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InYourFace Whyisthismansoangry?Wedon’tknowthereasonbutwecanseetheemotioninhisface.Whatevercultureyoucomefromyoucanexpressing. FortyyearsagopsychologistPaulEkmanoftheUniversityofCaliforniaSanFranciscobecameinterestedinhowpeople’sfacesshowtheirfeelings.HetookphotographsofAmericansexpressingvariousemotions.ThenheshowedthemtotheForepeoplewholiveinthejungleinNewGuinea.MostoftheForehadneverseenforeignfacesbuttheyeasilyunderstoodAmericans’expressionsofangerhappinesssadnessdisgustfearandsurprise. ThenEkmandidthesameexperimentinreverse.HeshowedpicturesofForefacestoAmericansandtheresultsweresimilar.AmericanshadnoproblemsreadingtheemotionsontheForepeople’sfaces.Ekman’sresearchgavepowerfulsupporttothetheorythatfacialexpressionsforbasicemotionsarethesameeverywhere.HedidmoreresearchinJapanBrazilandArgentinaandgotthesameresults. AccordingtoEkmanthesesixemotionsareuniversalbecausetheyarebuiltintoourbrains.Theydevelopedtohelpusdealwiththingsquicklythatmighthurtus.Someemotionaltriggersareuniversalaswell.Whensomethingsuddenlycomesintosightpeoplefeelfearbecauseitmightbedangerous.Butmostemotionaltriggersarelearned.Forexampletwopeoplemightsmellnewlycutgrass.Onepersonspentwonderfulsummersinthecountryasachildsothesmellmakeshimhappy.Theotherpersonremembersworkingveryhardonafarmandbeinghungrysohefeelssad. Butwecanlearntomanageouremotionsbetter.Forinstancewecanbemoreawareofthingsthatmakeusangryandwecanthinkbeforewereact. Therearemanydifferencesbetweenculturesintheirlanguagesandcustoms.Butasmileisexactlythesameeverywhere.PaulEkmanstudiespeople’sfacesindifferentcultures.
Thetowerremainsintactevenaftertwohundredyears.
ScientistsDevelopWaysofDetectingHeartAttack Germanresearchershavecomeupwithanewgenerationofdefibrillators除颤器andearly-warningsoftwareaimedatofferingheartpatientsgreater_________51fromsuddendeathfromcardiacarrest心脏停搏. InGermanyalonearound100000peopledieannually_________52aresultofcardiacarrestandmanyofthesecasesarecausedbydisruptiontotheheart’srhythm.Thosemostat_________53arepatientswhohavealreadysufferedaheartattackandforyearstheuseofdefibrillatorshasprovedusefulin_________54life-threateningdisruptionstoheartrhythmsandcorrectingthemautomaticallybyinterveningwithinseconds.Thesedevices_________55onarangeoffunctionssuchasthatofpacemaker起搏器 HeartspecialistsatFreiburg’sUniversityClinichavenowachievedabreakthroughwithanimplanteddefibrillator_________56ofgeneratingasix-channelelectrocardiogramECG心电图withinthebody.Thisintegratedsystemallows_________57diagnosisofsevereblood-flowproblemsandapending即将发生的heartattack.Itwill.beimplantedin_________58forthefirsttimethisyear.MeanwhileresearchersattheFraunhoferInstituteforAppliedMathematicsinKaiserslauternhavedevelopednewcomputersoftwarethat_________59theevaluationofECGdatamoreprecise. Theoverwhelmingmajorityofpatientsatriskwillnothaveanimplanteddefibrillatorandmustforthis_________60undergoregularECGs.Manyofthecurrentprogramsonlytakeinto_________61alinearcorrelationofthedata.Wearehowevermakinguseofanon-linearprocess_________62revealsthechaoticpatternsofheartbeatsasanopenandcomplexsystemHagenKnafsays.Inthiswaychangesintheheart_________63overtimecanbemonitoredandindividualvariationsinpatientstakenintoaccount.AnoldstudyofECGdatabasedupon600patientswhohadtocomparerisksandtoshowthatthenewsoftwareevaluatestheconsiderablybetter.
Rumorsbegantocirculateabouthisfinancialproblems.
ComeoutorI’llbustthedoordown.
ScientistsDevelopWaysofDetectingHeartAttack Germanresearchershavecomeupwithanewgenerationofdefibrillators除颤器andearly-warningsoftwareaimedatofferingheartpatientsgreater_________51fromsuddendeathfromcardiacarrest心脏停搏. InGermanyalonearound100000peopledieannually_________52aresultofcardiacarrestandmanyofthesecasesarecausedbydisruptiontotheheart’srhythm.Thosemostat_________53arepatientswhohavealreadysufferedaheartattackandforyearstheuseofdefibrillatorshasprovedusefulin_________54life-threateningdisruptionstoheartrhythmsandcorrectingthemautomaticallybyinterveningwithinseconds.Thesedevices_________55onarangeoffunctionssuchasthatofpacemaker起搏器 HeartspecialistsatFreiburg’sUniversityClinichavenowachievedabreakthroughwithanimplanteddefibrillator_________56ofgeneratingasix-channelelectrocardiogramECG心电图withinthebody.Thisintegratedsystemallows_________57diagnosisofsevereblood-flowproblemsandapending即将发生的heartattack.Itwill.beimplantedin_________58forthefirsttimethisyear.MeanwhileresearchersattheFraunhoferInstituteforAppliedMathematicsinKaiserslauternhavedevelopednewcomputersoftwarethat_________59theevaluationofECGdatamoreprecise. Theoverwhelmingmajorityofpatientsatriskwillnothaveanimplanteddefibrillatorandmustforthis_________60undergoregularECGs.Manyofthecurrentprogramsonlytakeinto_________61alinearcorrelationofthedata.Wearehowevermakinguseofanon-linearprocess_________62revealsthechaoticpatternsofheartbeatsasanopenandcomplexsystemHagenKnafsays.Inthiswaychangesintheheart_________63overtimecanbemonitoredandindividualvariationsinpatientstakenintoaccount.AnoldstudyofECGdatabasedupon600patientswhohadtocomparerisksandtoshowthatthenewsoftwareevaluatestheconsiderablybetter.
