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Why Would They Falsely Confess Why on earth would an innocent person falsely confess to committing ...
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WhyWouldTheyFalselyConfessWhyonearthwouldaninnocen
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WhyWouldTheyFalselyConfess???Whyonearthwouldaninno
WhyWouldTheyFalselyConfess???Whyonearthwouldaninno
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WhyWouldTheyFalselyConfess???Whyonearthwouldaninno
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Don’tCountonDung粪Conservationists自然保护主义者maybemiscalculatingthenumbersofthethreatenedanimalssuchaselephantssayAfricanandAmericanresearchers.Theerroroccursbecauseofaflawinthewaytheyestimateanimalnumbersfromthepilesofdungthecreaturesleavebehind.ThemistakecouldleadresearcherstothinkthattherearetwiceasmanyelephantsastherereallyareinsomeregionsaccordingtoAndrewPlumptreoftheWildlifeConservationSocietyWCSinNewYork.BiologistKatyPayneofComellUniversityinIthacaNewYorkagreesWereallyneedtoknowelephantnumbersandtheevidencethatwehaveisquiteindirectsaysPaynewhoelectronicallytrackselephants.CountingelephantsfromplanesisimpossibleinthevastrainforestsofCentralAfrica.Soresearchersoftenestimateelephantnumbersbycountingdungpilesinagivenarea.Theyalsoneedtoknowtherateatwhichdungdecaysbecauseit’sextremelydifficulttodeterminetheserates.Howeverresearcherscountingelephantsinoneregiontendtorelyonstandarddecayratesestablishedelsewhere.ButresearchersattheWCShavefoundthatthisdecayratevariesfromregiontoregiondependingontheclimateandenvironment.Usingthewrongvaluescanleadthecensusastray离开正道saysPlumptre.HeandhiscolleagueAnthonyChifuNchanjistudieddecayingelephantdungintheforestsofCameroon.Theyfoundthatthedungdecayedbetween55and65percentmoreslowlythanthedungintherainforestsofneighboringGabon.IfresearchersusedecayratesfromGabontocountelephantsinCameroontheywouldprobablyfindmoreelephantsthanareactuallyaround.ThiscouldmeanestimatesinCameroonareatleasttwiceashighasthosederivedfromdecayratescalculatedlocallyPlumptresaysHoweveraccurateyourdungdensityestimatemightbethedecayratecanseverelyaffecttheresult.Plumptrealsosaysthatthedung-pilecensusshouldbecarriedoutoveraregionsimilarinsizetoanelephant’snaturalrange.TheusualtechniqueofmonitoringonlysmallprotectedareasdistortsnumbersbecauseelephantsmoveinandoutoftheseregionshesaysIftheelephantpopulationincreaseswithintheprotectedareayoucannotdeterminewhether.Itisarealincreaseorwhetheritisduetoelephantsmovinginbecausetheyarebeingpoached入侵偷猎outside.Plumptresaysthatsimilarproblemsmayalsoaffectotheranimalcensusstudiesthatrelyonindirectevidencesuchasneststracksorburrows地洞.Thewordthreatenedinthefirstsentenceofthefirstparagraphcouldbebestreplacedby______.
AbecostlyBbeharmfulCsavealifeDstillopentodebateEreducetheriskofradiationtriggeringacancerFreducedtotheminimumRadiationexposureshouldhe______.
ScreenTest1EveryyearmillionsofwomenarescreenedwithX-raystopickupsignsofbreastcancer.Ifthishappensearlyenoughthediseasecanoftenbetreatedsuccessfully.Accordingtoasurveypublishedlastyear21countrieshavescreeningprograms.NineofthemincludingAustraliaCanadatheUSAandSpainscreenwomenunder50.2Butthemedicalbenefitofscreeningtheseyoungerwomenarecontroversialpartlybecausethetraditionbringsasmallriskofinducingcancer.AlsoyoungerwomenmustbegivenhigherdosesofX-raysbecausetheirbreasttissueisdenser.3ResearchersatthePolytechnicUniversityofValenciaanalyzedtheeffectofscreeningmorethan160000womenat11localclinics.Afterestimatingthewomen’scumulativedoseofradiationtheyusedtwomodelstocalculatethenumberofextracancersthiswouldcause.4ThemathematicalmodelrecommendedbyBritain’sNationalRadiologicalProtectionBoardNRPBpredictedthatthescreeningprogramwouldcause36cancersper100000women18ofthemfatal.ThemodelpreferredbytheUNScientificCommitteeontheEffectsofAtomicRadiationledtoalowerfigureof20cancers.5Theresearchersarguethatthelevelofradiation-inducedcancersisnotverysignificantcomparedtothefargreaternumberofcancersthatarediscoveredandtreated.TheValenciaprogramtheysaydetectsbetween300and450casesofbreastcancerinevery100000womenscreened.6Buttheypointoutthattheriskofwomencontractingcancerfromradiationcouldbereducedbybetween40and80percentifscreeningbeganat50insteadof45becausetheywouldbeexposedtolessradiation.Theresultsoftheirstudytheysuggestcouldhelpoptimizethetechniqueforbreastcancerscreening.7Thereisatrade-offbetweenthediagnosticbenefitsofbreastscreeninganditsrisksadmitsMichaelClarkoftheNRPR.Buthewarnsthatthestudyshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.Onthebasisofthecurrentdatafarevery10cancerssuccessfullydetectedandpreventedthereisariskofcausingonelaterinlife.That’swhyradiationexposureshouldbeminimizedinanyscreeningprogram.AHarmscreeningmaydotoayoungerwomanBInvestigatingtheeffectofscreeningCEffectspredictedbytwodifferentmodelsDTreatmentofcancersEFactorsthattriggercancersFTheResultofTheirStudyParagraph3______
