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? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Volts from the Sky ? ?1.Lightning has caused awe and wonder since old time...
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PrettyGood WhenSpanishfootballclubBarcelonapaidUS$35millionforRonaldinholastsummertheyweren’tbuyingaprettyface."Iam51"admitstheBraziliansuperstar超级明星."Buteveryonehasgotadifferentkindofbeauty.WhatI52haveischarm." Indeedhehas.Hisbuckteeth龅牙flowinghairbigsmileandofcoursehis53skillsarealwayseye-catchingonthepitch.The23-year-oldstriker中锋scoredtwogoalsina3-2winoverDeportivoLaCorunaonMarch1.ItwasBarcelona’ssixthwininarowandthankstotheirBrazilian’s10-goalcontribution54lookedlikeapoorseasoncouldnowendasuccess. Ronaldinho-fullnameRonaldoDeAssisMoreira-isoneofmanySouthAmericanswholearnedtheirskillsplayinginthebackstreetsbefore55themoffontheworldstage. Greatthingswere56whenGremiosignedhimasaseven-year-oldandhesoonbecamefriendswithRonaldowhowasthentheotheryoungstarofBrazilianfootball.ItwasRonaldowhofirstcalledhimRonaldinhowhich57LittleRonaldo. Hefirst58forhiscountryin1999butitwasatthe2002WorldCupwhereheshowedhisrealworthscoringanunbelievablefree-kickinBrazil’squarter-finalvictory59England. "Ihaveneverfailedtodeliverinbigmatches"Ronaldinhosays."Mygameisbasedonimprovisation即兴表演.Oftenaforwarddoesnothavethetimetodecidewhethertoshootor60.Itisinstinctthatgivesouttheorders." WhilehemaynothaveDavidBeckham’sgoodlooksRonaldinhohasa61reputationoffthepitch.AtformerclubParisSaintGermainwhichsoldhimtoBarcelonahebroke62rulesbygoingoutandenjoyingthecity’snightlife. "WithoutdoubtRonaldinhoisthemost63playerIhaveevercomeacross"saysformerPSGcoachLuisFerdandez."Themain64foranycoachisthatoneplayerwithoutdisciplinecanhurtthewholeteam." ButRonaldinhodoesn’tthinkhehasdoneanythingwrong."Iamjustayoungpersonwhoenjoys65"hesays. 54.
Thecityhasdecidedtodoawaywithalltheoldbuildingsinitscenter.
LifeatAichiUniversityI’mYamamotoMikaa22-yearoldJapanesegirl.I’dliketoinviteyoutoAichiUniversitysoyoucanunderstandmylife.OuruniversityhasacloserelationshipwithChinaandmydepartmentistheonlyoneofitskindinJapan.MycoursesincludetheChineselanguagemodemChinesepoliticsandeconomics.IlovetheChinesecultureandIhavebeentoTianjinasanexchangestudent.InJapanourcoursesaredividedintocompulsoryoptionalandspecializedcourses.Howeverwehaveaflexibleschedule.Wecanchooseclassesfromawiderangeofoptions.Manystudentsfinishthecompulsorycoursesinthreeyearssothattheycanhaveoneyearwithoutanyclasses.Theyoftenusethisperiodoftimetostudyabroadconductresearchandtravel.Manystudentsevensuspendtheirstudyforadditionalstudy-abroadopportunities.Japaneseuniversitiesencouragestudentstochoosetheirownwaysofstudysoitisquiteeasyforustoapplyforstudysuspension.Japanesestudentsparticipateinvariouskindsofextracurricularactivities.Theyattendclubsfromelementaryschoolssomanyhavealreadybeenaccustomedtoclubswhentheyenteruniversity.Ouruniversitynowhas42artclubsand45sportsclubs.TheannualUniversityFestivalisthegrandestcarnivalofJapaneseuniversities.Inthefestivalstudentspromotetheirclubsandorganizevariousactivities.Ouruniversity’sfestivalattractedabout150000peoplelastyear.Ireallylikethisfestival.InschoolIparticipateinthejournalismclub.Whenwehavetheclubpromotionwecooktonnjiruakindofporksoupandsellittootherstudentsatthefair.Wealsogotodifferentplacestointerviewcelebritieswhoattendourfestivalasguests.Itisawonderfulexperiencetotalktothosestarsfacetoface.Japanesestudentsliketoholdparties.Wehavetwokindsofparties.OneistheMochiyoriparty.Ifyouwanttoattendthispartyyouhavetocookacourseandtakeittotheparty.Theorganizerbuysdrinksandsnacks.AnotherkindofpartyistheNomikaiwhichmainlyinvolvesalcohol.Wedrinksomethingcalledchu-haiwhichisacombinationofsodaandwine.WealsodrinkJapanesesakeandbeer.Therearepartiesformanyoccasionslikewelcomingnewstudentsgraduationcelebratingvictoriesbirthdaypartiesorjustforpromotingfriendship.WhichofthefollowingisNOTafeatureoftheUniversityFestival