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InYourFace Whyisthismansoangry?Wedon’tknowthereasonbutwecanseetheemotioninhisface.Whatevercultureyoucomefromyoucanexpressing. FortyyearsagopsychologistPaulEkmanoftheUniversityofCaliforniaSanFranciscobecameinterestedinhowpeople’sfacesshowtheirfeelings.HetookphotographsofAmericansexpressingvariousemotions.ThenheshowedthemtotheForepeoplewholiveinthejungleinNewGuinea.MostoftheForehadneverseenforeignfacesbuttheyeasilyunderstoodAmericans’expressionsofangerhappinesssadnessdisgustfearandsurprise. ThenEkmandidthesameexperimentinreverse.HeshowedpicturesofForefacestoAmericansandtheresultsweresimilar.AmericanshadnoproblemsreadingtheemotionsontheForepeople’sfaces.Ekman’sresearchgavepowerfulsupporttothetheorythatfacialexpressionsforbasicemotionsarethesameeverywhere.HedidmoreresearchinJapanBrazilandArgentinaandgotthesameresults. AccordingtoEkmanthesesixemotionsareuniversalbecausetheyarebuiltintoourbrains.Theydevelopedtohelpusdealwiththingsquicklythatmighthurtus.Someemotionaltriggersareuniversalaswell.Whensomethingsuddenlycomesintosightpeoplefeelfearbecauseitmightbedangerous.Butmostemotionaltriggersarelearned.Forexampletwopeoplemightsmellnewlycutgrass.Onepersonspentwonderfulsummersinthecountryasachildsothesmellmakeshimhappy.Theotherpersonremembersworkingveryhardonafarmandbeinghungrysohefeelssad. Butwecanlearntomanageouremotionsbetter.Forinstancewecanbemoreawareofthingsthatmakeusangryandwecanthinkbeforewereact. Therearemanydifferencesbetweenculturesintheirlanguagesandcustoms.Butasmileisexactlythesameeverywhere.AmericansgetangrymoreoftenthantheForepeoplefromNewGuinea
InYourFace Whyisthismansoangry?Wedon’tknowthereasonbutwecanseetheemotioninhisface.Whatevercultureyoucomefromyoucanexpressing. FortyyearsagopsychologistPaulEkmanoftheUniversityofCaliforniaSanFranciscobecameinterestedinhowpeople’sfacesshowtheirfeelings.HetookphotographsofAmericansexpressingvariousemotions.ThenheshowedthemtotheForepeoplewholiveinthejungleinNewGuinea.MostoftheForehadneverseenforeignfacesbuttheyeasilyunderstoodAmericans’expressionsofangerhappinesssadnessdisgustfearandsurprise. ThenEkmandidthesameexperimentinreverse.HeshowedpicturesofForefacestoAmericansandtheresultsweresimilar.AmericanshadnoproblemsreadingtheemotionsontheForepeople’sfaces.Ekman’sresearchgavepowerfulsupporttothetheorythatfacialexpressionsforbasicemotionsarethesameeverywhere.HedidmoreresearchinJapanBrazilandArgentinaandgotthesameresults. AccordingtoEkmanthesesixemotionsareuniversalbecausetheyarebuiltintoourbrains.Theydevelopedtohelpusdealwiththingsquicklythatmighthurtus.Someemotionaltriggersareuniversalaswell.Whensomethingsuddenlycomesintosightpeoplefeelfearbecauseitmightbedangerous.Butmostemotionaltriggersarelearned.Forexampletwopeoplemightsmellnewlycutgrass.Onepersonspentwonderfulsummersinthecountryasachildsothesmellmakeshimhappy.Theotherpersonremembersworkingveryhardonafarmandbeinghungrysohefeelssad. Butwecanlearntomanageouremotionsbetter.Forinstancewecanbemoreawareofthingsthatmakeusangryandwecanthinkbeforewereact. Therearemanydifferencesbetweenculturesintheirlanguagesandcustoms.Butasmileisexactlythesameeverywhere.Twopeoplemightfeeldifferentemotionsaboutthesamething.
