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A．Cloud-to-ground lightning occurring in the U. S. ? ?B．Types of lightning ? ?C．Cause of lightning ?...
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BasicResearchVs.AppliedResearch WhydoestheFoundationconcentrateitssupportonbasicratherthanappliedresearchBasicresearchistheveryheartofscienceanditscumulativeproductisthecapitalofscientificprogressacapitalthatmustbeconstantlyincreasedasthedemandsuponitsrise.Thegoalofbasicresearchisunderstandingforitsownsake.Understandingofthestructureoftheatomorthenervecelltheexplosionofaspiralnebula螺旋星orthedistributionofcosmicdustthecausesofearthquakesanddroughtsorofmanasabehavingcreatureandofthesocialforcesthatarecreatedwhenevertwoofmorehumanbeingscomeintocontactwithoneanother—thescopeisstaggeringbutthecommitmenttotruthisthesame.Ifthecommitmentweretoaparticularresultconflictingevidencemightbeoverlookedorwiththebestwillintheworldsimplynotappreciated.Moreoverthepracticalapplicationsofbasicresearchfrequentlycannotbeanticipated.WhenRoentgenthephysicistdiscoveredX-rayshehadnoideaoftheirusefulnesstomedicine. Appliedresearchundertakentosolvespecificpracticalproblemshasanimmediateattractivenessbecausetheresultscanbeseenandenjoyed.Forpracticalreasonsthesumsspentonappliedresearchinanycountryalwaysfarexceedthoseforbasicresearchandtheproportionsaremoreunequalinthelessdevelopedcountries.Leavingasidethefundsdevotedtoresearchbyindustry—whichisnaturallyfarmoreconcernedwithappliedaspectsbecausetheseprofitsquickly—thefundstheU.S.Governmentallotstobasicresearchcurrentlyamounttoaboutsevenpercentofitsoverallresearchanddevelopmentsfunds.Unlessadequatesafeguardsareprovidedappliedresearchinvariablytendstodriveoutbasic.ThensoDr.Watermanhaspointedoutdevelopmentwillinevitablybeundertakenprematurely过早的careerincentiveswillgravitatestronglytowardappliedscienceandtheopportunitiesformakingmajorscientificdiscoverieswillbelost.Unfortunatelypressurestoemphasizenewdevelopmentswithoutcorrespondingemphasisuponpurescience.Tendtodegradethequalityofthenation’stechnologyinthelongrunratherthantoimproveit. WhenRoentgendiscoveredX-rayshedidn’tmeantousetheminmedicalresearches.
{{*HTML*}}IsThereaWaytoKeeptheBritain’sEconomyGrowing???1.Intoday’sknowledgeeconomynationssurviveonthethingstheydobest.JapanesedesignelectronicswhileGermensexportengineering工程techniques.TheFrenchservethebestfoodandAmericansmakecomputers.??2.Britainspecializesinthegiftoftalking.Thenationdoesn’tmanufacturemuchofanything.Butithaslawyersstylistsandbusinessconsultantswhoearntheirlivingfromtalkandmoretalk.TheWorldFoundationthinktanksaystheUK’sfouriconic图标的jobstodayarenotscientistsengineersteachersandnurses.Insteadthey’rehairdresserscelebritiesmanagementconsultants顾问andmanagers.ButcanallthistalkingkeeptheBritisheconomygoing?TheBritishgovernmentthinksitcan.??3.Althoughthecountry’stradedeficitwasmorethan￡60billionin2006UK’slargestinthepostwarperiodofficialssaythecountryhasnothingtoworryabout.InfactBritaindoeshaveaworld-classpharmaceutical制药学的industryanditstillmakesasmallsumfromsellingarmsabroad.Italsotradesservices—accountancyinsurancebankingandadvertising.ThegovernmentbelievesBritainisonthecuttingedgeoftheknowledgeeconomy.AfterallthecountryofShakespeareandWordsworthhasaliterarytraditionofwhichtobeproud.Rock’n’rollisanEnglishlanguagemediumandtherearebillionstobemadebytheircutting-edgebands.InotherwordsthecreativeeconomyhasplentyofstrengthtocarrytheBritisheconomy.??4.Howevercreativeindustriesaccountforonlyabout4percentofUK’sexportsofgoodsandservices.TheindustriesarefindingithardtomakeaprofitaccordingtoareportoftheNationalEndowmentforScienceTechnologyandtheArts.Thereportshowsonly38percentofBritishcompanieswereengagedininnovationactivities3percentagepointsbelowtheEUaverageandwellbelowGermany61percentandSweden47percent.??5.InfactitmightbebettertocallBritainaservanteconomy—thereareatleast4millionpeopleinservice.Themajorityofthepopulationareemployedbytherichtocookcleanandtakecareoftheirchildren.Manygraduatesareevendoingmenialjobsforwhichtheydonotneedadegree.Mostemploymentgrowthhasbeenandwillcontinuetobeatthelow-skillendoftheservicesector—inshopsbarshotelsdomesticserviceandinnursingandcarehomes.??A.GrowthofEconomy??B.ServantEconomy??C.StrengthoftheCreativeEconomy??D.WeaknessoftheCreativeEconomy??E.GiftofTalking??F.ExportofTalkingMachinesParagraph5______