{{*HTML*}}A.Theinventionofthefridge??B.Thepollutioncausedbyfridges??C.Thewidespreadneedforfridges??D.Thedayswithoutthefridge??E.Thewasteofenergycausedbyfridges??F.Thefridge’scontributiontocommerceParagraph5______
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PrettyGood WhenSpanishfootballclubBarcelonapaidUS$35millionforRonaldinholastsummertheyweren’tbuyingaprettyface."Iam51"admitstheBraziliansuperstar超级明星."Buteveryonehasgotadifferentkindofbeauty.WhatI52haveischarm." Indeedhehas.Hisbuckteeth龅牙flowinghairbigsmileandofcoursehis53skillsarealwayseye-catchingonthepitch.The23-year-oldstriker中锋scoredtwogoalsina3-2winoverDeportivoLaCorunaonMarch1.ItwasBarcelona’ssixthwininarowandthankstotheirBrazilian’s10-goalcontribution54lookedlikeapoorseasoncouldnowendasuccess. Ronaldinho-fullnameRonaldoDeAssisMoreira-isoneofmanySouthAmericanswholearnedtheirskillsplayinginthebackstreetsbefore55themoffontheworldstage. Greatthingswere56whenGremiosignedhimasaseven-year-oldandhesoonbecamefriendswithRonaldowhowasthentheotheryoungstarofBrazilianfootball.ItwasRonaldowhofirstcalledhimRonaldinhowhich57LittleRonaldo. Hefirst58forhiscountryin1999butitwasatthe2002WorldCupwhereheshowedhisrealworthscoringanunbelievablefree-kickinBrazil’squarter-finalvictory59England. "Ihaveneverfailedtodeliverinbigmatches"Ronaldinhosays."Mygameisbasedonimprovisation即兴表演.Oftenaforwarddoesnothavethetimetodecidewhethertoshootor60.Itisinstinctthatgivesouttheorders." WhilehemaynothaveDavidBeckham’sgoodlooksRonaldinhohasa61reputationoffthepitch.AtformerclubParisSaintGermainwhichsoldhimtoBarcelonahebroke62rulesbygoingoutandenjoyingthecity’snightlife. "WithoutdoubtRonaldinhoisthemost63playerIhaveevercomeacross"saysformerPSGcoachLuisFerdandez."Themain64foranycoachisthatoneplayerwithoutdisciplinecanhurtthewholeteam." ButRonaldinhodoesn’tthinkhehasdoneanythingwrong."Iamjustayoungpersonwhoenjoys65"hesays. 52.
Scotland:ALandofWisdom Inthe1740sthefamousFrenchphilosopherVoltairesaid"WelooktoScotlandforallourideasofcivilization."That’snotabadadvertisementforanycountrywhenitcomestoattractingpeopletosearchforafirst-classeducation. AccordingtotheAmericanauthorArthurHermantheScotsinventedthemodernworlditself.HearguesthatScottishthinkersandintellectualsworkedoutmanyofthemostimportantideasonwhichmodernlifedepends—everythingfromthescientificmethodtomarketeconomics.TheirideasdidnotjustspreadamongintellectualsbuttothosepeopleinbusinessgovernmentandthescienceswhoactuallyshapedtheWesternworld. ItallstartedduringtheperiodthathistorianscalltheScottishEnlightenment启蒙运动whichisusuallyseenastakingplacebetweentheyears1740and1800.Beforethatphilosophywasmainlyconcernedwithreligion.ForthethinkersoftheScottishEnlightenmenttheproperstudyofhumanitywasmankinditself. Theirreasoningwaspractical.ForthephilosopherDavidHumehumanitywastherightsubjectforphilosophybecausewecanexaminehumanbehaviorandsofindrealevidenceofhowpeoplethinkandfeel.Andfromthatwecanmakejudgmentsaboutthesocietiesweliveinandmakeconcretesuggestionsabouthowtheycanbeimprovedforuniversalbenefit. Hume’senquiryintothenatureofknowledgelaidthefoundationsforthescientificmethod-thepursuitoftruththroughexperiment.HisfriendandfellowresidentofEdinburghAdamSmithfamouslyappliedthestudyofmankindtothewaysinwhichmankinddoesbusiness.Tradehearguedwasaformofinformation.Inpursuingourownintereststhroughtradinginmarketsweallcometobenefiteachother. Smith’sideahasdominatedmodernviewsofeconomics.Italsohaswideapplications.Hewasoneofthephilosopherstopointoutthatnationscanbecomerichfreeandpowerfulthroughpeacetradeandinvention. AlthoughtheScottishEnlightenmentendedalongtimeagotheideaswhichevolvedatthattimestillunderpin构成……的基础ourtheoriesofhumanexchangeandenquiry.ItalsoexistsinScotlanditselfinaneducationaltraditionthatcombinesacademicexcellencewithorientation方向. AccordingtoArthurHermantheScotsdevelopedmanyimportantideaswhichmodernlifedependson.
