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Enough sleep is important to health. The amount of sleep (21) depends on the age of the per son...
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GettingenoughsleepisimportantforeveryonE.Ifyoudon’
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ItusedtotakeRedwoodCityCaliforniapolicehourstolocategunfire.Nowtheyhaveanewtoolthathelpsthemfindthegunfirequickly.ThisnewtooliscalledtheShotSpotter.ThepolicebeganusingtheShotSpotterin1995.Theywantedtocutdownongunfireintheircity. OneShotSpottercoversasquaremile.Eightmicrophonesareputontheroofsofbuildings.Thesemicrophonespickupgunfirenoise.Itonlytakessevensecondstoreportthegunfiretothepolice.Thenareddotonthepolicemapshowswheretheactionis. TheShotSpotterreallyworkswell.Itlocatesthegunfirewithin20to40feetplusorminus.RedwoodCitypoliceareveryhappywiththeShotSpotter.TheythinkitmighthavehelpedcatchtheD.C.sniper. ShotSpotterscostalotofmoney.Oneofthemsellsfor$200000.DespitethecostShotSpotterscanbeabighelpinfightingcrime. Eightmicrophonesplacedonrooftops
Amnesty大赦Internationalisaworld-widevolunteerorganizationfundedentirelybysubscriptionsanddonations.Itistotallyindependentofanygovernmentpoliticalfactionideologyeconomicinterestorreligiouscreed. Theorganizationworksforthereleaseof"PrisonersofConscience"-menwomenandchildrenimprisonedanywherefortheirbeliefscolorsexethnicoriginlanguageorreligion.Italsoseeksfairandimmediatetrialforallpoliticalprisonersdetained拘留withoutchargeandopposestortureandthedegradingtreatmentofprisoners.Itisalsoagainstthedeathpenaltyforalltypesofcrime. Amnestyworksbycollectinginformation.Whenithasproofthatapersonisa"PrisonerofConscience"thatperson’scaseishandedovertoalocalgroup.ThelocalgroupsareordinaryindividualswhobelieveinAmnesty’swork.Theysendletterstogovernmentsembassiesleadingnewspapersandtheprisoner’sfamilyandfriends.Theyalsocollectsignaturesandraisemoneytosendmedicinefoodandclothingtotheprisonersandtheirfamilies.Thesevolunteersusetheirfreedomofspeechtowinthesamefreedomfortheiradoptedprisoner. ParadoxicallyAmnestyInternationalisanorganizationthatwillonlybesatisfiedwhenithasbecomeredundant多余的. Thelocalgroupsarecomposedof
Increasinglyoverthepasttenyearspeople—especiallyyoungpeople—havebecomeawareoftheneedtochangetheireatinghabitsbecausemuchofthefoodtheyeatparticularlyprocessedfoodisnotgoodforthehealth.Consequentlytherehasbeenagrowinginterestinnaturalfoods.Foodswhichdonotcontainchemicaladditives添加剂andwhichhavenot’beenaffectedbychemicalfertilizerswidelyusedinfarmingtoday.79Naturalfoodsforexamplearevegetablesfruitandgrainwhichhavebeengrowninsoilthatisrichinorganic有机的matter.Insimpletermsthismeansthatthesoilhasbeennourishedbyunusedvegetablematterwhichprovidesitwithessentialvitaminsandminerals.Thisinitselfisanaturalprocesscomparedwiththeuseofchemicalsandfertilizersthemainpurposeofwhichistoincreasetheamount—butnotthequality—offoodsgrownincommercialfarmingareas.Naturalfoodsalsoincludeanimalswhichhavebeenallowedtofeedandmovefreelyinhealthypastures牧场.Comparethiswithwhathappensinthemassproductionofpoultry:therearefarmsforexamplewherethousandsofchickenslivecrowdedtogetherinonebuildingandarefedonfoodwhichislittlebetterthanrubbish.Chickenskeptinthiswayarenotonlytastelessasfoodtheyalsolayeggswhichlackimportant’vitamins.Thereareotheraspectsofhealthyeatingwhicharenowreceivingincreasingattentionfromexpertsondiet.Takeforexamplethequestionofsugar.Thisisactuallyanon-essentialfood!Althoughanaturalalternativesuchashoneycanbeusedtosweetenfoodifitisnecessarywecaninfactdowithoutit.Itisnotthatsugarisharmfulinitself.Butitdoesseemtobeaddictive:thequantityweusehasgrownsteadilyoverthelasttwocenturiesandinBritaintodayeachpersonconsumesanaverageof200poundsayear!Yetallitdoesistoprovideuswithenergyintheformofcalories.Therearenovitaminsinitnomineralsandnofiber.80Itissignificantthatnowadaysfiberisconsideredtobeanimportantpartofahealthydiet.Inwhitebreadforexamplethefiberhasbeenremoved.Butitispresentinunrefinedflourandofcourseinvegetables.Itisinterestingtonotethatincountrieswherethenationaldietcontainslargequantifiesofunrefinedflourandvegetablescertaindiseasesarecomparativelyrare.Hencetheemphasisisplacedontheeatingofwholemealbreadandmorevegetablesbymodemexpertsonhealthyeating.Accordingtothepassage______.