TheFamilyThestructureofafamilytakesdifferentformsaroundthewordandeveninthesamesociety.Thefamily’sformchangesasitadaptstochangingsocialandeconomicinfluences.UntilrecentlythemostcommonforminNorthAmericawasthenuclearfamilyconsistingofamarriedcouplewiththeirminorchildren.Thenuclearfamilyisanindependentunit.Itmustbepreparedtofendforitself.Individualfamilymembersstronglydependononeanother.Thereislittlehelpfromoutsidethefamilyinemergencies.Elderlyrelativesofanuclearfamilyarecaredforonlyifitispossibleforthefamilytodoso.InNorthAmericatheelderlyoftendonotlivewiththefamilytheyliveinretirementcommunitiesandnursinghomes.TherearemanyparallelsbetweenthenuclearfamilyinindustrialsocietiessuchasNorthAmericaandoffamiliesinsocietiessuchasthatoftheInuitswholiveinharshenvironments.Thenuclearfamilystructureiswelladaptedtoalifeofmobility.Inharshconditionsmobilityallowsthefamilytohuntforfood.ForNorthAmericansthehuntforjobsandimprovedsocialstatusalsorequiresmobility.ThenuclearfamilywasnotalwaystheNorthAmericanstandard.Inamoreagrariantimethesmallnuclearfamilywasusuallypartofalargerextendedfamily.Thismighthaveincludedgrandparentsmotherandfatherbrothersandsistersunclesauntsandcousins.InNorthAmericatodaythereisadramaticriseinthenumberofsingle-parenthouseholds.TwiceasmanyhouseholdsintheUnitedStatesareheadedbydivorcedseparatedornevermarriedindividualsasarecomprisedofnuclearfamilies.ThestructureofthefamilynotjustinNorthAmericabutthroughouttheworldcontinuestochangeasitadaptstochangingconditions.Theinformationinthefirstparagraphispresentedmainlythrough______
RisingChina TheChinaboomisbynowawell-documentedphenomenon.Whohasn’theardoftheMiddleKingdom’sastoundingeconomicgrowth8percentannuallyitsmesmerizing令人目瞪口呆的51market1.2billionpeopletheinvestmentardorofforeignsuitors$40billioninforeigndirectinvestmentlastyear52Chinaisaneconomicjuggernaut主宰.53NicholasLardyoftheBrookingsInstitutionaWashingtonD.C.-basedthinktank"NocountryhasexpandeditsforeigntradeasfastasChinaoverthelast20years.Japandoubleditsforeigntradeover54;55foreigntradeasquintupled.They’rebecomethepreeminentproduceroflabor-intensivemanufacturinggoodsintheworld".Butthere’sbeen56fromthedazzlingChinagrowthstory—namelytheChinesemultinational.NomajorChinesecompanieshave57establishedthemselvesortheirbrandsontheglobalstage.ButasHalershowsthatisstartingtochange.58100yearsofpovertyandchaosofbeingovershadowedbyforeigncountriesandmultinationalsChineseindustrialcompaniesarestartingto59ontheworld. Anewgenerationoflargeandcrediblefirms60inChinaintheelectronicsapplianceandevenhigh-techsectors.Somehavereachedcriticalmassonthemainlandand61newoutletsfortheirproduction—throughexportsandbybuildingChinesefactoriesabroadchieflyinSoutheastAsia.Oneexample:China’sinvestmentinMalaysiasoaredfrom$8millionin2000to$766millioninthefirsthalfofthisyear.62China’sexportprowess杰出的才能itwillbeyears63ChinesefirmsachievethemanagerialandoperationalexpertiseofWesternandJapanesemultinationals.Foronethingmanyofitsbestcompaniesarestillatleastpartiallystate-owned.64Chinahasashortageofmanagerialtalentandlittlenotionofmarketingandbrand-building.Itscompaniesarealso65bythecountry’stongtraditionofcentralplanninginefficientuseofcapitalandantiquateddistributionsystemwhichmakesbuildingnationalcompaniesachallenge. 55.
Ford’sAssemblyLine WhenitcomestosinglingoutthosewhohavemadeadifferenceinallourlivesyoucannotoverlookHenryFord.AhistorianacenturyfromnowmightwellconcludethatitwasFordwhomostinfluencedallmanufacturingeverywhereeventothisdaybyintroducinganewwaytomakecars—onestrangetosaythatoriginatedinslaughterhouses屠宰场. Backintheearly1900%slaughterhousesusedwhatcouldhavebeencalleda"disassemblyline".Fordreversedthisprocesstoseeifitwouldspeedupproductionofapartofanautomobileenginecalledamagneto.Ratherthanhaveeachworkercompletelyassembleamagnetooneofitselementswasplacedonaconveyerandeachworkerasitpassedaddedanothercomponenttoitthesameoneeachtime.ProfessorDavidHounshelloftheUniversityofDelawareanexpertonindustrialdevelopmenttellswhathappened: "Thepreviousdayworkerscarryingouttheentireprocesshadaveragedoneassemblyevery20minutes.Butonthatdayonthelinetheassemblyteamaveragedoneevery13minutesand10secondsperperson." Withinayearthetimehadbeenreducedtofiveminutes.In1913Fordwentalltheway.Hookedtogetherbyropespartiallyassembledvehiclesweretowed拖拉pastworkerswhocompletedthem’onepieceatatime.Itwasn’tlongbeforeFordwasturningoutseveralhundredthousandcarsayeararemarkableachievementthen.Andsoefficientandeconomicalwasthisnewsystemthathecutthepriceofhiscarsinhalfto$260puttingthemwithinreachofallthosewhoupuntilthattimecouldnotaffordthem.Soonautomakersovertheworldcopiedhim.InfactheencouragedthemtodosobywritingabookaboutallofhisinnovationsentitledTodayandTomorrow.TheAgeoftheAutomobilehasarrived.Todayaidedbyrobotsandotherformsofautomation自动化everythingfromtoasterstoperfumesismadeonassemblylines. Thephraseturningoutinthelastparagraphcouldbebestreplacedby.
ThepassagementionsallofthefollowingfactorsfortheexistenceoflifeEXCEPT.
