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第三篇 IstheTieaNecessity? TiesornecktieshavebeenasymbolofpolitenessandeleganceinBritainforcenturies.ButthecasualPrimeMinisterTonyBlairhasproblemswiththem.Reportssuggestthateventhecivilservantsmaystopwearingties.SoarethefamouslyformalBritishreallygoingtoabandontheneckties? Maybe.LastweektheUK’sCabinetSecretaryAndrewTurnbullopenlywelcomedatielessera.Fiehintedthatcivilservantswouldsoonbefreeofthecostliest12inchesoffabricthatmostmeneverbuyintheirlives. InfactBlairshowedthisattitudewhenhehadhisfirstgueststoacocktailparty.Manyofthemwerecelebrities知名人士withouttieswhichwouldhavebeenunimaginableevenintherecentpast. ForsomemoreconservativeBritishthetieisamustforproperappearance.EarlierLaborleaderJimCallaghansaidhewouldhavediedratherthanhavehischildrenseeninpublicwithoutatie.ForpeoplelikeCallaghanthetiewasasignofbeingcompleteofshowingrespect.Menweresupposedtowearatiewhengoingtochurchtoworkintheofficetoaparty-almosteverysocialoccasion. Buttodaypeoplehavebeguntoacceptacasualstyleevenforformaloccasions. Theoriginofthetieistricky.Itstartedassomethingcalledsimplyaband.Thetermcouldmeananythingaroundaman’sneck.Itappearedinfinerwaysinthe1630s.Frenchmenshowedaloveofthisparticularfashionstatement.Theirneckwear颈饰impressedCharlesIIthekingofEnglandwhowasexiled流放toFranceatthattime.WhenhereturnedtoEnglandin1660hebroughtthisnewfashionitemalongwithhim. Itwasn’thoweveruntilthelate18thcenturythatfancyyoungmenintroducedamorecolorfulflowingpieceofcloththateventuallybecameknownasthetie.Thenclubsmilitaryinstitutionsandschoolsbegantousecoloredaridpatternedtiestoindicatethewearer’smembershipinthelate19thcentury.AfterthatthetiebecameanecessaryitemofclothingforBritishgentlemen. Butnowevengentlemenaregettingtiredofties.Anywaythedayfeelsabiteasierwhenyouwakeupwithouthavingtodecidewhichtiesuitsyouandyourmood. WhydoesBlairsometimesshowupinaformaleventwithoutatie?
High-TechWarfare战争 Todayhigh-techwarfareisnolongeranabstractconceptbutarealissue. Technology______51tacticssociologyandthedevelopmentofweaponry武器.Italsocausesthechangesinbattles.Thenwhatarethenewcharacteristicsofmodernbattles______52bytheapplicationofhightechnologies? High4echwarfarenaturallyincludeshightechnology.Inmodernbattlesasinglekindofweaponcanhardlybe______53.Variousweaponrysuchasintelligencedetectionandinformationprocessingshould______54wellwitheachother.Aerial航空的weaponrybecomesthemainforceinbattlesinthesky.Precisionhoming精确自导weaponrylikecruisemissilesandmissiles______55satellitehomingsystemsbecomesthemainattackweapons. Battlecontrolsystemsplayadominantrole.Variousweaponsandlogistics后勤systemsare______56intoacomprehensiveframeworkcentrallyrepresentingthemodernhigh4echweaponry.Dependingonvarious______57equipmentandmeansinelectronicwarfareourarmywillnotbepassivelybeaten.______58thebattlefieldhigh-techwarfarehascreatedatypeofnon-linear非线性的chaos. Becauseoftheuseoflong-rangeprecisionweaponrytheoppositepartiesinwarfarecan’ttouchorseeeachotheranddistanceisnolongerthedecisivefactoraffectingthe______59ofbattlesitishardtoclearlydefinethelinesbetweenthefrontierandtherearaswellasattackanddefense.Thetraditionalthree-dimensionalair-seabattlefieldwillbe______60bythemulti-dimensionalbattlefieldcomposedofairseamagneticelectricalandinformationbattlefields.Nolarge-scalemovementscanbeconducted______61. Becausemodernweaponrysystemsarecloselyrelatedtochainsofdemandandcommunicationandelectronictechnologytheparties______62havetopayattentiontotheusufruct使用权andcontrolofelectromagneticfrequencyspectrum.Soelectronicwarfarebecomes______63importantandthenecessaryguaranteeofvictory.Whatever64warfaregoestoandwhatevercloak宽大外衣itwearsitalwaysviolatespeaceandbringstheworldbloodshed流血.Mostpeoplethinkofhightechnologyasa______65toenhanceetheirlivesandtheydon’twishittobeusedtodestroylives.
Youshouldhave{{U}}blended{{/U}}thebutterwiththesugarthoroughly.
