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The Cheyenne Indians were considered spectacular riders and fierce warriors.
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[A]Butsoonthesettlerswantedbiggerfarmsandmorela
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[A]Butsoonthesettlerswantedbiggerfarmsandmo
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TheearliestimmigrantstoNorthAmericafoundIndiansalr
The Spanish.
The English.
The Negroes.
The Indians.
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EIn1789theU.S.governmentpassedalawwhichsaidthatthe
[A]Butsoonthesettlerswantedbiggerfarmsandmorela
[A]Butsoonthesettlerswantedbiggerfarmsandmo
In1789theU.S.governmentpassedalawwhichsaidthatthel
[A]Butsoonthesettlerswantedbiggerfarmsandmorela
[A]Butsoonthesettlerswantedbiggerfarmsandmo
[A]Butsoonthesettlerswantedbiggerfarmsandmorela
In1789theU.S.governmentpassedalawwhichsaidthatthel
[A]Butsoonthesettlerswantedbiggerfarmsandmorela
[A]Butsoonthesettlerswantedbiggerfarmsandmorela
[A]Butsoonthesettlerswantedbiggerfarmsandmorela
[A]Butsoonthesettlerswantedbiggerfarmsandmorela
[A]Butsoonthesettlerswantedbiggerfarmsandmo
EIn1789theUS.governmentpassedalawwhichsaidthatthel
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A.theycanfindthebeststudentsB.theuniversity’sacademicadvancementandphysicalextensionC.someofthemostdistinguishedscholarsoftheworldD.whereasportsmeetisheldeveryyearE.musthavebeenthetopstudentsintheirclassF.mustbehardworkingThosehighschoolgraduateswhocanenterStanfordUniversity______.
Once-dailyPillCouldSimplifyHIVTreatmentBristol-MyersMyersSquibbandGileadScienceshavecombinedmanyHIVdrugsintoasinglepill.Sometimesthebestmedicineismorethanonekindofmedicine.MalariatuberculosisandHIV/AIDSforexamplearealltreatedwith51ofdrugs.Butthatcanmeanalotofpillstotake.Itwouldbe52ifdrugcompaniescombinedallthemedicinesintoasinglepilltakenjustonceaday.Nowtwocompaniessaytheyhavedonethatforpeoplejust53treatmentforHIVthevirusthatcausesAIDS.ThecompaniesareBristol-MyersSquibbandGileadSciences.Theyhave54asinglepillthatcombinesthreedrugscurrentlyonthemarket.Bristol-MyersSquibbsellsoneofthem55thenameofSustiva.Gileadcombinedthe56EmtrivaandVireadintoasinglepillintwothousandfour.Combiningdrugsinvolvesmorethan57issues.Italsoinvolvesissuesofcompetition58thedrugsaremadebydifferentcompanies.Thenewonce-dailypillistheresultof59isdescribedasthefirstjointventureagreementofitskindinthetreatmentofHIV.InJanuarytheNewEnglandJournalofMedicinepublishedastudyofthenewpill.Researcherscomparedits60tothatofthewidelyusedcombinationofSustivaandCombivir.Combivir61twodrugsAZTand3TC.TheresearcherssaythatafteroneyearoftreatmentthenewpillsuppressedHIVlevelsinmorepatientsandwith62sideeffects.Gileadpaidforthestudy.ProfessorJoelGallantattheJohnsHopkinsSchoolofMedicineinBaltimoreMarylandledtheresearch.HeisapaidadvisertoGileadandBristol-MeyersSquibbaswellasthemakerofCombivirGlaxoSmithKline.GlaxoSmithKlinereacted63thefindingsbysayingthatasinglestudyisoflimitedvalue.ItsaystheeffectivenessofCombivirhasbeenshownineachofmorethanfiftystudies.Thepriceofthenewonce-dailypillhasnotbeenannounced.ButGileadandBristol-MyersSquibbsaytheywillprovideitatreducedcosttodevelopingcountries.TheyplaninthenextfewmonthstoasktheUnitedStatesFoodandDrugAdministrationto64thenewpill.Therearelimitstowhocouldtakeitbecauseofthedifferentdrugsitcontains.Forexample65womenaretoldnottotakeSustivabecauseoftheriskofbirthdisorders.ExpertssaymorethanfortymillionpeoplearoundtheworldarelivingwithHIV.
