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The book provides a concise analysis of the country’s history.
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Informationgiventoemployeesmustbe______clearandine
convenient
continuous
constant
concise
3.00分Thebookprovidesvalueinformationforus．
TheConstitution's{{U}}vague{{/U}}naturehasgivenitt
imprecise
concise
unpolished
elementary
Thebookprovidesa{{U}}concise{{/U}}analysisofthecou
clean
perfect
real
brief
Thebookprovidessomevalueknowledge.
TheConstitution'svaguenaturehasgivenittheflexibili
imprecise
concise
unpolished
elementary
Thebookprovidesaconciseanalysisofthecountry'shisto
clean
perfect
real
brief
.5分Itisreportedthatthebookprovidesvalueinformatio
Thebookprovidesaconciseanalysisofthecountryshistor
clean
perfect
real
brief
Itisreportedthatthebookprovidesvalueinformationon
TheConstitution’svaguenaturehasgivenittheflexibili
imprecise
concise
unpolished
elementary
Thisbookprovidessomevalueinformationonourprojectf
Thebookprovidesvalueinformationforus.
Thebookprovidesaconciseanalysisofthecountry'shisto
clean
perfect
real
brief
_____ellipsisisanefficientwaytomakesentences______
Use; concise
To use; precise
Using; concise
Using; precise
Thewordconfidentialinthelastparagraphcouldbestbere
concise
professional
creative
secret
Thebookprovidesaconciseanalysisofthecountry’shisto
clean
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Thebookprovidesaconciseanalysisofthecountry’shisto
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real
WhatistrueconcerningthebookPrideandPrejudice
It is the best book on marriage.
It is a handbook of marriage.
It gives quite some idea of English social life in the past.
It provides, a lot of information of former-time wealthy families.
Thebookprovidesvalueinformationoncomputerscience.
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{{*HTML*}}EarthAngels??1．JoyingBresciawas8yearsoldwhenshenoticedthatcigarettebutts烟头werelitteringherhometownbeachinIsleofPalmsSouthCarolina.Whenshelearnedthatittakesfiveyearsfortheremainsofacigarettetodisintegrateshedecidedtotakeaction.JoyinglaunchedaNoButtsontheBeachcampaign.Sheraisedmoneyandawarenessabouttheneedtokeepthebeachesclean.WiththehelpofothersJoyingalsoboughtorreceiveddonationsofgallon-sizeplasticice-creambuckets.Thebucketswerefilledwithsandandplacedatallpublic-accessareasofthebeach.Thebucketsallowedpeopletodisposeoftheircigarettesbeforehittingthebeach.TwoyearslaterJoyingsaysthebucketsarefullandthebeachisnearlyfreeofcigarettedebris残片.??2．PeoplewholiveinorvisitSteamboatSpringsColoradohaveCarterDunhamtothankforanewstatewildliferefugethatpreserves20acresofmarshlandandmanyspeciesofwildlife.CarterandotherstudentswroteamanagementplanfortheareaaroundtheYampaRiver.TheplanwaspartofaclassprojectwhenCarterwasafreshmanatSteamboatSpringsHighSchool.WorkingwiththeColoradoDivisionofWildlifeCarterandhisclassmatesmappedtheareaandspeciesofanimalslivingthere.Theyalsomadedecisionsaboutamongotherthingswherefencesandparkingareasshouldbebuilt.??3．BarbaraBrownandherfriendscollectoil.Itstartedasaprojectfortheir4HClubafteroneofthegirlsnoticedherfatherusingmotoroiltokillweedsontheirfarminVictoriaTexas.Theydidsomeresearchanddiscoveredthatoilcancontaminategroundwater—arealdangerinruralareaswherepeopleliveoffthewaterontheirland.Thegirlsresearchedwaystorecycleoilandworkedwithalocaloil-recyclingcompanyontheissue.NowtheDon’tBeCrudeprogramrunsoil-collectionsites—tanksthatholdupto460gallons—wherepeopleinthecommunitycandisposeoftheiroil.??4．Fiveyearsago11-year-oldRyanHreljacwasalittleboywithabigdream:forallthepeopleinAfricatohavecleandrinkingwater.Hisdreambeganinthefirstgradewhenhelearnedthatpeopleweredyingbecausetheydidn’thavecleanwaterandthataslittleas$70couldbuildawell.WereallytakewaterforgrantedsaysRyanofKemptvilleOntarioinCanada.Inothercountriesyouhavetoplanforit.Ryanearnedthefirst$70bydoingextrachores零工butwiththehelpofothershehassinceraisedhundredsofthousandsofdollars.HiseffortsledtothestartoftheRyan’sWellFoundationwhichraisesmoneyforcleanwaterandhealth-relatedservicesforpeopleinAfricancountriesanddevelopingcountries.Paragraph4______
MobilePhones:AreTheyabouttoTransformOurLives Welovethemsomuchthatsomeofussleepwiththemunderthepillowyetweareincreasinglyconcernedthatwecannotescapetheirelectronicreach.Weusethemtoconveyourmostintimatesecretsyetweworrythattheyareathreattoourprivacy.WerelyonthemmorethantheInternettocopewithmodernlifeyetmanyofusdon’tbelieveadvertisementssayingweneedmoreadvancedservices. Sweepingasidethedoubtsthatmanypeoplefeelaboutthebenefitsofnewthirdgenerationphonesandfearsoverthehealtheffectsofphonemasts天线竿arecentreportclaimsthatthelong-termeffectsofnewmobiletechnologieswillbeentirelypositivesolongasthepubliccanbeconvincedtomakeuseofthem.Researchaboutusersofmobilephonesrevealsthatthemobilehasalreadymovedbeyondbeingamerepracticalcommunicationstooltobecomethebackbone支柱ofmodernsociallifefromloveaffairstofriendshiptowork.Onefemaleteacher32toldtheresearchers:"Ilovemyphone.It’smyfriend." Thecloserelationshipbetweenuserandphoneismostpronouncedamongteenagersthereportsayswhoregardtheirmobilesasanexpressionoftheiridentity.Thisispartlybecausemobilesareseenasbeingbeyondthecontrolofparents.Buttheresearcherssuggestthatanotherreasonmaybethatmobilesespeciallytextmessagingareseenasawayofovercomingshyness."Textingisoftenusedforapologiestoexcuselatenessortocommunicateotherthingsthatmakeusuncomfortable"thereportsays.Theimpactofphoneshoweverhasbeenlocalratherthanglobalsupportingexistingfriendshipsandnetworksratherthanopeninguserstoanewbroadercommunity.Eventhelanguageoftextinginoneareacanbeincomprehensibletoanybodyfromanotherarea. Amongthemostimportantbenefitsofusingmobilephonesthereportclaimswillbeavastlyimprovedmobileinfrastructure基础设providinggainsthroughouttheeconomyandtheprovisionofamoresophisticatedlocation-basedservicesforusers.Thereportcallsongovernmenttoputmoreeffortintothedeliveryofservicesbymobilephonewithsuggestionsincludingpublictransportandtrafficinformationanddoctors’textmessagestoremindpatientsofappointments."Ilovethatidea"oneusersaidinaninterview."ItwouldmeanIwouldn’thavetowriteahundredmessagestomyself." Therearemanyotherpossibilities.AtarecenttradefairinSwedenamobilenavigationproductwaslaunched.Whentheuserentersadestinationarouteisautomaticallydownloadedtotheirmobileandpresentedbyvoicepicturesandmapsastheydrive.Infuturethesedeviceswillalsobeabletoplanaroundcongestion交通堵塞androadworksinrealtime.Thirdgenerationphoneswillalsoallowforremotemonitoringofpatientsbydoctors.InBritainscientistsaredevelopinganasthma哮喘managementsolutionusingmobilestodetectearlysignsofanattack. Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue
A．VerySlowRide Thesurfaceoftheearthmayseemverystabletoyou.Butyoumightbeamazedifyouknewsomeofthethingsthataregoingonunderthatsurface. Theearthhasanoutershellofrigidpiecescalledtectonicplates地壳构造板块.Theplatesincludebothoceanflooranddryland.Somehavewholecontinentsontopofthem.Thecontinentsontopoftheplatesarejustgoingalongforaslowridemovingonlyaboutfourinchesperyear.Buteventhissmallmovementcausesthreetypesofbiginteractions. Onetypeisoceanridges.Theseridgesdevelopinplaceswheretwoplatesaremovingawayfromeachother.Astheplatesseparatehotmagma岩浆flowsuptofillthespace.Newcrust地壳buildsupontheplateboundariesandcausesoceanridges.Theseridgesformlongmountainrangeswhichonlyriseabovetheoceansurfaceinafewplaces. Anothertypeofreaction-trenches-occursbetweentwoplatesthataremovingtowardeachother.Astheplatesmeetonebendsdownwardandplungesunderneaththeother.Thisformsdeepoceantrenches.TheMarianasTrenchoffGuaminthewesternPacificOceanhasadepthofmorethan36000feet.Thisisthelowestpointontheoceanfloor.Iftheleadingedgesofthetwocollidingplatescarrycontinentsthenthelayersofrockintheoverridingplatecrumple变皱andfold.AplatethatcarriedwhatisnowIndiacollidedwiththesouthernedgeoftheplatethatcarriedEuropeandmostofAsia.ThiscausedtheHimalayastheworld’shighestmountains. Thethirdreactionistransformfaults转换断层.Thesefaultsoccurwheretwoplatesthataretravelinginoppositedirectionsslidepasteachother.Severeearthquakescanoccur.TheSanAndreasFaultinCaliforniaisagoodexampleofthistypeofmovement. Thewordstableparagraph1means
{{*HTML*}}Cloning克隆:FuturePerfect???1．Acloneisanexactcopyofaplantoranimalproducedfromanyonecell.SinceScottishscientistsreportedthattheyhadmanagedtocloneasheepnamedDollyin1997researchintocloninghasgrownrapidly.InMay1998scientistsinMassachusettsmanagedtocreatetwoidenticalcalves牛犊usingcloningtechnology.Amousehasalsobeenclonedsuccessfully.ButthedebateovercloninghumansreallystartedwhenChicagophysicistRichardSeedmadeasurprisingannouncement:Wewillhavemanagedtocloneahumanbeingwithinthenexttwoyears.hetoldtheworld.??2．Seed’sannouncementprovokedalotofmediaattentionmostofitnegative.InEuropenineteennationshavealreadysignedanagreementbanninghumancloningandintheU.S.thePresidentannounced:WewillbeintroducingalawtobanallhumancloningandmanystatesintheU.S.willhavepassedanti-cloninglawsbytheendoftheyear.??3．Manyresearchersarenotsonegativeaboutcloning.Theyareworriedthatlawsbanninghumancloningwillthreatenimportantresearch.InMarchTheNewEnglandJournalofMedicinecalledanyplantobanresearchoncloninghumansseriouslymistaken.Manyresearchersalsobelievethatinspiteofattemptstobanithumancloningwillhavebecomeroutineby2010becauseitisimpossibletostoptheprogressofscience.??4．Istherereasontofearthatcloningwillleadtoanightmareword?Thepublichasbeenbombarded轰炸withnewspaperarticlestelevisionshowsandfilmsaswellascartoons.Suchinformationisoftenmisleadingandmakespeoplewonderwhatonearththescientistswillbedoingnext.??5．Withinthenextfivetotenyearsscientistswillprobablyhavefoundawayofcloninghumans.Itcouldbethatprettysoonwewillbeabletochoosethepersonthatwewantourchildtolooklike.Buthowwoulditfeeltobeacloneamonghundredstheanti-clonersask.Prettycoolanswerthepro-cloners赞成克隆的人.RichardSeed’sannouncementreceived______.