第二篇 WalkingRobotCarriesaPerson ThefirstwalkingrobotcapableofcarryingapersonunveiledonFridayinTokyoJapan.ItscreatorsatWasedaUniversityinTokyoandtheJapaneseroboticscompany Tmsukhopetheirtwo-leggedcreationwillonedayenablewheel-chairuserstoclimbupanddownthestairsandassistthemovementofheavygoodsoverunevenground. Thebattery-poweredrobotcode-namedWL-16isessentiallyanaluminiumchairmountedontwosetsoftelescopicpoles.Thepolesareboltedtoflatplateswhichactasfeet.WL-16uses12actuators传动装置tomoveforwardsbackwardsandsidewayswhilecarryinganadultweighingupto60kilograms130pounds.Therobotcanadjustitsbodyandwalksmoothlyevenifthepersonitiscarryingshiftsinthechair.Atpresentitcanonlystepupordownafewmillimetersbuttheteamplanstomakeitcapableofdealingwithanormalflightofstairs. Ibelievethisbipedal两足的robotwhichIprefertocallatwo-leggedwalkingchairratherthanawheel-chairwilleventuallyenablepeopletogoupanddownthestairssaidAtsuoTakanishifromWasedaUniversity. WehavehadstrongrobotsforsometimebutusuallytheyhavebeenmanipulatorstheyhavenotbeengearedtocarryingpeoplearoundsaysRonArkinattheGeorgiaInstituteofTechnologyandroboticsconsultantforSony.ButIdon’tknowhowsafeandhowuser-friendlyWL-16is. TmsukchiefexecutiveYoichiTakamotoarguesthatbipedalormulti-leggedrobotswillbemoreusefulthanso-calledcaterpillar毛毛虫modelsformovingoverunevenground. WL-16’snormalwalkingstepmeasures30centimetresbutitcanstretchitslegsto136cmapart.Theprototype原型iscurrentlyradio-controlledbuttheresearchteamplanstoequipitwithastick-likecontrollerfortheuserinfuture.TakanishisaiditwilltakeatleasttwoyearstodeveloptheWL-16prototypeintoaworkingmodel. Smallerground-hugging紧贴地面行走的robotshavebeendevelopedtopassacrosstrickyground.Onemaggot-like像蛆一样的deviceusesamagneticfluidtopulseitswayalongwhileanothersnake-likerobotusessmartsoftwaretodevisenewmovementstrategiesifthelandscapeaffectsanyonepart.Oneball-shapedrobotevenusesaleap-and-bounceapproachtotraveloverroughterritory.Butnoneofthesearebigorstrongenoughtocarryapersontoo. WhichtypeofrobotisNOImentionedinthelastparagraph?
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FemaleBullfighting Itwasauniqueeye-catchingsight:anattractivewomaninashinybullfighter’ssuitswordinhandfacingthesharphornsofablack500-kilogrambeast. MostpeoplethoughtthedaysoffemalebullfightingwereoverinSpain_____46 ThefirstwomanfighterCristinaSanchezquitin1999becauseofmalediscrimination歧视ButVegaisdeterminedtobreakintowhatcouldbeSpain’smostresistantmalefield_____47 Spanishwomenhaveconqueredalmostallmaleprofessions._____48Thebulldoesnotaskforyouridentitycardshesaidinaninterviewafewyearsago.Sheinsistedthatshebejudgedforherskillsratherthanherfemaleness. Vegabecameamatador斗牛士in1997inthesouthwesterncityofCaceres._____49SheenteredabullfightingschoolinMalagaatagenineandperformedherfirstmajorbullfightatage14.ShehasfacedasmuchoppositionasSanchezdid.AndthedifficultieshavemadehergrowintoaverystrongbullfighterherbrotherJorgesays. The1.68-metretallandsomewhatshyVegasaysherloveofbullfightingdoesnotmakeheranylessofawoman._____50
第二篇 WalkingRobotCarriesaPerson ThefirstwalkingrobotcapableofcarryingapersonunveiledonFridayinTokyoJapan.ItscreatorsatWasedaUniversityinTokyoandtheJapaneseroboticscompany Tmsukhopetheirtwo-leggedcreationwillonedayenablewheel-chairuserstoclimbupanddownthestairsandassistthemovementofheavygoodsoverunevenground. Thebattery-poweredrobotcode-namedWL-16isessentiallyanaluminiumchairmountedontwosetsoftelescopicpoles.Thepolesareboltedtoflatplateswhichactasfeet.WL-16uses12actuators传动装置tomoveforwardsbackwardsandsidewayswhilecarryinganadultweighingupto60kilograms130pounds.Therobotcanadjustitsbodyandwalksmoothlyevenifthepersonitiscarryingshiftsinthechair.Atpresentitcanonlystepupordownafewmillimetersbuttheteamplanstomakeitcapableofdealingwithanormalflightofstairs. Ibelievethisbipedal两足的robotwhichIprefertocallatwo-leggedwalkingchairratherthanawheel-chairwilleventuallyenablepeopletogoupanddownthestairssaidAtsuoTakanishifromWasedaUniversity. WehavehadstrongrobotsforsometimebutusuallytheyhavebeenmanipulatorstheyhavenotbeengearedtocarryingpeoplearoundsaysRonArkinattheGeorgiaInstituteofTechnologyandroboticsconsultantforSony.ButIdon’tknowhowsafeandhowuser-friendlyWL-16is. TmsukchiefexecutiveYoichiTakamotoarguesthatbipedalormulti-leggedrobotswillbemoreusefulthanso-calledcaterpillar毛毛虫modelsformovingoverunevenground. WL-16’snormalwalkingstepmeasures30centimetresbutitcanstretchitslegsto136cmapart.Theprototype原型iscurrentlyradio-controlledbuttheresearchteamplanstoequipitwithastick-likecontrollerfortheuserinfuture.TakanishisaiditwilltakeatleasttwoyearstodeveloptheWL-16prototypeintoaworkingmodel. Smallerground-hugging紧贴地面行走的robotshavebeendevelopedtopassacrosstrickyground.Onemaggot-like像蛆一样的deviceusesamagneticfluidtopulseitswayalongwhileanothersnake-likerobotusessmartsoftwaretodevisenewmovementstrategiesifthelandscapeaffectsanyonepart.Oneball-shapedrobotevenusesaleap-and-bounceapproachtotraveloverroughterritory.Butnoneofthesearebigorstrongenoughtocarryapersontoo. WhatdoesRonArkinthinkofWL-16?