第二篇DNAFingerprinting DNAisthegeneticmaterialfoundwithinthecellnucleiofalllivingthings.InmammalsthestrandsofDNAaregroupedintostructurescalledchromosomes.WiththeexceptionofidenticalsiblingsasinidenticaltwinsthecompleteDNAofeachindividualisunique. DNAfingerprintingissometimescalledDNAtyping.ItisamethodofidentificationthatcomparesbitsofDNA.ADNAfingerprintisconstructedbyfirstdrawingoutaDNAsamplefrombodytissueorfluidsuchashairbloodorsaliva.Thesampleisthensegmentedusingenzymesandthesegmentsarearrangedbysize.ThesegmentsaremarkedwithprobesandexposedonX-rayfilmwheretheyformapatternofblackbars—theDNAfingerprint.IftheDNAfingerprintsproducedfromtwodifferentsamplesmatchthetwosamplesprobablycamefromthesameperson. DNAfingerprintingwasfirstdevelopedasanidentificationtechniquein1985.Originallyusedtodetectthepresenceofgeneticdiseasesitsooncametobeusedincriminalinvestigationsandlegalaffairs.ThefirstcriminalconvictionbasedonDNAevidenceintheUnitedStatesoccurredin1988.IncriminalinvestigationsDNAfingerprintsderivedfromevidencecollectedatthecrimescenearecomparedtotheDNAfingerprintsofsuspects.GenerallycourtshaveacceptedthereliabilityofDNAtestingandadmittedDNAtestresultsintoevidence.HoweverDNAfingerprintingiscontroversialinanumberofareas:theaccuracyoftheresultsthecostoftestingandthepossiblemisuseofthetechnique. TheaccuracyofDNAfingerprintinghasbeenchallengedforseveralreasons.FirstbecauseDNAsegmentsratherthancompleteDNAstrandsarefingerprinted;aDNAfingerprintmaynotbeunique;large-scaleresearchtoconfirmtheuniquenessofDNAfingerprintingtestresultshasnotbeenconducted.InadditionDNAfingerprintingisoftendoneinprivatelaboratoriesthatmaynotfollowuniformtestingstandardsandqualitycontrols.Alsosincehumanbeingsmustinterpretthetesthumanerrorcouldleadtofalseresults. DNAfingerprintingisexpensive.SuspectswhoareunabletoprovidetheirownDNAtoexpertsmaynotbeabletosuccessfullydefendthemselvesagainstchargesbasedonDNAevidence. WidespreaduseofDNAtestingforidentificationpurposesmayleadtotheestablishmentofaDNAfingerprintdatabase.DNAfingerprintingwasfirstusedin
第一篇WhyDon’tBabiesTalkLikeAdults? Overthepasthalf-centuryscientistshavesettledontworeasonabletheoriesrelatedtobabytalk.Onestatesthatayoungchild’sbrainneedstimetomasterlanguageinthesamewaythatitdoestomasterotherabilitiessuchasphysicalmovement.Thesecondtheorystatesthatachild’svocabularylevelisthekeyfactor.Accordingtothistheorysomekeystepshavetooccurinalogicalsequencebeforesentenceformationoccurs.Children’smathematicalknowledgedevelopsinthesameway. In2007researchersatHarvardUniversitywhowerestudyingthetwotheoriesfoundacleverwaytotestthem.Morethan20000internationallyadoptedchildrenentertheU.S.eachyear.ManyofthemnolongerheartheirbirthlanguageaftertheyarriveandtheymustlearnEnglishmoreorlessthesamewayinfantsdo一thatisbylisteningandbytrialanderror.Internationaladopteesdon’ttakeclassesoruseadictionarywhentheyarelearningtheirnewtongueandmostofthemdon’thaveawell-developedfirstlanguage.Allofthesefactorsmakethemanidealpopulationinwhichtotestthesecompetinghypothesesabouthowlanguageislearned NeuroscientistsJesseSnedekerJoyGerenandCarissaShaftostudiedthelanguagedevelopmentof27childrenadoptedfromChinabetweentheagesoftwoandfiveyears.ThesechildrenbeganlearningEnglishatanolderagethanUSnativesandhadmorematurebrainswithwhichtotacklethetask.EvensojustaswithAmerican-borninfantstheirfirstEnglishsentencesconsistedofsinglewordsandwerelargelybereft缺乏的offunctionwordswordendingsandverbs.TheadopteesthenwentthroughthesamestagesastypicalAmerican-bornchildrenthoughatafasterclip.Theadopteesandnativechildrenstartedcombiningwordsinsentenceswhentheirvocabularyreachedthesamesizesfurthersuggestingthatwhatmattersisnothowoldyouareorhowmatureyourbrainisbutthenumberofwordsyouknow. Thisfinding一thathavingmorematurebrainsdidnothelptheadopteesavoidthetoddle-talkstage一suggeststhatbabiesspeakinbabytalknotbecausetheyhavebabybrainsbutbecausetheyhaveonlyjuststartedlearningandneedtimetogainenoughvocabularytobeabletoexpandtheirconversations.Beforelongtheone-wordstagewillgivewaytothetwo-wordstageandsoon.Learninghowtochatlikeanadultisagradualprocess. Butthispotentialansweralsoraisesanevenolderandmoredifficultquestion.Adultimmigrantswholearnasecondlanguagerarelyachievethesameproficiencyinaforeignlanguageastheaveragechildraisedasanativespeaker.Researchershavelongsuspectedthereisacriticalperiodforlanguagedevelopmentafterwhichitcannotproceedwithfullsuccesstofluency.Yetwestilldonotunderstandthiscriticalperiodorknowwhyitends.WhatdoestheHarvardfindingshow?
第三篇OntheTrailoftheHoneyBadgers OnarecentfieldtriptotheKalahariDesertateamofresearcherslearntalotmoreabouthoneybadgers獾.TheteamemployedalocalwildlifeexpertKitsoKhamatohelpthemlocateandfollowthebadgersacrossthedesert.Theirmainaimwastostudythebadgers’movementsandbehaviourasdiscreetly谨慎地aspossiblewithoutfrighteningthemawayorcausingthemtochangetheirnaturalbehaviour.Theyalsoplannedtotrapafewandstudythemcloseupbeforereleasingthem.Inviewoftheanimal’sreputationthiswassomethingthatevenKhamawasreluctanttodo. Theproblemwithhoneybadgersistheyarenaturallycuriousanimalsespeciallywhentheyseesomethingnewhesays.thatcombinedwiththeirunpredictablenaturecanbeadangerousmixture.Iftheysenseyouhavefoodforexampletheywon’tbeshyaboutcomingrightuptoyouforsomethingtoeat.They’reactuallyquitesociablecreaturesaroundhumansbutassoonastheyfeeltheymightbeindangertheycanbecomeextremelyvicious凶恶的.Fortunatelythisisrarebutitdoeshappen. Theresearchconfirmedmanythingsthatwerealreadyknown.Asexpectedhoneybadgersateanycreaturestheycouldcatchandkill.Evenpoisonoussnakesfearedandavoidedbymostotheranimalswerenotsafefromthem.Theresearchersweresurprisedhoweverbytheanimal’sfondnessforlocalmelonsprobablybecauseoftheirhighwatercontent.Previouslyresearchersthoughtthattheanimalgotallofitsliquidrequirementsfromitsprey猎物.Theteamalsolearntthatcontrarytopreviousresearchfindingsthebadgersoccasionallyformedloosefamilygroups.Theywerealsoabletoconfirmcertainresultsfrompreviousresearchincludingthefatthatfemalebadgersneversocializedwitheachother. Followingsomeofthemalebadgerswasachallengesincetheycancoverlargedistancesinashortspaceoftime.Somehuntingterritoriescovermorethan500squarekilometers.Althoughtheyseemhappytosharetheseterritorieswithothermalesthereareoccasionalfightsoveranimportantfoodsourceandmalebadgerscanbeasaggressivetowardseachotherastheyaretowardsotherspecies. Asthebadgersbecameaccustomedtothepresenceofpeopleitgavetheteamthechancetogetupclosetothemwithoutbeingthesubjectoftheanimal’scuriosity—ortheirsuddenaggression.Thebadgers’eatingpatternswhichhadbeendisruptedreturnedtonormal.Italsoallowedtheteamtoobservemorecloselysomeoftheothercreaturesthatformworkingassociationswiththehoneybadgerastheseseemstoadoptthebadgers’relaxedattitudewhennearhumans.Whichofthefollowingisatypicalfeatureofmalebadgers?