MoreThanaRidetoSchoolTheNationalEducationAssociationclaims"Theschoolbusisamirrorofthecommunity."Theyfurtheraddthatunfortunatelywhatappearsontheexteriordoesnotalwaysreflecttherealityofachosencommunity.Theyareright—sometimesitreflectsmore!JustaskLieslDenson.RidingtheschoolbushasbeenmorethanaridetoschoolforLiesl.BruceHardyschoolbusdriverforAlthouseBusCompanyhasbeenLiesl’sbusdriversincekindergarten.LastyearwhenLiesl’sfamilymovedtoParkesburgknowingherbuswentbyhernewresidencesherequestedtoridethesamebus.ThisyearLieslisaseniorandwillenjoyherlastyearridingthebus.Shesays"It’sbeenagreatridesofar!Mybusdriverissocoolandhasalwaysbeenagoodfriendandagoodlistener.Sometimeswhenyou’reachildadultsdonotthinkthatwhatyouhavetosayisimportant.Mr.Hardyalwayslistenstowhatyouhavetosayandmakesyoufeelimportant."HerfriendsAshleyBatistaandAmandaWolfeagree.BruceHardyhasbeenmakingOctorarastudentsfeelspecialsince1975.Thisyearhewillcelebrate30yearsworkingforAlthouseBusCompany.LarryAlthousepresidentofthecompanyacknowledgesBruceHardy’soutstandingrecord:"YoudonotcomebyemployeeslikeBrucethesedays.Hehasnevermissedadayofworkandhasaperfectdrivingrecord.Hewasrecognizedin2000bythePennsylvaniaSchoolBusAssociationfordriving350000accidentfreemiles.Hardy’sreputationismadefurtherevidentthroughtherelationshipshehasmadewiththestudentsthatridehisbus."Althousefurtheradds"AlthouseBusCompanywasestablished70yearsagoandhasbeenprovidingqualitytransportationeversince.Mygrandfatherstartedthebusinesswithonebus.AlthouseBusCompanyisdelightedtohavetheopportunitytobringdistinctiveandsafeservicetoourlocalschoolandcommunityandlooksforwardtocontinuingtoprovidequalityserviceformanymoreyearstocome."Threegenerationsofbusinessisnotallthecompanyhasenjoyed.ThankstodriverslikeBruceHardytheyhavebeenbuildingrelationshipsthroughgenerations.Liesl’smotherCarolalsoenjoysfondmemoriesofridingBruceHardy’sbustotheOctoraraSchoolDistrict. AlthouseBusCompanywasfoundedby
WhereHaveAlltheFrogsGone Inthe1980sscientistsaroundtheworldbegantonoticesomethingstrange:Frogsweredisappearing.Morerecentresearchhasshownthatmanykindsofamphibians两栖动物aredecliningorhavebecomeextinct.Theyhavebeenaroundforalongtime—over350millionyears.Whyaretheydyingoutnow Scientistsareseriouslyconcernedaboutthisquestion.Firstofallamphibiansareanimportantsourceofscientificandmedicalknowledge.Bystudyingamphibiansscientistshavelearnedaboutnewsubstancesthatcouldbeveryusefulfortreatinghumandiseases.Furtherresearchcouldleadtomanymorediscoveriesbutthatwillbeimpossibleiftheamphibiansdisappear. Themostseriousaspectofamphibianlosshowevergoesbeyondtheamphibiansthemselves.Scientistsarebeginningtothinkaboutwhatamphibiandeclinemeansfortheplanetasawhole.Iftheearthisbecomingunlivableforamphibiansisitalsobecomingunlivableforotherkindsofanimalsandhumanbeingsaswe Scientistsnowbelievethatamphibiandeclineisduetoseveralenvironmentalfactors.Oneofthesefactorsisthedestructionofhabitatthenaturalareawhereananimallives.Amphibiansareverysensitivetochangesintheirhabitat.Iftheycannotfindtherightconditionstheywillnotlaytheireggs.Thesedaysaswildareasarecoveredwithhousesroadsfarmsorfactoriesmanykindsofamphibiansarenolongerlayingeggs.Forexamplethearroyotoad蟾蜍ofsouthernCaliforniawillonlylayitseggsonthesandybottomofaslow-movingstream.ThereareveryfewstreamsleftinsouthernCaliforniaandthosestreamsareoftenmuddybecauseofbuildingprojects.Notsurprisinglythearroyotoadisnowindangerofextinction. Thereareanumberofotherfactorsinamphibiandecline.Pollutionisoneofthem.Inmanyindustrialareasairpollutionhaspoisonedtherainwhichthenfallsonpondsandkillsthefrogsandtoadsthatlivethere.Infarmingareastheheavyuseofchemicalsoncropshasalsokilledoffamphibians.AnotherfactoristhatairpollutionhasledtoincreasedlevelsofultravioletUVlight.ThisendangersamphibianswhichseemtobeespeciallysensitivetoUVlight.Andfinallyscientistshavediscoveredanewdiseasethatseemstobekillingmanyspeciesofamphibiansindifferentpartsoftheworld. Allthesereasonsforthedisappearanceofamphibiansarealsogoodreasonsformoregeneralconcern.Thedestructionoflandthepollutionoftheairandthewaterthechangesinouratmospherethespreadofdiseases—thesefactorsaffecthumanbeingstoo.Amphibiansareespeciallysensitivetoenvironmentalchange.Perhapstheyarelikethecanary金丝雀birdthatcoalminersonceusedtotakedownintotheminestodetectpoisonousgases.Whenthecanarybecameillordiedtheminersknewthatdangerousgaseswerenearandtheirownliveswereindanger. Coalminersonceusedthecanarybirdtodetect
WhereHaveAlltheFrogsGone Inthe1980sscientistsaroundtheworldbegantonoticesomethingstrange:Frogsweredisappearing.Morerecentresearchhasshownthatmanykindsofamphibians两栖动物aredecliningorhavebecomeextinct.Theyhavebeenaroundforalongtime—over350millionyears.Whyaretheydyingoutnow Scientistsareseriouslyconcernedaboutthisquestion.Firstofallamphibiansareanimportantsourceofscientificandmedicalknowledge.Bystudyingamphibiansscientistshavelearnedaboutnewsubstancesthatcouldbeveryusefulfortreatinghumandiseases.Furtherresearchcouldleadtomanymorediscoveriesbutthatwillbeimpossibleiftheamphibiansdisappear. Themostseriousaspectofamphibianlosshowevergoesbeyondtheamphibiansthemselves.Scientistsarebeginningtothinkaboutwhatamphibiandeclinemeansfortheplanetasawhole.Iftheearthisbecomingunlivableforamphibiansisitalsobecomingunlivableforotherkindsofanimalsandhumanbeingsaswe Scientistsnowbelievethatamphibiandeclineisduetoseveralenvironmentalfactors.Oneofthesefactorsisthedestructionofhabitatthenaturalareawhereananimallives.Amphibiansareverysensitivetochangesintheirhabitat.Iftheycannotfindtherightconditionstheywillnotlaytheireggs.Thesedaysaswildareasarecoveredwithhousesroadsfarmsorfactoriesmanykindsofamphibiansarenolongerlayingeggs.Forexamplethearroyotoad蟾蜍ofsouthernCaliforniawillonlylayitseggsonthesandybottomofaslow-movingstream.ThereareveryfewstreamsleftinsouthernCaliforniaandthosestreamsareoftenmuddybecauseofbuildingprojects.Notsurprisinglythearroyotoadisnowindangerofextinction. Thereareanumberofotherfactorsinamphibiandecline.Pollutionisoneofthem.Inmanyindustrialareasairpollutionhaspoisonedtherainwhichthenfallsonpondsandkillsthefrogsandtoadsthatlivethere.Infarmingareastheheavyuseofchemicalsoncropshasalsokilledoffamphibians.AnotherfactoristhatairpollutionhasledtoincreasedlevelsofultravioletUVlight.ThisendangersamphibianswhichseemtobeespeciallysensitivetoUVlight.Andfinallyscientistshavediscoveredanewdiseasethatseemstobekillingmanyspeciesofamphibiansindifferentpartsoftheworld. Allthesereasonsforthedisappearanceofamphibiansarealsogoodreasonsformoregeneralconcern.Thedestructionoflandthepollutionoftheairandthewaterthechangesinouratmospherethespreadofdiseases—thesefactorsaffecthumanbeingstoo.Amphibiansareespeciallysensitivetoenvironmentalchange.Perhapstheyarelikethecanary金丝雀birdthatcoalminersonceusedtotakedownintotheminestodetectpoisonousgases.Whenthecanarybecameillordiedtheminersknewthatdangerousgaseswerenearandtheirownliveswereindanger. Amphibianslaytheireggs