WhyWouldTheyFalselyConfessWhyonearthwouldaninnocentpersonfalselyconfesstocommittingacrimeTomostpeopleitjustdoesn’tseemlogical.Butitislogicalsayexpertsifyouunderstandwhatcanhappeninapoliceinterrogation审讯room.Undertherightconditionspeople’smindsaresusceptible易受影响的toinfluenceandthepressureputonsuspectsduringpolicegrillings盘问isenormous.46Thepressureisimportanttounderstandbecauseotherwiseit’simpossibletounderstandwhysomeonewouldsayhedidsomethinghedidn’tdo.Theansweris.toputanendtoanuncomfortablesituationthatwillcontinueuntilhedoesconfess.DevelopmentalpsychologistAllisonRedlichrecentlyconductedalaboratorystudytodeterminehowlikelypeoplearetoconfesstothingstheydidn’tdo.47Theresearchersthenintentionallycrashedthecomputersandaccusedtheparticipantsofhittingthealtkeytoseeiftheywouldsignastatementfalselytakingresponsibility.Redlich’sfindingsclearlydemonstratehoweasyitcanbetogetpeopletofalselyconfess:59percentoftheyoungadultsintheexperimentimmediatelyconfessed.48Ofthe15-to16-year-olds72percentsignedconfessionsasdid78percentofthe12-to13-year-olds.There’snoquestionthatyoungpeoplearemoreatrisksaysSaulKassinapsychologyprofessoratWilliamsCollegewhohasdonesimilarstudieswithsimilarresults.49BothKassinandRedlichnotethattheentireinterrogationintheirexperimentsconsistedofasimpleaccusation—nothoursofaggressivequestioning—andstillmostparticipantsfalselyconfessed.Becauseofthestressofapoliceinterrogationtheyconcludesuspectscanbecomeconvincedthatfalselyconfessingistheeasiestwayoutofabadsituation.50A.Inherexperimentparticipantswereseatedatcomputersandtoldnottohittheahkeybecausedoingsowouldcrashthesystems.B.InsomewayssaysKassinfalseconfessionbecomesarationaldecision.C.It’salittlelikesomebody’sworkingonthemwithadental牙齿的drillsaysFranklinZimringalawprofessorattheUniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeley.D.Butadultsarehighlyvulnerabletoo.E.Howcouldaninnocentpersonadmittodoingsomethinghedidn’tdoF.Redlichalsofoundthattheyoungertheparticipantthemorelikelyafalseconfession.
Once-dailyPillCouldSimplifyHIVTreatmentBristol-MyersMyersSquibbandGileadScienceshavecombinedmanyHIVdrugsintoasinglepill.Sometimesthebestmedicineismorethanonekindofmedicine.MalariatuberculosisandHIV/AIDSforexamplearealltreatedwith51ofdrugs.Butthatcanmeanalotofpillstotake.Itwouldbe52ifdrugcompaniescombinedallthemedicinesintoasinglepilltakenjustonceaday.Nowtwocompaniessaytheyhavedonethatforpeoplejust53treatmentforHIVthevirusthatcausesAIDS.ThecompaniesareBristol-MyersSquibbandGileadSciences.Theyhave54asinglepillthatcombinesthreedrugscurrentlyonthemarket.Bristol-MyersSquibbsellsoneofthem55thenameofSustiva.Gileadcombinedthe56EmtrivaandVireadintoasinglepillintwothousandfour.Combiningdrugsinvolvesmorethan57issues.Italsoinvolvesissuesofcompetition58thedrugsaremadebydifferentcompanies.Thenewonce-dailypillistheresultof59isdescribedasthefirstjointventureagreementofitskindinthetreatmentofHIV.InJanuarytheNewEnglandJournalofMedicinepublishedastudyofthenewpill.Researcherscomparedits60tothatofthewidelyusedcombinationofSustivaandCombivir.Combivir61twodrugsAZTand3TC.TheresearcherssaythatafteroneyearoftreatmentthenewpillsuppressedHIVlevelsinmorepatientsandwith62sideeffects.Gileadpaidforthestudy.ProfessorJoelGallantattheJohnsHopkinsSchoolofMedicineinBaltimoreMarylandledtheresearch.HeisapaidadvisertoGileadandBristol-MeyersSquibbaswellasthemakerofCombivirGlaxoSmithKline.GlaxoSmithKlinereacted63thefindingsbysayingthatasinglestudyisoflimitedvalue.ItsaystheeffectivenessofCombivirhasbeenshownineachofmorethanfiftystudies.Thepriceofthenewonce-dailypillhasnotbeenannounced.ButGileadandBristol-MyersSquibbsaytheywillprovideitatreducedcosttodevelopingcountries.TheyplaninthenextfewmonthstoasktheUnitedStatesFoodandDrugAdministrationto64thenewpill.Therearelimitstowhocouldtakeitbecauseofthedifferentdrugsitcontains.Forexample65womenaretoldnottotakeSustivabecauseoftheriskofbirthdisorders.ExpertssaymorethanfortymillionpeoplearoundtheworldarelivingwithHIV.