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PrettyGood WhenSpanishfootballclubBarcelonapaidUS$35millionforRonaldinholastsummertheyweren’tbuyingaprettyface."Iam51"admitstheBraziliansuperstar超级明星."Buteveryonehasgotadifferentkindofbeauty.WhatI52haveischarm." Indeedhehas.Hisbuckteeth龅牙flowinghairbigsmileandofcoursehis53skillsarealwayseye-catchingonthepitch.The23-year-oldstriker中锋scoredtwogoalsina3-2winoverDeportivoLaCorunaonMarch1.ItwasBarcelona’ssixthwininarowandthankstotheirBrazilian’s10-goalcontribution54lookedlikeapoorseasoncouldnowendasuccess. Ronaldinho-fullnameRonaldoDeAssisMoreira-isoneofmanySouthAmericanswholearnedtheirskillsplayinginthebackstreetsbefore55themoffontheworldstage. Greatthingswere56whenGremiosignedhimasaseven-year-oldandhesoonbecamefriendswithRonaldowhowasthentheotheryoungstarofBrazilianfootball.ItwasRonaldowhofirstcalledhimRonaldinhowhich57LittleRonaldo. Hefirst58forhiscountryin1999butitwasatthe2002WorldCupwhereheshowedhisrealworthscoringanunbelievablefree-kickinBrazil’squarter-finalvictory59England. "Ihaveneverfailedtodeliverinbigmatches"Ronaldinhosays."Mygameisbasedonimprovisation即兴表演.Oftenaforwarddoesnothavethetimetodecidewhethertoshootor60.Itisinstinctthatgivesouttheorders." WhilehemaynothaveDavidBeckham’sgoodlooksRonaldinhohasa61reputationoffthepitch.AtformerclubParisSaintGermainwhichsoldhimtoBarcelonahebroke62rulesbygoingoutandenjoyingthecity’snightlife. "WithoutdoubtRonaldinhoisthemost63playerIhaveevercomeacross"saysformerPSGcoachLuisFerdandez."Themain64foranycoachisthatoneplayerwithoutdisciplinecanhurtthewholeteam." ButRonaldinhodoesn’tthinkhehasdoneanythingwrong."Iamjustayoungpersonwhoenjoys65"hesays. 56.
SleeplessatNightItwasanormalsummernight.Humidity湿气hunginthethickair.Icouldn’tgotosleeppartlybecauseofmycoldandpartlybecauseofmyexpectationsforthenextday.Mymumhadsaidthattomorrowwasgoingtobeasurprise.Sweatstucktomyachingbody.Finallygatheredenoughstrengthtositup.Ilookedoutofmysmallwindowintothenight.Therewasabigbrightmoonhangingintheskygivingoffamagiclight.Icouldn’tstandthepressureanymoresoIdidwhatIalwaysdotomakemyselffeelbetter.Iwenttothebathroomandpickedupmytoothbrushandtoothpaste.Icleanedmyteethasiftherewasnotomorrow.Backandforthupanddown.ThenIwalkeddownstairstolookforsomesignsofmovementsomelife.Gladiatormycatfrightenedmeashemeowed喵喵地唱出hissadsong.Hewasontheoldorangecouch长沙发sittinguponhisfrontlegswaitingforsomethingtohappen.HelookedatmeasiftosayI’mlonelypetme.Ineedagoodhug紧抱.Eventhecouchbeggedmetositonit.InonemovementIsettleddownontothesoftcouch.Thiscouchrepresentedmyparents’marriagemybirthandhundredsofotherlittleevents.AsIheldGladiatormyheartstartedbeatingheavily.Mymindwasfloodedwithquestions:What’slifeAmIreallyaliveAreyoulisteningtomeEverytimeImovedmyhanddownGladiator’sbodyIhadanewthought;eachtouchsangadifferentsong.Iforgotallabouttheheatandthenextday’ssurprise.TheatmospherewassofullofwarmthandsilencethatIsankintoitsalms.FallingasleepwiththebigcatinmyarmsIfeltallmyworriesslowlymoveaway.Theauthorofthepassagecouldnotgotosleeppartlybecause______.
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SleeplessatNightItwasanormalsummernight.Humidity湿气hunginthethickair.Icouldn’tgotosleeppartlybecauseofmycoldandpartlybecauseofmyexpectationsforthenextday.Mymumhadsaidthattomorrowwasgoingtobeasurprise.Sweatstucktomyachingbody.Finallygatheredenoughstrengthtositup.Ilookedoutofmysmallwindowintothenight.Therewasabigbrightmoonhangingintheskygivingoffamagiclight.Icouldn’tstandthepressureanymoresoIdidwhatIalwaysdotomakemyselffeelbetter.Iwenttothebathroomandpickedupmytoothbrushandtoothpaste.Icleanedmyteethasiftherewasnotomorrow.Backandforthupanddown.ThenIwalkeddownstairstolookforsomesignsofmovementsomelife.Gladiatormycatfrightenedmeashemeowed喵喵地唱出hissadsong.Hewasontheoldorangecouch长沙发sittinguponhisfrontlegswaitingforsomethingtohappen.HelookedatmeasiftosayI’mlonelypetme.Ineedagoodhug紧抱.Eventhecouchbeggedmetositonit.InonemovementIsettleddownontothesoftcouch.Thiscouchrepresentedmyparents’marriagemybirthandhundredsofotherlittleevents.AsIheldGladiatormyheartstartedbeatingheavily.Mymindwasfloodedwithquestions:What’slifeAmIreallyaliveAreyoulisteningtomeEverytimeImovedmyhanddownGladiator’sbodyIhadanewthought;eachtouchsangadifferentsong.Iforgotallabouttheheatandthenextday’ssurprise.TheatmospherewassofullofwarmthandsilencethatIsankintoitsalms.FallingasleepwiththebigcatinmyarmsIfeltallmyworriesslowlymoveaway.Whatdidthecouchrepresent