APhoneThatKnowsYou’reBusyIt’samodernproblem:you’retoobusytobedisturbedbyincessant连续不断的phonecallssoyouturnyourcellphoneoff.Butifyoudon’tremembertoturnitbackonwhenyou’relessbusyyoucouldmisssomeimportantcalls.Ifonlythephoneknewwhenitwaswisetointerruptyouyouwouldn’thavetoturnitoffatall.Insteaditcouldletcallsthroughwhenyouarenottoobusy.Abunchofbehaviorsensors传感器andacleverpieceofsoftwarecoulddojustthatbyanalyzingyourbehaviortodetermineifit’sagoodtimetointerruptyou.Ifbuiltintoaphonethesystemmaydecideyou’retoobusyandaskthecallertoleaveamessageorringbacklater.JamesFogartyandScottHudsonatCamegieMellonUniversityinPennsylvaniabasedtheirsystemontinymicrophonescamerasandtouchsensorsthatrevealbodylanguageandactivity.Firsttheyhadtostudydifferentbehaviorstofindoutwhichonesstronglypredictwhetheryourmindisinterrupted.Thepotentialbusynesssignalstheyfocusedonincludedwhethertheofficedoorswereleftopenorclosedthetimeofdayifotherpeoplewerewiththepersoninquestionhowclosetheyweretoeachotherandwhetherornotthecomputerwasinuse.Thesensorsmonitoredtheseandmanyotherfactorswhilefoursubjectswereatwork.Atrandomintervalsthesubjectsratedhowinterruptibletheywereonascalerangingfromhighlyinterruptibletohighlynot-interruptible.Theirratingswerethencorrelatedwiththevariousbehaviors.Itisashotgun随意的approachweusedalltheindicatorswecouldthinkofandthenletstatisticsfindoutwhichwereimportantsaysHudson.Themodelshowedthatusingthekeyboardandtalkingonalandlineortosomeoneelseintheofficecorrelatedmoststronglywithhowinterruptiblethesubjectsjudgedthemselvestobe.Interestinglythecomputerwasactuallybetterthanpeopleatpredictingwhensomeonewastoobusytobeinterrupted.Thecomputergotitright82percentofthetimehumans77percent.Fogartyspeculatesthatthismightbebecausepeopledoingtheinterruptingareinevitablybiasedtowardsdeliveringtheirmessagewhereascomputersdon’tcare.ThefirstapplicationforHudsonandFogarty’ssystemislikelytobeinaninstantmessagingsystemfollowedbyofficephonesandcellphones.Thereisnotechnologicalroadblock障碍toitbeingdeployedinacoupleofyearssaysHudson.ScientistsatCarnegieMellonUniversitytriedtofindout
{{*HTML*}}DVDforRent??1．A．pay-for-playsystemforvideoDVDwillemergebysummerasanalternativeandpossiblyacompetitortotheDVD．formatcurrentlyavailable.??2．ThenewsystemcalledDigitalVideoExpressDivxoperateslikeaDVDplayerexceptforthespeciallycodeddiscs.Thesewillcost$5forinitialviewingovera48-hourperiodandcanbeviewedagainforadditionalfeesandevenpurchasedforunlimitedviewing.??3．Divxcombinestheserviceofavideorental出租的storewiththeoperationofapay-per-viewTVchannel.UnlikearentedvideotapethoughtheDivxdiscneedn’tbereturned.Customerscanretainthediscforreplayinthefutureatanadditionalfeeorsimplythrowitaway.??4．Subsequentplaysorthepurchaseofunlimited-viewingrightsarebilledtothecustomer’sDivxaccountandchargedtoacreditcard.Theplayer’sbuilt-inmemorykeepstrackofallDivxplaysandsendsthisinformationbytoll-freephonemodem调制解调器totheDivxrecord-keepingcentre.EachDivxdiscandplayerhasauniqueidentificationcodesothesystemknowswhichdiscshavebeenplayedandwhere.??5．SomeDivxdiscscouldbeconvertedforunlimitedplayatapricelikelytobelowerthanbuyingaconventionalDVD.OtherscalledDivxGoldwouldbesoldfromthebeginningforunlimitedplaywithoutfurthercharge.AlthoughconventionalDVDswillruninaDivxplayerconventionalDVDplayerswilllackthedecodingandcommunicationsabilitytoplay.Divxdiscs.DivxplayerswillbeofferedbyPanasonicRCAandZenith.??6．About100discswillbeavailableinitiallyfromDisneyDreamworksParamountandUniversalgrowingto500titleswithinayear.OtherfilmmakershaveyettoadopttheDivxsystemwhichisownedbyretailerCircuitCitythe350-storeelectronicschainthatbankrolled提供资金itsdevelopment.TheconventionalDVDplayercannotplayanyDivxdiscbecausethedisc______.
{{*HTML*}}DVDforRent??1．A．pay-for-playsystemforvideoDVDwillemergebysummerasanalternativeandpossiblyacompetitortotheDVD．formatcurrentlyavailable.??2．ThenewsystemcalledDigitalVideoExpressDivxoperateslikeaDVDplayerexceptforthespeciallycodeddiscs.Thesewillcost$5forinitialviewingovera48-hourperiodandcanbeviewedagainforadditionalfeesandevenpurchasedforunlimitedviewing.??3．Divxcombinestheserviceofavideorental出租的storewiththeoperationofapay-per-viewTVchannel.UnlikearentedvideotapethoughtheDivxdiscneedn’tbereturned.Customerscanretainthediscforreplayinthefutureatanadditionalfeeorsimplythrowitaway.??4．Subsequentplaysorthepurchaseofunlimited-viewingrightsarebilledtothecustomer’sDivxaccountandchargedtoacreditcard.Theplayer’sbuilt-inmemorykeepstrackofallDivxplaysandsendsthisinformationbytoll-freephonemodem调制解调器totheDivxrecord-keepingcentre.EachDivxdiscandplayerhasauniqueidentificationcodesothesystemknowswhichdiscshavebeenplayedandwhere.??5．SomeDivxdiscscouldbeconvertedforunlimitedplayatapricelikelytobelowerthanbuyingaconventionalDVD.OtherscalledDivxGoldwouldbesoldfromthebeginningforunlimitedplaywithoutfurthercharge.AlthoughconventionalDVDswillruninaDivxplayerconventionalDVDplayerswilllackthedecodingandcommunicationsabilitytoplay.Divxdiscs.DivxplayerswillbeofferedbyPanasonicRCAandZenith.??6．About100discswillbeavailableinitiallyfromDisneyDreamworksParamountandUniversalgrowingto500titleswithinayear.OtherfilmmakershaveyettoadopttheDivxsystemwhichisownedbyretailerCircuitCitythe350-storeelectronicschainthatbankrolled提供资金itsdevelopment.EveryDivxdischasaspecialcodesothattherentalshopcanidentifywhichdisc______.