Earthquake Howdoesanearthquakestart? Whatmakesanearthquakehappen?Therockoftheearth’scrust地壳mayhaveafault’akindofbreakinthesurface. Theblockswhichmakeuptheearthmoveandsometimesthismaycausethesidesofthefaulttomoveupanddownorlengthways纵向地againsteachother.Whenonepieceofrockstartstorubonanotherwithgreatforcealotofenergyisused.Thisenergyischangedintovibrations振动anditisthesevibrationsthatwereefasanearthquake.ThevibrationscantravelthousandsofkilometersandsoanearthquakeinTurkeymaybefeltinGreece. Whattododuringanearthquake? Atschool Assoonastheearthquakestartsstudentsshouldgetunderthedesksimmediatelyandwaituntiltheteachertellsthemitissafetocomeout.Theteachershouldatthesametimegoimmediatelytotheteacher’sdeskgetunderneath在下面itandstaytheretillthedangerisover.Studentsmustnotarguewiththeteacherorquestioninstructions. Assoonasthetremors震动stopallstudentsshouldwalktowardstheexitandgostraighttotheschoolplaygroundoranyopenspacesuchasasquareorapark.Theymustwaitthereuntiltheteachertellsthemitissafetogo. Athome Ifyouareathomewhentheearthquakeoccursgetimmediatelyunderthetableinthelivingroomorkitchen.Choosethebiggestandstrongesttableyoucanfind.Youmustnotgoanywherenearthewindowanddon’tgooutontothebalcony阳台.Oncethetremorshavestoppedyoucancomeoutfromunderthetablebutyoumustleavethebuildingstraightaway.Youshouldwalkdownthestairsandshouldnotusethelift-theremaybeapowercutasaresultoftheearthquakeandyoucouldfindyourselftrappedinsidetheliftforhours. Inthestreet Ifyouareinthestreetwhentheearthquaketakesplacedonotstandnearbuildingsfencesorwalls--moveawayasquicklyaspossiblearidtrytofindalargeopenspacetowaitin.Standingundertreescouldalsobedangerous. Ifyouareinthestreetwhenanearthquakeoccursstayinalargeopenspace
第一篇 RecyclingAroundtheWorld Recyclingisoneofthebestenvironmentalsuccessstoriesofthelate20thcentury.Butwecoulddomore.Peoplemustnotseerecycling.asfashionablebutessential. TheJapaneseareverygoodatrecyclingbecausetheyliveinacrowdedcountry. Theydonothavemuchspace.Theydonotwanttosharetheirlimitedspacewithrubbish.ButevensoTokyoareaaloneisestimatedtohavethreemilliontonsofleftoverrubbishatpresent. In1996theUnitedStatesrecycledandcomposted制成肥料57milliontonsofwaste27%ofthenation’ssolidwaste.Thisis57milliontonsofwastewhichdidnotgointolandfillsandincinerators焚化炉.Indoingthis7000rubbishcollectionprogrammesandrecyclingcentreshelpedtheauthorities. InRockfordacityinIllinoisUSitsofficialschooseonehouseeachweekandcheckitsgarbage废物.Ifthegarbagedoesnotcontainanynewspapersoraluminium铝cansthentheresidentofthehousegetsaprizeofatleast$1000. InJapancertaincitiesgivechildrenweeklysuppliesoftissuepaperandtoiletpaperinexchangeforaweeklycollectionofnewspapers. InoneyearBritainrecycles: ?1outofevery3newspapers. ?1outofevery4glassbottlesandjars罐子. ?1outofevery4itemsofclothing. ?1outofevery3aluminiumdrinkcans. In1999HongKongtransported1.3milliontonsofwastetomainlandChinaforrecycling.Around535000tonsofwastewererecycledinHongKongitself. Overhalfthethingswethrowawaycouldberecycled.Thatmeanswecouldrecycle10timesasmuchaswedonow. Howeverrecyclingneedsalotoforganisationandspecialequipment.Alsothereisnotmuchuseforsomerecycledmaterial. InJapanthenewspaperscollectedbychildren
Her{{U}}speciality{{/U}}isheartsurgery.
Earthquake Howdoesanearthquakestart? Whatmakesanearthquakehappen?Therockoftheearth’scrust地壳mayhaveafault’akindofbreakinthesurface. Theblockswhichmakeuptheearthmoveandsometimesthismaycausethesidesofthefaulttomoveupanddownorlengthways纵向地againsteachother.Whenonepieceofrockstartstorubonanotherwithgreatforcealotofenergyisused.Thisenergyischangedintovibrations振动anditisthesevibrationsthatwereefasanearthquake.ThevibrationscantravelthousandsofkilometersandsoanearthquakeinTurkeymaybefeltinGreece. Whattododuringanearthquake? Atschool Assoonastheearthquakestartsstudentsshouldgetunderthedesksimmediatelyandwaituntiltheteachertellsthemitissafetocomeout.Theteachershouldatthesametimegoimmediatelytotheteacher’sdeskgetunderneath在下面itandstaytheretillthedangerisover.Studentsmustnotarguewiththeteacherorquestioninstructions. Assoonasthetremors震动stopallstudentsshouldwalktowardstheexitandgostraighttotheschoolplaygroundoranyopenspacesuchasasquareorapark.Theymustwaitthereuntiltheteachertellsthemitissafetogo. Athome Ifyouareathomewhentheearthquakeoccursgetimmediatelyunderthetableinthelivingroomorkitchen.Choosethebiggestandstrongesttableyoucanfind.Youmustnotgoanywherenearthewindowanddon’tgooutontothebalcony阳台.Oncethetremorshavestoppedyoucancomeoutfromunderthetablebutyoumustleavethebuildingstraightaway.Youshouldwalkdownthestairsandshouldnotusethelift-theremaybeapowercutasaresultoftheearthquakeandyoucouldfindyourselftrappedinsidetheliftforhours. Inthestreet Ifyouareinthestreetwhentheearthquaketakesplacedonotstandnearbuildingsfencesorwalls--moveawayasquicklyaspossiblearidtrytofindalargeopenspacetowaitin.Standingundertreescouldalsobedangerous. Peopleknewlongagohowanearthquakestarts