WhyWouldTheyFalselyConfessWhyonearthwouldaninnocentpersonfalselyconfesstocommittingacrimeTomostpeopleitjustdoesn’tseemlogical.Butitislogicalsayexpertsifyouunderstandwhatcanhappeninapoliceinterrogation审讯room.Undertherightconditionspeople’smindsaresusceptible易受影响的toinfluenceandthepressureputonsuspectsduringpolicegrillings盘问isenormous.46Thepressureisimportanttounderstandbecauseotherwiseit’simpossibletounderstandwhysomeonewouldsayhedidsomethinghedidn’tdo.Theansweris:toputanendtoanuncomfortablesituationthatwillcontinueuntilhedoesconfess.DevelopmentalpsychologistAllisonRedlichrecentlyconductedalaboratorydeterminehowlikelypeoplearetoconfesstothingstheydidn’tdostudyto47.Theresearchersthenintentionallycrashedthecomputersandaccusedtheparticipantsofhittingthealtkeytoseeiftheywouldsignastatementfalselytakingresponsibility.Redlich’sfindingsclearlydemonstratehoweasyitcanbetogetpeopletofalselyconfess:59percentoftheyoungadultsintheexperimentimmediatelyconfessed48ofthe15-to16-year-olds72percentsignedconfessionsasdid78percentofthe12-to13-year-olds.There’snoquestionthatyoungpeoplearemoreatrisksaysSaulKassinProfessoratWilliamsCollegewhohasdonesimilarstudieswithsimilarresults.49apsychologyBothKassinandRedlichnotethattheentireinterrogationintheirexperimentsconsistedofasimpleaccusation--nothoursofaggressivequestioning--andstillmostparticipantsfalselyconfessed.Becauseofthestressofapoliceinterrogationtheyconcludesuspectscanbecomeconvincedthatfalselyconfessingistheeasiestwayoutofabadsituation.50A.Inherexperimentparticipantswereseatedatcomputersandtoldnottohitthealtkeybecausedoingsowouldcrashthesystems.B.InsomewayssaysKassinfalseconfessionbecomesarationaldecision.C.It’salittlelikesomebody’sworkingonthemwithadentaldrillsaysFranklinZimringalawprofessorattheUniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeley.D.Butadultsarehighlyvulnerabletoo.E.Howcouldaninnocentpersonadmittodoingsomethinghedidn’tdoF.Redlichalsofoundthattheyoungertheparticipantthemorelikelyafalseconfession.
TheWriting’sontheWallIsitartorisitjustvandalism野蛮行为Wellit’sstillacrimebutgraffiti涂鸦haschangedsincethedaysofsprayingyournameonawalltomarkyourterritory.Streetarthasbecomemuchmoresophisticatedsincea17-year-oldcalledDemetriusstartedsprayinghistagTAKI183allovertheNewYorkundergroundin1971andhip-hopculturewasborn.Hip-hopisamixtureofartmusicanddancingpoetrylanguageandfashion.Itcamefromyounginner-citypeoplewhofellleftoutbytheirricherclassmatesandwhoweredesperatetoexpressthemselvesinanywaytheycould.AnexperimenttocontrolthespreadofgraffitiinRockdaleGreaterManchesterhasbeensosuccessfulthatplanshavebeenmadebylocalstreetartistsforaninternationalconventioninJune.We’replanningtogetpeopletogetherfromdifferentcountrieslikeFranceandGermanyforaweeksaysLiamoneoftheorganizers.Theschemestartedin2000andhasattractedpeopleofallagegroupsandbothsexes.Weallshareacommoninterestandgetonreallywellwitheachother.Thefirstsitetobechosenwasasubway.Beforewebeganpeoplewereafraidtousethesubway.Wehaditcleanedupandnowwithalltheartistshangingoutdowntherepeopleareusingitagain.Peoplecanrelatetograffitimuchmorenow.Byprovidingplacestodisplaytheirtalentslegallytherehasbeenafallintheamountoftaggingonpeople’sprivateproperty.StreetartistsTemperdevelopedhisdrawingskillsatayoungage.InartclassesatschoolhewasreallyfrustratedbecausetheArtteacherdidn’tspendtimewithhim.Theythoughthewasalreadyverygoodatartandsospendmoretimewithotherstudents.Soat12yearsoldTemperstartedpaintingwithalltheseguyshe’dhookedupwithwhowereabout22yearsold.HelookeduptothemandlovedwhattheyweredoingonthestreetsofWolvehampEngland.Thewholehip-hopscenewasbuiltupofdifferentthingsandIdidabitofeverything.ButitwasalwaysthegraffitiIwasbestat.hesays.Temperisinvolvedinmanydifferentaspectsofhip-hopculture.
PandemicH1N12009ThemostactiveareasofpandemicinfluenzatransmissioncurrentlyareincentralandeasternEuropeancountries.Ahighintensityofrespiratorydiseasesactivity51concurrentcirculationofpandemicinfluenzastill52partsofsouthernandeasternEurope53inGreecePolandandUkraine.InWesternEuropeinfluenza54remainsactiveandwidespreadbutoveralldiseaseactivityhaspeaked.AllinfluenzavirusesinWesternEuropewerepandemicH1N12009howeververysmall55ofseasonalinfluenzavirusescoveringlessthan1%ofallinfluenzaviruses56werereportedinRussia.57limitedavailabledataindicatethatactivehighintensitytransmissionisoccurringinNorthernAfricancountries58theMediterraneancoast.InCentralAsialimiteddata59thatinfluenzaviruscirculationremainsactivebuttransmissionmayhaverecentlypeakedinsomeplaces.InWestAsiaIsraelIranandIraqalsoappear60theirpeakperiodoftransmissionwithinthepastmonththough61areascontinuetohavesomeactivetransmissionandlevelsofrespiratorydiseaseactivityhavenotyetreturnedtobaselinelevels.InEastAsiainfluenzatransmissionremainsactivebutappearstobe62overall.63increasesinILIwerereportedinMongoliaafterweeksofdecliningactivityfollowingalargepeakofactivityoveronemonthago.InNorthAmericainfluenzatransmission64widespreadbuthasdeclinedquicklyinallcountries.InthetropicalregionsofCentralandSouthAmericaandtheCaribbeaninfluenzatransmissionremainsgeographicallywidespreadbutoveralldiseaseactivityhasbeendecliningorremainsunchangedinmostparts65focalincreasesinrespiratorydiseaseactivityinafewcountries.