SpeakerA:Wouldyoucareforanotherhelping还要再吃点东西吗SpeakerB:______
Passer-by:______Localresident:Sure.It'sonEhnStreet:betweenEleventhandTwelfthAvenue.Passer-by:Thankyou.
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Increasinglyoverthepasttenyearspeople—especiallyyoungpeople—havebecomeawareoftheneedtochangetheireatinghabitsbecausemuchofthefoodtheyeatparticularlyprocessedfoodisnotgoodforthehealth.Consequentlytherehasbeenagrowinginterestinnaturalfoods.Foodswhichdonotcontainchemicaladditives添加剂andwhichhavenot’beenaffectedbychemicalfertilizerswidelyusedinfarmingtoday.79Naturalfoodsforexamplearevegetablesfruitandgrainwhichhavebeengrowninsoilthatisrichinorganic有机的matter.Insimpletermsthismeansthatthesoilhasbeennourishedbyunusedvegetablematterwhichprovidesitwithessentialvitaminsandminerals.Thisinitselfisanaturalprocesscomparedwiththeuseofchemicalsandfertilizersthemainpurposeofwhichistoincreasetheamount—butnotthequality—offoodsgrownincommercialfarmingareas.Naturalfoodsalsoincludeanimalswhichhavebeenallowedtofeedandmovefreelyinhealthypastures牧场.Comparethiswithwhathappensinthemassproductionofpoultry:therearefarmsforexamplewherethousandsofchickenslivecrowdedtogetherinonebuildingandarefedonfoodwhichislittlebetterthanrubbish.Chickenskeptinthiswayarenotonlytastelessasfoodtheyalsolayeggswhichlackimportant’vitamins.Thereareotheraspectsofhealthyeatingwhicharenowreceivingincreasingattentionfromexpertsondiet.Takeforexamplethequestionofsugar.Thisisactuallyanon-essentialfood!Althoughanaturalalternativesuchashoneycanbeusedtosweetenfoodifitisnecessarywecaninfactdowithoutit.Itisnotthatsugarisharmfulinitself.Butitdoesseemtobeaddictive:thequantityweusehasgrownsteadilyoverthelasttwocenturiesandinBritaintodayeachpersonconsumesanaverageof200poundsayear!Yetallitdoesistoprovideuswithenergyintheformofcalories.Therearenovitaminsinitnomineralsandnofiber.80Itissignificantthatnowadaysfiberisconsideredtobeanimportantpartofahealthydiet.Inwhitebreadforexamplethefiberhasbeenremoved.Butitispresentinunrefinedflourandofcourseinvegetables.Itisinterestingtonotethatincountrieswherethenationaldietcontainslargequantifiesofunrefinedflourandvegetablescertaindiseasesarecomparativelyrare.Hencetheemphasisisplacedontheeatingofwholemealbreadandmorevegetablesbymodemexpertsonhealthyeating.Soilthatisrichinorganicmatters______.