ScientistsDevelopWaysofDetectingHeartAttack Germanresearchershavecomeupwithanewgenerationofdefibrillators除颤器andearly-warningsoftwareaimedatofferingheartpatientsgreater_________51fromsuddendeathfromcardiacarrest心脏停搏. InGermanyalonearound100000peopledieannually_________52aresultofcardiacarrestandmanyofthesecasesarecausedbydisruptiontotheheart’srhythm.Thosemostat_________53arepatientswhohavealreadysufferedaheartattackandforyearstheuseofdefibrillatorshasprovedusefulin_________54life-threateningdisruptionstoheartrhythmsandcorrectingthemautomaticallybyinterveningwithinseconds.Thesedevices_________55onarangeoffunctionssuchasthatofpacemaker起搏器 HeartspecialistsatFreiburg’sUniversityClinichavenowachievedabreakthroughwithanimplanteddefibrillator_________56ofgeneratingasix-channelelectrocardiogramECG心电图withinthebody.Thisintegratedsystemallows_________57diagnosisofsevereblood-flowproblemsandapending即将发生的heartattack.Itwill.beimplantedin_________58forthefirsttimethisyear.MeanwhileresearchersattheFraunhoferInstituteforAppliedMathematicsinKaiserslauternhavedevelopednewcomputersoftwarethat_________59theevaluationofECGdatamoreprecise. Theoverwhelmingmajorityofpatientsatriskwillnothaveanimplanteddefibrillatorandmustforthis_________60undergoregularECGs.Manyofthecurrentprogramsonlytakeinto_________61alinearcorrelationofthedata.Wearehowevermakinguseofanon-linearprocess_________62revealsthechaoticpatternsofheartbeatsasanopenandcomplexsystemHagenKnafsays.Inthiswaychangesintheheart_________63overtimecanbemonitoredandindividualvariationsinpatientstakenintoaccount.AnoldstudyofECGdatabasedupon600patientswhohadtocomparerisksandtoshowthatthenewsoftwareevaluatestheconsiderablybetter.
第一篇WhyDon’tBabiesTalkLikeAdults? Overthepasthalf-centuryscientistshavesettledontworeasonabletheoriesrelatedtobabytalk.Onestatesthatayoungchild’sbrainneedstimetomasterlanguageinthesamewaythatitdoestomasterotherabilitiessuchasphysicalmovement.Thesecondtheorystatesthatachild’svocabularylevelisthekeyfactor.Accordingtothistheorysomekeystepshavetooccurinalogicalsequencebeforesentenceformationoccurs.Children’smathematicalknowledgedevelopsinthesameway. In2007researchersatHarvardUniversitywhowerestudyingthetwotheoriesfoundacleverwaytotestthem.Morethan20000internationallyadoptedchildrenentertheU.S.eachyear.ManyofthemnolongerheartheirbirthlanguageaftertheyarriveandtheymustlearnEnglishmoreorlessthesamewayinfantsdo一thatisbylisteningandbytrialanderror.Internationaladopteesdon’ttakeclassesoruseadictionarywhentheyarelearningtheirnewtongueandmostofthemdon’thaveawell-developedfirstlanguage.Allofthesefactorsmakethemanidealpopulationinwhichtotestthesecompetinghypothesesabouthowlanguageislearned NeuroscientistsJesseSnedekerJoyGerenandCarissaShaftostudiedthelanguagedevelopmentof27childrenadoptedfromChinabetweentheagesoftwoandfiveyears.ThesechildrenbeganlearningEnglishatanolderagethanUSnativesandhadmorematurebrainswithwhichtotacklethetask.EvensojustaswithAmerican-borninfantstheirfirstEnglishsentencesconsistedofsinglewordsandwerelargelybereft缺乏的offunctionwordswordendingsandverbs.TheadopteesthenwentthroughthesamestagesastypicalAmerican-bornchildrenthoughatafasterclip.Theadopteesandnativechildrenstartedcombiningwordsinsentenceswhentheirvocabularyreachedthesamesizesfurthersuggestingthatwhatmattersisnothowoldyouareorhowmatureyourbrainisbutthenumberofwordsyouknow. Thisfinding一thathavingmorematurebrainsdidnothelptheadopteesavoidthetoddle-talkstage一suggeststhatbabiesspeakinbabytalknotbecausetheyhavebabybrainsbutbecausetheyhaveonlyjuststartedlearningandneedtimetogainenoughvocabularytobeabletoexpandtheirconversations.Beforelongtheone-wordstagewillgivewaytothetwo-wordstageandsoon.Learninghowtochatlikeanadultisagradualprocess. Butthispotentialansweralsoraisesanevenolderandmoredifficultquestion.Adultimmigrantswholearnasecondlanguagerarelyachievethesameproficiencyinaforeignlanguageastheaveragechildraisedasanativespeaker.Researchershavelongsuspectedthereisacriticalperiodforlanguagedevelopmentafterwhichitcannotproceedwithfullsuccesstofluency.Yetwestilldonotunderstandthiscriticalperiodorknowwhyitends.SnedekertGerenandShaftobasedtheirstudyonchildrenwho