PandemicH1N12009ThemostactiveareasofpandemicinfluenzatransmissioncurrentlyareincentralandeasternEuropeancountries.Ahighintensityofrespiratorydiseasesactivity51concurrentcirculationofpandemicinfluenzastill52partsofsouthernandeasternEurope53inGreecePolandandUkraine.InWesternEuropeinfluenza54remainsactiveandwidespreadbutoveralldiseaseactivityhaspeaked.AllinfluenzavirusesinWesternEuropewerepandemicH1N12009howeververysmall55ofseasonalinfluenzavirusescoveringlessthan1%ofallinfluenzaviruses56werereportedinRussia.57limitedavailabledataindicatethatactivehighintensitytransmissionisoccurringinNorthernAfricancountries58theMediterraneancoast.InCentralAsialimiteddata59thatinfluenzaviruscirculationremainsactivebuttransmissionmayhaverecentlypeakedinsomeplaces.InWestAsiaIsraelIranandIraqalsoappear60theirpeakperiodoftransmissionwithinthepastmonththough61areascontinuetohavesomeactivetransmissionandlevelsofrespiratorydiseaseactivityhavenotyetreturnedtobaselinelevels.InEastAsiainfluenzatransmissionremainsactivebutappearstobe62overall.63increasesinILIwerereportedinMongoliaafterweeksofdecliningactivityfollowingalargepeakofactivityoveronemonthago.InNorthAmericainfluenzatransmission64widespreadbuthasdeclinedquicklyinallcountries.InthetropicalregionsofCentralandSouthAmericaandtheCaribbeaninfluenzatransmissionremainsgeographicallywidespreadbutoveralldiseaseactivityhasbeendecliningorremainsunchangedinmostparts65focalincreasesinrespiratorydiseaseactivityinafewcountries.
Statesmenareexpertatdeliveringspeechesinfrontofthepublic.
PandemicH1N12009ThemostactiveareasofpandemicinfluenzatransmissioncurrentlyareincentralandeasternEuropeancountries.Ahighintensityofrespiratorydiseasesactivity51concurrentcirculationofpandemicinfluenzastill52partsofsouthernandeasternEurope53inGreecePolandandUkraine.InWesternEuropeinfluenza54remainsactiveandwidespreadbutoveralldiseaseactivityhaspeaked.AllinfluenzavirusesinWesternEuropewerepandemicH1N12009howeververysmall55ofseasonalinfluenzavirusescoveringlessthan1%ofallinfluenzaviruses56werereportedinRussia.57limitedavailabledataindicatethatactivehighintensitytransmissionisoccurringinNorthernAfricancountries58theMediterraneancoast.InCentralAsialimiteddata59thatinfluenzaviruscirculationremainsactivebuttransmissionmayhaverecentlypeakedinsomeplaces.InWestAsiaIsraelIranandIraqalsoappear60theirpeakperiodoftransmissionwithinthepastmonththough61areascontinuetohavesomeactivetransmissionandlevelsofrespiratorydiseaseactivityhavenotyetreturnedtobaselinelevels.InEastAsiainfluenzatransmissionremainsactivebutappearstobe62overall.63increasesinILIwerereportedinMongoliaafterweeksofdecliningactivityfollowingalargepeakofactivityoveronemonthago.InNorthAmericainfluenzatransmission64widespreadbuthasdeclinedquicklyinallcountries.InthetropicalregionsofCentralandSouthAmericaandtheCaribbeaninfluenzatransmissionremainsgeographicallywidespreadbutoveralldiseaseactivityhasbeendecliningorremainsunchangedinmostparts65focalincreasesinrespiratorydiseaseactivityinafewcountries.
MoreThanJustMoneyWhenPatriciaRochesterdecidedtogobacktoschoolaftertenyearsasastaffnurseatTorontoWesternHospitalheremployernotonlycheeredheronbutalsopaidhertuitionandgaveheradayoffwithpayeveryweektostudy.ThroughoutheryearsatthehospitalRochesterhasalsotakenworkshopsoneverythingfromcoachingpeerstocareerdevelopmentcoursesthatshebelieveshavehelpedheradvanceatwork.I’mnowheadofthementoringprogramfornewhiresstudentsandstaffnursesshesaysThere’salotofroomforpersonalimprovementhere.PerhapsasimportantRochestersaysheremployersupportsandvaluesherworkIfyouputinovertimethenursepointsoutyougetyourmealsthey’llorderinpizzaorGreekfoodorChinese.Andifstaffersfeelstiffandstressedfromtoomanyhoursonthewardtheycancallforaflee15-minuteshoulder-and-neckmassageorevensignupforaneight-weekeveningcourseonmeditationskillsandstressrelief.Ifthat’snotenoughemployeescantakeadvantageoffivefamilydaysayearthatcanbeusedifthekidscomedownwiththefluoranagingparentneedsferryingtoanimportantdoctor’sappointment.Andtheyhaveaccesstoarangeofperks好处suchasspecialratesonhotelroomsdrugstorepurchasesandscholarshipsforemployees’children.Youmightwonderhowanorganizationcanprovidesuchresourcesandstillsurvive.ButUniversityHealthNetworkisoneofanumberofprogressiveemployersinCanadathathavediscoveredthatinvestinginstaffisgoodbusiness.Ifsuchinitiativeshelpcompaniescutdownonturnover人员更替alonethey’rewellworthwhilesaysPremBenimadhuavice-presidentattheConferenceBoardofCanadaitcostsanywherefrom$3300torehiresupportstaffanaverage$13300fortechnicalstaffandawhopping巨资$43000foranexecutivepositionaccordingtoonestudyofConferenceBoardmembers.InnovativeinitiativeshelpcompaniesattracttalentedemployeescutdownonsickdayswhichcostCanadianbusinessesanestimated$17billionayearoranaverageof$3550perEmployeeandkeepemployeesmoreinterestedintheirwork.WiththesubstantialtalentshortagethatalreadyexistsinCanadaandtheprospectofmassretirementoverthenextfiveyearsasmanyas50or60percentinsomesectorsBenimadhusaysthatintelligentemployersareputtingarenewedfocusonthepeoplewhoworkforthem.Canadahasbeenshortof______.