Treesshrubsflowersandgrassgivecharacterandinteresttotheparks.
DepartmentStoreAmainstayofretailingintheUnitedStatesisthedepartmentstorealarge-scaleretailinginstitutingthathasaverybroadanddeepproductassortment分类tiresnottocompeteonthebasisofpriceandprovidesawidearrayorcustomerservices.Traditionaldepartmentstoresofferagreatervarietyofmerchandiseandservicesthandoesanyothertypeofretailstore.Theyfeaturebothsoftgoods—suchasapparelsheetstowelsandbedding寝具—andhardgoodsincludingfurnitureappliancesandconsumerelectronics.Departmentstoresalsoattract—andsatisfy—consumersbyofferingmanycustomerservices.Thecombinationofdestinctiveappealingmerchandiseandnumerouscustomerservicesisdesignedtoallowthestorestomaintainthemanufacturers’suggestedretailprices.Thatisdepartmentstoresstrivetochargefullornondiscounted不打折扣的prices.DepartmentstoresfacemountingproblemshoweverLargelyduetotheirprimelocationsandcustomerservicestheiroperationexpensesareconsiderablyhigherthanthoseofmostotherkindsofretailbusiness.Manymanufacturers’brandsthatusedtobeavailableexclusivelythoroughdepartmentstoresarenowwidelydistributedandoftencarrydiscountedpricesinotheroutlets.Andthequalityofpersonalserviceespeciallyknowledgeablesaleshelphasdeterioratedinsomedepartmentstores.Intensehorizontalcompetitionisalsohurtingdepartmentstores.Othertypesofretailersareaimingatconsumerswhohavelongsupporteddepartmentstores.Specialitystoresoffpriceretailersandevensomediscounthouseshavebeenparticularlyaggressiveintryingtolureshoppersswayfromdepartmentstores.Tovaryingdegreesretailchainscompeteagainstdepartmentstores.Consequentlymanydepartmentstoreshavemodifiedtheirtargetmarketsorelementsoftheirmarketingmixes.TheMayDepartmentStoresCompanyhastargetedmiddle-incomeconsumersrejectinghigh-pricedEuropeandesignerlinesandinsteadconcentratingonfashionableapparelwithmoderateprices.Penney’sdroppedthreelinesofhardgoods—homeelectronicssportinggoodsandphotographicequipment.Penney’sWard’sandSearsareallconvertingtheirverylargestoresintoacollectionoflimited-linesuperstores.Somedepartmentstoresarealsotryingtobemoreprice-competitive.Mostnotablyin1989Searsabandoneditspracticeofpromotingtemporarilyreducedpricesandadoptedastrategyofeverydaylowprices.Withthispolicypriceswillalwaysbelowerthanoraslowascompetitors.Accordingtothethirdparagraphhowmanyproblemsdoesdepartmentstoresface______
KitCarsonanAmericanfrontiersmanwasoneofthemostsensationalheroesoftheOldWest.