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InYourFace Whyisthismansoangry?Wedon’tknowthereasonbutwecanseetheemotioninhisface.Whatevercultureyoucomefromyoucanexpressing. FortyyearsagopsychologistPaulEkmanoftheUniversityofCaliforniaSanFranciscobecameinterestedinhowpeople’sfacesshowtheirfeelings.HetookphotographsofAmericansexpressingvariousemotions.ThenheshowedthemtotheForepeoplewholiveinthejungleinNewGuinea.MostoftheForehadneverseenforeignfacesbuttheyeasilyunderstoodAmericans’expressionsofangerhappinesssadnessdisgustfearandsurprise. ThenEkmandidthesameexperimentinreverse.HeshowedpicturesofForefacestoAmericansandtheresultsweresimilar.AmericanshadnoproblemsreadingtheemotionsontheForepeople’sfaces.Ekman’sresearchgavepowerfulsupporttothetheorythatfacialexpressionsforbasicemotionsarethesameeverywhere.HedidmoreresearchinJapanBrazilandArgentinaandgotthesameresults. AccordingtoEkmanthesesixemotionsareuniversalbecausetheyarebuiltintoourbrains.Theydevelopedtohelpusdealwiththingsquicklythatmighthurtus.Someemotionaltriggersareuniversalaswell.Whensomethingsuddenlycomesintosightpeoplefeelfearbecauseitmightbedangerous.Butmostemotionaltriggersarelearned.Forexampletwopeoplemightsmellnewlycutgrass.Onepersonspentwonderfulsummersinthecountryasachildsothesmellmakeshimhappy.Theotherpersonremembersworkingveryhardonafarmandbeinghungrysohefeelssad. Butwecanlearntomanageouremotionsbetter.Forinstancewecanbemoreawareofthingsthatmakeusangryandwecanthinkbeforewereact. Therearemanydifferencesbetweenculturesintheirlanguagesandcustoms.Butasmileisexactlythesameeverywhere.Peopleofdifferentculturessmilewhentheyunderstandeachother.
ScientistsDevelopWaysofDetectingHeartAttack Germanresearchershavecomeupwithanewgenerationofdefibrillators除颤器andearly-warningsoftwareaimedatofferingheartpatientsgreater_________51fromsuddendeathfromcardiacarrest心脏停搏. InGermanyalonearound100000peopledieannually_________52aresultofcardiacarrestandmanyofthesecasesarecausedbydisruptiontotheheart’srhythm.Thosemostat_________53arepatientswhohavealreadysufferedaheartattackandforyearstheuseofdefibrillatorshasprovedusefulin_________54life-threateningdisruptionstoheartrhythmsandcorrectingthemautomaticallybyinterveningwithinseconds.Thesedevices_________55onarangeoffunctionssuchasthatofpacemaker起搏器 HeartspecialistsatFreiburg’sUniversityClinichavenowachievedabreakthroughwithanimplanteddefibrillator_________56ofgeneratingasix-channelelectrocardiogramECG心电图withinthebody.Thisintegratedsystemallows_________57diagnosisofsevereblood-flowproblemsandapending即将发生的heartattack.Itwill.beimplantedin_________58forthefirsttimethisyear.MeanwhileresearchersattheFraunhoferInstituteforAppliedMathematicsinKaiserslauternhavedevelopednewcomputersoftwarethat_________59theevaluationofECGdatamoreprecise. Theoverwhelmingmajorityofpatientsatriskwillnothaveanimplanteddefibrillatorandmustforthis_________60undergoregularECGs.Manyofthecurrentprogramsonlytakeinto_________61alinearcorrelationofthedata.Wearehowevermakinguseofanon-linearprocess_________62revealsthechaoticpatternsofheartbeatsasanopenandcomplexsystemHagenKnafsays.Inthiswaychangesintheheart_________63overtimecanbemonitoredandindividualvariationsinpatientstakenintoaccount.AnoldstudyofECGdatabasedupon600patientswhohadtocomparerisksandtoshowthatthenewsoftwareevaluatestheconsiderablybetter.