Scotland:ALandofWisdom Inthe1740sthefamousFrenchphilosopherVoltairesaid"WelooktoScotlandforallourideasofcivilization."That’snotabadadvertisementforanycountrywhenitcomestoattractingpeopletosearchforafirst-classeducation. AccordingtotheAmericanauthorArthurHermantheScotsinventedthemodernworlditself.HearguesthatScottishthinkersandintellectualsworkedoutmanyofthemostimportantideasonwhichmodernlifedepends—everythingfromthescientificmethodtomarketeconomics.TheirideasdidnotjustspreadamongintellectualsbuttothosepeopleinbusinessgovernmentandthescienceswhoactuallyshapedtheWesternworld. ItallstartedduringtheperiodthathistorianscalltheScottishEnlightenment启蒙运动whichisusuallyseenastakingplacebetweentheyears1740and1800.Beforethatphilosophywasmainlyconcernedwithreligion.ForthethinkersoftheScottishEnlightenmenttheproperstudyofhumanitywasmankinditself. Theirreasoningwaspractical.ForthephilosopherDavidHumehumanitywastherightsubjectforphilosophybecausewecanexaminehumanbehaviorandsofindrealevidenceofhowpeoplethinkandfeel.Andfromthatwecanmakejudgmentsaboutthesocietiesweliveinandmakeconcretesuggestionsabouthowtheycanbeimprovedforuniversalbenefit. Hume’senquiryintothenatureofknowledgelaidthefoundationsforthescientificmethod-thepursuitoftruththroughexperiment.HisfriendandfellowresidentofEdinburghAdamSmithfamouslyappliedthestudyofmankindtothewaysinwhichmankinddoesbusiness.Tradehearguedwasaformofinformation.Inpursuingourownintereststhroughtradinginmarketsweallcometobenefiteachother. Smith’sideahasdominatedmodernviewsofeconomics.Italsohaswideapplications.Hewasoneofthephilosopherstopointoutthatnationscanbecomerichfreeandpowerfulthroughpeacetradeandinvention. AlthoughtheScottishEnlightenmentendedalongtimeagotheideaswhichevolvedatthattimestillunderpin构成……的基础ourtheoriesofhumanexchangeandenquiry.ItalsoexistsinScotlanditselfinaneducationaltraditionthatcombinesacademicexcellencewithorientation方向. DavidHumewasthefirstphilosophertostudymankind.
{{*HTML*}}Mergers??Themostcommonkindofconsolidationtodayisthemerger.Amergeroccurs?46?.??Withthederegulationofnaturalgasthenation’s20interstatepipelinecompaniesbecame?fearfulofcutthroatcompetition.Somefeltthattheycouldincreasetheirefficiencyandimprovetheirmarketflexibilitybymerging.In1985InternorthofOmahapaid$2.3billionforHoustonNaturalGasCorporation?47?.Thesystemconnectedmarketsfromcoasttocoastandraisedsalesto$10billion.??Onoccasionmergershaveoccurredbetweensmallercompaniesinanindustrydominatedby?afewgiantfirms.Thesesmallercompaniesclaimthattheyneedtomergetobecomemoreefficientandeffectiveincompetingagainstthebiggestcorporations.Theymaintainthatsuchactionincreasescompetitioninsteadofreducingit.TheAntitrustDivisionoftheJusticeDepartmenthasnotalwaysagreedwiththem.??Fourmajorwavesofmergershavetakenplaceinthiscountry.Thefirststartedin1887just?priortothepassageoftheShermanAntitrustActandendedin1904.ItinvolvedsuchgiantsasUnitedStatesSteelandStandardOiltryingtocreatemonopoliesintheirindustries.FromtheendofWorldWarIuntilthe1930slargefirmsswallowedsmallerfirmstocreateoligopolies.Themonopolyhadnochanceandtheoligopolylittlechanceofsucceedingtodayunderpresentantitrustpolicy.??Thethirdmajormergermovementbeganinthe1960sreachedapeakin1969?48?.Many?oftheacquisitionsinvolvedgiantfirmsinoneindustrybuyinguplargecompaniesintotallyunrelatedindustries.Suchmergersarecalledconglomeratemergers.AclassicexampleisMobilOilCorporation’spurchaseofthehugeretailchainMontgomeryWard&Company.??Mergersinthelasttenyearswereinthethousands.Moreimportantisthevalueofthe?transactionswhichhasrisensharply.Thenumberofmergersandacquisitionsapply?49?.Thepetroleumindustryhadmergersandacquisitionsvaluedatclosedto$80billionbetween1981and1984.Otherindustries?50?werebankingandfinanceinsuranceminingandmineralprocessedfoods.??A.therebygainingcontroloftheworld’slongestpipeline??B.andthengraduallydeclined??C.experiencinglargetakeovers??D.resultingincombinationsofsmallfirms??E.onlytothosevaluedat$100millionormore??F.whentwoormorecompaniesgettogethertoformonecompany
Migrant移民的Workers Inthepasttwentyyearstherehasbeenanincreasingtendencyforworkerstomovefromonecountrytoanother.Whilesomecountrieshaverestrictedmost51tolocalpeopleothershaveattractedandwelcomedmigrantworkers.ThisisparticularlythecaseintheMiddleEast52increasedoilincomeshaveenabledmanycountriestocallinoutsiderstoimprovelocalfacilities.ThustheMiddleEasthasattractedoil-workers53the.U.S.A.andEurope.Ithasbroughtinworkersfrommanycountries54SouthKoreaandJapan. Inviewofthedifficultlivingandworking55intheMiddleEastitisnotsurprisingthatthepayishightoattractsuitableworkers.Manyengineersandtechnicianscan56atleasttwiceasmuchmoneyintheMiddleEastastheycanintheirowncountryandthisisamajor57. Sometimesadisadvantagehasacompensating补偿advantage.Forexamplethe58livingconditionsoftenleadtoincreasedfriendshipwhenworkershaveto59oneachotherforsafetyandcomfort.Inasimilarwaymanymigrantworkerscansavelargesumsofmoneypartlybecauseofthe60ofentertainmentfacilities.Theworkisoftencomplexandfullofproblemsbutthismerely61greaterchallengetoengineerswhoprefertofindsolutionstoproblemsratherthandoroutineworkintheirhomecountry. Onemajorproblemwhich62migrantworkersintheMiddleEastisthattheirjobsaretemporaryones.Theyarenearlyalwayson63soitisnoteasyforthemtoplanaheadwithgreatconfidence.Thisistobe64sincenocountrywelcomesalargenumberofforeignworkersaspermanentresidents.Inany65migrantworkersacceptthisdisadvantagealongwithothersbecauseoftheconsiderablefinancialbenefitswhichtheyreceive. 64.
