastateofsuchdeepimmobilizationeverhaveevolved?Perhaps oneusefulhintabouttheoriginalfunctionofsleepistobefoundinthefact thatdolphinsandwhalesandaquaticmammalsingeneralseemtosleepvery little.Thereisbyandlargenoplacetohideintheocean.? ?Coulditbethatratherthanincreasingananimal’svulnerabilitythe functionofsleepistodecreaseit?WilseWebboftheUniversityofFloridaand RayMeddisofLondonUniversityhavesuggestedthistobethecase.Itis conceivablethatanimalswhoaretoostupidtobequietontheirowninitiative areduringperiodsofhighriskimmobilizedbytheimplacablearmofsleep. Thepointseemsparticularlyclearfortheyoungofpredatoryanimals.Thisis aninterestingnotionandprobablyatleastpartly true.Almostallthemammalsandbirdsdosleep.
{{*HTML*}}{{B}}第三篇{{/B}} ?? EatingPotatoesGivesYourImmuneSystema Boost??Eatingpotatoesisnotonlygoodforbowel healthbutalsoforthewholeimmunesystemespeciallywhentheycomeinthe formofapotatosaladoreatencold.Inastudyonananimalmodelresearchers inSpainfoundthatpigsfedlargequantitiesofrawpotatostarchRPSnot onlyhadahealthierbowelbutalsodecreasedlevelsofwhitebloodcellssuch asleucocytesandlymphocytesintheirblood.Whitebloodcellsareproducedas aresultofinflammationordiseasegenerallywhenthebodyis challenged.??Thegeneraldown-regulationofleucocytesobserved bytheSpanishresearcherssuggestsanoverallbeneficialeffectagenerally morehealthybody.Thereductioninleucocyteslevelswasabout15percent. Lowerlymphocytelevelsarealsoindicativeofreducedlevelsofinflammation buttheobservedreductioninbothlymphocytedensityandlymphocyteapoptosis issurprising.??Inwhatwasthelongeststudyofitskindpigs werefedRPSover14weekstofindouttheeffectofstarchonbowelhealth. Theuseofrawpotatostarchinthisexperimentisdesignedtosimulatethe effectsofadiethighinresistantstarch.saidstudyleaderJoseFrancisco PerezattheUniversityAutonomadeBarcelonaSpain.??Humansdo noteatrawpotatoesbuttheydoeatalotoffoodsthatcontainresistant starchsuchascoldboiledpotatoeslegumesgrainsgreenbananaspastaand cereals.About10percentofthestarcheatenbyhumanisresistant starch--starchthatisnotdigestedinthesmallintestineandsoisshunted intothelargeintestinewhereitferments.Starchconsumptionisthoughtto reducetheriskoflargebowelcancerandmayalsohaveaneffectonirritable bowelsyndromeIBS.??ImmunologyexpertLenaOhman’steam previouslyfoundthattheoveralllymphocytelevelsdonotvaryforIBS patientsbutthatlymphocytesaretransferredfromtheperipheralbloodtothe gutwhichsupportthehypothesisofIBSbeingatleastpartiallyan inflammatorydisorder.Shesaysthedecreaseinlymphocytesobservedbythe Spanishisthereforeinterestingandadietofresistantstarchmaybeworth tryinginIBSpatients.OhmaniscurrentlyattheDepartmentofInternal MedicineGoteborgUniversitySweden.Thestudyispublishedinthejournal ChemistryandIndustryThemagazineoftheSCI.AllofthefollowingfoodsarerichinresistantstarchEXCEPT______.