{{*HTML*}}IsThereaWaytoKeeptheBritain’sEconomyGrowing???1.Intoday’sknowledgeeconomynationssurviveonthethingstheydobest.JapanesedesignelectronicswhileGermensexportengineering工程techniques.TheFrenchservethebestfoodandAmericansmakecomputers.??2.Britainspecializesinthegiftoftalking.Thenationdoesn’tmanufacturemuchofanything.Butithaslawyersstylistsandbusinessconsultantswhoearntheirlivingfromtalkandmoretalk.TheWorldFoundationthinktanksaystheUK’sfouriconic图标的jobstodayarenotscientistsengineersteachersandnurses.Insteadthey’rehairdresserscelebritiesmanagementconsultants顾问andmanagers.ButcanallthistalkingkeeptheBritisheconomygoing?TheBritishgovernmentthinksitcan.??3.Althoughthecountry’stradedeficitwasmorethan￡60billionin2006UK’slargestinthepostwarperiodofficialssaythecountryhasnothingtoworryabout.InfactBritaindoeshaveaworld-classpharmaceutical制药学的industryanditstillmakesasmallsumfromsellingarmsabroad.Italsotradesservices—accountancyinsurancebankingandadvertising.ThegovernmentbelievesBritainisonthecuttingedgeoftheknowledgeeconomy.AfterallthecountryofShakespeareandWordsworthhasaliterarytraditionofwhichtobeproud.Rock’n’rollisanEnglishlanguagemediumandtherearebillionstobemadebytheircutting-edgebands.InotherwordsthecreativeeconomyhasplentyofstrengthtocarrytheBritisheconomy.??4.Howevercreativeindustriesaccountforonlyabout4percentofUK’sexportsofgoodsandservices.TheindustriesarefindingithardtomakeaprofitaccordingtoareportoftheNationalEndowmentforScienceTechnologyandtheArts.Thereportshowsonly38percentofBritishcompanieswereengagedininnovationactivities3percentagepointsbelowtheEUaverageandwellbelowGermany61percentandSweden47percent.??5.InfactitmightbebettertocallBritainaservanteconomy—thereareatleast4millionpeopleinservice.Themajorityofthepopulationareemployedbytherichtocookcleanandtakecareoftheirchildren.Manygraduatesareevendoingmenialjobsforwhichtheydonotneedadegree.Mostemploymentgrowthhasbeenandwillcontinuetobeatthelow-skillendoftheservicesector—inshopsbarshotelsdomesticserviceandinnursingandcarehomes.??A.GrowthofEconomy??B.ServantEconomy??C.StrengthoftheCreativeEconomy??D.WeaknessoftheCreativeEconomy??E.GiftofTalking??F.ExportofTalkingMachinesManygraduatesareemployed
RisingChina TheChinaboomisbynowawell-documentedphenomenon.Whohasn’theardoftheMiddleKingdom’sastoundingeconomicgrowth8percentannuallyitsmesmerizing令人目瞪口呆的51market1.2billionpeopletheinvestmentardorofforeignsuitors$40billioninforeigndirectinvestmentlastyear52Chinaisaneconomicjuggernaut主宰.53NicholasLardyoftheBrookingsInstitutionaWashingtonD.C.-basedthinktank"NocountryhasexpandeditsforeigntradeasfastasChinaoverthelast20years.Japandoubleditsforeigntradeover54;55foreigntradeasquintupled.They’rebecomethepreeminentproduceroflabor-intensivemanufacturinggoodsintheworld".Butthere’sbeen56fromthedazzlingChinagrowthstory—namelytheChinesemultinational.NomajorChinesecompanieshave57establishedthemselvesortheirbrandsontheglobalstage.ButasHalershowsthatisstartingtochange.58100yearsofpovertyandchaosofbeingovershadowedbyforeigncountriesandmultinationalsChineseindustrialcompaniesarestartingto59ontheworld. Anewgenerationoflargeandcrediblefirms60inChinaintheelectronicsapplianceandevenhigh-techsectors.Somehavereachedcriticalmassonthemainlandand61newoutletsfortheirproduction—throughexportsandbybuildingChinesefactoriesabroadchieflyinSoutheastAsia.Oneexample:China’sinvestmentinMalaysiasoaredfrom$8millionin2000to$766millioninthefirsthalfofthisyear.62China’sexportprowess杰出的才能itwillbeyears63ChinesefirmsachievethemanagerialandoperationalexpertiseofWesternandJapanesemultinationals.Foronethingmanyofitsbestcompaniesarestillatleastpartiallystate-owned.64Chinahasashortageofmanagerialtalentandlittlenotionofmarketingandbrand-building.Itscompaniesarealso65bythecountry’stongtraditionofcentralplanninginefficientuseofcapitalandantiquateddistributionsystemwhichmakesbuildingnationalcompaniesachallenge. 53.
{{*HTML*}}????????????????????????ScienceandTechnology??Thereisadifferencebetweenscienceandtechnology.?46?Sciencehastodowithdiscoveringthefactsandrelationshipsbetweenobservablephenomenainnatureandwithestablishingtheoriesthatservetoorganizethesefactsandrelationships;technologyhastodowithtoolstechniquesandproceduresforapplyingthefindingsofscience.?47???Progressinscienceexcludesthehumanfactor.Scientistswhoseektounderstandtheuniverseandknowthetruthwithinthehighestdegreeofaccuracyandcertaintycannotpayattentiontotheirownorotherpeople’slikesordislikesortopopularideasaboutthefitnessofthings.?48?Butevenanunpleasanttruthismorethanlikelytobeuseful;besideswehavethechoiceofrefusingtobelieveit!Buthardlysowithtechnology;wedonothavethechoiceofrefusingtohearthesoundproducedbyasupersonic超音速的aircraftflyingoverhead;wecannotrefusetobreathepollutedair.?49?Thepurposeoftechnologyistoservepeople—peopleingeneralnotmerelysomepeople;andfuturegenerationsnotmerelythosewhopresentlywishtogainadvantageforthemselves.???50?Manypeopleblametechnologyitselfforwidespreadpollutionresourcedepletion枯竭andevensocialdecayingeneral—somuchsothatthepromiseoftechnologyisobscured.ThatpromiseisacleanerandhealthierworldIfwiseapplicationsofscienceandtechnologydonotleadtoabetterworldwhatelsewill?A.Anotherdistinctionbetweenscienceandtechnologyhastodowiththeprogressineach.B.Unlikescienceprogressintechnologymustbemeasuredintermsofthehumanfactor.C.Whatscientistsdiscovermayshockorangerpeople—asdidDarwin’stheoryofevolution.D.Scienceandtechnologyaredifferent.E.WeareallfamiliarwiththeimproperuseoftechnologyF.Scienceisamethodofansweringtheoreticalquestions;technologyisamethodofsolvingpracticalproblems.