DoubleEffectTheSupremeCourt’sdecisionsonphysician-assistedsuicidecarryimportantimplicationsforhowmedicineseekstorelievedyingpatientsofpainandsuffering.AlthoughitruledthatthereisnoconstitutionalrighttophysicianassistedsuicidetheCourtineffectsupportedthemedicalprincipleofdoubleeffectacenturies-oldmoralprincipleholdingthatanactionhavingtwoeffects—agoodonethatisintendedandaharmfulonethatisforeseen—ispermissibleiftheactorintendsonlythegoodeffect.Doctorshaveusedthatprincipleinrecentyearstojustifyusinghighdosesofmorphinetocontrolterminallyillpatients’paineventhoughincreasingdosageswilleventuallykillthepatient.NancyDublerdirectorofMontefioreMedicalCentercontendsthattheprinciplewillshielddoctorswhountilnowhaveveryverystronglyinsistedthattheycouldnotgivepatientssufficientmediationtocontroltheirpainifthatmighthastendeath.GeorgeAnnaschairofthehealthlawdepartmentatBostonUniversitymaintainsthataslongasadoctorprescribesadrugforalegitimatemedicalpurposethedoctorhasdonenothingillegalevenifthepatientusesthedrugtohastendeath.It’slikesurgeryhesays.Wedon’tcallthosedeathshomicidesbecausethedoctorsdidn’tintendtokilltheirpatientsalthoughtheyriskedtheirdeath.Ifyou’reaphysicianyoucanriskyourpatient’ssuicideaslongasyoudon’tintendtheirsuicide.Onanotherlevelmanyinthemedicalcommunityacknowledgethattheassisted-suicidedebatehasbeenfueledinpartbythedespairofpatientsforwhommodernmedicinehasprolongedthephysicalagonyofdying.JustthreeweeksbeforetheCourt’srulingonphysician-assistedsuicidetheNationalAcademyofScienceNASreleasedatwo-volumereportApproachingDeath:ImprovingCareattheEndofLife.Itidentifiestheunder-treatmentofpainandtheaggressiveuseofineffectualandforcedmedicalproceduresthatmayprolongandevendishonortheperiodofdyingasthetwinproblemsofend-of-lifecare.TheprofessionistakingstepstorequireyoungdoctorstotraininhospicestotestknowledgeofaggressivepainmanagementtherapiestodevelopaMedicarebillingcodeforhospital-basedcareandtodevelopnewstandardsforassessingandtreatingpainattheendoflife.Annassayslawyerscanplayakeyroleininsistingthatthesewell-meaningmedicalinitiativestranslateintobettercare.Largenumbersofphysiciansseemunconcernedwiththepaintheirpatientsareneedlesslyandpredictablysufferingtotheextentthatitconstitutessystematicpatientabuse.Hesaysmedicallicensingboardsmustmakeitclear..thatpainfuldeathsarepresumptivelyonesthatareincompetentlymanagedandshouldresultinlicensesuspension./AccordingtotheNAS’sreportoneoftheproblemsinend-of-lifecareis______
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A.ColorfullifeonthecampusB.IntelligentstudentbodyC.SchooladministrationD.DistinguishedfacultyE.SubstantialfinancialsupportF.TheHarvardoftheWestParagraph2______
BeesandColourOnourtableinthegardenweputabluecardandallaroundthisbluecardweputanumberofdifferentgreycards.Thesegreycardsareofallpossibleshadesofgreyandincludewhiteandblack.Oneachcardawatch-glassisplaced.Thewatch-glassonthebluecardhassomesyrup果汁initalltheothersareempty.Afterashorttimebeesfindthesyrupandtheycomeforitagainandagain.Thenaftersomehourswetakeawaythewatch-glassofsyrupwhichwasonthebluecardandputanemptyoneinitsplace.NowwhatdothebeesdoTheystillgostraighttothebluecardalthoughthereisnosyrupthere.Theydonotgotoanyofthegreycardsinspiteofthefactthatoneofthegreycardsisofexactlythesamebrightnessasthebluecard.Thusthebeesdonotmistakeanyshadeofgreyforblue.Inthiswaywehaveprovedthattheydoreallyseeblueasacolour.Wecanfindoutinjustthesamewaywhatothercoloursbeescansee.Itturnsoutthatbeescanseevariouscoloursbuttheseinsectsdifferfromusasregardstheircolour-senseintwoveryinterestingways.Supposewetrainbeestocometoaredcardandhavingdonesoweputtheredcardonthetableinthegardenamongthesetofdifferentgreycards.Thistimewefindthatthebeesmistakeredfordarkgreyorblack.Theycannotdistinguishbetweenthem.Thismeansthatredisnotacolouratallforbees;forthemitisjustdarkgreyorblack.Thatisonestrangefact;hereisanother.Arainbowisredononeedgevioletontheother.Outsidethevioletoftherainbowthereisanothercolourwhichwecannotseeatall.Thiscolourbeyondthevioletinvisibletousiscalledtheultra-violet.Althoughitisinvisibleweknowthattheultra-violetistherebecauseitaffectsaphotographicplate.Nowalthoughweareunabletoseeultravioletlightbeescandoso;forthemultra-violetisacolour.Thusbeesseeacolourwhichwecannotevenimagine.Thishasbeenfoundoutbytrainingbeestocomeforsyruptovariouspartsofaspectrumorartificialrainbowthrownbyaprismonatableinadarkroom.Insuchanexperimenttheinsectscanbetaughttoflytotheultra-violetwhichforusisjustdarkness.Anartificialrainbowwascreatedfortheexperimenttoseewhetherbeescanrecognizetheultravioletasacolour.
