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Since ancient times people have found various ways to preserve meat.
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BrandsThewordbrandisacomprehensivetermthatencompasses包含othernarrowerterms.46Abranddifferentiatesonesener’sproductsfromthoseofcompetitors.Abrandnameconsistsofwordslettersand/ornumbersthatcanbevocalized.Abrandmarkisthepartofthebrandthatappearsintheformofasymboldesignordistinctivecoloringorlettering.47Atrademarkisabrandthatisgivenlegalprotectionbecauseunderthelawithasbeenappropriatedbyoneseller.48Alltrademarksarebrandsandthusincludethewordslettersornumbersthatcanbepronounced.Theymayalsoincludeapictorialdesign.Somepeopleerroneouslybelievethatthetrademarkisonlythepictorialpartofthebrand.Onemajormethodofclassifyingbrandsisonthebasisofwhoownsthem—producersormiddlemen.49Thetermsnationalandprivatehavebeenusedtodescribeproducerandmiddlemanbrandownershiprespectively.50Tosaythatthebrandofpoultry家禽feedmarketedinthreestatesbyasmallBirminghamAlabamamanufacturerisanationalbrandwhereasthebrandsofPenhey’sorSearsareprivatebrandsstretchesthemeaningofthetermsnationalandprivate.A.Itisrecognizedbysightbutmaynotbeexpressedwhenapersonpronouncesthebrandname.B.Thustrademarkisessentiallyalegalterm.C.Howevermarketingpeopleprefertheproducermiddlemanterminology.D.Abrandisanametermsymboland/orspecialdesignthatisintendedtoidentifythegoodsorservicesofonesellerorgroupofsellers.E.SunbeamFlorsheimSpaldingathleticproductsandSaraLeeareproducers’brandswhileAllstateShurfineSyscoCraftsmanandPenncrestaremiddlemen’sbrands.F.Amongvariousmethodsofclassifyingbrandstheonebasedonownershipiswidelyaccepte
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NewProductWillSaveLivesDrinkingwaterthatlookscleanmaystillcontainbugs虫子whichcancauseillness.AsmallcompanycalledGeneraTechnologieshasproducedatestingmethodinthreestageswhichshowswhetherwaterissafe.Thenewtestshowsifwaterneedschemicalsaddedtoittodestroyanythingharmful.ItwasinventedbyscientistDr.AdrianPattonwhostartedGenerafiveyearsago.HeandhisemployeeshavedevelopedthetesttogetherwithaBritishwatercompany.AndyHeadlandGenera’smarketingdirectorrecentlypresentedthetestataconferenceintheUSAandforecastedgoodAmericansalesforit.Generahasalreadysold11ofitstestsat$42500atimeintheUKandhasafurtherfouronorder.Itexpectstosellanother25testsbeforetheendofMarch.ThecompanysaysitistheonlytestintheUKtobeapprovedbythegovernment.GenerawasformedfiveyearsagoanduntilOctoberlastyearhadonlyfiveemployees;itnowemploys14.Mr.Headlandbelievesthatthecompanyshouldmakearound$19millionbytheendoftheyearintheUKalone.ThenewproducthasbeenacommercialsuccessintheUS
BigPollutersToldtoReportEmissionsThenewruleswouldrequire10000industrialsitesandsuppliersofpetroleumproductstosubmitthedatabeginningin2011.Suppliersoffossilfuels石油willbeaskedtoestimatehowmuchcarbondioxide二氧化碳methane甲烷andothergreenhousegasesareemittedwhenthefuelsareburnedbybusinessesandconsumersinbuildingsandcarstheagencysaid.TheE.P.A.saidithadnofirmestimateonhowmanybusinesseshadthetrainingandsystemsinplacetoreportontheiremissions.Butalargepercentageofthosecoveredbythenewregulationsarealreadyrequiredtoreportemissionsunderotherprogramssponsoredbytheagencyitsaid.Theagencysaidithadalsobeenreachingouttobusinessesandofferingtraininginhowtheemissionscanbemeasured.TheE.P.A.saidthereposingsystemwouldprovidevitaldatatobusinessesseekingtocompareandcontroltheiremissionsandbetterinformationtothegovernmentwhichhasbeentryingtoforge形成apolicyonhowtocombatclimatechangesincePresidentObamatookoffice.YettherulesproposedlastMarchremaincontroversial.Manybusinesseshaveassertedthatthereportingrequirementisafirststeptowardburdensomeandneedlessgovernmentregulation.SenatorLisaMurkowskiRepublicanofAlaskahasbeencirculatingadraftamendment修正案toafederalbudgetbillthatwouldpreventtheE.P.A.fromspendingmoneytoregulatecarbondioxideemissionsfromnon-mobilesources.Butsomebusinessorganizationshaverecentlytakenalessantagonisticstance反对态度.Wehavealwayssupportedtransparency透明度anddonotopposethereportingrequirementsaidBillKovacsseniorvicepresidentforenvironmenttechnologyandregulatoryaffairsattheUnitedStatesChamberofCommerce.BillKovacsdoesnotopposethereportingrequirement.