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High-TechWarfare战争 Todayhigh-techwarfareisnolongeranabstractconceptbutarealissue. Technology______51tacticssociologyandthedevelopmentofweaponry武器.Italsocausesthechangesinbattles.Thenwhatarethenewcharacteristicsofmodernbattles______52bytheapplicationofhightechnologies? High4echwarfarenaturallyincludeshightechnology.Inmodernbattlesasinglekindofweaponcanhardlybe______53.Variousweaponrysuchasintelligencedetectionandinformationprocessingshould______54wellwitheachother.Aerial航空的weaponrybecomesthemainforceinbattlesinthesky.Precisionhoming精确自导weaponrylikecruisemissilesandmissiles______55satellitehomingsystemsbecomesthemainattackweapons. Battlecontrolsystemsplayadominantrole.Variousweaponsandlogistics后勤systemsare______56intoacomprehensiveframeworkcentrallyrepresentingthemodernhigh4echweaponry.Dependingonvarious______57equipmentandmeansinelectronicwarfareourarmywillnotbepassivelybeaten.______58thebattlefieldhigh-techwarfarehascreatedatypeofnon-linear非线性的chaos. Becauseoftheuseoflong-rangeprecisionweaponrytheoppositepartiesinwarfarecan’ttouchorseeeachotheranddistanceisnolongerthedecisivefactoraffectingthe______59ofbattlesitishardtoclearlydefinethelinesbetweenthefrontierandtherearaswellasattackanddefense.Thetraditionalthree-dimensionalair-seabattlefieldwillbe______60bythemulti-dimensionalbattlefieldcomposedofairseamagneticelectricalandinformationbattlefields.Nolarge-scalemovementscanbeconducted______61. Becausemodernweaponrysystemsarecloselyrelatedtochainsofdemandandcommunicationandelectronictechnologytheparties______62havetopayattentiontotheusufruct使用权andcontrolofelectromagneticfrequencyspectrum.Soelectronicwarfarebecomes______63importantandthenecessaryguaranteeofvictory.Whatever64warfaregoestoandwhatevercloak宽大外衣itwearsitalwaysviolatespeaceandbringstheworldbloodshed流血.Mostpeoplethinkofhightechnologyasa______65toenhanceetheirlivesandtheydon’twishittobeusedtodestroylives.
ObtainingDrinkingWaterfromAirHumidity Notaplanttobeseenthedesertgroundistoodry.Buttheaircontainswaterandresearchscientistshavefounda_____51ofobtainingdrinkingwaterfromairhumidity.Thesystemisbasedcompletelyonrenewableenergyandisthereforeautonomous. Crackspermeatethedried-outdesertgroundandthelandscapebearstestimonytothelackofwater.Butevenherewheretherearenolakesriversorgroundwaterconsiderablequantitiesofwaterarestoredintheair.IntheNegevdesertinIsraelforexampleannualaveragerelativeairhumidityis64percent—ineverycubicmeterofairthereare11.5millilitersofwater. Germanresearchscientistshavefoundawayofconvertingthisairhumidityautonomouslyintodrinkablewater.Theprocesswehavedevelopedisbasedexclusivelyonrenewableenergysources_____52thermalsolarcollectorsandphotovoltaiccells_____53makesthismethodcompletelyenergy-autonomous.Itwill_____54functioninregionswherethereisnoelectricalinfrastructuresaysSiegfriedEgnerheadoftheresearchteam.Theprincipleofthe_____55isasfollows:hygroscopicbrine—salinesolutionwhichabsorbsmoisture—runsdownatower-shapedunitandabsorbswaterfromtheair.Itisthensucked_____56atankafewmetersoffthegroundinwhichavacuumprevails.Energyfromsolarcollectors_____57upthebrinewhichisdilutedbythewaterithas_____58. Becauseofthevacuumtheboilingpointoftheliquidislowerthanitwouldbeunder_____59atmosphericpressure.Thiseffectisknownfromthemountains:astheatmosphericpressurethereislowerthaninthevalleywaterboilsattemperaturesdistinctlybelow100℃.Theevaporatednon-salinewateriscondensedandrunsdownthroughacompletelyfilledtubeinacontrolledmanner.Thegravityofthiswatercolumn_____60producesthevacuumandsoavacuumpumpisnotneeded.Thereconcentratedbrine_____61downthetowersurfaceagaintoabsorbmoisturefromtheair. Theconceptissuitableforvariouswater_____62.Single-personunitsandplantssupplyingwatertoentirehotelsareconceivablesaysEgner.Prototypeshavebeenbuiltfor_____63systemcomponents—airmoistureabsorptionandvacuumevaporation—andtheresearchscientistshavealready_____64theirinterplayonalaboratoryscale.Inafurther_____65theresearchersintendtodevelopademonstrationfacility.