第二篇DNAFingerprinting DNAisthegeneticmaterialfoundwithinthecellnucleiofalllivingthings.InmammalsthestrandsofDNAaregroupedintostructurescalledchromosomes.WiththeexceptionofidenticalsiblingsasinidenticaltwinsthecompleteDNAofeachindividualisunique. DNAfingerprintingissometimescalledDNAtyping.ItisamethodofidentificationthatcomparesbitsofDNA.ADNAfingerprintisconstructedbyfirstdrawingoutaDNAsamplefrombodytissueorfluidsuchashairbloodorsaliva.Thesampleisthensegmentedusingenzymesandthesegmentsarearrangedbysize.ThesegmentsaremarkedwithprobesandexposedonX-rayfilmwheretheyformapatternofblackbars—theDNAfingerprint.IftheDNAfingerprintsproducedfromtwodifferentsamplesmatchthetwosamplesprobablycamefromthesameperson. DNAfingerprintingwasfirstdevelopedasanidentificationtechniquein1985.Originallyusedtodetectthepresenceofgeneticdiseasesitsooncametobeusedincriminalinvestigationsandlegalaffairs.ThefirstcriminalconvictionbasedonDNAevidenceintheUnitedStatesoccurredin1988.IncriminalinvestigationsDNAfingerprintsderivedfromevidencecollectedatthecrimescenearecomparedtotheDNAfingerprintsofsuspects.GenerallycourtshaveacceptedthereliabilityofDNAtestingandadmittedDNAtestresultsintoevidence.HoweverDNAfingerprintingiscontroversialinanumberofareas:theaccuracyoftheresultsthecostoftestingandthepossiblemisuseofthetechnique. TheaccuracyofDNAfingerprintinghasbeenchallengedforseveralreasons.FirstbecauseDNAsegmentsratherthancompleteDNAstrandsarefingerprinted;aDNAfingerprintmaynotbeunique;large-scaleresearchtoconfirmtheuniquenessofDNAfingerprintingtestresultshasnotbeenconducted.InadditionDNAfingerprintingisoftendoneinprivatelaboratoriesthatmaynotfollowuniformtestingstandardsandqualitycontrols.Alsosincehumanbeingsmustinterpretthetesthumanerrorcouldleadtofalseresults. DNAfingerprintingisexpensive.SuspectswhoareunabletoprovidetheirownDNAtoexpertsmaynotbeabletosuccessfullydefendthemselvesagainstchargesbasedonDNAevidence. WidespreaduseofDNAtestingforidentificationpurposesmayleadtotheestablishmentofaDNAfingerprintdatabase.IftwosistersareidenticaltwinstheircompleteDNAsare
ScientistsDevelopWaysofDetectingHeartAttack Germanresearchershavecomeupwithanewgenerationofdefibrillators除颤器andearly-warningsoftwareaimedatofferingheartpatientsgreater_________51fromsuddendeathfromcardiacarrest心脏停搏. InGermanyalonearound100000peopledieannually_________52aresultofcardiacarrestandmanyofthesecasesarecausedbydisruptiontotheheart’srhythm.Thosemostat_________53arepatientswhohavealreadysufferedaheartattackandforyearstheuseofdefibrillatorshasprovedusefulin_________54life-threateningdisruptionstoheartrhythmsandcorrectingthemautomaticallybyinterveningwithinseconds.Thesedevices_________55onarangeoffunctionssuchasthatofpacemaker起搏器 HeartspecialistsatFreiburg’sUniversityClinichavenowachievedabreakthroughwithanimplanteddefibrillator_________56ofgeneratingasix-channelelectrocardiogramECG心电图withinthebody.Thisintegratedsystemallows_________57diagnosisofsevereblood-flowproblemsandapending即将发生的heartattack.Itwill.beimplantedin_________58forthefirsttimethisyear.MeanwhileresearchersattheFraunhoferInstituteforAppliedMathematicsinKaiserslauternhavedevelopednewcomputersoftwarethat_________59theevaluationofECGdatamoreprecise. Theoverwhelmingmajorityofpatientsatriskwillnothaveanimplanteddefibrillatorandmustforthis_________60undergoregularECGs.Manyofthecurrentprogramsonlytakeinto_________61alinearcorrelationofthedata.Wearehowevermakinguseofanon-linearprocess_________62revealsthechaoticpatternsofheartbeatsasanopenandcomplexsystemHagenKnafsays.Inthiswaychangesintheheart_________63overtimecanbemonitoredandindividualvariationsinpatientstakenintoaccount.AnoldstudyofECGdatabasedupon600patientswhohadtocomparerisksandtoshowthatthenewsoftwareevaluatestheconsiderablybetter.
第二篇DNAFingerprinting DNAisthegeneticmaterialfoundwithinthecellnucleiofalllivingthings.InmammalsthestrandsofDNAaregroupedintostructurescalledchromosomes.WiththeexceptionofidenticalsiblingsasinidenticaltwinsthecompleteDNAofeachindividualisunique. DNAfingerprintingissometimescalledDNAtyping.ItisamethodofidentificationthatcomparesbitsofDNA.ADNAfingerprintisconstructedbyfirstdrawingoutaDNAsamplefrombodytissueorfluidsuchashairbloodorsaliva.Thesampleisthensegmentedusingenzymesandthesegmentsarearrangedbysize.ThesegmentsaremarkedwithprobesandexposedonX-rayfilmwheretheyformapatternofblackbars—theDNAfingerprint.IftheDNAfingerprintsproducedfromtwodifferentsamplesmatchthetwosamplesprobablycamefromthesameperson. DNAfingerprintingwasfirstdevelopedasanidentificationtechniquein1985.Originallyusedtodetectthepresenceofgeneticdiseasesitsooncametobeusedincriminalinvestigationsandlegalaffairs.ThefirstcriminalconvictionbasedonDNAevidenceintheUnitedStatesoccurredin1988.IncriminalinvestigationsDNAfingerprintsderivedfromevidencecollectedatthecrimescenearecomparedtotheDNAfingerprintsofsuspects.GenerallycourtshaveacceptedthereliabilityofDNAtestingandadmittedDNAtestresultsintoevidence.HoweverDNAfingerprintingiscontroversialinanumberofareas:theaccuracyoftheresultsthecostoftestingandthepossiblemisuseofthetechnique. TheaccuracyofDNAfingerprintinghasbeenchallengedforseveralreasons.FirstbecauseDNAsegmentsratherthancompleteDNAstrandsarefingerprinted;aDNAfingerprintmaynotbeunique;large-scaleresearchtoconfirmtheuniquenessofDNAfingerprintingtestresultshasnotbeenconducted.InadditionDNAfingerprintingisoftendoneinprivatelaboratoriesthatmaynotfollowuniformtestingstandardsandqualitycontrols.Alsosincehumanbeingsmustinterpretthetesthumanerrorcouldleadtofalseresults. DNAfingerprintingisexpensive.SuspectswhoareunabletoprovidetheirownDNAtoexpertsmaynotbeabletosuccessfullydefendthemselvesagainstchargesbasedonDNAevidence. WidespreaduseofDNAtestingforidentificationpurposesmayleadtotheestablishmentofaDNAfingerprintdatabase.itcanbeinferredfromParagraph5thatDNAfingerprinting