Don’tCountonDung粪Conservationists自然保护主义者maybemiscalculatingthenumbersofthethreatenedanimalssuchaselephantssayAfricanandAmericanresearchers.Theerroroccursbecauseofaflawinthewaytheyestimateanimalnumbersfromthepilesofdungthecreaturesleavebehind.ThemistakecouldleadresearcherstothinkthattherearetwiceasmanyelephantsastherereallyareinsomeregionsaccordingtoAndrewPlumptreoftheWildlifeConservationSocietyWCSinNewYork.BiologistKatyPayneofComellUniversityinIthacaNewYorkagreesWereallyneedtoknowelephantnumbersandtheevidencethatwehaveisquiteindirectsaysPaynewhoelectronicallytrackselephants.CountingelephantsfromplanesisimpossibleinthevastrainforestsofCentralAfrica.Soresearchersoftenestimateelephantnumbersbycountingdungpilesinagivenarea.Theyalsoneedtoknowtherateatwhichdungdecaysbecauseit’sextremelydifficulttodeterminetheserates.Howeverresearcherscountingelephantsinoneregiontendtorelyonstandarddecayratesestablishedelsewhere.ButresearchersattheWCShavefoundthatthisdecayratevariesfromregiontoregiondependingontheclimateandenvironment.Usingthewrongvaluescanleadthecensusastray离开正道saysPlumptre.HeandhiscolleagueAnthonyChifuNchanjistudieddecayingelephantdungintheforestsofCameroon.Theyfoundthatthedungdecayedbetween55and65percentmoreslowlythanthedungintherainforestsofneighboringGabon.IfresearchersusedecayratesfromGabontocountelephantsinCameroontheywouldprobablyfindmoreelephantsthanareactuallyaround.ThiscouldmeanestimatesinCameroonareatleasttwiceashighasthosederivedfromdecayratescalculatedlocallyPlumptresaysHoweveraccurateyourdungdensityestimatemightbethedecayratecanseverelyaffecttheresult.Plumptrealsosaysthatthedung-pilecensusshouldbecarriedoutoveraregionsimilarinsizetoanelephant’snaturalrange.TheusualtechniqueofmonitoringonlysmallprotectedareasdistortsnumbersbecauseelephantsmoveinandoutoftheseregionshesaysIftheelephantpopulationincreaseswithintheprotectedareayoucannotdeterminewhether.Itisarealincreaseorwhetheritisduetoelephantsmovinginbecausetheyarebeingpoached入侵偷猎outside.Plumptresaysthatsimilarproblemsmayalsoaffectotheranimalcensusstudiesthatrelyonindirectevidencesuchasneststracksorburrows地洞.Pilesofdungcan’tberelieduponwhenitcomestoestimatingelephantnumbersbecause______.
Inthefilmtheherohastorescuethepresidentfromanevilscientist.
WhyWouldTheyFalselyConfessWhyonearthwouldaninnocentpersonfalselyconfesstocommittingacrimeTomostpeopleitjustdoesn’tseemlogical.Butitislogicalsayexpertsifyouunderstandwhatcanhappeninapoliceinterrogation审讯room.Undertherightconditionspeople’smindsaresusceptible易受影响的toinfluenceandthepressureputonsuspectsduringpolicegrillings盘问isenormous.46Thepressureisimportanttounderstandbecauseotherwiseit’simpossibletounderstandwhysomeonewouldsayhedidsomethinghedidn’tdo.Theansweris:toputanendtoanuncomfortablesituationthatwillcontinueuntilhedoesconfess.DevelopmentalpsychologistAllisonRedlichrecentlyconductedalaboratorydeterminehowlikelypeoplearetoconfesstothingstheydidn’tdostudyto47.Theresearchersthenintentionallycrashedthecomputersandaccusedtheparticipantsofhittingthealtkeytoseeiftheywouldsignastatementfalselytakingresponsibility.Redlich’sfindingsclearlydemonstratehoweasyitcanbetogetpeopletofalselyconfess:59percentoftheyoungadultsintheexperimentimmediatelyconfessed48ofthe15-to16-year-olds72percentsignedconfessionsasdid78percentofthe12-to13-year-olds.There’snoquestionthatyoungpeoplearemoreatrisksaysSaulKassinProfessoratWilliamsCollegewhohasdonesimilarstudieswithsimilarresults.49apsychologyBothKassinandRedlichnotethattheentireinterrogationintheirexperimentsconsistedofasimpleaccusation--nothoursofaggressivequestioning--andstillmostparticipantsfalselyconfessed.Becauseofthestressofapoliceinterrogationtheyconcludesuspectscanbecomeconvincedthatfalselyconfessingistheeasiestwayoutofabadsituation.50A.Inherexperimentparticipantswereseatedatcomputersandtoldnottohitthealtkeybecausedoingsowouldcrashthesystems.B.InsomewayssaysKassinfalseconfessionbecomesarationaldecision.C.It’salittlelikesomebody’sworkingonthemwithadentaldrillsaysFranklinZimringalawprofessorattheUniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeley.D.Butadultsarehighlyvulnerabletoo.E.Howcouldaninnocentpersonadmittodoingsomethinghedidn’tdoF.Redlichalsofoundthattheyoungertheparticipantthemorelikelyafalseconfession.