{{*HTML*}}{{B}}第三篇{{/B}} ?? EatingPotatoesGivesYourImmuneSystema Boost??Eatingpotatoesisnotonlygoodforbowel healthbutalsoforthewholeimmunesystemespeciallywhentheycomeinthe formofapotatosaladoreatencold.Inastudyonananimalmodelresearchers inSpainfoundthatpigsfedlargequantitiesofrawpotatostarchRPSnot onlyhadahealthierbowelbutalsodecreasedlevelsofwhitebloodcellssuch asleucocytesandlymphocytesintheirblood.Whitebloodcellsareproducedas aresultofinflammationordiseasegenerallywhenthebodyis challenged.??Thegeneraldown-regulationofleucocytesobserved bytheSpanishresearcherssuggestsanoverallbeneficialeffectagenerally morehealthybody.Thereductioninleucocyteslevelswasabout15percent. Lowerlymphocytelevelsarealsoindicativeofreducedlevelsofinflammation buttheobservedreductioninbothlymphocytedensityandlymphocyteapoptosis issurprising.??Inwhatwasthelongeststudyofitskindpigs werefedRPSover14weekstofindouttheeffectofstarchonbowelhealth. Theuseofrawpotatostarchinthisexperimentisdesignedtosimulatethe effectsofadiethighinresistantstarch.saidstudyleaderJoseFrancisco PerezattheUniversityAutonomadeBarcelonaSpain.??Humansdo noteatrawpotatoesbuttheydoeatalotoffoodsthatcontainresistant starchsuchascoldboiledpotatoeslegumesgrainsgreenbananaspastaand cereals.About10percentofthestarcheatenbyhumanisresistant starch--starchthatisnotdigestedinthesmallintestineandsoisshunted intothelargeintestinewhereitferments.Starchconsumptionisthoughtto reducetheriskoflargebowelcancerandmayalsohaveaneffectonirritable bowelsyndromeIBS.??ImmunologyexpertLenaOhman’steam previouslyfoundthattheoveralllymphocytelevelsdonotvaryforIBS patientsbutthatlymphocytesaretransferredfromtheperipheralbloodtothe gutwhichsupportthehypothesisofIBSbeingatleastpartiallyan inflammatorydisorder.Shesaysthedecreaseinlymphocytesobservedbythe Spanishisthereforeinterestingandadietofresistantstarchmaybeworth tryinginIBSpatients.OhmaniscurrentlyattheDepartmentofInternal MedicineGoteborgUniversitySweden.Thestudyispublishedinthejournal ChemistryandIndustryThemagazineoftheSCI.Whatdoesthereductioninleukocytelevelsinthebodymean?
{{*HTML*}}??阅读下面的短文文中有15处空白每处空白给出了4个选项请根据短文的内容从4个选项中选择1个最佳答案 {{B}}??????? ??????ScientistsDevelopWaysofDetecting HeartAttack{{/B}}??Germanresearchershave{{U}}?1 ?{{/U}}anewgenerationofdefibrillatorsandearlywarningsoftwareaimedat offeringheartpatientsgreaterprotection{{U}}?2?{{/U}}suddendeath fromcardiacarrest.??InGermanyalonearound100000peopledie annuallyasaresultofcardiacarrestandmanyofthesecases{{U}}?3 ?{{/U}}bydisruptiontotheheart’srhythm.ThosemostatriskarePatients whohave{{U}}?4?{{/U}}sufferedaheartattackandforyearstheuseof defibrillatorshasprovedusefulindiagnosing{{U}}?5 ?{{/U}}disruptionstoheartrhythmsandcorrectingthemautomaticallyby interveningwithinseconds.Thesedevices{{U}}?6?{{/U}}arangeof functionssuchasthatofpacemaker.??Heartspecialistsat Freiburg’sUniversityClinichavenowachievedabreakthroughwithallimplanted defibrillator{{U}}?7?{{/U}}ofgeneratingasix-channel electrocardiogramECGwithinthebody.Thisintegratedsystemallowsearly diagnosisof{{U}}?8?{{/U}}blood-flowproblemsandapendingheart attack.Itwillbeimplantedinpatientsforthefirsttimethisyear. MeanwhileresearchersattheFraunhoferInstituteforAppliedMathematicsin Kaiserslauternhavedevelopednewcomputersoftwarethatrenderstheevaluation ofECGdata{{U}}?9?{{/U}}.??Theoverwhelming{{U}} ?10?{{/U}}ofpatientsatriskwillnothaveanimplanted defibrillatorandmustforthisreasonundergoregularECGs.Manyofthe currentprogramsonly{{U}}?11?{{/U}}intoaccountalinearcorrelation ofthedata.Wearehowevermakinguse{{U}}?12?{{/U}}anon-linear processthatrevealsthechaoticpatternsofheartbeatsasanopenandcomplex system.HagenKnafsays.{{U}}?13?{{/U}}changesintheheartbeats overtimecanbemonitoredandindividualvariationsinpatientstakeninto account.AnoldstudyofECGdatabased{{U}}?14?{{/U}}600Patients whohadsufferedasubsequentheartattackenabledtheresearcherstocompare risksandtoshow{{U}}?15?{{/U}}thenewsoftwareevaluatesthedata considerablybetter.