DoubleEffectTheSupremeCourt’sdecisionsonphysician-assistedsuicidecarryimportantimplicationsforhowmedicineseekstorelievedyingpatientsofpainandsuffering.AlthoughitruledthatthereisnoconstitutionalrighttophysicianassistedsuicidetheCourtineffectsupportedthemedicalprincipleofdoubleeffectacenturies-oldmoralprincipleholdingthatanactionhavingtwoeffects—agoodonethatisintendedandaharmfulonethatisforeseen—ispermissibleiftheactorintendsonlythegoodeffect.Doctorshaveusedthatprincipleinrecentyearstojustifyusinghighdosesofmorphinetocontrolterminallyillpatients’paineventhoughincreasingdosageswilleventuallykillthepatient.NancyDublerdirectorofMontefioreMedicalCentercontendsthattheprinciplewillshielddoctorswhountilnowhaveveryverystronglyinsistedthattheycouldnotgivepatientssufficientmediationtocontroltheirpainifthatmighthastendeath.GeorgeAnnaschairofthehealthlawdepartmentatBostonUniversitymaintainsthataslongasadoctorprescribesadrugforalegitimatemedicalpurposethedoctorhasdonenothingillegalevenifthepatientusesthedrugtohastendeath.It’slikesurgeryhesays.Wedon’tcallthosedeathshomicidesbecausethedoctorsdidn’tintendtokilltheirpatientsalthoughtheyriskedtheirdeath.Ifyou’reaphysicianyoucanriskyourpatient’ssuicideaslongasyoudon’tintendtheirsuicide.Onanotherlevelmanyinthemedicalcommunityacknowledgethattheassisted-suicidedebatehasbeenfueledinpartbythedespairofpatientsforwhommodernmedicinehasprolongedthephysicalagonyofdying.JustthreeweeksbeforetheCourt’srulingonphysician-assistedsuicidetheNationalAcademyofScienceNASreleasedatwo-volumereportApproachingDeath:ImprovingCareattheEndofLife.Itidentifiestheunder-treatmentofpainandtheaggressiveuseofineffectualandforcedmedicalproceduresthatmayprolongandevendishonortheperiodofdyingasthetwinproblemsofend-of-lifecare.TheprofessionistakingstepstorequireyoungdoctorstotraininhospicestotestknowledgeofaggressivepainmanagementtherapiestodevelopaMedicarebillingcodeforhospital-basedcareandtodevelopnewstandardsforassessingandtreatingpainattheendoflife.Annassayslawyerscanplayakeyroleininsistingthatthesewell-meaningmedicalinitiativestranslateintobettercare.Largenumbersofphysiciansseemunconcernedwiththepaintheirpatientsareneedlesslyandpredictablysufferingtotheextentthatitconstitutessystematicpatientabuse.Hesaysmedicallicensingboardsmustmakeitclear..thatpainfuldeathsarepresumptivelyonesthatareincompetentlymanagedandshouldresultinlicensesuspension./GeorgeAnnaswouldprobablyagreethatdoctorsshouldbepunishedifthey______.