ScreenTest1EveryyearmillionsofwomenarescreenedwithX-raystopickupsignsofbreastcancer.Ifthishappensearlyenoughthediseasecanoftenbetreatedsuccessfully.Accordingtoasurveypublishedlastyear21countrieshavescreeningprograms.NineofthemincludingAustraliaCanadatheUSAandSpainscreenwomenunder50.2Butthemedicalbenefitofscreeningtheseyoungerwomenarecontroversialpartlybecausethetraditionbringsasmallriskofinducingcancer.AlsoyoungerwomenmustbegivenhigherdosesofX-raysbecausetheirbreasttissueisdenser.3ResearchersatthePolytechnicUniversityofValenciaanalyzedtheeffectofscreeningmorethan160000womenat11localclinics.Afterestimatingthewomen’scumulativedoseofradiationtheyusedtwomodelstocalculatethenumberofextracancersthiswouldcause.4ThemathematicalmodelrecommendedbyBritain’sNationalRadiologicalProtectionBoardNRPBpredictedthatthescreeningprogramwouldcause36cancersper100000women18ofthemfatal.ThemodelpreferredbytheUNScientificCommitteeontheEffectsofAtomicRadiationledtoalowerfigureof20cancers.5Theresearchersarguethatthelevelofradiation-inducedcancersisnotverysignificantcomparedtothefargreaternumberofcancersthatarediscoveredandtreated.TheValenciaprogramtheysaydetectsbetween300and450casesofbreastcancerinevery100000womenscreened.6Buttheypointoutthattheriskofwomencontractingcancerfromradiationcouldbereducedbybetween40and80percentifscreeningbeganat50insteadof45becausetheywouldbeexposedtolessradiation.Theresultsoftheirstudytheysuggestcouldhelpoptimizethetechniqueforbreastcancerscreening.7Thereisatrade-offbetweenthediagnosticbenefitsofbreastscreeninganditsrisksadmitsMichaelClarkoftheNRPR.Buthewarnsthatthestudyshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.Onthebasisofthecurrentdatafarevery10cancerssuccessfullydetectedandpreventedthereisariskofcausingonelaterinlife.That’swhyradiationexposureshouldbeminimizedinanyscreeningprogram.AHarmscreeningmaydotoayoungerwomanBInvestigatingtheeffectofscreeningCEffectspredictedbytwodifferentmodelsDTreatmentofcancersEFactorsthattriggercancersFTheResultofTheirStudyParagraph5______
WhyWouldTheyFalselyConfessWhyonearthwouldaninnocentpersonfalselyconfesstocommittingacrimeTomostpeopleitjustdoesn’tseemlogical.Butitislogicalsayexpertsifyouunderstandwhatcanhappeninapoliceinterrogation审讯room.Undertherightconditionspeople’smindsaresusceptible易受影响的toinfluenceandthepressureputonsuspectsduringpolicegrillings盘问isenormous.46Thepressureisimportanttounderstandbecauseotherwiseit’simpossibletounderstandwhysomeonewouldsayhedidsomethinghedidn’tdo.Theansweris:toputanendtoanuncomfortablesituationthatwillcontinueuntilhedoesconfess.DevelopmentalpsychologistAllisonRedlichrecentlyconductedalaboratorydeterminehowlikelypeoplearetoconfesstothingstheydidn’tdostudyto47.Theresearchersthenintentionallycrashedthecomputersandaccusedtheparticipantsofhittingthealtkeytoseeiftheywouldsignastatementfalselytakingresponsibility.Redlich’sfindingsclearlydemonstratehoweasyitcanbetogetpeopletofalselyconfess:59percentoftheyoungadultsintheexperimentimmediatelyconfessed48ofthe15-to16-year-olds72percentsignedconfessionsasdid78percentofthe12-to13-year-olds.There’snoquestionthatyoungpeoplearemoreatrisksaysSaulKassinProfessoratWilliamsCollegewhohasdonesimilarstudieswithsimilarresults.49apsychologyBothKassinandRedlichnotethattheentireinterrogationintheirexperimentsconsistedofasimpleaccusation--nothoursofaggressivequestioning--andstillmostparticipantsfalselyconfessed.Becauseofthestressofapoliceinterrogationtheyconcludesuspectscanbecomeconvincedthatfalselyconfessingistheeasiestwayoutofabadsituation.50A.Inherexperimentparticipantswereseatedatcomputersandtoldnottohitthealtkeybecausedoingsowouldcrashthesystems.B.InsomewayssaysKassinfalseconfessionbecomesarationaldecision.C.It’salittlelikesomebody’sworkingonthemwithadentaldrillsaysFranklinZimringalawprofessorattheUniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeley.D.Butadultsarehighlyvulnerabletoo.E.Howcouldaninnocentpersonadmittodoingsomethinghedidn’tdoF.Redlichalsofoundthattheyoungertheparticipantthemorelikelyafalseconfession.
MoreThanaRidetoSchoolTheNationalEducationAssociationclaimsTheschoolbusisamirrorofthecommunity.Theyfurtheraddthatunfortunatelywhatappearsontheexteriordoesnotalwaysreflecttherealityofachosencommunity.Theyarerightandsometimesitreflectsmore!JustaskLieslDensonRidingtheschoolbushasbeenmorethanaridetoschoolforLiesl.BruceHardyschoolbusdriverforAlthouseBusCompanyhasbeenLiesl’sbusdriversincekindergartenlastyearwhenLiesl’sfamilymovedtoParkesburg.Knowingherbuswentbyhernewresidencesherequestedtoridethesamebus.ThisyearLieslisaseniorandwillenjoyherlastyearridingthebus.ShesaysIt’sbeenagreatridesofar!Mybusdriverissocoolandhasalwaysbeenagoodfriendandagoodlistener.Sometimeswhenyou’reachildadultsdonotthinkthatwhatyouhavetosayisimportant.Mr.Hardyalwayslistenstowhatyouhavetosayandmakesyoufeelimportant.HerfriendsAshleyBatistaandAmandaWolfcagree.BraceHardyhasbeenmakingOctorarastudentsfeelspecialsince1975.Thisyearhewillcelebrate30yearsworkingforAlthouseBusTransportation.CompanyPresidentLarryAlthouseacknowledgesBruceHardy’soutstandingrecord.YoudonotcomebyemployeeslikeBrucethesedays;hehasnevermissedadayofworkandhasaperfectdrivingrecord.Recognizedin2000bythePennsylvaniaSchoolBusAssociationfordriving350000accidentfreemilesHardy’sreputationismadefurtherevidentthroughtherelationshipshehasmadewiththestudentsthatridehisbus.AlthousefurtheraddedAlthouseBusTransportationwasestablished70yearsagoandhasbeenprovidingqualitytransportationeversincemygrandfatherstartedthebusinesswithonebus.AlthouseBusTransportationisdelightedtohavetheopportunitytobringdistinctiveandsafeservicetoourlocalschoolandcommunityandlooksforwardtocontinuingtoprovidequalityserviceformanymoreyearstocome.Threegenerationsofbusinessisnotallthecompanyhasenjoyed.ThankstodriverslikeBruceHardytheyhavebeenbuildingrelationshipsthroughgenerations.Liesl’smotherCarolalsoenjoysfondmemoriesofridingBruceHardy’sbustotheOctoraraSchoolDistrict.HowlonghasBruceHardybeenworkingforAlthouseBusTransportation
AbecostlyBbeharmfulCsavealifeDstillopentodebateEreducetheriskofradiationtriggeringacancerFreducedtotheminimumAdvantagesofscreeningwomenunder50are______.