{{*HTML*}}{{B}}第二篇{{/B}} ?? WarmPeopleLikelytoKeepColdat Bay??Stayingpositivethroughthecoldseason couldbeyourbestdefenseagainstgettingillnewstudyfindingssuggest.In anexperimentthatexposedhealthyvolunteerstoacoldorfluvirus researchersfoundthatpeoplewithagenerallysunnydispositionwereless likelytofallill.??Thefindingspublishedinthejournal PsychosomaticMedicinebuildonevidencethatapositiveemotionalstylecan helpwardoffthecommoncoldandotherillnesses.Researchersbelievethe reasonsmaybebothobjectiveasinhappinessboostingimmunefunctionand subjectiveasinhappypeoplebeinglesstroubledbyascratchythroatorrunny nose.??Peoplewithapositiveemotionalstylemayhavedifferent immuneresponsestothevirus.explainedleadstudyauthorDrSheldonCohenof CarnegieMellonUniversityinPittsburgh.Andwhentheydogetacoldtheymay interprettheirillnessasbeinglesssevere.??Cohenandhis colleagueshadfoundinapreviousstudythathappierpeopleseemedless susceptibletocatchingacoldbutsomequestionsremainedastowhetherthe emotionaltraititselfhadtheeffect.??Forthenewstudythe researchershad193healthyadultscompletesstandself-perceivedhealthand emotionalstyle.Thosewhotendedtobehappyenergeticandeasy-goingwere judgedashavingapositiveemotionalstylewhilethosewhowereoftenunhappy tenseandhostilehadanegativestyle.??Theresearchersgavethem nasaldropscontainingeitheracoldvirusoraparticularfluvirus.Overthe nextsixdaysthevolunteersreportedonanyachespainssneezingor congestiontheyhadwhiletheresearcherscollectedobjectivedatalikedaily mucusproduction.Cohenandhiscolleaguesfoundthatbasedonobjective measuresofnasalwoeshappypeoplewerelesslikelytodevelopa cold.WhichofthefollowingitemsisNOTincludedinthedatathattheresearcherscollected?
{{*HTML*}}??A.beforethecancercellsspreadelsewhere??B. themorechancesofdyingofX-rayradiationhewillhave??C. whatismostresponsibleforlungcancer??D.assomepeople imagine??E.themorechancesofgettinglungcancerhewill have??F.whichformoflungcancerisacommononeThemorecigarettesonesmokes.______
{{*HTML*}}??阅读下面的短文文中有15处空白每处空白给出了4个选项请根据短文的内容从4个选项中选择1个最佳答案 {{B}}??????? ??????ScientistsDevelopWaysofDetecting HeartAttack{{/B}}??Germanresearchershave{{U}}?1 ?{{/U}}anewgenerationofdefibrillatorsandearlywarningsoftwareaimedat offeringheartpatientsgreaterprotection{{U}}?2?{{/U}}suddendeath fromcardiacarrest.??InGermanyalonearound100000peopledie annuallyasaresultofcardiacarrestandmanyofthesecases{{U}}?3 ?{{/U}}bydisruptiontotheheart’srhythm.ThosemostatriskarePatients whohave{{U}}?4?{{/U}}sufferedaheartattackandforyearstheuseof defibrillatorshasprovedusefulindiagnosing{{U}}?5 ?{{/U}}disruptionstoheartrhythmsandcorrectingthemautomaticallyby interveningwithinseconds.Thesedevices{{U}}?6?{{/U}}arangeof functionssuchasthatofpacemaker.??Heartspecialistsat Freiburg’sUniversityClinichavenowachievedabreakthroughwithallimplanted defibrillator{{U}}?7?