{{*HTML*}}Mergers??Themostcommonkindofconsolidationtodayisthemerger.Amergeroccurs?46?.??Withthederegulationofnaturalgasthenation’s20interstatepipelinecompaniesbecame?fearfulofcutthroatcompetition.Somefeltthattheycouldincreasetheirefficiencyandimprovetheirmarketflexibilitybymerging.In1985InternorthofOmahapaid$2.3billionforHoustonNaturalGasCorporation?47?.Thesystemconnectedmarketsfromcoasttocoastandraisedsalesto$10billion.??Onoccasionmergershaveoccurredbetweensmallercompaniesinanindustrydominatedby?afewgiantfirms.Thesesmallercompaniesclaimthattheyneedtomergetobecomemoreefficientandeffectiveincompetingagainstthebiggestcorporations.Theymaintainthatsuchactionincreasescompetitioninsteadofreducingit.TheAntitrustDivisionoftheJusticeDepartmenthasnotalwaysagreedwiththem.??Fourmajorwavesofmergershavetakenplaceinthiscountry.Thefirststartedin1887just?priortothepassageoftheShermanAntitrustActandendedin1904.ItinvolvedsuchgiantsasUnitedStatesSteelandStandardOiltryingtocreatemonopoliesintheirindustries.FromtheendofWorldWarIuntilthe1930slargefirmsswallowedsmallerfirmstocreateoligopolies.Themonopolyhadnochanceandtheoligopolylittlechanceofsucceedingtodayunderpresentantitrustpolicy.??Thethirdmajormergermovementbeganinthe1960sreachedapeakin1969?48?.Many?oftheacquisitionsinvolvedgiantfirmsinoneindustrybuyinguplargecompaniesintotallyunrelatedindustries.Suchmergersarecalledconglomeratemergers.AclassicexampleisMobilOilCorporation’spurchaseofthehugeretailchainMontgomeryWard&Company.??Mergersinthelasttenyearswereinthethousands.Moreimportantisthevalueofthe?transactionswhichhasrisensharply.Thenumberofmergersandacquisitionsapply?49?.Thepetroleumindustryhadmergersandacquisitionsvaluedatclosedto$80billionbetween1981and1984.Otherindustries?50?werebankingandfinanceinsuranceminingandmineralprocessedfoods.??A.therebygainingcontroloftheworld’slongestpipeline??B.andthengraduallydeclined??C.experiencinglargetakeovers??D.resultingincombinationsofsmallfirms??E.onlytothosevaluedat$100millionormore??F.whentwoormorecompaniesgettogethertoformonecompany
LifeatAichiUniversityI’mYamamotoMikaa22-yearoldJapanesegirl.I’dliketoinviteyoutoAichiUniversitysoyoucanunderstandmylife.OuruniversityhasacloserelationshipwithChinaandmydepartmentistheonlyoneofitskindinJapan.MycoursesincludetheChineselanguagemodemChinesepoliticsandeconomics.IlovetheChinesecultureandIhavebeentoTianjinasanexchangestudent.InJapanourcoursesaredividedintocompulsoryoptionalandspecializedcourses.Howeverwehaveaflexibleschedule.Wecanchooseclassesfromawiderangeofoptions.Manystudentsfinishthecompulsorycoursesinthreeyearssothattheycanhaveoneyearwithoutanyclasses.Theyoftenusethisperiodoftimetostudyabroadconductresearchandtravel.Manystudentsevensuspendtheirstudyforadditionalstudy-abroadopportunities.Japaneseuniversitiesencouragestudentstochoosetheirownwaysofstudysoitisquiteeasyforustoapplyforstudysuspension.Japanesestudentsparticipateinvariouskindsofextracurricularactivities.Theyattendclubsfromelementaryschoolssomanyhavealreadybeenaccustomedtoclubswhentheyenteruniversity.Ouruniversitynowhas42artclubsand45sportsclubs.TheannualUniversityFestivalisthegrandestcarnivalofJapaneseuniversities.Inthefestivalstudentspromotetheirclubsandorganizevariousactivities.Ouruniversity’sfestivalattractedabout150000peoplelastyear.Ireallylikethisfestival.InschoolIparticipateinthejournalismclub.Whenwehavetheclubpromotionwecooktonnjiruakindofporksoupandsellittootherstudentsatthefair.Wealsogotodifferentplacestointerviewcelebritieswhoattendourfestivalasguests.Itisawonderfulexperiencetotalktothosestarsfacetoface.Japanesestudentsliketoholdparties.Wehavetwokindsofparties.OneistheMochiyoriparty.Ifyouwanttoattendthispartyyouhavetocookacourseandtakeittotheparty.Theorganizerbuysdrinksandsnacks.AnotherkindofpartyistheNomikaiwhichmainlyinvolvesalcohol.Wedrinksomethingcalledchu-haiwhichisacombinationofsodaandwine.WealsodrinkJapanesesakeandbeer.Therearepartiesformanyoccasionslikewelcomingnewstudentsgraduationcelebratingvictoriesbirthdaypartiesorjustforpromotingfriendship.WhichstatementisNOTtreeofYamamotoMika
Anoldfriendcalledonmethedaybeforeyesterday.