Don’tCountonDung粪Conservationists自然保护主义者maybemiscalculatingthenumbersofthethreatenedanimalssuchaselephantssayAfricanandAmericanresearchers.Theerroroccursbecauseofaflawinthewaytheyestimateanimalnumbersfromthepilesofdungthecreaturesleavebehind.ThemistakecouldleadresearcherstothinkthattherearetwiceasmanyelephantsastherereallyareinsomeregionsaccordingtoAndrewPlumptreoftheWildlifeConservationSocietyWCSinNewYork.BiologistKatyPayneofComellUniversityinIthacaNewYorkagreesWereallyneedtoknowelephantnumbersandtheevidencethatwehaveisquiteindirectsaysPaynewhoelectronicallytrackselephants.CountingelephantsfromplanesisimpossibleinthevastrainforestsofCentralAfrica.Soresearchersoftenestimateelephantnumbersbycountingdungpilesinagivenarea.Theyalsoneedtoknowtherateatwhichdungdecaysbecauseit’sextremelydifficulttodeterminetheserates.Howeverresearcherscountingelephantsinoneregiontendtorelyonstandarddecayratesestablishedelsewhere.ButresearchersattheWCShavefoundthatthisdecayratevariesfromregiontoregiondependingontheclimateandenvironment.Usingthewrongvaluescanleadthecensusastray离开正道saysPlumptre.HeandhiscolleagueAnthonyChifuNchanjistudieddecayingelephantdungintheforestsofCameroon.Theyfoundthatthedungdecayedbetween55and65percentmoreslowlythanthedungintherainforestsofneighboringGabon.IfresearchersusedecayratesfromGabontocountelephantsinCameroontheywouldprobablyfindmoreelephantsthanareactuallyaround.ThiscouldmeanestimatesinCameroonareatleasttwiceashighasthosederivedfromdecayratescalculatedlocallyPlumptresaysHoweveraccurateyourdungdensityestimatemightbethedecayratecanseverelyaffecttheresult.Plumptrealsosaysthatthedung-pilecensusshouldbecarriedoutoveraregionsimilarinsizetoanelephant’snaturalrange.TheusualtechniqueofmonitoringonlysmallprotectedareasdistortsnumbersbecauseelephantsmoveinandoutoftheseregionshesaysIftheelephantpopulationincreaseswithintheprotectedareayoucannotdeterminewhether.Itisarealincreaseorwhetheritisduetoelephantsmovinginbecausetheyarebeingpoached入侵偷猎outside.Plumptresaysthatsimilarproblemsmayalsoaffectotheranimalcensusstudiesthatrelyonindirectevidencesuchasneststracksorburrows地洞.ThefirstwordHeinparagraph6refersto______.
MoreThanJustMoneyWhenPatriciaRochesterdecidedtogobacktoschoolaftertenyearsasastaffnurseatTorontoWesternHospitalheremployernotonlycheeredheronbutalsopaidhertuitionandgaveheradayoffwithpayeveryweektostudy.ThroughoutheryearsatthehospitalRochesterhasalsotakenworkshopsoneverythingfromcoachingpeerstocareerdevelopmentcoursesthatshebelieveshavehelpedheradvanceatwork.I’mnowheadofthementoringprogramfornewhiresstudentsandstaffnursesshesaysThere’salotofroomforpersonalimprovementhere.PerhapsasimportantRochestersaysheremployersupportsandvaluesherworkIfyouputinovertimethenursepointsoutyougetyourmealsthey’llorderinpizzaorGreekfoodorChinese.Andifstaffersfeelstiffandstressedfromtoomanyhoursonthewardtheycancallforaflee15-minuteshoulder-and-neckmassageorevensignupforaneight-weekeveningcourseonmeditationskillsandstressrelief.Ifthat’snotenoughemployeescantakeadvantageoffivefamilydaysayearthatcanbeusedifthekidscomedownwiththefluoranagingparentneedsferryingtoanimportantdoctor’sappointment.Andtheyhaveaccesstoarangeofperks好处suchasspecialratesonhotelroomsdrugstorepurchasesandscholarshipsforemployees’children.Youmightwonderhowanorganizationcanprovidesuchresourcesandstillsurvive.ButUniversityHealthNetworkisoneofanumberofprogressiveemployersinCanadathathavediscoveredthatinvestinginstaffisgoodbusiness.Ifsuchinitiativeshelpcompaniescutdownonturnover人员更替alonethey’rewellworthwhilesaysPremBenimadhuavice-presidentattheConferenceBoardofCanadaitcostsanywherefrom$3300torehiresupportstaffanaverage$13300fortechnicalstaffandawhopping巨资$43000foranexecutivepositionaccordingtoonestudyofConferenceBoardmembers.InnovativeinitiativeshelpcompaniesattracttalentedemployeescutdownonsickdayswhichcostCanadianbusinessesanestimated$17billionayearoranaverageof$3550perEmployeeandkeepemployeesmoreinterestedintheirwork.WiththesubstantialtalentshortagethatalreadyexistsinCanadaandtheprospectofmassretirementoverthenextfiveyearsasmanyas50or60percentinsomesectorsBenimadhusaysthatintelligentemployersareputtingarenewedfocusonthepeoplewhoworkforthem.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasawaytoeaseone’sstiffnessandstress
Thelocalgovernmentplannedtolaunchanewprogramtohelpthepoor.