{{/U}}ofgeneratingasix-channel electrocardiogramECGwithinthebody.Thisintegratedsystemallowsearly diagnosisof{{U}}?8?{{/U}}blood-flowproblemsandapendingheart attack.Itwillbeimplantedinpatientsforthefirsttimethisyear. MeanwhileresearchersattheFraunhoferInstituteforAppliedMathematicsin Kaiserslauternhavedevelopednewcomputersoftwarethatrenderstheevaluation ofECGdata{{U}}?9?{{/U}}.??Theoverwhelming{{U}} ?10?{{/U}}ofpatientsatriskwillnothaveanimplanted defibrillatorandmustforthisreasonundergoregularECGs.Manyofthe currentprogramsonly{{U}}?11?{{/U}}intoaccountalinearcorrelation ofthedata.Wearehowevermakinguse{{U}}?12?{{/U}}anon-linear processthatrevealsthechaoticpatternsofheartbeatsasanopenandcomplex system.HagenKnafsays.{{U}}?13?{{/U}}changesintheheartbeats overtimecanbemonitoredandindividualvariationsinpatientstakeninto account.AnoldstudyofECGdatabased{{U}}?14?{{/U}}600Patients whohadsufferedasubsequentheartattackenabledtheresearcherstocompare risksandtoshow{{U}}?15?{{/U}}thenewsoftwareevaluatesthedata considerablybetter.
{{*HTML*}}下面有3篇短文后有5道题请根据短文内容为每题定为1个最佳选项{{B}}第一篇{{/B}} ?? Dreams??Studiesshow thatindreamsthingsareseenandheardratherthatthought.Intermsofthe sensesvisualexperienceispresentinalmostalldreams;auditoryexperience in40to50percent;andtouchtastesmellandpaininarelativelysmall percentage.Aconsiderableamountofemotioniscommonlypresentusuallyapure andsingleemotionsuchasfearangerorjoy.??Theclearly distinguishablestatesofsheepexist.ThefirststatecalledNREM-sheep non-rap-id-eyemovementsleepoccupiesmostofthesleepperiodandis associatedwitharelativelylowpulseandbloodpressureandfewornoreports ofdreaming.ThesecondtypeofsheepknownasREM-sleeprapid-eye-movement sleepoccurscyclicallyduringthesleepperiodwithrapideyemovementsand frequentdreamreports.Typicallyapersonhasfourorfiveperiodsof REM-sleepduringthenightwhetherthedreamsarerememberedoftenrarelyor notatall;theyoccuratintervalsofabout90minutesandaltogethermakeup about25percentofthenight’ssleepasmuchas50percentinanewborn child.Evidenceindicatesthatadreamperiodusuallylastsfrom5to20 minutes.Soundsandtouchesworkingonadreamercangointoadreamifthey occurduringaRemperiod.Althoughmentalactivitymaybereportedduring NREM-sleeptheseareusuallyshortpiecesofthoughtlike experiences.??Moderndreamresearchhasfocusedontwogeneral interpretationsofdreamcontent.Inoneviewdreamshavenomeaningoftheir ownbutaresimplyaprocessbywhichthebrainintegratesnewinformationinto memories.Intheotherviewdreamscontainrealmeaningsymbolizedinapicture languagedistinctfromconsciouslogicalthought.Ifdreamsexpressimportant wishesfearsconcernsandworriesofthedreamerthestudyandanalysisof dreamscanhelprevealpreviouslyunknownaspectsofaperson’smental functioning.Accordingtothisarticlewe______.