RisingChina TheChinaboomisbynowawell-documentedphenomenon.Whohasn’theardoftheMiddleKingdom’sastoundingeconomicgrowth8percentannuallyitsmesmerizing令人目瞪口呆的51market1.2billionpeopletheinvestmentardorofforeignsuitors$40billioninforeigndirectinvestmentlastyear52Chinaisaneconomicjuggernaut主宰.53NicholasLardyoftheBrookingsInstitutionaWashingtonD.C.-basedthinktank"NocountryhasexpandeditsforeigntradeasfastasChinaoverthelast20years.Japandoubleditsforeigntradeover54;55foreigntradeasquintupled.They’rebecomethepreeminentproduceroflabor-intensivemanufacturinggoodsintheworld".Butthere’sbeen56fromthedazzlingChinagrowthstory—namelytheChinesemultinational.NomajorChinesecompanieshave57establishedthemselvesortheirbrandsontheglobalstage.ButasHalershowsthatisstartingtochange.58100yearsofpovertyandchaosofbeingovershadowedbyforeigncountriesandmultinationalsChineseindustrialcompaniesarestartingto59ontheworld. Anewgenerationoflargeandcrediblefirms60inChinaintheelectronicsapplianceandevenhigh-techsectors.Somehavereachedcriticalmassonthemainlandand61newoutletsfortheirproduction—throughexportsandbybuildingChinesefactoriesabroadchieflyinSoutheastAsia.Oneexample:China’sinvestmentinMalaysiasoaredfrom$8millionin2000to$766millioninthefirsthalfofthisyear.62China’sexportprowess杰出的才能itwillbeyears63ChinesefirmsachievethemanagerialandoperationalexpertiseofWesternandJapanesemultinationals.Foronethingmanyofitsbestcompaniesarestillatleastpartiallystate-owned.64Chinahasashortageofmanagerialtalentandlittlenotionofmarketingandbrand-building.Itscompaniesarealso65bythecountry’stongtraditionofcentralplanninginefficientuseofcapitalandantiquateddistributionsystemwhichmakesbuildingnationalcompaniesachallenge. 65.
RisingChina TheChinaboomisbynowawell-documentedphenomenon.Whohasn’theardoftheMiddleKingdom’sastoundingeconomicgrowth8percentannuallyitsmesmerizing令人目瞪口呆的51market1.2billionpeopletheinvestmentardorofforeignsuitors$40billioninforeigndirectinvestmentlastyear52Chinaisaneconomicjuggernaut主宰.53NicholasLardyoftheBrookingsInstitutionaWashingtonD.C.-basedthinktank"NocountryhasexpandeditsforeigntradeasfastasChinaoverthelast20years.Japandoubleditsforeigntradeover54;55foreigntradeasquintupled.They’rebecomethepreeminentproduceroflabor-intensivemanufacturinggoodsintheworld".Butthere’sbeen56fromthedazzlingChinagrowthstory—namelytheChinesemultinational.NomajorChinesecompanieshave57establishedthemselvesortheirbrandsontheglobalstage.ButasHalershowsthatisstartingtochange.58100yearsofpovertyandchaosofbeingovershadowedbyforeigncountriesandmultinationalsChineseindustrialcompaniesarestartingto59ontheworld. Anewgenerationoflargeandcrediblefirms60inChinaintheelectronicsapplianceandevenhigh-techsectors.Somehavereachedcriticalmassonthemainlandand61newoutletsfortheirproduction—throughexportsandbybuildingChinesefactoriesabroadchieflyinSoutheastAsia.Oneexample:China’sinvestmentinMalaysiasoaredfrom$8millionin2000to$766millioninthefirsthalfofthisyear.62China’sexportprowess杰出的才能itwillbeyears63ChinesefirmsachievethemanagerialandoperationalexpertiseofWesternandJapanesemultinationals.Foronethingmanyofitsbestcompaniesarestillatleastpartiallystate-owned.64Chinahasashortageofmanagerialtalentandlittlenotionofmarketingandbrand-building.Itscompaniesarealso65bythecountry’stongtraditionofcentralplanninginefficientuseofcapitalandantiquateddistributionsystemwhichmakesbuildingnationalcompaniesachallenge. 63.
BasicResearchVs.AppliedResearch WhydoestheFoundationconcentrateitssupportonbasicratherthanappliedresearchBasicresearchistheveryheartofscienceanditscumulativeproductisthecapitalofscientificprogressacapitalthatmustbeconstantlyincreasedasthedemandsuponitsrise.Thegoalofbasicresearchisunderstandingforitsownsake.Understandingofthestructureoftheatomorthenervecelltheexplosionofaspiralnebula螺旋星orthedistributionofcosmicdustthecausesofearthquakesanddroughtsorofmanasabehavingcreatureandofthesocialforcesthatarecreatedwhenevertwoofmorehumanbeingscomeintocontactwithoneanother—thescopeisstaggeringbutthecommitmenttotruthisthesame.Ifthecommitmentweretoaparticularresultconflictingevidencemightbeoverlookedorwiththebestwillintheworldsimplynotappreciated.Moreoverthepracticalapplicationsofbasicresearchfrequentlycannotbeanticipated.WhenRoentgenthephysicistdiscoveredX-rayshehadnoideaoftheirusefulnesstomedicine. Appliedresearchundertakentosolvespecificpracticalproblemshasanimmediateattractivenessbecausetheresultscanbeseenandenjoyed.Forpracticalreasonsthesumsspentonappliedresearchinanycountryalwaysfarexceedthoseforbasicresearchandtheproportionsaremoreunequalinthelessdevelopedcountries.Leavingasidethefundsdevotedtoresearchbyindustry—whichisnaturallyfarmoreconcernedwithappliedaspectsbecausetheseprofitsquickly—thefundstheU.S.Governmentallotstobasicresearchcurrentlyamounttoaboutsevenpercentofitsoverallresearchanddevelopmentsfunds.Unlessadequatesafeguardsareprovidedappliedresearchinvariablytendstodriveoutbasic.ThensoDr.Watermanhaspointedoutdevelopmentwillinevitablybeundertakenprematurely过早的careerincentiveswillgravitatestronglytowardappliedscienceandtheopportunitiesformakingmajorscientificdiscoverieswillbelost.Unfortunatelypressurestoemphasizenewdevelopmentswithoutcorrespondingemphasisuponpurescience.Tendtodegradethequalityofthenation’stechnologyinthelongrunratherthantoimproveit. TheUnitedStatesGovernmentcurrentlyconcentratesitssupportonappliedratherthanonbasicresearch.