77WhatdowemeanbyasatisfactorystandardoflivingObviouslyitmustincludethebasicnecessitiesoflifesuchasfoodclothingandshelter.Togetthesenecessitiesonregularbasisapersonmusthaveareliableincome.Butwehaveotherneedswhichwouldprobablyalsobeincludedasbasicsuchashealthandeducationfacilities.Wemaythinkofalloftheseasourneeds.Yetmostofuswouldbefarfromsatisfiedifwehadnothingmorethanthesewhicharesuppliedforus.78Weallenjoyextraincometospendonthingslikebookssportsorhobbies.Sometimeswesavesomeofthisextraincometopayforfutureexpenseofthistypeonholidays.Sowemustaddourwantstoourbasicneeds.Ourstandardoflivingisthedegreetowhichtheseneedsandwantsaresatisfied.Butastimegoesonwhatwethinkofasourbasicneedschanges.Twentyyearsagoatelevisionwouldhavebeenaluxuryandstillisinmanycountriesnow.Evennowwecannotsayitisaneedinthesamesenseasfoodclothingandshelter.Yetifmostofthepeopleofacountryhaveoneitcomestobeacceptedasaneed.Itispossiblethereforetohavefoodclothingandshelterandstillbepoorbythestandardsofourownsociety.Weallenjoy______.
Englandisnotabigcountry:fromnorthtosouthandfromeasttowestitisonlyaboutthreehundredmilesacross.Butforasmallcountryithasasurprisingrangeofclimate.PeoplewhohavenevervisitedEnglandorwhohavevisitedonlyonepartofitoftenmakesthemistakeofthinkingthatitisacoldandwetcountry.ExceptforthesummermonthsofJunetoSeptemberthisisprobablytrueofthenorthofEnglandandtheMidlands.Inthesouthhowevertheclimateismuchmorepleasant.Oneresultisthatwhenpeopleretirefromthejobinthenorththeyoftenprefertomovedowntothesouth. PerhapsthewarmestpartofthecountryisthesouthwestwhichconsistsofismadeupofthecountiesofDevonandCornwallwherepalmtreesbambooandmanysemitropicalplantsgrowwell.Flowersandvegetablesripenasmuchasamonthearlierthanthoseelsewhere.Farmersintheareasgainahigherpricefortheirvegetablesandflowersbecausetheyarereadyearlier.InwintertheremaybeseveralfeetofsnowinotherpartsofEnglandbuttherewillprobablybenosnowatallinthesouthwest.ThismaybeoneofthereasonswhythesouthwestisoneofEngland’smostpopularholidayareas. ThedistancefromthecenterofEnglandtosouthcoastisabout
77WhatdowemeanbyasatisfactorystandardoflivingObviouslyitmustincludethebasicnecessitiesoflifesuchasfoodclothingandshelter.Togetthesenecessitiesonregularbasisapersonmusthaveareliableincome.Butwehaveotherneedswhichwouldprobablyalsobeincludedasbasicsuchashealthandeducationfacilities.Wemaythinkofalloftheseasourneeds.Yetmostofuswouldbefarfromsatisfiedifwehadnothingmorethanthesewhicharesuppliedforus.78Weallenjoyextraincometospendonthingslikebookssportsorhobbies.Sometimeswesavesomeofthisextraincometopayforfutureexpenseofthistypeonholidays.Sowemustaddourwantstoourbasicneeds.Ourstandardoflivingisthedegreetowhichtheseneedsandwantsaresatisfied.Butastimegoesonwhatwethinkofasourbasicneedschanges.Twentyyearsagoatelevisionwouldhavebeenaluxuryandstillisinmanycountriesnow.Evennowwecannotsayitisaneedinthesamesenseasfoodclothingandshelter.Yetifmostofthepeopleofacountryhaveoneitcomestobeacceptedasaneed.Itispossiblethereforetohavefoodclothingandshelterandstillbepoorbythestandardsofourownsociety.Whatweneedinlifeisdividedinto______accordingtothisarticle.
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