BrandsThewordbrandisacomprehensivetermthatencompasses包含othernarrowerterms.46Abranddifferentiatesonesener’sproductsfromthoseofcompetitors.Abrandnameconsistsofwordslettersand/ornumbersthatcanbevocalized.Abrandmarkisthepartofthebrandthatappearsintheformofasymboldesignordistinctivecoloringorlettering.47Atrademarkisabrandthatisgivenlegalprotectionbecauseunderthelawithasbeenappropriatedbyoneseller.48Alltrademarksarebrandsandthusincludethewordslettersornumbersthatcanbepronounced.Theymayalsoincludeapictorialdesign.Somepeopleerroneouslybelievethatthetrademarkisonlythepictorialpartofthebrand.Onemajormethodofclassifyingbrandsisonthebasisofwhoownsthem—producersormiddlemen.49Thetermsnationalandprivatehavebeenusedtodescribeproducerandmiddlemanbrandownershiprespectively.50Tosaythatthebrandofpoultry家禽feedmarketedinthreestatesbyasmallBirminghamAlabamamanufacturerisanationalbrandwhereasthebrandsofPenhey’sorSearsareprivatebrandsstretchesthemeaningofthetermsnationalandprivate.A.Itisrecognizedbysightbutmaynotbeexpressedwhenapersonpronouncesthebrandname.B.Thustrademarkisessentiallyalegalterm.C.Howevermarketingpeopleprefertheproducermiddlemanterminology.D.Abrandisanametermsymboland/orspecialdesignthatisintendedtoidentifythegoodsorservicesofonesellerorgroupofsellers.E.SunbeamFlorsheimSpaldingathleticproductsandSaraLeeareproducers’brandswhileAllstateShurfineSyscoCraftsmanandPenncrestaremiddlemen’sbrands.F.Amongvariousmethodsofclassifyingbrandstheonebasedonownershipiswidelyaccepte
BrandsThewordbrandisacomprehensivetermthatencompasses包含othernarrowerterms.46Abranddifferentiatesonesener’sproductsfromthoseofcompetitors.Abrandnameconsistsofwordslettersand/ornumbersthatcanbevocalized.Abrandmarkisthepartofthebrandthatappearsintheformofasymboldesignordistinctivecoloringorlettering.47Atrademarkisabrandthatisgivenlegalprotectionbecauseunderthelawithasbeenappropriatedbyoneseller.48Alltrademarksarebrandsandthusincludethewordslettersornumbersthatcanbepronounced.Theymayalsoincludeapictorialdesign.Somepeopleerroneouslybelievethatthetrademarkisonlythepictorialpartofthebrand.Onemajormethodofclassifyingbrandsisonthebasisofwhoownsthem—producersormiddlemen.49Thetermsnationalandprivatehavebeenusedtodescribeproducerandmiddlemanbrandownershiprespectively.50Tosaythatthebrandofpoultry家禽feedmarketedinthreestatesbyasmallBirminghamAlabamamanufacturerisanationalbrandwhereasthebrandsofPenhey’sorSearsareprivatebrandsstretchesthemeaningofthetermsnationalandprivate.A.Itisrecognizedbysightbutmaynotbeexpressedwhenapersonpronouncesthebrandname.B.Thustrademarkisessentiallyalegalterm.C.Howevermarketingpeopleprefertheproducermiddlemanterminology.D.Abrandisanametermsymboland/orspecialdesignthatisintendedtoidentifythegoodsorservicesofonesellerorgroupofsellers.E.SunbeamFlorsheimSpaldingathleticproductsandSaraLeeareproducers’brandswhileAllstateShurfineSyscoCraftsmanandPenncrestaremiddlemen’sbrands.F.Amongvariousmethodsofclassifyingbrandstheonebasedonownershipiswidelyaccepte