MyunclepromisedtofurnishallIneed.
PandemicH1N12009ThemostactiveareasofpandemicinfluenzatransmissioncurrentlyareincentralandeasternEuropeancountries.Ahighintensityofrespiratorydiseasesactivity51concurrentcirculationofpandemicinfluenzastill52partsofsouthernandeasternEurope53inGreecePolandandUkraine.InWesternEuropeinfluenza54remainsactiveandwidespreadbutoveralldiseaseactivityhaspeaked.AllinfluenzavirusesinWesternEuropewerepandemicH1N12009howeververysmall55ofseasonalinfluenzavirusescoveringlessthan1%ofallinfluenzaviruses56werereportedinRussia.57limitedavailabledataindicatethatactivehighintensitytransmissionisoccurringinNorthernAfricancountries58theMediterraneancoast.InCentralAsialimiteddata59thatinfluenzaviruscirculationremainsactivebuttransmissionmayhaverecentlypeakedinsomeplaces.InWestAsiaIsraelIranandIraqalsoappear60theirpeakperiodoftransmissionwithinthepastmonththough61areascontinuetohavesomeactivetransmissionandlevelsofrespiratorydiseaseactivityhavenotyetreturnedtobaselinelevels.InEastAsiainfluenzatransmissionremainsactivebutappearstobe62overall.63increasesinILIwerereportedinMongoliaafterweeksofdecliningactivityfollowingalargepeakofactivityoveronemonthago.InNorthAmericainfluenzatransmission64widespreadbuthasdeclinedquicklyinallcountries.InthetropicalregionsofCentralandSouthAmericaandtheCaribbeaninfluenzatransmissionremainsgeographicallywidespreadbutoveralldiseaseactivityhasbeendecliningorremainsunchangedinmostparts65focalincreasesinrespiratorydiseaseactivityinafewcountries.
PandemicH1N12009ThemostactiveareasofpandemicinfluenzatransmissioncurrentlyareincentralandeasternEuropeancountries.Ahighintensityofrespiratorydiseasesactivity51concurrentcirculationofpandemicinfluenzastill52partsofsouthernandeasternEurope53inGreecePolandandUkraine.InWesternEuropeinfluenza54remainsactiveandwidespreadbutoveralldiseaseactivityhaspeaked.AllinfluenzavirusesinWesternEuropewerepandemicH1N12009howeververysmall55ofseasonalinfluenzavirusescoveringlessthan1%ofallinfluenzaviruses56werereportedinRussia.57limitedavailabledataindicatethatactivehighintensitytransmissionisoccurringinNorthernAfricancountries58theMediterraneancoast.InCentralAsialimiteddata59thatinfluenzaviruscirculationremainsactivebuttransmissionmayhaverecentlypeakedinsomeplaces.InWestAsiaIsraelIranandIraqalsoappear60theirpeakperiodoftransmissionwithinthepastmonththough61areascontinuetohavesomeactivetransmissionandlevelsofrespiratorydiseaseactivityhavenotyetreturnedtobaselinelevels.InEastAsiainfluenzatransmissionremainsactivebutappearstobe62overall.63increasesinILIwerereportedinMongoliaafterweeksofdecliningactivityfollowingalargepeakofactivityoveronemonthago.InNorthAmericainfluenzatransmission64widespreadbuthasdeclinedquicklyinallcountries.InthetropicalregionsofCentralandSouthAmericaandtheCaribbeaninfluenzatransmissionremainsgeographicallywidespreadbutoveralldiseaseactivityhasbeendecliningorremainsunchangedinmostparts65focalincreasesinrespiratorydiseaseactivityinafewcountries.
Whatdreadfulweatherwehavethesedays!
Inviewofhispoorhealththecompanyallowshimtoretireat45.
PandemicH1N12009ThemostactiveareasofpandemicinfluenzatransmissioncurrentlyareincentralandeasternEuropeancountries.Ahighintensityofrespiratorydiseasesactivity51concurrentcirculationofpandemicinfluenzastill52partsofsouthernandeasternEurope53inGreecePolandandUkraine.InWesternEuropeinfluenza54remainsactiveandwidespreadbutoveralldiseaseactivityhaspeaked.AllinfluenzavirusesinWesternEuropewerepandemicH1N12009howeververysmall55ofseasonalinfluenzavirusescoveringlessthan1%ofallinfluenzaviruses56werereportedinRussia.57limitedavailabledataindicatethatactivehighintensitytransmissionisoccurringinNorthernAfricancountries58theMediterraneancoast.InCentralAsialimiteddata59thatinfluenzaviruscirculationremainsactivebuttransmissionmayhaverecentlypeakedinsomeplaces.InWestAsiaIsraelIranandIraqalsoappear60theirpeakperiodoftransmissionwithinthepastmonththough61areascontinuetohavesomeactivetransmissionandlevelsofrespiratorydiseaseactivityhavenotyetreturnedtobaselinelevels.InEastAsiainfluenzatransmissionremainsactivebutappearstobe62overall.63increasesinILIwerereportedinMongoliaafterweeksofdecliningactivityfollowingalargepeakofactivityoveronemonthago.InNorthAmericainfluenzatransmission64widespreadbuthasdeclinedquicklyinallcountries.InthetropicalregionsofCentralandSouthAmericaandtheCaribbeaninfluenzatransmissionremainsgeographicallywidespreadbutoveralldiseaseactivityhasbeendecliningorremainsunchangedinmostparts65focalincreasesinrespiratorydiseaseactivityinafewcountries.