ScientistsDevelopWaysofDetectingHeartAttack Germanresearchershavecomeupwithanewgenerationofdefibrillators除颤器andearly-warningsoftwareaimedatofferingheartpatientsgreater_________51fromsuddendeathfromcardiacarrest心脏停搏. InGermanyalonearound100000peopledieannually_________52aresultofcardiacarrestandmanyofthesecasesarecausedbydisruptiontotheheart’srhythm.Thosemostat_________53arepatientswhohavealreadysufferedaheartattackandforyearstheuseofdefibrillatorshasprovedusefulin_________54life-threateningdisruptionstoheartrhythmsandcorrectingthemautomaticallybyinterveningwithinseconds.Thesedevices_________55onarangeoffunctionssuchasthatofpacemaker起搏器 HeartspecialistsatFreiburg’sUniversityClinichavenowachievedabreakthroughwithanimplanteddefibrillator_________56ofgeneratingasix-channelelectrocardiogramECG心电图withinthebody.Thisintegratedsystemallows_________57diagnosisofsevereblood-flowproblemsandapending即将发生的heartattack.Itwill.beimplantedin_________58forthefirsttimethisyear.MeanwhileresearchersattheFraunhoferInstituteforAppliedMathematicsinKaiserslauternhavedevelopednewcomputersoftwarethat_________59theevaluationofECGdatamoreprecise. Theoverwhelmingmajorityofpatientsatriskwillnothaveanimplanteddefibrillatorandmustforthis_________60undergoregularECGs.Manyofthecurrentprogramsonlytakeinto_________61alinearcorrelationofthedata.Wearehowevermakinguseofanon-linearprocess_________62revealsthechaoticpatternsofheartbeatsasanopenandcomplexsystemHagenKnafsays.Inthiswaychangesintheheart_________63overtimecanbemonitoredandindividualvariationsinpatientstakenintoaccount.AnoldstudyofECGdatabasedupon600patientswhohadtocomparerisksandtoshowthatthenewsoftwareevaluatestheconsiderablybetter.
ScientistsDevelopWaysofDetectingHeartAttack Germanresearchershavecomeupwithanewgenerationofdefibrillators除颤器andearly-warningsoftwareaimedatofferingheartpatientsgreater_________51fromsuddendeathfromcardiacarrest心脏停搏. InGermanyalonearound100000peopledieannually_________52aresultofcardiacarrestandmanyofthesecasesarecausedbydisruptiontotheheart’srhythm.Thosemostat_________53arepatientswhohavealreadysufferedaheartattackandforyearstheuseofdefibrillatorshasprovedusefulin_________54life-threateningdisruptionstoheartrhythmsandcorrectingthemautomaticallybyinterveningwithinseconds.Thesedevices_________55onarangeoffunctionssuchasthatofpacemaker起搏器 HeartspecialistsatFreiburg’sUniversityClinichavenowachievedabreakthroughwithanimplanteddefibrillator_________56ofgeneratingasix-channelelectrocardiogramECG心电图withinthebody.Thisintegratedsystemallows_________57diagnosisofsevereblood-flowproblemsandapending即将发生的heartattack.Itwill.beimplantedin_________58forthefirsttimethisyear.MeanwhileresearchersattheFraunhoferInstituteforAppliedMathematicsinKaiserslauternhavedevelopednewcomputersoftwarethat_________59theevaluationofECGdatamoreprecise. Theoverwhelmingmajorityofpatientsatriskwillnothaveanimplanteddefibrillatorandmustforthis_________60undergoregularECGs.Manyofthecurrentprogramsonlytakeinto_________61alinearcorrelationofthedata.Wearehowevermakinguseofanon-linearprocess_________62revealsthechaoticpatternsofheartbeatsasanopenandcomplexsystemHagenKnafsays.Inthiswaychangesintheheart_________63overtimecanbemonitoredandindividualvariationsinpatientstakenintoaccount.AnoldstudyofECGdatabasedupon600patientswhohadtocomparerisksandtoshowthatthenewsoftwareevaluatestheconsiderablybetter.
TheMind-BodyConnections NormanCousinswasafamousAmericanmagazineeditor.In1964hereturnedfromanoverseastripandthenbecameveryill.Inthehospitalhehadterriblepainandcouldn’tmovehisbody.Doctorstoldhimhehadaseriousdiseasecalledankylosingspondylitis强直性脊柱炎andsaidhehadonly1chancein500ofsurviving.Theygavehimpowerfuldrugsbuthisconditiononlygotworse. Cousinshadreadaboutatheorythatnegativeemotionscanharmyourhealth.Hebelievedthatpositiveemotionsweregoodforone’shealthandhedecidedtotryanexperiment.Hewouldfillhisdayswithgoodfeelingsandlaughterandseeifthatmightimprovehiscondition. Heleftthehospitalandmovedintoahotelroom.TherehegotalargesupplyoffunnyTVprogramsandcopiesofoldMarxBrothersmoviesandcartoons.Healsohiredanursetoreadfunnystoriestohim.Hisplanwastospendthewholedaylaughingandthinkingabouthappythings.OnhisfirstnightinthehotelCousinsfoundthatlaughingatthemovieshelpedhisbodyproducechemicalsthatreducedpain.Forthefirsttimeinweekshecouldsleepcomfortablyforafewhours.Everytimethepaincamebackhewatchedanotherfunnymovieandlaugheduntilhefeltbetter. OvertimeCousinswasabletomeasurechangesinhisbodywithbloodtests.Hefoundthattheharmfulchemicalsinhisbodydecreasedatleast5percenteverytimehewatchedafunnymovie.Afterashorttimehewasabletostoptakingallofhismedications.Finallyhisconditionimprovedsomuchthathecouldgobacktowork. Cousinslaterwroteabookabouthowlaughterandhappinesshelpedhimtosurviveadeadlyillness.Manypeopledidn’tbelievehisstoryandsaidthathisdoctorswerewrongabouthisdisease.Butsincethenresearchhasfoundthatemotionsdohaveastrongeffectonphysicalhealthandexperimentsfoundthatlaughtercanhelptoreducepain.Scientiststodayareworkingtounderstandthewaysthatourmindsaffectourbodies. NormanGousinsbecameillwhilehewastravelinginanothercountry.