Once-dailyPillCouldSimplifyHIVTreatmentBristol-MyersMyersSquibbandGileadScienceshavecombinedmanyHIVdrugsintoasinglepill.Sometimesthebestmedicineismorethanonekindofmedicine.MalariatuberculosisandHIV/AIDSforexamplearealltreatedwith51ofdrugs.Butthatcanmeanalotofpillstotake.Itwouldbe52ifdrugcompaniescombinedallthemedicinesintoasinglepilltakenjustonceaday.Nowtwocompaniessaytheyhavedonethatforpeoplejust53treatmentforHIVthevirusthatcausesAIDS.ThecompaniesareBristol-MyersSquibbandGileadSciences.Theyhave54asinglepillthatcombinesthreedrugscurrentlyonthemarket.Bristol-MyersSquibbsellsoneofthem55thenameofSustiva.Gileadcombinedthe56EmtrivaandVireadintoasinglepillintwothousandfour.Combiningdrugsinvolvesmorethan57issues.Italsoinvolvesissuesofcompetition58thedrugsaremadebydifferentcompanies.Thenewonce-dailypillistheresultof59isdescribedasthefirstjointventureagreementofitskindinthetreatmentofHIV.InJanuarytheNewEnglandJournalofMedicinepublishedastudyofthenewpill.Researcherscomparedits60tothatofthewidelyusedcombinationofSustivaandCombivir.Combivir61twodrugsAZTand3TC.TheresearcherssaythatafteroneyearoftreatmentthenewpillsuppressedHIVlevelsinmorepatientsandwith62sideeffects.Gileadpaidforthestudy.ProfessorJoelGallantattheJohnsHopkinsSchoolofMedicineinBaltimoreMarylandledtheresearch.HeisapaidadvisertoGileadandBristol-MeyersSquibbaswellasthemakerofCombivirGlaxoSmithKline.GlaxoSmithKlinereacted63thefindingsbysayingthatasinglestudyisoflimitedvalue.ItsaystheeffectivenessofCombivirhasbeenshownineachofmorethanfiftystudies.Thepriceofthenewonce-dailypillhasnotbeenannounced.ButGileadandBristol-MyersSquibbsaytheywillprovideitatreducedcosttodevelopingcountries.TheyplaninthenextfewmonthstoasktheUnitedStatesFoodandDrugAdministrationto64thenewpill.Therearelimitstowhocouldtakeitbecauseofthedifferentdrugsitcontains.Forexample65womenaretoldnottotakeSustivabecauseoftheriskofbirthdisorders.ExpertssaymorethanfortymillionpeoplearoundtheworldarelivingwithHIV.
ThecityofNewOrleansshoweditsappreciationforEleanorMcMain’sworkinsocialreformbygivinghertheTimes-Picayuneawardforout-standingservicein1920.
Once-dailyPillCouldSimplifyHIVTreatmentBristol-MyersMyersSquibbandGileadScienceshavecombinedmanyHIVdrugsintoasinglepill.Sometimesthebestmedicineismorethanonekindofmedicine.MalariatuberculosisandHIV/AIDSforexamplearealltreatedwith51ofdrugs.Butthatcanmeanalotofpillstotake.Itwouldbe52ifdrugcompaniescombinedallthemedicinesintoasinglepilltakenjustonceaday.Nowtwocompaniessaytheyhavedonethatforpeoplejust53treatmentforHIVthevirusthatcausesAIDS.ThecompaniesareBristol-MyersSquibbandGileadSciences.Theyhave54asinglepillthatcombinesthreedrugscurrentlyonthemarket.Bristol-MyersSquibbsellsoneofthem55thenameofSustiva.Gileadcombinedthe56EmtrivaandVireadintoasinglepillintwothousandfour.Combiningdrugsinvolvesmorethan57issues.Italsoinvolvesissuesofcompetition58thedrugsaremadebydifferentcompanies.Thenewonce-dailypillistheresultof59isdescribedasthefirstjointventureagreementofitskindinthetreatmentofHIV.InJanuarytheNewEnglandJournalofMedicinepublishedastudyofthenewpill.Researcherscomparedits60tothatofthewidelyusedcombinationofSustivaandCombivir.Combivir61twodrugsAZTand3TC.TheresearcherssaythatafteroneyearoftreatmentthenewpillsuppressedHIVlevelsinmorepatientsandwith62sideeffects.Gileadpaidforthestudy.ProfessorJoelGallantattheJohnsHopkinsSchoolofMedicineinBaltimoreMarylandledtheresearch.HeisapaidadvisertoGileadandBristol-MeyersSquibbaswellasthemakerofCombivirGlaxoSmithKline.GlaxoSmithKlinereacted63thefindingsbysayingthatasinglestudyisoflimitedvalue.ItsaystheeffectivenessofCombivirhasbeenshownineachofmorethanfiftystudies.Thepriceofthenewonce-dailypillhasnotbeenannounced.ButGileadandBristol-MyersSquibbsaytheywillprovideitatreducedcosttodevelopingcountries.TheyplaninthenextfewmonthstoasktheUnitedStatesFoodandDrugAdministrationto64thenewpill.Therearelimitstowhocouldtakeitbecauseofthedifferentdrugsitcontains.Forexample65womenaretoldnottotakeSustivabecauseoftheriskofbirthdisorders.ExpertssaymorethanfortymillionpeoplearoundtheworldarelivingwithHIV.