A．VerySlowRide Thesurfaceoftheearthmayseemverystabletoyou.Butyoumightbeamazedifyouknewsomeofthethingsthataregoingonunderthatsurface. Theearthhasanoutershellofrigidpiecescalledtectonicplates地壳构造板块.Theplatesincludebothoceanflooranddryland.Somehavewholecontinentsontopofthem.Thecontinentsontopoftheplatesarejustgoingalongforaslowridemovingonlyaboutfourinchesperyear.Buteventhissmallmovementcausesthreetypesofbiginteractions. Onetypeisoceanridges.Theseridgesdevelopinplaceswheretwoplatesaremovingawayfromeachother.Astheplatesseparatehotmagma岩浆flowsuptofillthespace.Newcrust地壳buildsupontheplateboundariesandcausesoceanridges.Theseridgesformlongmountainrangeswhichonlyriseabovetheoceansurfaceinafewplaces. Anothertypeofreaction-trenches-occursbetweentwoplatesthataremovingtowardeachother.Astheplatesmeetonebendsdownwardandplungesunderneaththeother.Thisformsdeepoceantrenches.TheMarianasTrenchoffGuaminthewesternPacificOceanhasadepthofmorethan36000feet.Thisisthelowestpointontheoceanfloor.Iftheleadingedgesofthetwocollidingplatescarrycontinentsthenthelayersofrockintheoverridingplatecrumple变皱andfold.AplatethatcarriedwhatisnowIndiacollidedwiththesouthernedgeoftheplatethatcarriedEuropeandmostofAsia.ThiscausedtheHimalayastheworld’shighestmountains. Thethirdreactionistransformfaults转换断层.Thesefaultsoccurwheretwoplatesthataretravelinginoppositedirectionsslidepasteachother.Severeearthquakescanoccur.TheSanAndreasFaultinCaliforniaisagoodexampleofthistypeofmovement. Thispassageismostlyabout
{{*HTML*}}EarthAngels??1．JoyingBresciawas8yearsoldwhenshenoticedthatcigarettebutts烟头werelitteringherhometownbeachinIsleofPalmsSouthCarolina.Whenshelearnedthatittakesfiveyearsfortheremainsofacigarettetodisintegrateshedecidedtotakeaction.JoyinglaunchedaNoButtsontheBeachcampaign.Sheraisedmoneyandawarenessabouttheneedtokeepthebeachesclean.WiththehelpofothersJoyingalsoboughtorreceiveddonationsofgallon-sizeplasticice-creambuckets.Thebucketswerefilledwithsandandplacedatallpublic-accessareasofthebeach.Thebucketsallowedpeopletodisposeoftheircigarettesbeforehittingthebeach.TwoyearslaterJoyingsaysthebucketsarefullandthebeachisnearlyfreeofcigarettedebris残片.??2．PeoplewholiveinorvisitSteamboatSpringsColoradohaveCarterDunhamtothankforanewstatewildliferefugethatpreserves20acresofmarshlandandmanyspeciesofwildlife.CarterandotherstudentswroteamanagementplanfortheareaaroundtheYampaRiver.TheplanwaspartofaclassprojectwhenCarterwasafreshmanatSteamboatSpringsHighSchool.WorkingwiththeColoradoDivisionofWildlifeCarterandhisclassmatesmappedtheareaandspeciesofanimalslivingthere.Theyalsomadedecisionsaboutamongotherthingswherefencesandparkingareasshouldbebuilt.??3．BarbaraBrownandherfriendscollectoil.Itstartedasaprojectfortheir4HClubafteroneofthegirlsnoticedherfatherusingmotoroiltokillweedsontheirfarminVictoriaTexas.Theydidsomeresearchanddiscoveredthatoilcancontaminategroundwater—arealdangerinruralareaswherepeopleliveoffthewaterontheirland.Thegirlsresearchedwaystorecycleoilandworkedwithalocaloil-recyclingcompanyontheissue.NowtheDon’tBeCrudeprogramrunsoil-collectionsites—tanksthatholdupto460gallons—wherepeopleinthecommunitycandisposeoftheiroil.??4．Fiveyearsago11-year-oldRyanHreljacwasalittleboywithabigdream:forallthepeopleinAfricatohavecleandrinkingwater.Hisdreambeganinthefirstgradewhenhelearnedthatpeopleweredyingbecausetheydidn’thavecleanwaterandthataslittleas$70couldbuildawell.WereallytakewaterforgrantedsaysRyanofKemptvilleOntarioinCanada.Inothercountriesyouhavetoplanforit.Ryanearnedthefirst$70bydoingextrachores零工butwiththehelpofothershehassinceraisedhundredsofthousandsofdollars.HiseffortsledtothestartoftheRyan’sWellFoundationwhichraisesmoneyforcleanwaterandhealth-relatedservicesforpeopleinAfricancountriesanddevelopingcountries.RyanwiththehelpofothersisfulfillinghisdreamofhelpAfricanpeopleto______.
ControllingRobotswiththeMind BelleourtinymonkeywasseatedinherspecialchairinsideachamberatourDukeUniversitylab.Herrighthandgraspedajoystick操纵杆asshewatchedahorizontalseriesoflightsonadisplaypanel.Sheknewthatifalightsuddenlyshoneandshemovedthejoystickleftorrighttocorrespondtoitspositionshewouldbesentadropoffruitjuiceintohermouth. Belleworeacapgluedtoherhead.Underitwerefourplasticconnectorswhichfedarraysofmicrowires—eachwirefinerthanthefinestsewingthread—intodifferentregionsofBelle’smotorcortex脑皮层thebraintissuethatplansmovementsandsendsinstructions.Eachofthe100microwireslaybesideasinglemotorneuron神经元.WhenaneuronproducedanelectricaldischargetheadjacentmicrowirewouldcapturethecurrentandsenditupthroughasmallwiringbundlethatranfromBelle’scaptoaboxofelectronicsonatablenexttothebooth.Theboxinturnwaslinkedtotwocomputersonenextdoorandtheotherhalfacountryaway. Aftermonthsofhardworkwewereabouttotesttheideathatwecouldreliablytranslatetherawelectricalactivityinalivingbeing’sbrain—Belle’smerethoughts—intosignalsthatcoulddirecttheactionsofarobot.WehadassembledamultijointedrobotarminthisroomawayfromBelle’sviewwhichshewouldcontrolforthefirsttime.AssoonasBelle’sbrainsensedalitspotonthepanelelectronicsintheboxrunningtworeal-timemathematicalmodelswouldrapidlyanalyzethetinyactionpotentialsproducedbyherbraincells.Ourlabcomputerwouldconverttheelectricalpatternsintoinstructionsthatwoulddirecttherobotarm.SixhundredmilesnorthinCambridgeMassadifferentcomputerwouldproducethesameactionsinanotherrobotarmbuiltbyMandayamA.Srinivasan.IfwehaddoneeverythingcorrectlythetworobotarmswouldbehaveasBelle’sarmdidatexactlythesametime. Finallythemomentcame.WerandomlyswitchedonlightsinfrontofBelleandsheimmediatelymovedherjoystickbackandforthtocorrespondtothem.OurrobotarmmovedsimilarlytoBelle’srealarm.SodidSrinivasan’s.Belleandtherobotsmovedinsynchrony同步likedancerschoreographed设计舞蹈动作bytheelectricalimpulsessparkinginBelle’smind. Inthetwoyearssincethatdayourlabsandseveralothershaveadvancedneurosciencecomputerscienceandmicroelectronicstocreatewaysforratsmonkeysandeventuallyhumanstocontrolmechanicalandelectronicmachinespurelyby"thinkingthrough"orimaginingthemotions.Ourimmediategoalistohelpapersonwhohasbeenunabletomovebyaneurological神经的disorderorspinalcord脊髓injurybutwhosemotorcortexissparedtooperateawheelchairoraroboticlimb. WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueoftherobotbuiltbySrinivasan
{{*HTML*}}EarthAngels??1．JoyingBresciawas8yearsoldwhenshenoticedthatcigarettebutts烟头werelitteringherhometownbeachinIsleofPalmsSouthCarolina.Whenshelearnedthatittakesfiveyearsfortheremainsofacigarettetodisintegrateshedecidedtotakeaction.JoyinglaunchedaNoButtsontheBeachcampaign.Sheraisedmoneyandawarenessabouttheneedtokeepthebeachesclean.WiththehelpofothersJoyingalsoboughtorreceiveddonationsofgallon-sizeplasticice-creambuckets.Thebucketswerefilledwithsandandplacedatallpublic-accessareasofthebeach.Thebucketsallowedpeopletodisposeoftheircigarettesbeforehittingthebeach.TwoyearslaterJoyingsaysthebucketsarefullandthebeachisnearlyfreeofcigarettedebris残片.??2．PeoplewholiveinorvisitSteamboatSpringsColoradohaveCarterDunhamtothankforanewstatewildliferefugethatpreserves20acresofmarshlandandmanyspeciesofwildlife.CarterandotherstudentswroteamanagementplanfortheareaaroundtheYampaRiver.TheplanwaspartofaclassprojectwhenCarterwasafreshmanatSteamboatSpringsHighSchool.WorkingwiththeColoradoDivisionofWildlifeCarterandhisclassmatesmappedtheareaandspeciesofanimalslivingthere.Theyalsomadedecisionsaboutamongotherthingswherefencesandparkingareasshouldbebuilt.??3．BarbaraBrownandherfriendscollectoil.Itstartedasaprojectfortheir4HClubafteroneofthegirlsnoticedherfatherusingmotoroiltokillweedsontheirfarminVictoriaTexas.Theydidsomeresearchanddiscoveredthatoilcancontaminategroundwater—arealdangerinruralareaswherepeopleliveoffthewaterontheirland.Thegirlsresearchedwaystorecycleoilandworkedwithalocaloil-recyclingcompanyontheissue.NowtheDon’tBeCrudeprogramrunsoil-collectionsites—tanksthatholdupto460gallons—wherepeopleinthecommunitycandisposeoftheiroil.??4．Fiveyearsago11-year-oldRyanHreljacwasalittleboywithabigdream:forallthepeopleinAfricatohavecleandrinkingwater.Hisdreambeganinthefirstgradewhenhelearnedthatpeopleweredyingbecausetheydidn’thavecleanwaterandthataslittleas$70couldbuildawell.WereallytakewaterforgrantedsaysRyanofKemptvilleOntarioinCanada.Inothercountriesyouhavetoplanforit.Ryanearnedthefirst$70bydoingextrachores零工butwiththehelpofothershehassinceraisedhundredsofthousandsofdollars.HiseffortsledtothestartoftheRyan’sWellFoundationwhichraisesmoneyforcleanwaterandhealth-relatedservicesforpeopleinAfricancountriesanddevelopingcountries.Paragraph2______