RisingChina TheChinaboomisbynowawell-documentedphenomenon.Whohasn’theardoftheMiddleKingdom’sastoundingeconomicgrowth8percentannuallyitsmesmerizing令人目瞪口呆的51market1.2billionpeopletheinvestmentardorofforeignsuitors$40billioninforeigndirectinvestmentlastyear52Chinaisaneconomicjuggernaut主宰.53NicholasLardyoftheBrookingsInstitutionaWashingtonD.C.-basedthinktank"NocountryhasexpandeditsforeigntradeasfastasChinaoverthelast20years.Japandoubleditsforeigntradeover54;55foreigntradeasquintupled.They’rebecomethepreeminentproduceroflabor-intensivemanufacturinggoodsintheworld".Butthere’sbeen56fromthedazzlingChinagrowthstory—namelytheChinesemultinational.NomajorChinesecompanieshave57establishedthemselvesortheirbrandsontheglobalstage.ButasHalershowsthatisstartingtochange.58100yearsofpovertyandchaosofbeingovershadowedbyforeigncountriesandmultinationalsChineseindustrialcompaniesarestartingto59ontheworld. Anewgenerationoflargeandcrediblefirms60inChinaintheelectronicsapplianceandevenhigh-techsectors.Somehavereachedcriticalmassonthemainlandand61newoutletsfortheirproduction—throughexportsandbybuildingChinesefactoriesabroadchieflyinSoutheastAsia.Oneexample:China’sinvestmentinMalaysiasoaredfrom$8millionin2000to$766mioninthefirsthalfofthisyear.62China’sexportprowess杰出的才能itwillbeyears63ChinesefirmsachievethemanagerialandoperationalexpertiseofWesternandJapanesemultinationals.Foronethingmanyofitsbestcompaniesarestillatleastpartiallystate-owned.64Chinahasashortageofmanagerialtalentandlittlenotionofmarketingandbrand-building.Itscompaniesarealso65bythecountry’stongtraditionofcentralplanninginefficientuseofcapitalandantiquateddistributionsystemwhichmakesbuildingnationalcompaniesachallenge. 61.
{{*HTML*}}IsThereaWaytoKeeptheBritain’sEconomyGrowing???1.Intoday’sknowledgeeconomynationssurviveonthethingstheydobest.JapanesedesignelectronicswhileGermensexportengineering工程techniques.TheFrenchservethebestfoodandAmericansmakecomputers.??2.Britainspecializesinthegiftoftalking.Thenationdoesn’tmanufacturemuchofanything.Butithaslawyersstylistsandbusinessconsultantswhoearntheirlivingfromtalkandmoretalk.TheWorldFoundationthinktanksaystheUK’sfouriconic图标的jobstodayarenotscientistsengineersteachersandnurses.Insteadthey’rehairdresserscelebritiesmanagementconsultants顾问andmanagers.ButcanallthistalkingkeeptheBritisheconomygoing?TheBritishgovernmentthinksitcan.??3.Althoughthecountry’stradedeficitwasmorethan￡60billionin2006UK’slargestinthepostwarperiodofficialssaythecountryhasnothingtoworryabout.InfactBritaindoeshaveaworld-classpharmaceutical制药学的industryanditstillmakesasmallsumfromsellingarmsabroad.Italsotradesservices—accountancyinsurancebankingandadvertising.ThegovernmentbelievesBritainisonthecuttingedgeoftheknowledgeeconomy.AfterallthecountryofShakespeareandWordsworthhasaliterarytraditionofwhichtobeproud.Rock’n’rollisanEnglishlanguagemediumandtherearebillionstobemadebytheircutting-edgebands.InotherwordsthecreativeeconomyhasplentyofstrengthtocarrytheBritisheconomy.??4.Howevercreativeindustriesaccountforonlyabout4percentofUK’sexportsofgoodsandservices.TheindustriesarefindingithardtomakeaprofitaccordingtoareportoftheNationalEndowmentforScienceTechnologyandtheArts.Thereportshowsonly38percentofBritishcompanieswereengagedininnovationactivities3percentagepointsbelowtheEUaverageandwellbelowGermany61percentandSweden47percent.??5.InfactitmightbebettertocallBritainaservanteconomy—thereareatleast4millionpeopleinservice.Themajorityofthepopulationareemployedbytherichtocookcleanandtakecareoftheirchildren.Manygraduatesareevendoingmenialjobsforwhichtheydonotneedadegree.Mostemploymentgrowthhasbeenandwillcontinuetobeatthelow-skillendoftheservicesector—inshopsbarshotelsdomesticserviceandinnursingandcarehomes.??A.GrowthofEconomy??B.ServantEconomy??C.StrengthoftheCreativeEconomy??D.WeaknessoftheCreativeEconomy??E.GiftofTalking??F.ExportofTalkingMachinesTheBritishgovernmentdoesn’tseem
BasicResearchVs.AppliedResearch WhydoestheFoundationconcentrateitssupportonbasicratherthanappliedresearchBasicresearchistheveryheartofscienceanditscumulativeproductisthecapitalofscientificprogressacapitalthatmustbeconstantlyincreasedasthedemandsuponitsrise.Thegoalofbasicresearchisunderstandingforitsownsake.Understandingofthestructureoftheatomorthenervecelltheexplosionofaspiralnebula螺旋星orthedistributionofcosmicdustthecausesofearthquakesanddroughtsorofmanasabehavingcreatureandofthesocialforcesthatarecreatedwhenevertwoofmorehumanbeingscomeintocontactwithoneanother—thescopeisstaggeringbutthecommitmenttotruthisthesame.Ifthecommitmentweretoaparticularresultconflictingevidencemightbeoverlookedorwiththebestwillintheworldsimplynotappreciated.Moreoverthepracticalapplicationsofbasicresearchfrequentlycannotbeanticipated.WhenRoentgenthephysicistdiscoveredX-rayshehadnoideaoftheirusefulnesstomedicine. Appliedresearchundertakentosolvespecificpracticalproblemshasanimmediateattractivenessbecausetheresultscanbeseenandenjoyed.Forpracticalreasonsthesumsspentonappliedresearchinanycountryalwaysfarexceedthoseforbasicresearchandtheproportionsaremoreunequalinthelessdevelopedcountries.Leavingasidethefundsdevotedtoresearchbyindustry—whichisnaturallyfarmoreconcernedwithappliedaspectsbecausetheseprofitsquickly—thefundstheU.S.Governmentallotstobasicresearchcurrentlyamounttoaboutsevenpercentofitsoverallresearchanddevelopmentsfunds.Unlessadequatesafeguardsareprovidedappliedresearchinvariablytendstodriveoutbasic.ThensoDr.Watermanhaspointedoutdevelopmentwillinevitablybeundertakenprematurely过早的careerincentiveswillgravitatestronglytowardappliedscienceandtheopportunitiesformakingmajorscientificdiscoverieswillbelost.Unfortunatelypressurestoemphasizenewdevelopmentswithoutcorrespondingemphasisuponpurescience.Tendtodegradethequalityofthenation’stechnologyinthelongrunratherthantoimproveit. X-raysusedinmedicalresearchesbelongtothescopeofbasicresearch.