Adulteducationisthepracticeof51andeducatingadults.Thisisoftendoneintheworkplaceor52continuingeducationcoursesatsecondaryschoolsoratacollegeoruniversity.Educatingadultsdiffersfromeducating53inseveralways.Oneofthemostimportant54isthatadultshavegainedknowledgeandexperiencewhichcan55addvaluetoalearningexperienceorinterfere56it.Anotherimportantdifferenceisthatadultsfrequentlymustapplytheirknowledgeinsome57fashioninordertolearneffectively;theremustbea58andareasonableexpectationthatthenewknowledgewillhelpthemfurtherthatgoal.Oneexample59inthe1990swasthespreadofcomputertrainingcoursesin60adultsmostofthemofficeworkerscouldenroll.Thesecourseswould61basicuseoftheoperatingsystemorspecificapplication62.Becausetheskills63tointeractwithaPCweresonewmanypeople64hadbeenworkingwhite-collarjobs65tenyearsormoreeventuallytooksuchtrainingcourseseitheroftheirownwilltogaincomputerskillsandthuscangethigherpayorattherequestoftheirmanagers.
AmericanGovernmentTheUnitedStatesisafederalunionof50states.ThecapitalofnationalgovernmentisinWashingtonD.C.DistrictofColumbia.Thefederalconstitutionsetsupthestructuresofthenationalgovernmentandlistsitspowersandactivities.TheconstitutiongivesCongresstheauthoritytomakelawswhicharenecessaryforthecommondefenseandthegoodofthenation.Italsogivesthefederalgovernmentthepowertodealwithnationalandinternationalproblemsthatinvolvemorethanonestate.Allpowersthatarenotgiventothefederalgovernmentbytheconstitutionaretheresponsibilityoftheindividualstates.Thefederalgovernmenthasthreebranches-theexecutivethelegislativeandthejudicial.Thelegislativebranchmakesthelawsexecutivebranchcarriesoutthelawsandjudicialbranchinterpretsthelaws.ThePresidentheadstheexecutivebranchandtheSupremeCourtheadsthejudicialbranch.ThelegislativebranchincludesbothhousesofCongress—theSenateandtheHouseofRepresentatives.Theconstitutionlimitsthepowersofeachbranchandpreventsonebranchfromgainingtoomuchpower.ForexampleCongresscanpassaLawthePresidentmaysignit.NeverthelesstheSupremeCourtcandeclarethelawunconstitutionalandnullifyit.AllgovernmentintheUnitedStatesisofthepeoplebythepeopleandforthepeople.ThepeopleelectthePresidentandthemembersofCongress.HoweverthePresidentappointstheheadsoffederaldepartmentsandtheSupremeCourtjudges.Everycitizenvotesinsecret.Consequentlynooneknowsforwhomandindividualvotes.Thepeoplebelievethattheirgovernmentshouldprovideaframeworkandorderwithinwhichtheyareleftfreetoruntheirownlives.BasedonwhatyoucanknowfromthepassagewhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE
KitesKiteflyingisthesportofsendingupintotheairbymeansofthewindalightframecoveredwithpaperplasticorcloth.Theflamecanbeoneofmanydifferentshapesandisattachedtoalongstringheldinthehandorwoundonadrum.Kiteshavealonghistoryofpracticalapplicationandmanydifferenttypesofkitehavebeendevelopedtoservevariouspurposes.TheancientChineseusedbird-kitestocarryropesacrossriversandvalleys.Thecurrentfoldingkitewhichwilldiveexcitinglyisanimprovedtypeofsuchakite.Withitslongflatbodyandsinglepairofbird-likewingsitlooksjustlikealargebirdintheair.Themodernversionisusuallymadeoftissue-paperratherthanthetraditionalsilk:Man-liftingkitesweredevelopedinancienttimesagainbytheChineseforgettinginformationfromwalledcitiesandarmycamps.InfactasrecentlyasWWIIGermanU-boatsflewkitesfromtheirtowerstoliftpeopleintotheairtowatchtheland.Thesekiteswhicharenolongerinexistenceweremadeoflight-weightcloth.TheyweremuchlargerandstrongerthantheChineseones.Theirdesignhoweverwassimplythatofthecutterkite.Smallerinsizethistypeofkiteisstillverypopularasatoyforchildrenbeingeasytomakewithadiamond-shapedframenowingsandbrown-papercovering.Box-kitesareanothertypeofkitefoundintoyshopstoday.Thefirstbox-kitenamedforitsbox-likebodywasdevelopedinthenineteenthcenturytotesttheoriesofflightandthistypeofcotton-coveredkitegreatlyassistedthesuccessofearlyairplane.Thesekitesaretheancestorsofaheavierversionofthebox-kitewhichconsistsoftwomainsectionsplacedsidebyside.Developedforthepeacetimepurposeoffishinginstrongseawinditistheonlymodernkitedescribedwhichhaspracticalvalue.Along-lastingplasticmaterialhastobeusedforthiskitewhichcarriesfishinglines.Whichofthefollowingstatementsisnottrue
BigPollutersToldtoReportEmissionsThenewruleswouldrequire10000industrialsitesandsuppliersofpetroleumproductstosubmitthedatabeginningin2011.Suppliersoffossilfuels石油willbeaskedtoestimatehowmuchcarbondioxide二氧化碳methane甲烷andothergreenhousegasesareemittedwhenthefuelsareburnedbybusinessesandconsumersinbuildingsandcarstheagencysaid.TheE.P.A.saidithadnofirmestimateonhowmanybusinesseshadthetrainingandsystemsinplacetoreportontheiremissions.Butalargepercentageofthosecoveredbythenewregulationsarealreadyrequiredtoreportemissionsunderotherprogramssponsoredbytheagencyitsaid.Theagencysaidithadalsobeenreachingouttobusinessesandofferingtraininginhowtheemissionscanbemeasured.TheE.P.A.saidthereposingsystemwouldprovidevitaldatatobusinessesseekingtocompareandcontroltheiremissionsandbetterinformationtothegovernmentwhichhasbeentryingtoforge形成apolicyonhowtocombatclimatechangesincePresidentObamatookoffice.YettherulesproposedlastMarchremaincontroversial.Manybusinesseshaveassertedthatthereportingrequirementisafirststeptowardburdensomeandneedlessgovernmentregulation.SenatorLisaMurkowskiRepublicanofAlaskahasbeencirculatingadraftamendment修正案toafederalbudgetbillthatwouldpreventtheE.P.A.fromspendingmoneytoregulatecarbondioxideemissionsfromnon-mobilesources.Butsomebusinessorganizationshaverecentlytakenalessantagonisticstance反对态度.Wehavealwayssupportedtransparency透明度anddonotopposethereportingrequirementsaidBillKovacsseniorvicepresidentforenvironmenttechnologyandregulatoryaffairsattheUnitedStatesChamberofCommerce.Thenewruleshavebeenputintopracticesincelastyear.