MobilePhones:AreTheyabouttoTransformOurLives Welovethemsomuchthatsomeofussleepwiththemunderthepillowyetweareincreasinglyconcernedthatwecannotescapetheirelectronicreach.Weusethemtoconveyourmostintimatesecretsyetweworrythattheyareathreattoourprivacy.WerelyonthemmorethantheInternettocopewithmodernlifeyetmanyofusdon’tbelieveadvertisementssayingweneedmoreadvancedservices. Sweepingasidethedoubtsthatmanypeoplefeelaboutthebenefitsofnewthirdgenerationphonesandfearsoverthehealtheffectsofphonemasts天线竿arecentreportclaimsthatthelong-termeffectsofnewmobiletechnologieswillbeentirelypositivesolongasthepubliccanbeconvincedtomakeuseofthem.Researchaboutusersofmobilephonesrevealsthatthemobilehasalreadymovedbeyondbeingamerepracticalcommunicationstooltobecomethebackbone支柱ofmodernsociallifefromloveaffairstofriendshiptowork.Onefemaleteacher32toldtheresearchers:"Ilovemyphone.It’smyfriend." Thecloserelationshipbetweenuserandphoneismostpronouncedamongteenagersthereportsayswhoregardtheirmobilesasanexpressionoftheiridentity.Thisispartlybecausemobilesareseenasbeingbeyondthecontrolofparents.Buttheresearcherssuggestthatanotherreasonmaybethatmobilesespeciallytextmessagingareseenasawayofovercomingshyness."Textingisoftenusedforapologiestoexcuselatenessortocommunicateotherthingsthatmakeusuncomfortable"thereportsays.Theimpactofphoneshoweverhasbeenlocalratherthanglobalsupportingexistingfriendshipsandnetworksratherthanopeninguserstoanewbroadercommunity.Eventhelanguageoftextinginoneareacanbeincomprehensibletoanybodyfromanotherarea. Amongthemostimportantbenefitsofusingmobilephonesthereportclaimswillbeavastlyimprovedmobileinfrastructure基础设providinggainsthroughouttheeconomyandtheprovisionofamoresophisticatedlocation-basedservicesforusers.Thereportcallsongovernmenttoputmoreeffortintothedeliveryofservicesbymobilephonewithsuggestionsincludingpublictransportandtrafficinformationanddoctors’textmessagestoremindpatientsofappointments."Ilovethatidea"oneusersaidinaninterview."ItwouldmeanIwouldn’thavetowriteahundredmessagestomyself." Therearemanyotherpossibilities.AtarecenttradefairinSwedenamobilenavigationproductwaslaunched.Whentheuserentersadestinationarouteisautomaticallydownloadedtotheirmobileandpresentedbyvoicepicturesandmapsastheydrive.Infuturethesedeviceswillalsobeabletoplanaroundcongestion交通堵塞androadworksinrealtime.Thirdgenerationphoneswillalsoallowforremotemonitoringofpatientsbydoctors.InBritainscientistsaredevelopinganasthma哮喘managementsolutionusingmobilestodetectearlysignsofanattack. Itissuggestedthatmobilephonesshouldbeusedto
IstheTieaNecessityTiesornecktieshavebeenasymbolofpolitenessandeleganceinBritainforcenturies.ButthecasualPrimeMinisterTonyBlairhasproblemswiththem.Reportssuggestthateventhecivilservantsmaystopwearingties.SoarethefamouslyformalBritishreallygoingtoabandonthenecktiesMaybe.LastweektheUK’sCabinetSecretaryAndrewTurnbullopenlywelcomedatielessera.Hehintedthatcivilservantswouldsoonbefreeofthecostliest12inchesoffabricthatmostmeneverbuyintheirlives.InfactBlairshowedthisattitudewhenhehadhisfirstgueststoacocktailparty.Manyofthemwerecelebrities知名人士withouttieswhichwouldhavebeenunimaginableevenintherecentpast.ForsomemoreconservativeBritishthetieisamustforproperappearance.EarlierLaborleaderJimCallaghansaidhewouldhavediedratherthanhavehischildrenseeninpublicwithoutatie.ForpeoplelikeCallaghanthetiewasasignofbeingcompleteofshowingrespect.Menweresupposedtowearatiewhengoingtochurchtoworkintheofficetoaparty—almosteverysocialoccasion.Buttodaypeoplehavebeguntoacceptacasualstyleevenforformaloccasions.Theoriginofthetieistricky.Itstartedassomethingcalledsimplyaband.Thetermcouldmeananythingaroundaman’sneck.Itappearedinfinerwaysinthe1630s.Frenchmenshowedaloveofthisparticularfashionstatement.Theirneckwear颈饰impressedCharlesIIthekingofEnglandwhowasexiled流放toFranceatthattime.WhenhereturnedtoEnglandin1660hebroughtthisnewfashionitemalongwithhim.Itwasn’thoweveruntilthelate18thcenturythatfancyyoungmenintroducedamorecolorfulflowingpieceofcloththateventuallybecameknownasthetie.Thenclubsmilitaryinstitutionsandschoolsbegantousecoloredandpatternedtiestoindicatethewearer’smembershipinthelate19thcentury.AfterthatthetiebecameanecessaryitemofclothingforBritishgentlemen.Butnowevengentlemenaregettingtiredofties.Anywaythedayfeelsabiteasierwhenyouwakeupwithouthavingtodecidewhichtiesuitsyouandyourmood.WhichofthefollowingisNOTasocialoccasion
ControllingRobotswiththeMind BelleourtinymonkeywasseatedinherspecialchairinsideachamberatourDukeUniversitylab.Herrighthandgraspedajoystick操纵杆asshewatchedahorizontalseriesoflightsonadisplaypanel.Sheknewthatifalightsuddenlyshoneandshemovedthejoystickleftorrighttocorrespondtoitspositionshewouldbesentadropoffruitjuiceintohermouth. Belleworeacapgluedtoherhead.Underitwerefourplasticconnectorswhichfedarraysofmicrowires—eachwirefinerthanthefinestsewingthread—intodifferentregionsofBelle’smotorcortex脑皮层thebraintissuethatplansmovementsandsendsinstructions.Eachofthe100microwireslaybesideasinglemotorneuron神经元.WhenaneuronproducedanelectricaldischargetheadjacentmicrowirewouldcapturethecurrentandsenditupthroughasmallwiringbundlethatranfromBelle’scaptoaboxofelectronicsonatablenexttothebooth.Theboxinturnwaslinkedtotwocomputersonenextdoorandtheotherhalfacountryaway. Aftermonthsofhardworkwewereabouttotesttheideathatwecouldreliablytranslatetherawelectricalactivityinalivingbeing’sbrain—Belle’smerethoughts—intosignalsthatcoulddirecttheactionsofarobot.WehadassembledamultijointedrobotarminthisroomawayfromBelle’sviewwhichshewouldcontrolforthefirsttime.AssoonasBelle’sbrainsensedalitspotonthepanelelectronicsintheboxrunningtworeal-timemathematicalmodelswouldrapidlyanalyzethetinyactionpotentialsproducedbyherbraincells.Ourlabcomputerwouldconverttheelectricalpatternsintoinstructionsthatwoulddirecttherobotarm.SixhundredmilesnorthinCambridgeMassadifferentcomputerwouldproducethesameactionsinanotherrobotarmbuiltbyMandayamA.Srinivasan.IfwehaddoneeverythingcorrectlythetworobotarmswouldbehaveasBelle’sarmdidatexactlythesametime. Finallythemomentcame.WerandomlyswitchedonlightsinfrontofBelleandsheimmediatelymovedherjoystickbackandforthtocorrespondtothem.OurrobotarmmovedsimilarlytoBelle’srealarm.SodidSrinivasan’s.Belleandtherobotsmovedinsynchrony同步likedancerschoreographed设计舞蹈动作bytheelectricalimpulsessparkinginBelle’smind. Inthetwoyearssincethatdayourlabsandseveralothershaveadvancedneurosciencecomputerscienceandmicroelectronicstocreatewaysforratsmonkeysandeventuallyhumanstocontrolmechanicalandelectronicmachinespurelyby"thinkingthrough"orimaginingthemotions.Ourimmediategoalistohelpapersonwhohasbeenunabletomovebyaneurological神经的disorderorspinalcord脊髓injurybutwhosemotorcortexissparedtooperateawheelchairoraroboticlimb. Bellewouldbefedsomefruitjuiceifshe