Earthquake Howdoesanearthquakestart? Whatmakesanearthquakehappen?Therockoftheearth’scrust地壳mayhaveafault’akindofbreakinthesurface. Theblockswhichmakeuptheearthmoveandsometimesthismaycausethesidesofthefaulttomoveupanddownorlengthways纵向地againsteachother.Whenonepieceofrockstartstorubonanotherwithgreatforcealotofenergyisused.Thisenergyischangedintovibrations振动anditisthesevibrationsthatwereefasanearthquake.ThevibrationscantravelthousandsofkilometersandsoanearthquakeinTurkeymaybefeltinGreece. Whattododuringanearthquake? Atschool Assoonastheearthquakestartsstudentsshouldgetunderthedesksimmediatelyandwaituntiltheteachertellsthemitissafetocomeout.Theteachershouldatthesametimegoimmediatelytotheteacher’sdeskgetunderneath在下面itandstaytheretillthedangerisover.Studentsmustnotarguewiththeteacherorquestioninstructions. Assoonasthetremors震动stopallstudentsshouldwalktowardstheexitandgostraighttotheschoolplaygroundoranyopenspacesuchasasquareorapark.Theymustwaitthereuntiltheteachertellsthemitissafetogo. Athome Ifyouareathomewhentheearthquakeoccursgetimmediatelyunderthetableinthelivingroomorkitchen.Choosethebiggestandstrongesttableyoucanfind.Youmustnotgoanywherenearthewindowanddon’tgooutontothebalcony阳台.Oncethetremorshavestoppedyoucancomeoutfromunderthetablebutyoumustleavethebuildingstraightaway.Youshouldwalkdownthestairsandshouldnotusethelift-theremaybeapowercutasaresultoftheearthquakeandyoucouldfindyourselftrappedinsidetheliftforhours. Inthestreet Ifyouareinthestreetwhentheearthquaketakesplacedonotstandnearbuildingsfencesorwalls--moveawayasquicklyaspossiblearidtrytofindalargeopenspacetowaitin.Standingundertreescouldalsobedangerous. Ifyouareathomewhenanearthquakeoccursstandnearabigtable
High-TechWarfare战争 Todayhigh-techwarfareisnolongeranabstractconceptbutarealissue. Technology______51tacticssociologyandthedevelopmentofweaponry武器.Italsocausesthechangesinbattles.Thenwhatarethenewcharacteristicsofmodernbattles______52bytheapplicationofhightechnologies? High4echwarfarenaturallyincludeshightechnology.Inmodernbattlesasinglekindofweaponcanhardlybe______53.Variousweaponrysuchasintelligencedetectionandinformationprocessingshould______54wellwitheachother.Aerial航空的weaponrybecomesthemainforceinbattlesinthesky.Precisionhoming精确自导weaponrylikecruisemissilesandmissiles______55satellitehomingsystemsbecomesthemainattackweapons. Battlecontrolsystemsplayadominantrole.Variousweaponsandlogistics后勤systemsare______56intoacomprehensiveframeworkcentrallyrepresentingthemodernhigh4echweaponry.Dependingonvarious______57equipmentandmeansinelectronicwarfareourarmywillnotbepassivelybeaten.______58thebattlefieldhigh-techwarfarehascreatedatypeofnon-linear非线性的chaos. Becauseoftheuseoflong-rangeprecisionweaponrytheoppositepartiesinwarfarecan’ttouchorseeeachotheranddistanceisnolongerthedecisivefactoraffectingthe______59ofbattlesitishardtoclearlydefinethelinesbetweenthefrontierandtherearaswellasattackanddefense.Thetraditionalthree-dimensionalair-seabattlefieldwillbe______60bythemulti-dimensionalbattlefieldcomposedofairseamagneticelectricalandinformationbattlefields.Nolarge-scalemovementscanbeconducted______61. Becausemodernweaponrysystemsarecloselyrelatedtochainsofdemandandcommunicationandelectronictechnologytheparties______62havetopayattentiontotheusufruct使用权andcontrolofelectromagneticfrequencyspectrum.Soelectronicwarfarebecomes______63importantandthenecessaryguaranteeofvictory.Whatever64warfaregoestoandwhatevercloak宽大外衣itwearsitalwaysviolatespeaceandbringstheworldbloodshed流血.Mostpeoplethinkofhightechnologyasa______65toenhanceetheirlivesandtheydon’twishittobeusedtodestroylives.
Iwasn’t{{U}}qualified{{/U}}forthejobreallybutIgotitanyhow
Earthquake Howdoesanearthquakestart? Whatmakesanearthquakehappen?Therockoftheearth’scrust地壳mayhaveafault’akindofbreakinthesurface. Theblockswhichmakeuptheearthmoveandsometimesthismaycausethesidesofthefaulttomoveupanddownorlengthways纵向地againsteachother.Whenonepieceofrockstartstorubonanotherwithgreatforcealotofenergyisused.Thisenergyischangedintovibrations振动anditisthesevibrationsthatwereefasanearthquake.ThevibrationscantravelthousandsofkilometersandsoanearthquakeinTurkeymaybefeltinGreece. Whattododuringanearthquake? Atschool Assoonastheearthquakestartsstudentsshouldgetunderthedesksimmediatelyandwaituntiltheteachertellsthemitissafetocomeout.Theteachershouldatthesametimegoimmediatelytotheteacher’sdeskgetunderneath在下面itandstaytheretillthedangerisover.Studentsmustnotarguewiththeteacherorquestioninstructions. Assoonasthetremors震动stopallstudentsshouldwalktowardstheexitandgostraighttotheschoolplaygroundoranyopenspacesuchasasquareorapark.Theymustwaitthereuntiltheteachertellsthemitissafetogo. Athome Ifyouareathomewhentheearthquakeoccursgetimmediatelyunderthetableinthelivingroomorkitchen.Choosethebiggestandstrongesttableyoucanfind.Youmustnotgoanywherenearthewindowanddon’tgooutontothebalcony阳台.Oncethetremorshavestoppedyoucancomeoutfromunderthetablebutyoumustleavethebuildingstraightaway.Youshouldwalkdownthestairsandshouldnotusethelift-theremaybeapowercutasaresultoftheearthquakeandyoucouldfindyourselftrappedinsidetheliftforhours. Inthestreet Ifyouareinthestreetwhentheearthquaketakesplacedonotstandnearbuildingsfencesorwalls--moveawayasquicklyaspossiblearidtrytofindalargeopenspacetowaitin.Standingundertreescouldalsobedangerous. Assoonasanearthquakeoccursstudentsshouldleavethebuilding
FemaleBullfighting Itwasauniqueeye-catchingsight:anattractivewomaninashinybullfighter’ssuitswordinhandfacingthesharphornsofablack500-kilogrambeast. MostpeoplethoughtthedaysoffemalebullfightingwereoverinSpain_____46 ThefirstwomanfighterCristinaSanchezquitin1999becauseofmalediscrimination歧视ButVegaisdeterminedtobreakintowhatcouldbeSpain’smostresistantmalefield_____47 Spanishwomenhaveconqueredalmostallmaleprofessions._____48Thebulldoesnotaskforyouridentitycardshesaidinaninterviewafewyearsago.Sheinsistedthatshebejudgedforherskillsratherthanherfemaleness. Vegabecameamatador斗牛士in1997inthesouthwesterncityofCaceres._____49SheenteredabullfightingschoolinMalagaatagenineandperformedherfirstmajorbullfightatage14.ShehasfacedasmuchoppositionasSanchezdid.AndthedifficultieshavemadehergrowintoaverystrongbullfighterherbrotherJorgesays. The1.68-metretallandsomewhatshyVegasaysherloveofbullfightingdoesnotmakeheranylessofawoman._____50
27Itismoredifficultfortoday’sathletes. 28Wedon’tknowifthereisalimit. 29Researchhashelpedcoaches. 30Scientificadvancesaresuspected.