RisingChina TheChinaboomisbynowawell-documentedphenomenon.Whohasn’theardoftheMiddleKingdom’sastoundingeconomicgrowth8percentannuallyitsmesmerizing令人目瞪口呆的51market1.2billionpeopletheinvestmentardorofforeignsuitors$40billioninforeigndirectinvestmentlastyear52Chinaisaneconomicjuggernaut主宰.53NicholasLardyoftheBrookingsInstitutionaWashingtonD.C.-basedthinktank"NocountryhasexpandeditsforeigntradeasfastasChinaoverthelast20years.Japandoubleditsforeigntradeover54;55foreigntradeasquintupled.They’rebecomethepreeminentproduceroflabor-intensivemanufacturinggoodsintheworld".Butthere’sbeen56fromthedazzlingChinagrowthstory—namelytheChinesemultinational.NomajorChinesecompanieshave57establishedthemselvesortheirbrandsontheglobalstage.ButasHalershowsthatisstartingtochange.58100yearsofpovertyandchaosofbeingovershadowedbyforeigncountriesandmultinationalsChineseindustrialcompaniesarestartingto59ontheworld. Anewgenerationoflargeandcrediblefirms60inChinaintheelectronicsapplianceandevenhigh-techsectors.Somehavereachedcriticalmassonthemainlandand61newoutletsfortheirproduction—throughexportsandbybuildingChinesefactoriesabroadchieflyinSoutheastAsia.Oneexample:China’sinvestmentinMalaysiasoaredfrom$8millionin2000to$766millioninthefirsthalfofthisyear.62China’sexportprowess杰出的才能itwillbeyears63ChinesefirmsachievethemanagerialandoperationalexpertiseofWesternandJapanesemultinationals.Foronethingmanyofitsbestcompaniesarestillatleastpartiallystate-owned.64Chinahasashortageofmanagerialtalentandlittlenotionofmarketingandbrand-building.Itscompaniesarealso65bythecountry’stongtraditionofcentralplanninginefficientuseofcapitalandantiquateddistributionsystemwhichmakesbuildingnationalcompaniesachallenge. 59.
EverybodywasgladtoseeMaryback.
RisingChina TheChinaboomisbynowawell-documentedphenomenon.Whohasn’theardoftheMiddleKingdom’sastoundingeconomicgrowth8percentannuallyitsmesmerizing令人目瞪口呆的51market1.2billionpeopletheinvestmentardorofforeignsuitors$40billioninforeigndirectinvestmentlastyear52Chinaisaneconomicjuggernaut主宰.53NicholasLardyoftheBrookingsInstitutionaWashingtonD.C.-basedthinktank"NocountryhasexpandeditsforeigntradeasfastasChinaoverthelast20years.Japandoubleditsforeigntradeover54;55foreigntradeasquintupled.They’rebecomethepreeminentproduceroflabor-intensivemanufacturinggoodsintheworld".Butthere’sbeen56fromthedazzlingChinagrowthstory—namelytheChinesemultinational.NomajorChinesecompanieshave57establishedthemselvesortheirbrandsontheglobalstage.ButasHalershowsthatisstartingtochange.58100yearsofpovertyandchaosofbeingovershadowedbyforeigncountriesandmultinationalsChineseindustrialcompaniesarestartingto59ontheworld. Anewgenerationoflargeandcrediblefirms60inChinaintheelectronicsapplianceandevenhigh-techsectors.Somehavereachedcriticalmassonthemainlandand61newoutletsfortheirproduction—throughexportsandbybuildingChinesefactoriesabroadchieflyinSoutheastAsia.Oneexample:China’sinvestmentinMalaysiasoaredfrom$8millionin2000to$766millioninthefirsthalfofthisyear.62China’sexportprowess杰出的才能itwillbeyears63ChinesefirmsachievethemanagerialandoperationalexpertiseofWesternandJapanesemultinationals.Foronethingmanyofitsbestcompaniesarestillatleastpartiallystate-owned.64Chinahasashortageofmanagerialtalentandlittlenotionofmarketingandbrand-building.Itscompaniesarealso65bythecountry’stongtraditionofcentralplanninginefficientuseofcapitalandantiquateddistributionsystemwhichmakesbuildingnationalcompaniesachallenge. 51.
IwasshockedwhenIsawthesizeofthetelephonebill．
Theboyalwayslooksthroughhishomeworkbeforehandingitin.
EatMoreWeighLessLiveLonger Clevergeneticdetectiveworkmayhavefoundoutthereasonwhyanear-starvationdietprolongsthelifeofmanyanimals. RonaldKahnatHarvardMedicalSchoolinBostonUSandhiscolleagueshavebeenabletoextendthelifespan寿命ofmiceby18percentbyblockingtherodent’s啮齿动物increaseoffatinspecificcells.Thissuggeststhatthinness—andnotnecessarilydiet—promoteslonglifein"calorie热量卡restricted"animals. "It’sverycoalwork"saysagingresearcherCynthiaKenyonoftheUniversityofCaliforniaSanFrancisco."Thesemiceeatalltheywantloseweightandlivelonger.It’slikeheaven." Calorierestriction.dramaticallyextendsthelifespanoforganismsasdifferentaswormsandrodents.Whetherthisworksinhumansisstillunknownpartlybecausefewpeoplearewillingtosubmittosuchastrictdiet. Butmanyresearchershopetheywillbeabletotriggerthesameeffectwithadrugoncetheyunderstandhowless.foodleadstoalongerlife.Onetheoryisthateatinglessreducestheincreaseofharmfulthingsthatcandamagecells.Butkahn’steamwonderedwhethertheanimalssimplybenefitbybecomingthin: Tofindouttheyusedbiologytrickstodisrupttheinsulin胰岛素receptor受体geneinlabmice—butonlyintheirfatcells."Sinceinsulinisneededtohelpfatcellsstorefattheseanimalswereprotectedagainstbecomingfat"explainsKahn. Thisslightgeneticchangeinasingletissuehaddramaticeffects.BythreemonthsofageKahn’smodifiedmicehadupto70percentlessbodyfatthannormalcontrolmicedespitethefactthattheyate55percentmorefoodpergramofbodyweight. Inadditiontheirlifespanincreased.Theaveragecontrolmouselived753dayswhilethethinrodentsaveragedalifespanof887days.Afterthreeyearsallthecontrolmicehaddiedbutone-quarterofthemodifiedrodentswerestillalive. "Thattheygettheseeffectsbyjustmanipulatingthefatcellsiscontroversial"saysLeonardGuarenteoftheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologywhostudiescalorierestrictionandaging.. ButGuarentesaysKahnhasyettoprovethatthesameeffectisresponsibleforincreasedlifespanincalorie-restrictedanimals."Itmightbethesameeffectortheremightbetworoutestolonglife"hepointsout"andthatwouldbeveryinteresting./ RonaldKahnandhiscolleaguescanmakemicelivelongerby.