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{{*HTML*}}??阅读下面的短文文中有15处空白每处空白给出了4个选项请根据短文的内容从4个选项中选择1个最佳答案 {{B}}??????? ??????ScientistsDevelopWaysofDetecting HeartAttack{{/B}}??Germanresearchershave{{U}}?1 ?{{/U}}anewgenerationofdefibrillatorsandearlywarningsoftwareaimedat offeringheartpatientsgreaterprotection{{U}}?2?{{/U}}suddendeath fromcardiacarrest.??InGermanyalonearound100000peopledie annuallyasaresultofcardiacarrestandmanyofthesecases{{U}}?3 ?{{/U}}bydisruptiontotheheart’srhythm.ThosemostatriskarePatients whohave{{U}}?4?{{/U}}sufferedaheartattackandforyearstheuseof defibrillatorshasprovedusefulindiagnosing{{U}}?5 ?{{/U}}disruptionstoheartrhythmsandcorrectingthemautomaticallyby interveningwithinseconds.Thesedevices{{U}}?6?{{/U}}arangeof functionssuchasthatofpacemaker.??Heartspecialistsat Freiburg’sUniversityClinichavenowachievedabreakthroughwithallimplanted defibrillator{{U}}?7?{{/U}}ofgeneratingasix-channel electrocardiogramECGwithinthebody.Thisintegratedsystemallowsearly diagnosisof{{U}}?8?{{/U}}blood-flowproblemsandapendingheart attack.Itwillbeimplantedinpatientsforthefirsttimethisyear. MeanwhileresearchersattheFraunhoferInstituteforAppliedMathematicsin Kaiserslauternhavedevelopednewcomputersoftwarethatrenderstheevaluation ofECGdata{{U}}?9?{{/U}}.??Theoverwhelming{{U}} ?10?{{/U}}ofpatientsatriskwillnothaveanimplanted defibrillatorandmustforthisreasonundergoregularECGs.Manyofthe currentprogramsonly{{U}}?11?{{/U}}intoaccountalinearcorrelation ofthedata.Wearehowevermakinguse{{U}}?12?{{/U}}anon-linear processthatrevealsthechaoticpatternsofheartbeatsasanopenandcomplex system.HagenKnafsays.{{U}}?13?{{/U}}changesintheheartbeats overtimecanbemonitoredandindividualvariationsinpatientstakeninto account.AnoldstudyofECGdatabased{{U}}?14?{{/U}}600Patients whohadsufferedasubsequentheartattackenabledtheresearcherstocompare risksandtoshow{{U}}?15?{{/U}}thenewsoftwareevaluatesthedata considerablybetter.
{{*HTML*}}下面的短文有5处空白短文后有6个句子其中5个取自短文请根据短文内容将其分别放回原有位置以恢复文章原貌 ?? Leukemia??Leukemiais themostcommontypeofcancerkidsgetbutitisstillveryrare.Leukemia involvesthebloodandblood-formingorganssuchasthebonemarrow.{{U}}? 46?{{/U}}??Akidwithleukemiaproduceslotsofabnormal whitebloodcellsinthebonemarrow.Usuallywhitebloodcellsfight infectionbutthewhitebloodcellsinapersonwithleukemiadon’tworkthe waythey’resupposedto.{{U}}?47?{{/U}}Theabnormalwhiteblood cellsmultiplyoutofcontrolfillingthebonemarrowandmakingithardfor enoughnormalinfection-fightingwhitebloodcellstoform.Otherblood cells—suchasredbloodcellsthatcarryoxygeninthebloodtothebody’s tissuesandplateletsthatallowbloodtoclot—arealsocrowdedoutbythe whitebloodcellsofleukemia.Thesecancercellsmayalsomovetootherparts ofthebodyincludingthebloodstreamwheretheycontinuetomultiplyand buildup.??Althoughleukemiacanmakekidssickmostofthetime itistreatableandkidsgetbetter.Almostallleukemiapatientsaretreated withchemotherapywhichmeansusinganti-cancerdrugs.{{U}}?48? {{/U}}Chemotherapyquicklygoestoworktravelingthroughthebloodtothebone marrow.Therethedrugscanattackthecancercells.Afterseveralweeksof chemotherapymanykidsbegintofeelbetter.??Somechildrenwith leukemiawillalsohaveradiationtherapytoo.