第三篇OntheTrailoftheHoneyBadgers OnarecentfieldtriptotheKalahariDesertateamofresearcherslearntalotmoreabouthoneybadgers獾.TheteamemployedalocalwildlifeexpertKitsoKhamatohelpthemlocateandfollowthebadgersacrossthedesert.Theirmainaimwastostudythebadgers’movementsandbehaviourasdiscreetly谨慎地aspossiblewithoutfrighteningthemawayorcausingthemtochangetheirnaturalbehaviour.Theyalsoplannedtotrapafewandstudythemcloseupbeforereleasingthem.Inviewoftheanimal’sreputationthiswassomethingthatevenKhamawasreluctanttodo. Theproblemwithhoneybadgersistheyarenaturallycuriousanimalsespeciallywhentheyseesomethingnewhesays.thatcombinedwiththeirunpredictablenaturecanbeadangerousmixture.Iftheysenseyouhavefoodforexampletheywon’tbeshyaboutcomingrightuptoyouforsomethingtoeat.They’reactuallyquitesociablecreaturesaroundhumansbutassoonastheyfeeltheymightbeindangertheycanbecomeextremelyvicious凶恶的.Fortunatelythisisrarebutitdoeshappen. Theresearchconfirmedmanythingsthatwerealreadyknown.Asexpectedhoneybadgersateanycreaturestheycouldcatchandkill.Evenpoisonoussnakesfearedandavoidedbymostotheranimalswerenotsafefromthem.Theresearchersweresurprisedhoweverbytheanimal’sfondnessforlocalmelonsprobablybecauseoftheirhighwatercontent.Previouslyresearchersthoughtthattheanimalgotallofitsliquidrequirementsfromitsprey猎物.Theteamalsolearntthatcontrarytopreviousresearchfindingsthebadgersoccasionallyformedloosefamilygroups.Theywerealsoabletoconfirmcertainresultsfrompreviousresearchincludingthefatthatfemalebadgersneversocializedwitheachother. Followingsomeofthemalebadgerswasachallengesincetheycancoverlargedistancesinashortspaceoftime.Somehuntingterritoriescovermorethan500squarekilometers.Althoughtheyseemhappytosharetheseterritorieswithothermalesthereareoccasionalfightsoveranimportantfoodsourceandmalebadgerscanbeasaggressivetowardseachotherastheyaretowardsotherspecies. Asthebadgersbecameaccustomedtothepresenceofpeopleitgavetheteamthechancetogetupclosetothemwithoutbeingthesubjectoftheanimal’scuriosity—ortheirsuddenaggression.Thebadgers’eatingpatternswhichhadbeendisruptedreturnedtonormal.Italsoallowedtheteamtoobservemorecloselysomeoftheothercreaturesthatformworkingassociationswiththehoneybadgerastheseseemstoadoptthebadgers’relaxedattitudewhennearhumans.WhatdoesKitsoKhamasayabouthoneybadgers?
ScientistsDevelopWaysofDetectingHeartAttack Germanresearchershavecomeupwithanewgenerationofdefibrillators除颤器andearly-warningsoftwareaimedatofferingheartpatientsgreater_________51fromsuddendeathfromcardiacarrest心脏停搏. InGermanyalonearound100000peopledieannually_________52aresultofcardiacarrestandmanyofthesecasesarecausedbydisruptiontotheheart’srhythm.Thosemostat_________53arepatientswhohavealreadysufferedaheartattackandforyearstheuseofdefibrillatorshasprovedusefulin_________54life-threateningdisruptionstoheartrhythmsandcorrectingthemautomaticallybyinterveningwithinseconds.Thesedevices_________55onarangeoffunctionssuchasthatofpacemaker起搏器 HeartspecialistsatFreiburg’sUniversityClinichavenowachievedabreakthroughwithanimplanteddefibrillator_________56ofgeneratingasix-channelelectrocardiogramECG心电图withinthebody.Thisintegratedsystemallows_________57diagnosisofsevereblood-flowproblemsandapending即将发生的heartattack.Itwill.beimplantedin_________58forthefirsttimethisyear.MeanwhileresearchersattheFraunhoferInstituteforAppliedMathematicsinKaiserslauternhavedevelopednewcomputersoftwarethat_________59theevaluationofECGdatamoreprecise. Theoverwhelmingmajorityofpatientsatriskwillnothaveanimplanteddefibrillatorandmustforthis_________60undergoregularECGs.Manyofthecurrentprogramsonlytakeinto_________61alinearcorrelationofthedata.Wearehowevermakinguseofanon-linearprocess_________62revealsthechaoticpatternsofheartbeatsasanopenandcomplexsystemHagenKnafsays.Inthiswaychangesintheheart_________63overtimecanbemonitoredandindividualvariationsinpatientstakenintoaccount.AnoldstudyofECGdatabasedupon600patientswhohadtocomparerisksandtoshowthatthenewsoftwareevaluatestheconsiderablybetter.
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