Ithardfortheyoungpeopletoimaginewhatsevereconditionstheirparentsoncelivedunder.
Inthelattercasetheoutcomecanbeseriousindeed
Ford’sAssemblyLine WhenitcomestosinglingoutthosewhohavemadeadifferenceinallourlivesyoucannotoverlookHenryFord.AhistorianacenturyfromnowmightwellconcludethatitwasFordwhomostinfluencedallmanufacturingeverywhereeventothisdaybyintroducinganewwaytomakecars—onestrangetosaythatoriginatedinslaughterhouses屠宰场. Backintheearly1900%slaughterhousesusedwhatcouldhavebeencalleda"disassemblyline".Fordreversedthisprocesstoseeifitwouldspeedupproductionofapartofanautomobileenginecalledamagneto.Ratherthanhaveeachworkercompletelyassembleamagnetooneofitselementswasplacedonaconveyerandeachworkerasitpassedaddedanothercomponenttoitthesameoneeachtime.ProfessorDavidHounshelloftheUniversityofDelawareanexpertonindustrialdevelopmenttellswhathappened: "Thepreviousdayworkerscarryingouttheentireprocesshadaveragedoneassemblyevery20minutes.Butonthatdayonthelinetheassemblyteamaveragedoneevery13minutesand10secondsperperson." Withinayearthetimehadbeenreducedtofiveminutes.In1913Fordwentalltheway.Hookedtogetherbyropespartiallyassembledvehiclesweretowed拖拉pastworkerswhocompletedthem’onepieceatatime.Itwasn’tlongbeforeFordwasturningoutseveralhundredthousandcarsayeararemarkableachievementthen.Andsoefficientandeconomicalwasthisnewsystemthathecutthepriceofhiscarsinhalfto$260puttingthemwithinreachofallthosewhoupuntilthattimecouldnotaffordthem.Soonautomakersovertheworldcopiedhim.InfactheencouragedthemtodosobywritingabookaboutallofhisinnovationsentitledTodayandTomorrow.TheAgeoftheAutomobilehasarrived.Todayaidedbyrobotsandotherformsofautomation自动化everythingfromtoasterstoperfumesismadeonassemblylines. Thewritermentionsslaughterhousesbecausetheyweretheplaceswhere.
{{*HTML*}}IsThereaWaytoKeeptheBritain’sEconomyGrowing???1.Intoday’sknowledgeeconomynationssurviveonthethingstheydobest.JapanesedesignelectronicswhileGermensexportengineering工程techniques.TheFrenchservethebestfoodandAmericansmakecomputers.??2.Britainspecializesinthegiftoftalking.Thenationdoesn’tmanufacturemuchofanything.Butithaslawyersstylistsandbusinessconsultantswhoearntheirlivingfromtalkandmoretalk.TheWorldFoundationthinktanksaystheUK’sfouriconic图标的jobstodayarenotscientistsengineersteachersandnurses.Insteadthey’rehairdresserscelebritiesmanagementconsultants顾问andmanagers.ButcanallthistalkingkeeptheBritisheconomygoing?TheBritishgovernmentthinksitcan.??3.Althoughthecountry’stradedeficitwasmorethan￡60billionin2006UK’slargestinthepostwarperiodofficialssaythecountryhasnothingtoworryabout.InfactBritaindoeshaveaworld-classpharmaceutical制药学的industryanditstillmakesasmallsumfromsellingarmsabroad.Italsotradesservices—accountancyinsurancebankingandadvertising.ThegovernmentbelievesBritainisonthecuttingedgeoftheknowledgeeconomy.AfterallthecountryofShakespeareandWordsworthhasaliterarytraditionofwhichtobeproud.Rock’n’rollisanEnglishlanguagemediumandtherearebillionstobemadebytheircutting-edgebands.InotherwordsthecreativeeconomyhasplentyofstrengthtocarrytheBritisheconomy.??4.Howevercreativeindustriesaccountforonlyabout4percentofUK’sexportsofgoodsandservices.TheindustriesarefindingithardtomakeaprofitaccordingtoareportoftheNationalEndowmentforScienceTechnologyandtheArts.Thereportshowsonly38percentofBritishcompanieswereengagedininnovationactivities3percentagepointsbelowtheEUaverageandwellbelowGermany61percentandSweden47percent.??5.InfactitmightbebettertocallBritainaservanteconomy—thereareatleast4millionpeopleinservice.Themajorityofthepopulationareemployedbytherichtocookcleanandtakecareoftheirchildren.Manygraduatesareevendoingmenialjobsforwhichtheydonotneedadegree.Mostemploymentgrowthhasbeenandwillcontinuetobeatthelow-skillendoftheservicesector—inshopsbarshotelsdomesticserviceandinnursingandcarehomes.??A.GrowthofEconomy??B.ServantEconomy??C.StrengthoftheCreativeEconomy??D.WeaknessoftheCreativeEconomy??E.GiftofTalking??F.ExportofTalkingMachinesParagraph3______
Therearenumerousmanualsavailablewithinstructionsonhowtofixabicycle.