{{U}}?49? {{/U}}??Ifthecancerisn’tgettingbetterfromusualamountsof chemotherapyandradiationthenakidwithleukemiaWillprobablyneedmore treatment—withhigherdosesofchemotherapyandradiationtofinallykillthe cancercells.Butthisheavy-dutytreatmentwillalsoharmthenormalcellsin thekid’sbonemarrowtooandthebonemarrowwillnolongerbeabletoproduce normalbloodceils.Sodoctorswillthengiveakid—oranyoneelsewithbone marrowthatisnolongerworking—normalbonemarrowtissuefromsomeoneelsewho ishealthy.{{U}}?50?{{/U}}??A.Thechemotherapydrugs aregiventhroughacatheteranarrowtubethatisinsertedintoablood vesselsometimesinthekid’supperchest.??B.Earlysymptomsof leukemiaareoftenoverlookedsincetheymayresemblesymptomsofthefluor othercommondiseases.??C.Thisisaspecialprocedurecalleda bonemarrowtransplantandithelpsthepatientmakenewbloodcellssothey canrecoverfromtheleukemia.??D.Bonemarrowistheinnermost partofsomeboneswherebloodceilsarefirstmade.??E.They don’tprotectthepersonfrominfectionsverywell.??F.Radiation therapyusesinvisiblehigh-energywavessimilartoX-raystokillcancerous cells.{{*HTML*}}
{{*HTML*}}??阅读下面的短文文中有15处空白每处空白给出了4个选项请根据短文的内容从4个选项中选择1个最佳答案 {{B}}??????? ??????ScientistsDevelopWaysofDetecting HeartAttack{{/B}}??Germanresearchershave{{U}}?1 ?{{/U}}anewgenerationofdefibrillatorsandearlywarningsoftwareaimedat offeringheartpatientsgreaterprotection{{U}}?2?{{/U}}suddendeath fromcardiacarrest.??InGermanyalonearound100000peopledie annuallyasaresultofcardiacarrestandmanyofthesecases{{U}}?3 ?{{/U}}bydisruptiontotheheart’srhythm.ThosemostatriskarePatients whohave{{U}}?4?{{/U}}sufferedaheartattackandforyearstheuseof defibrillatorshasprovedusefulindiagnosing{{U}}?5 ?{{/U}}disruptionstoheartrhythmsandcorrectingthemautomaticallyby interveningwithinseconds.Thesedevices{{U}}?6?{{/U}}arangeof functionssuchasthatofpacemaker.??Heartspecialistsat Freiburg’sUniversityClinichavenowachievedabreakthroughwithallimplanted defibrillator{{U}}?7?{{/U}}ofgeneratingasix-channel electrocardiogramECGwithinthebody.Thisintegratedsystemallowsearly diagnosisof{{U}}?8?{{/U}}blood-flowproblemsandapendingheart attack.Itwillbeimplantedinpatientsforthefirsttimethisyear. MeanwhileresearchersattheFraunhoferInstituteforAppliedMathematicsin Kaiserslauternhavedevelopednewcomputersoftwarethatrenderstheevaluation ofECGdata{{U}}?9?{{/U}}.??Theoverwhelming{{U}} ?10?{{/U}}ofpatientsatriskwillnothaveanimplanted defibrillatorandmustforthisreasonundergoregularECGs.Manyofthe currentprogramsonly{{U}}?11?{{/U}}intoaccountalinearcorrelation ofthedata.Wearehowevermakinguse{{U}}?12?{{/U}}anon-linear processthatrevealsthechaoticpatternsofheartbeatsasanopenandcomplex system.HagenKnafsays.{{U}}?13?{{/U}}changesintheheartbeats overtimecanbemonitoredandindividualvariationsinpatientstakeninto account.AnoldstudyofECGdatabased{{U}}?14?{{/U}}600Patients whohadsufferedasubsequentheartattackenabledtheresearcherstocompare risksandtoshow{{U}}?15?{{/U}}thenewsoftwareevaluatesthedata considerablybetter.