APhoneThatKnowsYou’reBusyIt’samodernproblem:you’retoobusytobedisturbedbyincessant连续不断的phonecallssoyouturnyourcellphoneoff.Butifyoudon’tremembertoturnitbackonwhenyou’relessbusyyoucouldmisssomeimportantcalls.Ifonlythephoneknewwhenitwaswisetointerruptyouyouwouldn’thavetoturnitoffatall.Insteaditcouldletcallsthroughwhenyouarenottoobusy.Abunchofbehaviorsensors传感器andacleverpieceofsoftwarecoulddojustthatbyanalyzingyourbehaviortodetermineifit’sagoodtimetointerruptyou.Ifbuiltintoaphonethesystemmaydecideyou’retoobusyandaskthecallertoleaveamessageorringbacklater.JamesFogartyandScottHudsonatCamegieMellonUniversityinPennsylvaniabasedtheirsystemontinymicrophonescamerasandtouchsensorsthatrevealbodylanguageandactivity.Firsttheyhadtostudydifferentbehaviorstofindoutwhichonesstronglypredictwhetheryourmindisinterrupted.Thepotentialbusynesssignalstheyfocusedonincludedwhethertheofficedoorswereleftopenorclosedthetimeofdayifotherpeoplewerewiththepersoninquestionhowclosetheyweretoeachotherandwhetherornotthecomputerwasinuse.Thesensorsmonitoredtheseandmanyotherfactorswhilefoursubjectswereatwork.Atrandomintervalsthesubjectsratedhowinterruptibletheywereonascalerangingfromhighlyinterruptibletohighlynot-interruptible.Theirratingswerethencorrelatedwiththevariousbehaviors.Itisashotgun随意的approachweusedalltheindicatorswecouldthinkofandthenletstatisticsfindoutwhichwereimportantsaysHudson.Themodelshowedthatusingthekeyboardandtalkingonalandlineortosomeoneelseintheofficecorrelatedmoststronglywithhowinterruptiblethesubjectsjudgedthemselvestobe.Interestinglythecomputerwasactuallybetterthanpeopleatpredictingwhensomeonewastoobusytobeinterrupted.Thecomputergotitright82percentofthetimehumans77percent.Fogartyspeculatesthatthismightbebecausepeopledoingtheinterruptingareinevitablybiasedtowardsdeliveringtheirmessagewhereascomputersdon’tcare.ThefirstapplicationforHudsonandFogarty’ssystemislikelytobeinaninstantmessagingsystemfollowedbyofficephonesandcellphones.Thereisnotechnologicalroadblock障碍toitbeingdeployedinacoupleofyearssaysHudson.A．bigproblemfacingpeopletodayisthat
IstheTieaNecessityTiesornecktieshavebeenasymbolofpolitenessandeleganceinBritainforcenturies.ButthecasualPrimeMinisterTonyBlairhasproblemswiththem.Reportssuggestthateventhecivilservantsmaystopwearingties.SoarethefamouslyformalBritishreallygoingtoabandonthenecktiesMaybe.LastweektheUK’sCabinetSecretaryAndrewTurnbullopenlywelcomedatielessera.Hehintedthatcivilservantswouldsoonbefreeofthecostliest12inchesoffabricthatmostmeneverbuyintheirlives.InfactBlairshowedthisattitudewhenhehadhisfirstgueststoacocktailparty.Manyofthemwerecelebrities知名人士withouttieswhichwouldhavebeenunimaginableevenintherecentpast.ForsomemoreconservativeBritishthetieisamustforproperappearance.EarlierLaborleaderJimCallaghansaidhewouldhavediedratherthanhavehischildrenseeninpublicwithoutatie.ForpeoplelikeCallaghanthetiewasasignofbeingcompleteofshowingrespect.Menweresupposedtowearatiewhengoingtochurchtoworkintheofficetoaparty—almosteverysocialoccasion.Buttodaypeoplehavebeguntoacceptacasualstyleevenforformaloccasions.Theoriginofthetieistricky.Itstartedassomethingcalledsimplyaband.Thetermcouldmeananythingaroundaman’sneck.Itappearedinfinerwaysinthe1630s.Frenchmenshowedaloveofthisparticularfashionstatement.Theirneckwear颈饰impressedCharlesIIthekingofEnglandwhowasexiled流放toFranceatthattime.WhenhereturnedtoEnglandin1660hebroughtthisnewfashionitemalongwithhim.Itwasn’thoweveruntilthelate18thcenturythatfancyyoungmenintroducedamorecolorfulflowingpieceofcloththateventuallybecameknownasthetie.Thenclubsmilitaryinstitutionsandschoolsbegantousecoloredandpatternedtiestoindicatethewearer’smembershipinthelate19thcentury.AfterthatthetiebecameanecessaryitemofclothingforBritishgentlemen.Butnowevengentlemenaregettingtiredofties.Anywaythedayfeelsabiteasierwhenyouwakeupwithouthavingtodecidewhichtiesuitsyouandyourmood.WhendidBritishgentlemenbegintoweartiesregularly
TryingtoFindaPartnerOneofthemoststrikingfindingsofarecentpollintheUKisthatofthepeopleinterviewedoneintwobelievesthatitisbecomingmoredifficulttomeetsomeonetostartafamilywith.WhyaremanyfindingitincreasinglydifficulttostartandsustainintimaterelationshipsDoesmodernlifereallymakeithardertofallinloveOrarewemakingitharderforourselvesItiscertainlythecasetodaythatcontemporarycouplesbenefitindifferentwaysfromrelationships.Womennolongerrelyuponpartnersforeconomicsecurityorstatus.Amandoesn’texpecthisspousetobeinsolechargeofrunninghishouseholdandraisinghischildren.Butperhapstheknowledgethatwecanliveperfectlywellwithoutapartnershipmeansthatittakesmuchmoretopersuadepeopletoabandontheirindependence.Intheoryfindingapartnershouldbemuchsimplerthesedays.Onlyafewgenerationsagoyourchoiceofsoulmate心上人wasconstrainedbygeographysocialconventionandfamilytradition.Althoughitwasneverexplicitmanymarriageswereessentiallyarranged.Nowthosebarriershavebeenbrokendown.Youcanapproachabuilderorabrainsurgeoninanybarinanycityonanygivenevening.Whentheworldisyouroyster牡蛎yousurelyhaveabetterchanceoffindingapearl.Butitseemsthattheoldconventionshavebeenreplacedbyaneventighterconstraint:thetyrannyofchoice.Theexpectationsofpartnersareinflatedtoanunmanageabledegree:goodlooksimpressivesalarykindtograndmotherandrightsocks.Thereisnoroomforerrorinthefirstimpression.Wethinkthatarelationshipcanbeperfect.Ifitisn’titisdisposable.Weworktoprotectourselvesagainstfutureheartacheanddon’tputinthehardemotionallaborneededtobuildastrongrelationship.Ofcoursethisiscomplicatedbyrealities.Thecostofhousingandchild-rearingcreatespressuretohaveastableincomeandcareerbeforealifepartnership.WhichofthefollowingisNOTexpectedofapartneraccordingtothispassage
IstheTieaNecessityTiesornecktieshavebeenasymbolofpolitenessandeleganceinBritainforcenturies.ButthecasualPrimeMinisterTonyBlairhasproblemswiththem.Reportssuggestthateventhecivilservantsmaystopwearingties.SoarethefamouslyformalBritishreallygoingtoabandonthenecktiesMaybe.LastweektheUK’sCabinetSecretaryAndrewTurnbullopenlywelcomedatielessera.Hehintedthatcivilservantswouldsoonbefreeofthecostliest12inchesoffabricthatmostmeneverbuyintheirlives.InfactBlairshowedthisattitudewhenhehadhisfirstgueststoacocktailparty.Manyofthemwerecelebrities知名人士withouttieswhichwouldhavebeenunimaginableevenintherecentpast.ForsomemoreconservativeBritishthetieisamustforproperappearance.EarlierLaborleaderJimCallaghansaidhewouldhavediedratherthanhavehischildrenseeninpublicwithoutatie.ForpeoplelikeCallaghanthetiewasasignofbeingcompleteofshowingrespect.Menweresupposedtowearatiewhengoingtochurchtoworkintheofficetoaparty—almosteverysocialoccasion.Buttodaypeoplehavebeguntoacceptacasualstyleevenforformaloccasions.Theoriginofthetieistricky.Itstartedassomethingcalledsimplyaband.Thetermcouldmeananythingaroundaman’sneck.Itappearedinfinerwaysinthe1630s.Frenchmenshowedaloveofthisparticularfashionstatement.Theirneckwear颈饰impressedCharlesIIthekingofEnglandwhowasexiled流放toFranceatthattime.WhenhereturnedtoEnglandin1660hebroughtthisnewfashionitemalongwithhim.Itwasn’thoweveruntilthelate18thcenturythatfancyyoungmenintroducedamorecolorfulflowingpieceofcloththateventuallybecameknownasthetie.Thenclubsmilitaryinstitutionsandschoolsbegantousecoloredandpatternedtiestoindicatethewearer’smembershipinthelate19thcentury.AfterthatthetiebecameanecessaryitemofclothingforBritishgentlemen.Butnowevengentlemenaregettingtiredofties.Anywaythedayfeelsabiteasierwhenyouwakeupwithouthavingtodecidewhichtiesuitsyouandyourmood.Thetiesymbolizesallofthefollowingexcept