BasicResearchVs.AppliedResearch WhydoestheFoundationconcentrateitssupportonbasicratherthanappliedresearchBasicresearchistheveryheartofscienceanditscumulativeproductisthecapitalofscientificprogressacapitalthatmustbeconstantlyincreasedasthedemandsuponitsrise.Thegoalofbasicresearchisunderstandingforitsownsake.Understandingofthestructureoftheatomorthenervecelltheexplosionofaspiralnebula螺旋星orthedistributionofcosmicdustthecausesofearthquakesanddroughtsorofmanasabehavingcreatureandofthesocialforcesthatarecreatedwhenevertwoofmorehumanbeingscomeintocontactwithoneanother—thescopeisstaggeringbutthecommitmenttotruthisthesame.Ifthecommitmentweretoaparticularresultconflictingevidencemightbeoverlookedorwiththebestwillintheworldsimplynotappreciated.Moreoverthepracticalapplicationsofbasicresearchfrequentlycannotbeanticipated.WhenRoentgenthephysicistdiscoveredX-rayshehadnoideaoftheirusefulnesstomedicine. Appliedresearchundertakentosolvespecificpracticalproblemshasanimmediateattractivenessbecausetheresultscanbeseenandenjoyed.Forpracticalreasonsthesumsspentonappliedresearchinanycountryalwaysfarexceedthoseforbasicresearchandtheproportionsaremoreunequalinthelessdevelopedcountries.Leavingasidethefundsdevotedtoresearchbyindustry—whichisnaturallyfarmoreconcernedwithappliedaspectsbecausetheseprofitsquickly—thefundstheU.S.Governmentallotstobasicresearchcurrentlyamounttoaboutsevenpercentofitsoverallresearchanddevelopmentsfunds.Unlessadequatesafeguardsareprovidedappliedresearchinvariablytendstodriveoutbasic.ThensoDr.Watermanhaspointedoutdevelopmentwillinevitablybeundertakenprematurely过早的careerincentiveswillgravitatestronglytowardappliedscienceandtheopportunitiesformakingmajorscientificdiscoverieswillbelost.Unfortunatelypressurestoemphasizenewdevelopmentswithoutcorrespondingemphasisuponpurescience.Tendtodegradethequalityofthenation’stechnologyinthelongrunratherthantoimproveit. Manyscientiststhinkbasicresearchismoreimportantthanappliedresearch.
TheFamilyThestructureofafamilytakesdifferentformsaroundthewordandeveninthesamesociety.Thefamily’sformchangesasitadaptstochangingsocialandeconomicinfluences.UntilrecentlythemostcommonforminNorthAmericawasthenuclearfamilyconsistingofamarriedcouplewiththeirminorchildren.Thenuclearfamilyisanindependentunit.Itmustbepreparedtofendforitself.Individualfamilymembersstronglydependononeanother.Thereislittlehelpfromoutsidethefamilyinemergencies.Elderlyrelativesofanuclearfamilyarecaredforonlyifitispossibleforthefamilytodoso.InNorthAmericatheelderlyoftendonotlivewiththefamilytheyliveinretirementcommunitiesandnursinghomes.TherearemanyparallelsbetweenthenuclearfamilyinindustrialsocietiessuchasNorthAmericaandoffamiliesinsocietiessuchasthatoftheInuitswholiveinharshenvironments.Thenuclearfamilystructureiswelladaptedtoalifeofmobility.Inharshconditionsmobilityallowsthefamilytohuntforfood.ForNorthAmericansthehuntforjobsandimprovedsocialstatusalsorequiresmobility.ThenuclearfamilywasnotalwaystheNorthAmericanstandard.Inamoreagrariantimethesmallnuclearfamilywasusuallypartofalargerextendedfamily.Thismighthaveincludedgrandparentsmotherandfatherbrothersandsistersunclesauntsandcousins.InNorthAmericatodaythereisadramaticriseinthenumberofsingle-parenthouseholds.TwiceasmanyhouseholdsintheUnitedStatesareheadedbydivorcedseparatedornevermarriedindividualsasarecomprisedofnuclearfamilies.ThestructureofthefamilynotjustinNorthAmericabutthroughouttheworldcontinuestochangeasitadaptstochangingconditions.Anuclearfamilyisdefinedas______
RisingChina TheChinaboomisbynowawell-documentedphenomenon.Whohasn’theardoftheMiddleKingdom’sastoundingeconomicgrowth8percentannuallyitsmesmerizing令人目瞪口呆的51market1.2billionpeopletheinvestmentardorofforeignsuitors$40billioninforeigndirectinvestmentlastyear52Chinaisaneconomicjuggernaut主宰.53NicholasLardyoftheBrookingsInstitutionaWashingtonD.C.-basedthinktank"NocountryhasexpandeditsforeigntradeasfastasChinaoverthelast20years.Japandoubleditsforeigntradeover54;55foreigntradeasquintupled.They’rebecomethepreeminentproduceroflabor-intensivemanufacturinggoodsintheworld".Butthere’sbeen56fromthedazzlingChinagrowthstory—namelytheChinesemultinational.NomajorChinesecompanieshave57establishedthemselvesortheirbrandsontheglobalstage.ButasHalershowsthatisstartingtochange.58100yearsofpovertyandchaosofbeingovershadowedbyforeigncountriesandmultinationalsChineseindustrialcompaniesarestartingto59ontheworld. Anewgenerationoflargeandcrediblefirms60inChinaintheelectronicsapplianceandevenhigh-techsectors.Somehavereachedcriticalmassonthemainlandand61newoutletsfortheirproduction—throughexportsandbybuildingChinesefactoriesabroadchieflyinSoutheastAsia.Oneexample:China’sinvestmentinMalaysiasoaredfrom$8millionin2000to$766millioninthefirsthalfofthisyear.62China’sexportprowess杰出的才能itwillbeyears63ChinesefirmsachievethemanagerialandoperationalexpertiseofWesternandJapanesemultinationals.Foronethingmanyofitsbestcompaniesarestillatleastpartiallystate-owned.64Chinahasashortageofmanagerialtalentandlittlenotionofmarketingandbrand-building.Itscompaniesarealso65bythecountry’stongtraditionofcentralplanninginefficientuseofcapitalandantiquateddistributionsystemwhichmakesbuildingnationalcompaniesachallenge. 57.
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