Jackisa{{U}}diligent{{/U}}student
TheScienceofSport 1Atthe2004OlympicGamesinAthenstheChineseathleteLiuXiangequaledtheworldrecordforthe110metreshurdles跨栏whenherantheracein12.91seconds.Thisrecordtimehadbeensetin1993byBritishsprinter短跑运动员ColinJacksonand9yearswentbybeforeanotherathletewasabletorunasfast. 2Record-breakinginalltrackeventsisslowingdownandweappeartobemovingmuchclosertothelimitsofhumanperformance.Neverthelesseveryfouryearsrecordswhichwerepreviouslythoughttobeunbeatablearebroken.Sowhat’sbehindthisnever-endingimprovementinperformanceAndhowlongcanwekeepbreakingrecordsIstherealimittohumanperformanceorwillathletescontinuetogainseconds 3Mostexpertsagreethatitisn’ttheathletes’bodieswhichhavechangedbutthehugeadvancesinsportsciencewhichhaveenabledthemtoimprovetheirperformances.Theindividualathleteobviouslyhastohavethenecessaryskillanddeterminationtosucceedbutthehelpofscienceandtechnologycanbesignificant.Researchhasbroughtabetterunderstandingoftheathlete’sbodyandmindbuttheadvancesinsportsequipmenttechnologyhavealsohadanimportantimpactonhumanperformance. 4Scientistshaveshownthatanathlete’sbody’sneedsvaryaccordingtothetypeofsport.Thisresearchhashelpedtopsportspeopletoadapttheirtrainingprogrammeanddietbettertotheirparticularneeds.Runningthemarathonandcyclingforexampleareendurance耐力sportsandrequireadifferentparathion硝苯硫磷脂tothatofa100-metresprinter.Insomesportschangesintechniqueshavesignificantlyimprovedperformance. 5Butinanysportaplayer’ssuccessorfailureresultsfromacombinationofbothphysicalandmentalabilities.Mostcoachesusepsychologicaltechniquestohelptheirathletescopewithstressandconcentrateontheirperformance.ForexampletheEnglishfootballteamlistenstomusicinthechangingroomsbeforeagametohelptheplayersrelaxandnotfeelsonervous.Beforeadifficultmatchtennisplayersareencouragedtousevisualization相象techniquestobuildconfidenceandthisisalmostasgoodaspractice. 6ButassciencebeginstodominatesportareweindangeroflosingsightoftheheartofthecompetitionthesportingchallengeWhat’smorearealltheseadvantagesfair 23Paragraph2___________ 24Paragraph3___________ 25Paragraph4___________ 26Paragraph5___________
ObtainingDrinkingWaterfromAirHumidity Notaplanttobeseenthedesertgroundistoodry.Buttheaircontainswaterandresearchscientistshavefounda_____51ofobtainingdrinkingwaterfromairhumidity.Thesystemisbasedcompletelyonrenewableenergyandisthereforeautonomous. Crackspermeatethedried-outdesertgroundandthelandscapebearstestimonytothelackofwater.Butevenherewheretherearenolakesriversorgroundwaterconsiderablequantitiesofwaterarestoredintheair.IntheNegevdesertinIsraelforexampleannualaveragerelativeairhumidityis64percent—ineverycubicmeterofairthereare11.5millilitersofwater. Germanresearchscientistshavefoundawayofconvertingthisairhumidityautonomouslyintodrinkablewater.Theprocesswehavedevelopedisbasedexclusivelyonrenewableenergysources_____52thermalsolarcollectorsandphotovoltaiccells_____53makesthismethodcompletelyenergy-autonomous.Itwill_____54functioninregionswherethereisnoelectricalinfrastructuresaysSiegfriedEgnerheadoftheresearchteam.Theprincipleofthe_____55isasfollows:hygroscopicbrine—salinesolutionwhichabsorbsmoisture—runsdownatower-shapedunitandabsorbswaterfromtheair.Itisthensucked_____56atankafewmetersoffthegroundinwhichavacuumprevails.Energyfromsolarcollectors_____57upthebrinewhichisdilutedbythewaterithas_____58. Becauseofthevacuumtheboilingpointoftheliquidislowerthanitwouldbeunder_____59atmosphericpressure.Thiseffectisknownfromthemountains:astheatmosphericpressurethereislowerthaninthevalleywaterboilsattemperaturesdistinctlybelow100℃.Theevaporatednon-salinewateriscondensedandrunsdownthroughacompletelyfilledtubeinacontrolledmanner.Thegravityofthiswatercolumn_____60producesthevacuumandsoavacuumpumpisnotneeded.Thereconcentratedbrine_____61downthetowersurfaceagaintoabsorbmoisturefromtheair. Theconceptissuitableforvariouswater_____62.Single-personunitsandplantssupplyingwatertoentirehotelsareconceivablesaysEgner.Prototypeshavebeenbuiltfor_____63systemcomponents—airmoistureabsorptionandvacuumevaporation—andtheresearchscientistshavealready_____64theirinterplayonalaboratoryscale.Inafurther_____65theresearchersintendtodevelopademonstrationfacility.