TheExplodingLakesofCameroonWhatcomestomindwhenyouthinkofalakeYouprobablyimagineaprettyscenewithbluewaterbirdsandfish.ForthepeopleinthenorthwesternCameroonhowevertheimageisverydifferent.Forthemlakesmaymeanterribledisasters.In1984poisonousgasesexplodedoutofLakeMonounandcamedownintothenearbyvillageskillingthirty-sevenpeople.TwoyearslaterLakeNyoserupted.Acloudofgasesrolleddownthehillsandintothevalleysandkilled1700people.LakeNyosandLakeMonounarecrater火山口lakes.Theywereformedwhenwatercollectedinthecratersofoldvolcanoes.ThevolcanoesunderLakeNyosandLakeMonounarenotactiveanymore.Howeverpoisonousgasesfromthecenteroftheearthcontinuetoflowupthroughcracksinthebottomofthelake.Thisisnormalinacraterlake.Inmostcraterlakesthesegasesarereleasedoftenbecausethewaterturnsoverregularly.Thatisthewaterfromthebottomofthelakerisesandmixeswiththewateratthetopallowingthegasestoescapeslowly.HoweverinLakesNyosandMonounthereisnoregularturningover.Nooneknowsthereasonforthisfactbutasaresulttheselakeshavemoregasestrappedatthebottomthanothercraterlakes.InfactscientistswhohavestudiedLakesNyosandMonounhavefound16000timesmoregases.Whenastrongwindcoolweatherastormoralandslide划破causesthewatertoturnoversuddenlythegasesescapeinaviolentexplosion.Inthepastnooneknewwhenthegasesmightexplodesotherewasnowayforthevillagerstoescapedisaster.NowscientistsfromtheUnitedStatesFranceandCameroonhavefoundawaytoreducethegaspressureatthebottomofLakeNyos.Theystooda672-footplasticpipeinthemiddleofthelakewithoneendofthepipenearthebottomandtheotherendintheair.Nearthetopofthepipetheteamputseveralholesthatcouldbeopenedorclosedbyacomputer.Nowwhenthegaspressuregetstoohightheholesareopenedandsomeofthegas-filledwatershootsupthroughthepipeintotheairlikeafountain.Withlesspressureadisastrousexplosionismuchlesslikely.Howeverthescientistsarenotsurethatonepipewillbeenoughtopreventexplosions.TheyhopetoputinotherssoonandtheyplantoinstallasimilarpipeandacomputersystematLakeMonounaswell.Toprotectpeoplenearbyuntilallofthepipesareinplacethescientistshaveinstalledearlywarningsystemsatbothlakes.Ifthegaspressurerisestoadangerouslevelcomputerswillsetoffloudsirens警报andbrightlightstowarnthepeopleinthevillages.Thatwaytheywillhavetimetoescapefromthedangerousgases.WhatwillhappenwhenLakeNyosandLakeMonounexplode
{{*HTML*}}Cloning克隆:FuturePerfect???1．Acloneisanexactcopyofaplantoranimalproducedfromanyonecell.SinceScottishscientistsreportedthattheyhadmanagedtocloneasheepnamedDollyin1997researchintocloninghasgrownrapidly.InMay1998scientistsinMassachusettsmanagedtocreatetwoidenticalcalves牛犊usingcloningtechnology.Amousehasalsobeenclonedsuccessfully.ButthedebateovercloninghumansreallystartedwhenChicagophysicistRichardSeedmadeasurprisingannouncement:Wewillhavemanagedtocloneahumanbeingwithinthenexttwoyears.hetoldtheworld.??2．Seed’sannouncementprovokedalotofmediaattentionmostofitnegative.InEuropenineteennationshavealreadysignedanagreementbanninghumancloningandintheU.S.thePresidentannounced:WewillbeintroducingalawtobanallhumancloningandmanystatesintheU.S.willhavepassedanti-cloninglawsbytheendoftheyear.??3．Manyresearchersarenotsonegativeaboutcloning.Theyareworriedthatlawsbanninghumancloningwillthreatenimportantresearch.InMarchTheNewEnglandJournalofMedicinecalledanyplantobanresearchoncloninghumansseriouslymistaken.Manyresearchersalsobelievethatinspiteofattemptstobanithumancloningwillhavebecomeroutineby2010becauseitisimpossibletostoptheprogressofscience.??4．Istherereasontofearthatcloningwillleadtoanightmareword?Thepublichasbeenbombarded轰炸withnewspaperarticlestelevisionshowsandfilmsaswellascartoons.Suchinformationisoftenmisleadingandmakespeoplewonderwhatonearththescientistswillbedoingnext.??5．Withinthenextfivetotenyearsscientistswillprobablyhavefoundawayofcloninghumans.Itcouldbethatprettysoonwewillbeabletochoosethepersonthatwewantourchildtolooklike.Buthowwoulditfeeltobeacloneamonghundredstheanti-clonersask.Prettycoolanswerthepro-cloners赞成克隆的人.Withintenyearsscientistswillprobablyhave______.
{{*HTML*}}Cloning克隆:FuturePerfect???1．Acloneisanexactcopyofaplantoranimalproducedfromanyonecell.SinceScottishscientistsreportedthattheyhadmanagedtocloneasheepnamedDollyin1997researchintocloninghasgrownrapidly.InMay1998scientistsinMassachusettsmanagedtocreatetwoidenticalcalves牛犊usingcloningtechnology.Amousehasalsobeenclonedsuccessfully.ButthedebateovercloninghumansreallystartedwhenChicagophysicistRichardSeedmadeasurprisingannouncement:Wewillhavemanagedtocloneahumanbeingwithinthenexttwoyears.hetoldtheworld.??2．Seed’sannouncementprovokedalotofmediaattentionmostofitnegative.InEuropenineteennationshavealreadysignedanagreementbanninghumancloningandintheU.S.thePresidentannounced:WewillbeintroducingalawtobanallhumancloningandmanystatesintheU.S.willhavepassedanti-cloninglawsbytheendoftheyear.??3．Manyresearchersarenotsonegativeaboutcloning.Theyareworriedthatlawsbanninghumancloningwillthreatenimportantresearch.InMarchTheNewEnglandJournalofMedicinecalledanyplantobanresearchoncloninghumansseriouslymistaken.Manyresearchersalsobelievethatinspiteofattemptstobanithumancloningwillhavebecomeroutineby2010becauseitisimpossibletostoptheprogressofscience.??4．Istherereasontofearthatcloningwillleadtoanightmareword?Thepublichasbeenbombarded轰炸withnewspaperarticlestelevisionshowsandfilmsaswellascartoons.Suchinformationisoftenmisleadingandmakespeoplewonderwhatonearththescientistswillbedoingnext.??5．Withinthenextfivetotenyearsscientistswillprobablyhavefoundawayofcloninghumans.Itcouldbethatprettysoonwewillbeabletochoosethepersonthatwewantourchildtolooklike.Buthowwoulditfeeltobeacloneamonghundredstheanti-clonersask.Prettycoolanswerthepro-cloners赞成克隆的人.Paragraph4______
A．VerySlowRide Thesurfaceoftheearthmayseemverystabletoyou.Butyoumightbeamazedifyouknewsomeofthethingsthataregoingonunderthatsurface. Theearthhasanoutershellofrigidpiecescalledtectonicplates地壳构造板块.Theplatesincludebothoceanflooranddryland.Somehavewholecontinentsontopofthem.Thecontinentsontopoftheplatesarejustgoingalongforaslowridemovingonlyaboutfourinchesperyear.Buteventhissmallmovementcausesthreetypesofbiginteractions. Onetypeisoceanridges.Theseridgesdevelopinplaceswheretwoplatesaremovingawayfromeachother.Astheplatesseparatehotmagma岩浆flowsuptofillthespace.Newcrust地壳buildsupontheplateboundariesandcausesoceanridges.Theseridgesformlongmountainrangeswhichonlyriseabovetheoceansurfaceinafewplaces. Anothertypeofreaction-trenches-occursbetweentwoplatesthataremovingtowardeachother.Astheplatesmeetonebendsdownwardandplungesunderneaththeother.Thisformsdeepoceantrenches.TheMarianasTrenchoffGuaminthewesternPacificOceanhasadepthofmorethan36000feet.Thisisthelowestpointontheoceanfloor.Iftheleadingedgesofthetwocollidingplatescarrycontinentsthenthelayersofrockintheoverridingplatecrumple变皱andfold.AplatethatcarriedwhatisnowIndiacollidedwiththesouthernedgeoftheplatethatcarriedEuropeandmostofAsia.ThiscausedtheHimalayastheworld’shighestmountains. Thethirdreactionistransformfaults转换断层.Thesefaultsoccurwheretwoplatesthataretravelinginoppositedirectionsslidepasteachother.Severeearthquakescanoccur.TheSanAndreasFaultinCaliforniaisagoodexampleofthistypeofmovement. TheSanAndreasFaultisanexampleof