{{*HTML*}}??阅读下面的短文文中有15处空白每处空白给出了4个选项请根据短文的内容从4个选项中选择1个最佳答案 {{B}}??????? ??????ScientistsDevelopWaysofDetecting HeartAttack{{/B}}??Germanresearchershave{{U}}?1 ?{{/U}}anewgenerationofdefibrillatorsandearlywarningsoftwareaimedat offeringheartpatientsgreaterprotection{{U}}?2?{{/U}}suddendeath fromcardiacarrest.??InGermanyalonearound100000peopledie annuallyasaresultofcardiacarrestandmanyofthesecases{{U}}?3 ?{{/U}}bydisruptiontotheheart’srhythm.ThosemostatriskarePatients whohave{{U}}?4?{{/U}}sufferedaheartattackandforyearstheuseof defibrillatorshasprovedusefulindiagnosing{{U}}?5 ?{{/U}}disruptionstoheartrhythmsandcorrectingthemautomaticallyby interveningwithinseconds.Thesedevices{{U}}?6?{{/U}}arangeof functionssuchasthatofpacemaker.??Heartspecialistsat Freiburg’sUniversityClinichavenowachievedabreakthroughwithallimplanted defibrillator{{U}}?7?{{/U}}ofgeneratingasix-channel electrocardiogramECGwithinthebody.Thisintegratedsystemallowsearly diagnosisof{{U}}?8?{{/U}}blood-flowproblemsandapendingheart attack.Itwillbeimplantedinpatientsforthefirsttimethisyear. MeanwhileresearchersattheFraunhoferInstituteforAppliedMathematicsin Kaiserslauternhavedevelopednewcomputersoftwarethatrenderstheevaluation ofECGdata{{U}}?9?{{/U}}.??Theoverwhelming{{U}} ?10?{{/U}}ofpatientsatriskwillnothaveanimplanted defibrillatorandmustforthisreasonundergoregularECGs.Manyofthe currentprogramsonly{{U}}?11?{{/U}}intoaccountalinearcorrelation ofthedata.Wearehowevermakinguse{{U}}?12?{{/U}}anon-linear processthatrevealsthechaoticpatternsofheartbeatsasanopenandcomplex system.HagenKnafsays.{{U}}?13?{{/U}}changesintheheartbeats overtimecanbemonitoredandindividualvariationsinpatientstakeninto account.AnoldstudyofECGdatabased{{U}}?14?{{/U}}600Patients whohadsufferedasubsequentheartattackenabledtheresearcherstocompare risksandtoshow{{U}}?15?{{/U}}thenewsoftwareevaluatesthedata considerablybetter.
{{*HTML*}}下面的短文后列出了7个句子请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断如果该句提的是正确的信息请选择A如果该句提的是错误信息衣选择B如果该句的信息文中没有提及请选择C ?? EvolutionofSleep? ?Sleepisveryancient.Intheelectroencephalographicsenseweshareit withalltheprimatesandalmostalltheothermammalsandbirds:itmayextend backasfarasthereptiles.??Thereissomeevidencethatthetwo typesofsleepdreaminganddreamlessdependonthelife-styleoftheanimal andthatpredatorsarestatisticallymuchmorelikelytodreamthanpreywhich areinturnmuchmorelikelytoexperiencedreamlesssleep.Indreamsleepthe animalispowerfullyimmobilizedandremarkablyunresponsivetoexternal stimuli.??Dreamlesssleepismuchshallowerandwehaveall witnessedcatsordogscockingtheirearstoasoundwhenapparentlyfast asleep.Thefactthatdeepdreamsleepisrareamongpreytodayseemsclearlyto beaproductofnaturalselectionanditmakessensethattodaywhensleepis highlyevolvedthestupidanimalsarelessfrequentlyimmobilizedbydeepsleep thanthesmartones.Butwhyshouldtheysleepdeeplyatall?? ?Whyshouldastateofsuchdeepimmobilizationeverhaveevolved?Perhaps oneusefulhintabouttheoriginalfunctionofsleepistobefoundinthefact thatdolphinsandwhalesandaquaticmammalsingeneralseemtosleepvery little.Thereisbyandlargenoplacetohideintheocean.? ?Coulditbethatratherthanincreasingananimal’svulnerabilitythe functionofsleepistodecreaseit?WilseWebboftheUniversityofFloridaand RayMeddisofLondonUniversityhavesuggestedthistobethecase.Itis conceivablethatanimalswhoaretoostupidtobequietontheirowninitiative areduringperiodsofhighriskimmobilizedbytheimplacablearmofsleep. Thepointseemsparticularlyclearfortheyoungofpredatoryanimals.Thisis aninterestingnotionandprobablyatleastpartly true.Catsanddogsoftenhavedreamlesssleep.
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