FemaleBullfighting Itwasauniqueeye-catchingsight:anattractivewomaninashinybullfighter’ssuitswordinhandfacingthesharphornsofablack500-kilogrambeast. MostpeoplethoughtthedaysoffemalebullfightingwereoverinSpain_____46 ThefirstwomanfighterCristinaSanchezquitin1999becauseofmalediscrimination歧视ButVegaisdeterminedtobreakintowhatcouldbeSpain’smostresistantmalefield_____47 Spanishwomenhaveconqueredalmostallmaleprofessions._____48Thebulldoesnotaskforyouridentitycardshesaidinaninterviewafewyearsago.Sheinsistedthatshebejudgedforherskillsratherthanherfemaleness. Vegabecameamatador斗牛士in1997inthesouthwesterncityofCaceres._____49SheenteredabullfightingschoolinMalagaatagenineandperformedherfirstmajorbullfightatage14.ShehasfacedasmuchoppositionasSanchezdid.AndthedifficultieshavemadehergrowintoaverystrongbullfighterherbrotherJorgesays. The1.68-metretallandsomewhatshyVegasaysherloveofbullfightingdoesnotmakeheranylessofawoman._____50
TheScienceofSport 1Atthe2004OlympicGamesinAthenstheChineseathleteLiuXiangequaledtheworldrecordforthe110metreshurdles跨栏whenherantheracein12.91seconds.Thisrecordtimehadbeensetin1993byBritishsprinter短跑运动员ColinJacksonand9yearswentbybeforeanotherathletewasabletorunasfast. 2Record-breakinginalltrackeventsisslowingdownandweappeartobemovingmuchclosertothelimitsofhumanperformance.Neverthelesseveryfouryearsrecordswhichwerepreviouslythoughttobeunbeatablearebroken.Sowhat’sbehindthisnever-endingimprovementinperformanceAndhowlongcanwekeepbreakingrecordsIstherealimittohumanperformanceorwillathletescontinuetogainseconds 3Mostexpertsagreethatitisn’ttheathletes’bodieswhichhavechangedbutthehugeadvancesinsportsciencewhichhaveenabledthemtoimprovetheirperformances.Theindividualathleteobviouslyhastohavethenecessaryskillanddeterminationtosucceedbutthehelpofscienceandtechnologycanbesignificant.Researchhasbroughtabetterunderstandingoftheathlete’sbodyandmindbuttheadvancesinsportsequipmenttechnologyhavealsohadanimportantimpactonhumanperformance. 4Scientistshaveshownthatanathlete’sbody’sneedsvaryaccordingtothetypeofsport.Thisresearchhashelpedtopsportspeopletoadapttheirtrainingprogrammeanddietbettertotheirparticularneeds.Runningthemarathonandcyclingforexampleareendurance耐力sportsandrequireadifferentparathion硝苯硫磷脂tothatofa100-metresprinter.Insomesportschangesintechniqueshavesignificantlyimprovedperformance. 5Butinanysportaplayer’ssuccessorfailureresultsfromacombinationofbothphysicalandmentalabilities.Mostcoachesusepsychologicaltechniquestohelptheirathletescopewithstressandconcentrateontheirperformance.ForexampletheEnglishfootballteamlistenstomusicinthechangingroomsbeforeagametohelptheplayersrelaxandnotfeelsonervous.Beforeadifficultmatchtennisplayersareencouragedtousevisualization相象techniquestobuildconfidenceandthisisalmostasgoodaspractice. 6ButassciencebeginstodominatesportareweindangeroflosingsightoftheheartofthecompetitionthesportingchallengeWhat’smorearealltheseadvantagesfair 23Paragraph2___________ 24Paragraph3___________ 25Paragraph4___________ 26Paragraph5___________
第一篇 RecyclingAroundtheWorld Recyclingisoneofthebestenvironmentalsuccessstoriesofthelate20thcentury.Butwecoulddomore.Peoplemustnotseerecycling.asfashionablebutessential. TheJapaneseareverygoodatrecyclingbecausetheyliveinacrowdedcountry. Theydonothavemuchspace.Theydonotwanttosharetheirlimitedspacewithrubbish.ButevensoTokyoareaaloneisestimatedtohavethreemilliontonsofleftoverrubbishatpresent. In1996theUnitedStatesrecycledandcomposted制成肥料57milliontonsofwaste27%ofthenation’ssolidwaste.Thisis57milliontonsofwastewhichdidnotgointolandfillsandincinerators焚化炉.Indoingthis7000rubbishcollectionprogrammesandrecyclingcentreshelpedtheauthorities. InRockfordacityinIllinoisUSitsofficialschooseonehouseeachweekandcheckitsgarbage废物.Ifthegarbagedoesnotcontainanynewspapersoraluminium铝cansthentheresidentofthehousegetsaprizeofatleast$1000. InJapancertaincitiesgivechildrenweeklysuppliesoftissuepaperandtoiletpaperinexchangeforaweeklycollectionofnewspapers. InoneyearBritainrecycles: ?1outofevery3newspapers. ?1outofevery4glassbottlesandjars罐子. ?1outofevery4itemsofclothing. ?1outofevery3aluminiumdrinkcans. In1999HongKongtransported1.3milliontonsofwastetomainlandChinaforrecycling.Around535000tonsofwastewererecycledinHongKongitself. Overhalfthethingswethrowawaycouldberecycled.Thatmeanswecouldrecycle10timesasmuchaswedonow. Howeverrecyclingneedsalotoforganisationandspecialequipment.Alsothereisnotmuchuseforsomerecycledmaterial. HowmuchwastedidtheUSrecyclein1996?