TryingtoFindaPartnerOneofthemoststrikingfindingsofarecentpollintheUKisthatofthepeopleinterviewedoneintwobelievesthatitisbecomingmoredifficulttomeetsomeonetostartafamilywith.WhyaremanyfindingitincreasinglydifficulttostartandsustainintimaterelationshipsDoesmodernlifereallymakeithardertofallinloveOrarewemakingitharderforourselvesItiscertainlythecasetodaythatcontemporarycouplesbenefitindifferentwaysfromrelationships.Womennolongerrelyuponpartnersforeconomicsecurityorstatus.Amandoesn’texpecthisspousetobeinsolechargeofrunninghishouseholdandraisinghischildren.Butperhapstheknowledgethatwecanliveperfectlywellwithoutapartnershipmeansthatittakesmuchmoretopersuadepeopletoabandontheirindependence.Intheoryfindingapartnershouldbemuchsimplerthesedays.Onlyafewgenerationsagoyourchoiceofsoulmate心上人wasconstrainedbygeographysocialconventionandfamilytradition.Althoughitwasneverexplicitmanymarriageswereessentiallyarranged.Nowthosebarriershavebeenbrokendown.Youcanapproachabuilderorabrainsurgeoninanybarinanycityonanygivenevening.Whentheworldisyouroyster牡蛎yousurelyhaveabetterchanceoffindingapearl.Butitseemsthattheoldconventionshavebeenreplacedbyaneventighterconstraint:thetyrannyofchoice.Theexpectationsofpartnersareinflatedtoanunmanageabledegree:goodlooksimpressivesalarykindtograndmotherandrightsocks.Thereisnoroomforerrorinthefirstimpression.Wethinkthatarelationshipcanbeperfect.Ifitisn’titisdisposable.Weworktoprotectourselvesagainstfutureheartacheanddon’tputinthehardemotionallaborneededtobuildastrongrelationship.Ofcoursethisiscomplicatedbyrealities.Thecostofhousingandchild-rearingcreatespressuretohaveastableincomeandcareerbeforealifepartnership.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaboutacontemporarymarriedcouple
{{*HTML*}}Cloning克隆:FuturePerfect???1．Acloneisanexactcopyofaplantoranimalproducedfromanyonecell.SinceScottishscientistsreportedthattheyhadmanagedtocloneasheepnamedDollyin1997researchintocloninghasgrownrapidly.InMay1998scientistsinMassachusettsmanagedtocreatetwoidenticalcalves牛犊usingcloningtechnology.Amousehasalsobeenclonedsuccessfully.ButthedebateovercloninghumansreallystartedwhenChicagophysicistRichardSeedmadeasurprisingannouncement:Wewillhavemanagedtocloneahumanbeingwithinthenexttwoyears.hetoldtheworld.??2．Seed’sannouncementprovokedalotofmediaattentionmostofitnegative.InEuropenineteennationshavealreadysignedanagreementbanninghumancloningandintheU.S.thePresidentannounced:WewillbeintroducingalawtobanallhumancloningandmanystatesintheU.S.willhavepassedanti-cloninglawsbytheendoftheyear.??3．Manyresearchersarenotsonegativeaboutcloning.Theyareworriedthatlawsbanninghumancloningwillthreatenimportantresearch.InMarchTheNewEnglandJournalofMedicinecalledanyplantobanresearchoncloninghumansseriouslymistaken.Manyresearchersalsobelievethatinspiteofattemptstobanithumancloningwillhavebecomeroutineby2010becauseitisimpossibletostoptheprogressofscience.??4．Istherereasontofearthatcloningwillleadtoanightmareword?Thepublichasbeenbombarded轰炸withnewspaperarticlestelevisionshowsandfilmsaswellascartoons.Suchinformationisoftenmisleadingandmakespeoplewonderwhatonearththescientistswillbedoingnext.??5．Withinthenextfivetotenyearsscientistswillprobablyhavefoundawayofcloninghumans.Itcouldbethatprettysoonwewillbeabletochoosethepersonthatwewantourchildtolooklike.Buthowwoulditfeeltobeacloneamonghundredstheanti-clonersask.Prettycoolanswerthepro-cloners赞成克隆的人.Paragraph2______
MoreThanaRidetoSchoolTheNationalEducationAssociationclaims"Theschoolbusisamirrorofthecommunity."Theyfurtheraddthatunfortunatelywhatappearsontheexteriordoesnotalwaysreflecttherealityofachosencommunity.Theyareright—sometimesitreflectsmore!JustaskLieslDenson.RidingtheschoolbushasbeenmorethanaridetoschoolforLiesl.BruceHardyschoolbusdriverforAlthouseBusCompanyhasbeenLiesl’sbusdriversincekindergarten.LastyearwhenLiesl’sfamilymovedtoParkesburgknowingherbuswentbyhernewresidencesherequestedtoridethesamebus.ThisyearLieslisaseniorandwillenjoyherlastyearridingthebus.Shesays"It’sbeenagreatridesofar!Mybusdriverissocoolandhasalwaysbeenagoodfriendandagoodlistener.Sometimeswhenyou’reachildadultsdonotthinkthatwhatyouhavetosayisimportant.Mr.Hardyalwayslistenstowhatyouhavetosayandmakesyoufeelimportant."HerfriendsAshleyBatistaandAmandaWolfeagree.BruceHardyhasbeenmakingOctorarastudentsfeelspecialsince1975.Thisyearhewillcelebrate30yearsworkingforAlthouseBusCompany.LarryAlthousepresidentofthecompanyacknowledgesBruceHardy’soutstandingrecord:"YoudonotcomebyemployeeslikeBrucethesedays.Hehasnevermissedadayofworkandhasaperfectdrivingrecord.Hewasrecognizedin2000bythePennsylvaniaSchoolBusAssociationfordriving350000accidentfreemiles.Hardy’sreputationismadefurtherevidentthroughtherelationshipshehasmadewiththestudentsthatridehisbus."Althousefurtheradds"AlthouseBusCompanywasestablished70yearsagoandhasbeenprovidingqualitytransportationeversince.Mygrandfatherstartedthebusinesswithonebus.AlthouseBusCompanyisdelightedtohavetheopportunitytobringdistinctiveandsafeservicetoourlocalschoolandcommunityandlooksforwardtocontinuingtoprovidequalityserviceformanymoreyearstocome."Threegenerationsofbusinessisnotallthecompanyhasenjoyed.ThankstodriverslikeBruceHardytheyhavebeenbuildingrelationshipsthroughgenerations.Liesl’smotherCarolalsoenjoysfondmemoriesofridingBruceHardy’sbustotheOctoraraSchoolDistrict. BruceHardyhasbeenworkingwithAlthouseBusCompany
{{*HTML*}}EarthAngels??1．JoyingBresciawas8yearsoldwhenshenoticedthatcigarettebutts烟头werelitteringherhometownbeachinIsleofPalmsSouthCarolina.Whenshelearnedthatittakesfiveyearsfortheremainsofacigarettetodisintegrateshedecidedtotakeaction.JoyinglaunchedaNoButtsontheBeachcampaign.Sheraisedmoneyandawarenessabouttheneedtokeepthebeachesclean.WiththehelpofothersJoyingalsoboughtorreceiveddonationsofgallon-sizeplasticice-creambuckets.Thebucketswerefilledwithsandandplacedatallpublic-accessareasofthebeach.Thebucketsallowedpeopletodisposeoftheircigarettesbeforehittingthebeach.TwoyearslaterJoyingsaysthebucketsarefullandthebeachisnearlyfreeofcigarettedebris残片.??2．PeoplewholiveinorvisitSteamboatSpringsColoradohaveCarterDunhamtothankforanewstatewildliferefugethatpreserves20acresofmarshlandandmanyspeciesofwildlife.CarterandotherstudentswroteamanagementplanfortheareaaroundtheYampaRiver.TheplanwaspartofaclassprojectwhenCarterwasafreshmanatSteamboatSpringsHighSchool.WorkingwiththeColoradoDivisionofWildlifeCarterandhisclassmatesmappedtheareaandspeciesofanimalslivingthere.Theyalsomadedecisionsaboutamongotherthingswherefencesandparkingareasshouldbebuilt.??3．BarbaraBrownandherfriendscollectoil.Itstartedasaprojectfortheir4HClubafteroneofthegirlsnoticedherfatherusingmotoroiltokillweedsontheirfarminVictoriaTexas.Theydidsomeresearchanddiscoveredthatoilcancontaminategroundwater—arealdangerinruralareaswherepeopleliveoffthewaterontheirland.Thegirlsresearchedwaystorecycleoilandworkedwithalocaloil-recyclingcompanyontheissue.NowtheDon’tBeCrudeprogramrunsoil-collectionsites—tanksthatholdupto460gallons—wherepeopleinthecommunitycandisposeoftheiroil.??4．Fiveyearsago11-year-oldRyanHreljacwasalittleboywithabigdream:forallthepeopleinAfricatohavecleandrinkingwater.Hisdreambeganinthefirstgradewhenhelearnedthatpeopleweredyingbecausetheydidn’thavecleanwaterandthataslittleas$70couldbuildawell.WereallytakewaterforgrantedsaysRyanofKemptvilleOntarioinCanada.Inothercountriesyouhavetoplanforit.Ryanearnedthefirst$70bydoingextrachores零工butwiththehelpofothershehassinceraisedhundredsofthousandsofdollars.HiseffortsledtothestartoftheRyan’sWellFoundationwhichraisesmoneyforcleanwaterandhealth-relatedservicesforpeopleinAfricancountriesanddevelopingcountries.PeoplearegratefultoCarterDunhamforhiseffortsto______.
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