LifeatAichiUniversityI’mYamamotoMikaa22-yearoldJapanesegirl.I’dliketoinviteyoutoAichiUniversitysoyoucanunderstandmylife.OuruniversityhasacloserelationshipwithChinaandmydepartmentistheonlyoneofitskindinJapan.MycoursesincludetheChineselanguagemodemChinesepoliticsandeconomics.IlovetheChinesecultureandIhavebeentoTianjinasanexchangestudent.InJapanourcoursesaredividedintocompulsoryoptionalandspecializedcourses.Howeverwehaveaflexibleschedule.Wecanchooseclassesfromawiderangeofoptions.Manystudentsfinishthecompulsorycoursesinthreeyearssothattheycanhaveoneyearwithoutanyclasses.Theyoftenusethisperiodoftimetostudyabroadconductresearchandtravel.Manystudentsevensuspendtheirstudyforadditionalstudy-abroadopportunities.Japaneseuniversitiesencouragestudentstochoosetheirownwaysofstudysoitisquiteeasyforustoapplyforstudysuspension.Japanesestudentsparticipateinvariouskindsofextracurricularactivities.Theyattendclubsfromelementaryschoolssomanyhavealreadybeenaccustomedtoclubswhentheyenteruniversity.Ouruniversitynowhas42artclubsand45sportsclubs.TheannualUniversityFestivalisthegrandestcarnivalofJapaneseuniversities.Inthefestivalstudentspromotetheirclubsandorganizevariousactivities.Ouruniversity’sfestivalattractedabout150000peoplelastyear.Ireallylikethisfestival.InschoolIparticipateinthejournalismclub.Whenwehavetheclubpromotionwecooktonnjiruakindofporksoupandsellittootherstudentsatthefair.Wealsogotodifferentplacestointerviewcelebritieswhoattendourfestivalasguests.Itisawonderfulexperiencetotalktothosestarsfacetoface.Japanesestudentsliketoholdparties.Wehavetwokindsofparties.OneistheMochiyoriparty.Ifyouwanttoattendthispartyyouhavetocookacourseandtakeittotheparty.Theorganizerbuysdrinksandsnacks.AnotherkindofpartyistheNomikaiwhichmainlyinvolvesalcohol.Wedrinksomethingcalledchu-haiwhichisacombinationofsodaandwine.WealsodrinkJapanesesakeandbeer.Therearepartiesformanyoccasionslikewelcomingnewstudentsgraduationcelebratingvictoriesbirthdaypartiesorjustforpromotingfriendship.Thewordcompulsorycouldbebestreplacedby
HowFordTurnOutCarsWhenitcomestosinglingoutthosewhohavemadeadifferenceinallourlivesyoucannotoverlookHenryFord.AhistorianacenturyfromnowmightwellconcludethatitwasFordwhomostinfluencedallmanufacturingeverywhereeventothisdaybyintroducinganewwaytomakecars--onestrangetosaythatoriginatedinslaughterhouses.Backintheearly1900’sslaughterhousesusedwhatcouldhavebeencalledadisassemblyline.Fordreversedthisprocesstoseeifitwouldspeedupproductionofapartofanautomobileenginecalledamagneto.Ratherthanhaveeachworkercompletelyassembleamagnetooneofitselementswasplacedonaconveyerandeachworkerasitpassedaddedanothercomponenttoitthesameoneeachtime.ProfessorDavidoftheUniversityofDelawareanexpertonindustrialdevelopmenttellswhathappened:Thepreviousdayworkerscarryingouttheentireprocesshadaveragedoneassemblyevery20minutes.Butonthatdayonthelinetheassemblyteamaveragedoneevery13minutesand10secondsperperson.Withinayearthetimehadbeenreducedtofiveminutes.In1913Fordwentalltheway.Hookedtogetherbyropespartiallyassembledvehiclesweretowedpastworkerswhocompletedthemonpieceatatime.Itwasn’tlongbeforeFordwasturningoutseveralhundredthousandcarsayeararemarkableachievementthen.Andsoefficientandeconomicalwasthisnewsystemthathecupthepriceofhiscarsinhalfto$260puttingthemwithinreachofallthosewhoupuntilthattimecouldnotaffordthem.Soonautomakerstheworldovercopiedhim.InfactheencouragedthemtodosobywritingabookaboutallofhisinnovationsentitledTodayandTomorrow.TheAgeoftheAutomobilehasarrived.Todayaidedbyrobotsandotherformsofautomationeverythingfromtoasterstoperfumesaremadeonassemblylines.Thewritermentionedslaughterhousesbecausetheseweretheplacesinwhich______
Abeautifulwomanattendedtomeinthatstoreyesterday.