第三篇 IstheTieaNecessity? TiesornecktieshavebeenasymbolofpolitenessandeleganceinBritainforcenturies.ButthecasualPrimeMinisterTonyBlairhasproblemswiththem.Reportssuggestthateventhecivilservantsmaystopwearingties.SoarethefamouslyformalBritishreallygoingtoabandontheneckties? Maybe.LastweektheUK’sCabinetSecretaryAndrewTurnbullopenlywelcomedatielessera.Fiehintedthatcivilservantswouldsoonbefreeofthecostliest12inchesoffabricthatmostmeneverbuyintheirlives. InfactBlairshowedthisattitudewhenhehadhisfirstgueststoacocktailparty.Manyofthemwerecelebrities知名人士withouttieswhichwouldhavebeenunimaginableevenintherecentpast. ForsomemoreconservativeBritishthetieisamustforproperappearance.EarlierLaborleaderJimCallaghansaidhewouldhavediedratherthanhavehischildrenseeninpublicwithoutatie.ForpeoplelikeCallaghanthetiewasasignofbeingcompleteofshowingrespect.Menweresupposedtowearatiewhengoingtochurchtoworkintheofficetoaparty-almosteverysocialoccasion. Buttodaypeoplehavebeguntoacceptacasualstyleevenforformaloccasions. Theoriginofthetieistricky.Itstartedassomethingcalledsimplyaband.Thetermcouldmeananythingaroundaman’sneck.Itappearedinfinerwaysinthe1630s.Frenchmenshowedaloveofthisparticularfashionstatement.Theirneckwear颈饰impressedCharlesIIthekingofEnglandwhowasexiled流放toFranceatthattime.WhenhereturnedtoEnglandin1660hebroughtthisnewfashionitemalongwithhim. Itwasn’thoweveruntilthelate18thcenturythatfancyyoungmenintroducedamorecolorfulflowingpieceofcloththateventuallybecameknownasthetie.Thenclubsmilitaryinstitutionsandschoolsbegantousecoloredaridpatternedtiestoindicatethewearer’smembershipinthelate19thcentury.AfterthatthetiebecameanecessaryitemofclothingforBritishgentlemen. Butnowevengentlemenaregettingtiredofties.Anywaythedayfeelsabiteasierwhenyouwakeupwithouthavingtodecidewhichtiesuitsyouandyourmood. WhobroughttheFrenchmen’sneckweartoBritain?
Everybodywas{{U}}glad{{/U}}toseeMaryback
第二篇 WalkingRobotCarriesaPerson ThefirstwalkingrobotcapableofcarryingapersonunveiledonFridayinTokyoJapan.ItscreatorsatWasedaUniversityinTokyoandtheJapaneseroboticscompany Tmsukhopetheirtwo-leggedcreationwillonedayenablewheel-chairuserstoclimbupanddownthestairsandassistthemovementofheavygoodsoverunevenground. Thebattery-poweredrobotcode-namedWL-16isessentiallyanaluminiumchairmountedontwosetsoftelescopicpoles.Thepolesareboltedtoflatplateswhichactasfeet.WL-16uses12actuators传动装置tomoveforwardsbackwardsandsidewayswhilecarryinganadultweighingupto60kilograms130pounds.Therobotcanadjustitsbodyandwalksmoothlyevenifthepersonitiscarryingshiftsinthechair.Atpresentitcanonlystepupordownafewmillimetersbuttheteamplanstomakeitcapableofdealingwithanormalflightofstairs. Ibelievethisbipedal两足的robotwhichIprefertocallatwo-leggedwalkingchairratherthanawheel-chairwilleventuallyenablepeopletogoupanddownthestairssaidAtsuoTakanishifromWasedaUniversity. WehavehadstrongrobotsforsometimebutusuallytheyhavebeenmanipulatorstheyhavenotbeengearedtocarryingpeoplearoundsaysRonArkinattheGeorgiaInstituteofTechnologyandroboticsconsultantforSony.ButIdon’tknowhowsafeandhowuser-friendlyWL-16is. TmsukchiefexecutiveYoichiTakamotoarguesthatbipedalormulti-leggedrobotswillbemoreusefulthanso-calledcaterpillar毛毛虫modelsformovingoverunevenground. WL-16’snormalwalkingstepmeasures30centimetresbutitcanstretchitslegsto136cmapart.Theprototype原型iscurrentlyradio-controlledbuttheresearchteamplanstoequipitwithastick-likecontrollerfortheuserinfuture.TakanishisaiditwilltakeatleasttwoyearstodeveloptheWL-16prototypeintoaworkingmodel. Smallerground-hugging紧贴地面行走的robotshavebeendevelopedtopassacrosstrickyground.Onemaggot-like像蛆一样的deviceusesamagneticfluidtopulseitswayalongwhileanothersnake-likerobotusessmartsoftwaretodevisenewmovementstrategiesifthelandscapeaffectsanyonepart.Oneball-shapedrobotevenusesaleap-and-bounceapproachtotraveloverroughterritory.Butnoneofthesearebigorstrongenoughtocarryapersontoo. TherobotpresentedtothepubliconFridayinTokyoJapan
27Itismoredifficultfortoday’sathletes. 28Wedon’tknowifthereisalimit. 29Researchhashelpedcoaches. 30Scientificadvancesaresuspected.
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