MoreThanaRidetoSchoolTheNationalEducationAssociationclaimsTheschoolbusisamirrorofthecommunity.Theyfurtheraddthatunfortunatelywhatappearsontheexteriordoesnotalwaysreflecttherealityofachosencommunity.Theyarerightandsometimesitreflectsmore!JustaskLieslDensonRidingtheschoolbushasbeenmorethanaridetoschoolforLiesl.BruceHardyschoolbusdriverforAlthouseBusCompanyhasbeenLiesl’sbusdriversincekindergartenlastyearwhenLiesl’sfamilymovedtoParkesburg.Knowingherbuswentbyhernewresidencesherequestedtoridethesamebus.ThisyearLieslisaseniorandwillenjoyherlastyearridingthebus.ShesaysIt’sbeenagreatridesofar!Mybusdriverissocoolandhasalwaysbeenagoodfriendandagoodlistener.Sometimeswhenyou’reachildadultsdonotthinkthatwhatyouhavetosayisimportant.Mr.Hardyalwayslistenstowhatyouhavetosayandmakesyoufeelimportant.HerfriendsAshleyBatistaandAmandaWolfcagree.BraceHardyhasbeenmakingOctorarastudentsfeelspecialsince1975.Thisyearhewillcelebrate30yearsworkingforAlthouseBusTransportation.CompanyPresidentLarryAlthouseacknowledgesBruceHardy’soutstandingrecord.YoudonotcomebyemployeeslikeBrucethesedays;hehasnevermissedadayofworkandhasaperfectdrivingrecord.Recognizedin2000bythePennsylvaniaSchoolBusAssociationfordriving350000accidentfreemilesHardy’sreputationismadefurtherevidentthroughtherelationshipshehasmadewiththestudentsthatridehisbus.AlthousefurtheraddedAlthouseBusTransportationwasestablished70yearsagoandhasbeenprovidingqualitytransportationeversincemygrandfatherstartedthebusinesswithonebus.AlthouseBusTransportationisdelightedtohavetheopportunitytobringdistinctiveandsafeservicetoourlocalschoolandcommunityandlooksforwardtocontinuingtoprovidequalityserviceformanymoreyearstocome.Threegenerationsofbusinessisnotallthecompanyhasenjoyed.ThankstodriverslikeBruceHardytheyhavebeenbuildingrelationshipsthroughgenerations.Liesl’smotherCarolalsoenjoysfondmemoriesofridingBruceHardy’sbustotheOctoraraSchoolDistrict.WhofoundedAlthouseBusTransportation
TheWriting’sontheWallIsitartorisitjustvandalism野蛮行为Wellit’sstillacrimebutgraffiti涂鸦haschangedsincethedaysofsprayingyournameonawalltomarkyourterritory.Streetarthasbecomemuchmoresophisticatedsincea17-year-oldcalledDemetriusstartedsprayinghistagTAKI183allovertheNewYorkundergroundin1971andhip-hopculturewasborn.Hip-hopisamixtureofartmusicanddancingpoetrylanguageandfashion.Itcamefromyounginner-citypeoplewhofellleftoutbytheirricherclassmatesandwhoweredesperatetoexpressthemselvesinanywaytheycould.AnexperimenttocontrolthespreadofgraffitiinRockdaleGreaterManchesterhasbeensosuccessfulthatplanshavebeenmadebylocalstreetartistsforaninternationalconventioninJune.We’replanningtogetpeopletogetherfromdifferentcountrieslikeFranceandGermanyforaweeksaysLiamoneoftheorganizers.Theschemestartedin2000andhasattractedpeopleofallagegroupsandbothsexes.Weallshareacommoninterestandgetonreallywellwitheachother.Thefirstsitetobechosenwasasubway.Beforewebeganpeoplewereafraidtousethesubway.Wehaditcleanedupandnowwithalltheartistshangingoutdowntherepeopleareusingitagain.Peoplecanrelatetograffitimuchmorenow.Byprovidingplacestodisplaytheirtalentslegallytherehasbeenafallintheamountoftaggingonpeople’sprivateproperty.StreetartistsTemperdevelopedhisdrawingskillsatayoungage.InartclassesatschoolhewasreallyfrustratedbecausetheArtteacherdidn’tspendtimewithhim.Theythoughthewasalreadyverygoodatartandsospendmoretimewithotherstudents.Soat12yearsoldTemperstartedpaintingwithalltheseguyshe’dhookedupwithwhowereabout22yearsold.HelookeduptothemandlovedwhattheyweredoingonthestreetsofWolvehampEngland.Thewholehip-hopscenewasbuiltupofdifferentthingsandIdidabitofeverything.ButitwasalwaysthegraffitiIwasbestat.hesays.MostoftheothergraffitiartistsinEnglandwereabouttenyearsolderthanTemper.
PandemicH1N12009ThemostactiveareasofpandemicinfluenzatransmissioncurrentlyareincentralandeasternEuropeancountries.Ahighintensityofrespiratorydiseasesactivity51concurrentcirculationofpandemicinfluenzastill52partsofsouthernandeasternEurope53inGreecePolandandUkraine.InWesternEuropeinfluenza54remainsactiveandwidespreadbutoveralldiseaseactivityhaspeaked.AllinfluenzavirusesinWesternEuropewerepandemicH1N12009howeververysmall55ofseasonalinfluenzavirusescoveringlessthan1%ofallinfluenzaviruses56werereportedinRussia.57limitedavailabledataindicatethatactivehighintensitytransmissionisoccurringinNorthernAfricancountries58theMediterraneancoast.InCentralAsialimiteddata59thatinfluenzaviruscirculationremainsactivebuttransmissionmayhaverecentlypeakedinsomeplaces.InWestAsiaIsraelIranandIraqalsoappear60theirpeakperiodoftransmissionwithinthepastmonththough61areascontinuetohavesomeactivetransmissionandlevelsofrespiratorydiseaseactivityhavenotyetreturnedtobaselinelevels.InEastAsiainfluenzatransmissionremainsactivebutappearstobe62overall.63increasesinILIwerereportedinMongoliaafterweeksofdecliningactivityfollowingalargepeakofactivityoveronemonthago.InNorthAmericainfluenzatransmission64widespreadbuthasdeclinedquicklyinallcountries.InthetropicalregionsofCentralandSouthAmericaandtheCaribbeaninfluenzatransmissionremainsgeographicallywidespreadbutoveralldiseaseactivityhasbeendecliningorremainsunchangedinmostparts65focalincreasesinrespiratorydiseaseactivityinafewcountries.
MyteacheralwaysinspiresmetodowhatIprefer.
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