HowFordTurnOutCarsWhenitcomestosinglingoutthosewhohavemadeadifferenceinallourlivesyoucannotoverlookHenryFord.AhistorianacenturyfromnowmightwellconcludethatitwasFordwhomostinfluencedallmanufacturingeverywhereeventothisdaybyintroducinganewwaytomakecars--onestrangetosaythatoriginatedinslaughterhouses.Backintheearly1900’sslaughterhousesusedwhatcouldhavebeencalledadisassemblyline.Fordreversedthisprocesstoseeifitwouldspeedupproductionofapartofanautomobileenginecalledamagneto.Ratherthanhaveeachworkercompletelyassembleamagnetooneofitselementswasplacedonaconveyerandeachworkerasitpassedaddedanothercomponenttoitthesameoneeachtime.ProfessorDavidoftheUniversityofDelawareanexpertonindustrialdevelopmenttellswhathappened:Thepreviousdayworkerscarryingouttheentireprocesshadaveragedoneassemblyevery20minutes.Butonthatdayonthelinetheassemblyteamaveragedoneevery13minutesand10secondsperperson.Withinayearthetimehadbeenreducedtofiveminutes.In1913Fordwentalltheway.Hookedtogetherbyropespartiallyassembledvehiclesweretowedpastworkerswhocompletedthemonpieceatatime.Itwasn’tlongbeforeFordwasturningoutseveralhundredthousandcarsayeararemarkableachievementthen.Andsoefficientandeconomicalwasthisnewsystemthathecupthepriceofhiscarsinhalfto$260puttingthemwithinreachofallthosewhoupuntilthattimecouldnotaffordthem.Soonautomakerstheworldovercopiedhim.InfactheencouragedthemtodosobywritingabookaboutallofhisinnovationsentitledTodayandTomorrow.TheAgeoftheAutomobilehasarrived.Todayaidedbyrobotsandotherformsofautomationeverythingfromtoasterstoperfumesaremadeonassemblylines.Thephraseturningoutinthelastparagraphcanbestbereplacedby______
Whatisyourgoalinlife.
ThetermNewDealappliestotheprogramofreformandrecoveryinitiatedbyPresidentFranklinD.Roosevelt.
Scotland:ALandofWisdom Inthe1740sthefamousFrenchphilosopherVoltairesaid"WelooktoScotlandforallourideasofcivilization."That’snotabadadvertisementforanycountrywhenitcomestoattractingpeopletosearchforafirst-classeducation. AccordingtotheAmericanauthorArthurHermantheScotsinventedthemodernworlditself.HearguesthatScottishthinkersandintellectualsworkedoutmanyofthemostimportantideasonwhichmodernlifedepends—everythingfromthescientificmethodtomarketeconomics.TheirideasdidnotjustspreadamongintellectualsbuttothosepeopleinbusinessgovernmentandthescienceswhoactuallyshapedtheWesternworld. ItallstartedduringtheperiodthathistorianscalltheScottishEnlightenment启蒙运动whichisusuallyseenastakingplacebetweentheyears1740and1800.Beforethatphilosophywasmainlyconcernedwithreligion.ForthethinkersoftheScottishEnlightenmenttheproperstudyofhumanitywasmankinditself. Theirreasoningwaspractical.ForthephilosopherDavidHumehumanitywastherightsubjectforphilosophybecausewecanexaminehumanbehaviorandsofindrealevidenceofhowpeoplethinkandfeel.Andfromthatwecanmakejudgmentsaboutthesocietiesweliveinandmakeconcretesuggestionsabouthowtheycanbeimprovedforuniversalbenefit. Hume’senquiryintothenatureofknowledgelaidthefoundationsforthescientificmethod-thepursuitoftruththroughexperiment.HisfriendandfellowresidentofEdinburghAdamSmithfamouslyappliedthestudyofmankindtothewaysinwhichmankinddoesbusiness.Tradehearguedwasaformofinformation.Inpursuingourownintereststhroughtradinginmarketsweallcometobenefiteachother. Smith’sideahasdominatedmodernviewsofeconomics.Italsohaswideapplications.Hewasoneofthephilosopherstopointoutthatnationscanbecomerichfreeandpowerfulthroughpeacetradeandinvention. AlthoughtheScottishEnlightenmentendedalongtimeagotheideaswhichevolvedatthattimestillunderpin构成……的基础ourtheoriesofhumanexchangeandenquiry.ItalsoexistsinScotlanditselfinaneducationaltraditionthatcombinesacademicexcellencewithorientation方向. OurcurrenttheoriesofhumanexchangeandenquiryhavenothingtodowiththeideasdevelopedduringtheScottishEnlightenment.