BeesandColourOnourtableinthegardenweputabluecardandallaroundthisbluecardweputanumberofdifferentgreycards.Thesegreycardsareofallpossibleshadesofgreyandincludewhiteandblack.Oneachcardawatch-glassisplaced.Thewatch-glassonthebluecardhassomesyrup果汁initalltheothersareempty.Afterashorttimebeesfindthesyrupandtheycomeforitagainandagain.Thenaftersomehourswetakeawaythewatch-glassofsyrupwhichwasonthebluecardandputanemptyoneinitsplace.NowwhatdothebeesdoTheystillgostraighttothebluecardalthoughthereisnosyrupthere.Theydonotgotoanyofthegreycardsinspiteofthefactthatoneofthegreycardsisofexactlythesamebrightnessasthebluecard.Thusthebeesdonotmistakeanyshadeofgreyforblue.Inthiswaywehaveprovedthattheydoreallyseeblueasacolour.Wecanfindoutinjustthesamewaywhatothercoloursbeescansee.Itturnsoutthatbeescanseevariouscoloursbuttheseinsectsdifferfromusasregardstheircolour-senseintwoveryinterestingways.Supposewetrainbeestocometoaredcardandhavingdonesoweputtheredcardonthetableinthegardenamongthesetofdifferentgreycards.Thistimewefindthatthebeesmistakeredfordarkgreyorblack.Theycannotdistinguishbetweenthem.Thismeansthatredisnotacolouratallforbees;forthemitisjustdarkgreyorblack.Thatisonestrangefact;hereisanother.Arainbowisredononeedgevioletontheother.Outsidethevioletoftherainbowthereisanothercolourwhichwecannotseeatall.Thiscolourbeyondthevioletinvisibletousiscalledtheultra-violet.Althoughitisinvisibleweknowthattheultra-violetistherebecauseitaffectsaphotographicplate.Nowalthoughweareunabletoseeultravioletlightbeescandoso;forthemultra-violetisacolour.Thusbeesseeacolourwhichwecannotevenimagine.Thishasbeenfoundoutbytrainingbeestocomeforsyruptovariouspartsofaspectrumorartificialrainbowthrownbyaprismonatableinadarkroom.Insuchanexperimenttheinsectscanbetaughttoflytotheultra-violetwhichforusisjustdarkness.Thethirdparagraphtellsusthatbeesalsoregardredasacolour.
WhyWouldTheyFalselyConfessWhyonearthwouldaninnocentpersonfalselyconfesstocommittingacrimeTomostpeopleitjustdoesn’tseemlogical.Butitislogicalsayexpertsifyouunderstandwhatcanhappeninapoliceinterrogation审讯room.Undertherightconditionspeople’smindsaresusceptible易受影响的toinfluenceandthepressureputonsuspectsduringpolicegrillings盘问isenormous.46Thepressureisimportanttounderstandbecauseotherwiseit’simpossibletounderstandwhysomeonewouldsayhedidsomethinghedidn’tdo.Theansweris.toputanendtoanuncomfortablesituationthatwillcontinueuntilhedoesconfess.DevelopmentalpsychologistAllisonRedlichrecentlyconductedalaboratorystudytodeterminehowlikelypeoplearetoconfesstothingstheydidn’tdo.47Theresearchersthenintentionallycrashedthecomputersandaccusedtheparticipantsofhittingthealtkeytoseeiftheywouldsignastatementfalselytakingresponsibility.Redlich’sfindingsclearlydemonstratehoweasyitcanbetogetpeopletofalselyconfess:59percentoftheyoungadultsintheexperimentimmediatelyconfessed.48Ofthe15-to16-year-olds72percentsignedconfessionsasdid78percentofthe12-to13-year-olds.There’snoquestionthatyoungpeoplearemoreatrisksaysSaulKassinapsychologyprofessoratWilliamsCollegewhohasdonesimilarstudieswithsimilarresults.49BothKassinandRedlichnotethattheentireinterrogationintheirexperimentsconsistedofasimpleaccusation—nothoursofaggressivequestioning—andstillmostparticipantsfalselyconfessed.Becauseofthestressofapoliceinterrogationtheyconcludesuspectscanbecomeconvincedthatfalselyconfessingistheeasiestwayoutofabadsituation.50A.Inherexperimentparticipantswereseatedatcomputersandtoldnottohittheahkeybecausedoingsowouldcrashthesystems.B.InsomewayssaysKassinfalseconfessionbecomesarationaldecision.C.It’salittlelikesomebody’sworkingonthemwithadental牙齿的drillsaysFranklinZimringalawprofessorattheUniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeley.D.Butadultsarehighlyvulnerabletoo.E.Howcouldaninnocentpersonadmittodoingsomethinghedidn’tdoF.Redlichalsofoundthattheyoungertheparticipantthemorelikelyafalseconfession.