MedicalEducationIn18th-centurycolonialAmericathosewhowantedtobecomephysicianseitherlearnedaspersonalstudentsfromestablishedprofessionalsorwentabroadtostudyinthetraditionalschoolsofLondonParisandEdinburgh.MedicinewasfirsttaughtformallybyspecialistsattheUniversityofPennsylvaniabeginningin1765andin1767atKing’sCollegenowColumbiaUniversitythefirstinstitutioninthecoloniestogivethedegreeofdoctorofmedicine.FollowingtheAmericanRevolutiontheColumbiamedicalfacultyformerlyofKing’sCollegewascombinedwiththeCollegeofPhysiciansandSurgeonscharteredin1809whichsurvivesasadivisionofColumbiaUniversity.In1893theJohnsHopkinsMedicalSchoolrequiredallapplicantstohaveacollegedegreeandwasthefirsttoafforditsstudentstheopportunitytofurthertheirtraininginanattachedteachinghospital.Thegrowthofmedicalschoolsattachedwithestablishedinstitutionsoflearningwenttogetherwiththedevelopmentofproprietaryschoolsofmedicine私人医学院runforpersonalprofitmostofwhichhadlowstandardsandpoorfacilities.In1910AbrahamFlexnertheAmericaneducationreformerwroteMedicalEducationintheUnitedStatesandCanadaexposingthepoorconditionsofmostproprietaryschools.SubsequentlytheAmericanMedicalAssociationandtheAssociationofAmericanMedicalCollegeslaiddownstandardsforcoursecontentqualificationsofteacherslaboratoryfacilitiesconnectionwithteachinghospitalsandlicensingofmedicalprofessionalsthatsurvivetothisday.Bythelate1980stheU.S.andCanadahad1424-yearmedicalcollegesrecognizedbytheLiaisonCommitteeonMedicalEducationtooffertheM.D.degree;duringthe1987-1988academicyear47262menand25686womenenteredthesecollegesandanestimated11752menand5958womenweregraduated.GraduatesafterayearofinternshipreceivelicensestopracticeiftheypassanexaminationgiveneitherbyastateboardorbytheNationalBoardofMedicalExaminers.Inthepresent-dayAmericagraduatesfrommedicalschools______.
HowtoArguewithYourBoss1Beforeyouarguewithyourbosscheckwiththeboss’ssecretarytodeterminehismood.Ifheatenailsforbreakfastitisnotagoodideatoaskhimforsomething.Evenwithouttheboss’ssecretarytheyarekeystotiming:don’tapproachthebosswhenhe’sondeadline;don’tgoinrightbeforelunchwhenheisapttobedistractedandrushed;don’tgoinjustbeforeorafterhehastakenavacation.2Ifyou’remad.thatwillonlymakeyourbossmad.Calmdownfirst.Anddon’tletaparticularconcernopenthefloodgatesforallyouraccumulatedfrustration.Thebosswillfeelthatyouthinknegativelyaboutthecompanyanditishopelesstryingtochangeyourmind.Thenmaybehewilldismissyou.3Terribledisputescanresultwhenneithertheemployernortheemployeeknowswhatistheproblemtheotherwantstodiscuss.Sometimesthefightwillgoawaywhentheissuesaremadeclear.Theemployeehastogethispointacrossclearlyinordertomakethebossunderstandit.4Yourbosshasenoughonhismindwithoutyouraddingmore.Ifyoucan’tputforwardanimmediatesolutionatleastsuggesthowtoapproachtheproblem.Peoplewhofrequentlypresentproblemswithoutsolutionstotheirbossesmaysoonfindtheycan’tgetpastthesecretary.5Todealeffectivelywithabossit’simportanttoconsiderhisgoalsandpressures.Ifyoucanputyourselfinthepositionofbeingapartnertothebossthenhewillbenaturallymoreinclinedtoworkwithyoutoachieveyourgoals.A.KeepyourvoicelowallthetimeB.Putyourselfintheboss’spositionC.ProposeyoursolutionD.Don’tgoinwhenyouareangryE.MaketheissueclearF.NevergiveinParagraph3______
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