SleeplessatNightItwasanormalsummernight.Humidity湿气hunginthethickair.Icouldn’tgotosleeppartlybecauseofmycoldandpartlybecauseofmyexpectationsforthenextday.Mymumhadsaidthattomorrowwasgoingtobeasurprise.Sweatstucktomyachingbody.Finallygatheredenoughstrengthtositup.Ilookedoutofmysmallwindowintothenight.Therewasabigbrightmoonhangingintheskygivingoffamagiclight.Icouldn’tstandthepressureanymoresoIdidwhatIalwaysdotomakemyselffeelbetter.Iwenttothebathroomandpickedupmytoothbrushandtoothpaste.Icleanedmyteethasiftherewasnotomorrow.Backandforthupanddown.ThenIwalkeddownstairstolookforsomesignsofmovementsomelife.Gladiatormycatfrightenedmeashemeowed喵喵地唱出hissadsong.Hewasontheoldorangecouch长沙发sittinguponhisfrontlegswaitingforsomethingtohappen.HelookedatmeasiftosayI’mlonelypetme.Ineedagoodhug紧抱.Eventhecouchbeggedmetositonit.InonemovementIsettleddownontothesoftcouch.Thiscouchrepresentedmyparents’marriagemybirthandhundredsofotherlittleevents.AsIheldGladiatormyheartstartedbeatingheavily.Mymindwasfloodedwithquestions:What’slifeAmIreallyaliveAreyoulisteningtomeEverytimeImovedmyhanddownGladiator’sbodyIhadanewthought;eachtouchsangadifferentsong.Iforgotallabouttheheatandthenextday’ssurprise.TheatmospherewassofullofwarmthandsilencethatIsankintoitsalms.FallingasleepwiththebigcatinmyarmsIfeltallmyworriesslowlymoveaway.Theauthorbrushedhisteethoverandover______.
Asawriterheturnedoutthreenovelsthatyear.
{{*HTML*}}A.Theinventionofthefridge??B.Thepollutioncausedbyfridges??C.Thewidespreadneedforfridges??D.Thedayswithoutthefridge??E.Thewasteofenergycausedbyfridges??F.Thefridge’scontributiontocommerceParagraph2______
{{*HTML*}}Mergers??Themostcommonkindofconsolidationtodayisthemerger.Amergeroccurs?46?.??Withthederegulationofnaturalgasthenation’s20interstatepipelinecompaniesbecame?fearfulofcutthroatcompetition.Somefeltthattheycouldincreasetheirefficiencyandimprovetheirmarketflexibilitybymerging.In1985InternorthofOmahapaid$2.3billionforHoustonNaturalGasCorporation?47?.Thesystemconnectedmarketsfromcoasttocoastandraisedsalesto$10billion.??Onoccasionmergershaveoccurredbetweensmallercompaniesinanindustrydominatedby?afewgiantfirms.Thesesmallercompaniesclaimthattheyneedtomergetobecomemoreefficientandeffectiveincompetingagainstthebiggestcorporations.Theymaintainthatsuchactionincreasescompetitioninsteadofreducingit.TheAntitrustDivisionoftheJusticeDepartmenthasnotalwaysagreedwiththem.??Fourmajorwavesofmergershavetakenplaceinthiscountry.Thefirststartedin1887just?priortothepassageoftheShermanAntitrustActandendedin1904.ItinvolvedsuchgiantsasUnitedStatesSteelandStandardOiltryingtocreatemonopoliesintheirindustries.FromtheendofWorldWarIuntilthe1930slargefirmsswallowedsmallerfirmstocreateoligopolies.Themonopolyhadnochanceandtheoligopolylittlechanceofsucceedingtodayunderpresentantitrustpolicy.??Thethirdmajormergermovementbeganinthe1960sreachedapeakin1969?48?.Many?oftheacquisitionsinvolvedgiantfirmsinoneindustrybuyinguplargecompaniesintotallyunrelatedindustries.Suchmergersarecalledconglomeratemergers.AclassicexampleisMobilOilCorporation’spurchaseofthehugeretailchainMontgomeryWard&Company.??Mergersinthelasttenyearswereinthethousands.Moreimportantisthevalueofthe?transactionswhichhasrisensharply.Thenumberofmergersandacquisitionsapply?49?.Thepetroleumindustryhadmergersandacquisitionsvaluedatclosedto$80billionbetween1981and1984.Otherindustries?50?werebankingandfinanceinsuranceminingandmineralprocessedfoods.??A.therebygainingcontroloftheworld’slongestpipeline??B.andthengraduallydeclined??C.experiencinglargetakeovers??D.resultingincombinationsofsmallfirms??E.onlytothosevaluedat$100millionormore??F.whentwoormorecompaniesgettogethertoformonecompany
{{*HTML*}}A.ImportanceofLearningfromFailure??B.QualitySharedbyMostInnovator??C.Edison’sInnovation??D.Edison’sCommentonFailure??E.ContributionsMadebyInnovators??F.MiseriesEnduredbyInnovatorsParagraph4______
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