Inmostplacestheedgesofthecontinentsslopegraduallybeforemakingasharpdroptotheoceanfloor.
BeesandColourOnourtableinthegardenweputabluecardandallaroundthisbluecardweputanumberofdifferentgreycards.Thesegreycardsareofallpossibleshadesofgreyandincludewhiteandblack.Oneachcardawatch-glassisplaced.Thewatch-glassonthebluecardhassomesyrup果汁initalltheothersareempty.Afterashorttimebeesfindthesyrupandtheycomeforitagainandagain.Thenaftersomehourswetakeawaythewatch-glassofsyrupwhichwasonthebluecardandputanemptyoneinitsplace.NowwhatdothebeesdoTheystillgostraighttothebluecardalthoughthereisnosyrupthere.Theydonotgotoanyofthegreycardsinspiteofthefactthatoneofthegreycardsisofexactlythesamebrightnessasthebluecard.Thusthebeesdonotmistakeanyshadeofgreyforblue.Inthiswaywehaveprovedthattheydoreallyseeblueasacolour.Wecanfindoutinjustthesamewaywhatothercoloursbeescansee.Itturnsoutthatbeescanseevariouscoloursbuttheseinsectsdifferfromusasregardstheircolour-senseintwoveryinterestingways.Supposewetrainbeestocometoaredcardandhavingdonesoweputtheredcardonthetableinthegardenamongthesetofdifferentgreycards.Thistimewefindthatthebeesmistakeredfordarkgreyorblack.Theycannotdistinguishbetweenthem.Thismeansthatredisnotacolouratallforbees;forthemitisjustdarkgreyorblack.Thatisonestrangefact;hereisanother.Arainbowisredononeedgevioletontheother.Outsidethevioletoftherainbowthereisanothercolourwhichwecannotseeatall.Thiscolourbeyondthevioletinvisibletousiscalledtheultra-violet.Althoughitisinvisibleweknowthattheultra-violetistherebecauseitaffectsaphotographicplate.Nowalthoughweareunabletoseeultravioletlightbeescandoso;forthemultra-violetisacolour.Thusbeesseeacolourwhichwecannotevenimagine.Thishasbeenfoundoutbytrainingbeestocomeforsyruptovariouspartsofaspectrumorartificialrainbowthrownbyaprismonatableinadarkroom.Insuchanexperimenttheinsectscanbetaughttoflytotheultra-violetwhichforusisjustdarkness.Wecanconcludefromthepassagethatbeesrecognizecoloursinthesamewayashumanbeings.
Thesensationofalumpinone'sthroatarisesfromanincreasedflowofbloodintothetissuesofthepharynxandlarynx.
A.theycanfindthebeststudentsB.theuniversity’sacademicadvancementandphysicalextensionC.someofthemostdistinguishedscholarsoftheworldD.whereasportsmeetisheldeveryyearE.musthavebeenthetopstudentsintheirclassF.mustbehardworkingOnthefacultyoftheuniversitythereare______
A.ColorfullifeonthecampusB.IntelligentstudentbodyC.SchooladministrationD.DistinguishedfacultyE.SubstantialfinancialsupportF.TheHarvardoftheWestParagraph4______
Once-dailyPillCouldSimplifyHIVTreatmentBristol-MyersMyersSquibbandGileadScienceshavecombinedmanyHIVdrugsintoasinglepill.Sometimesthebestmedicineismorethanonekindofmedicine.MalariatuberculosisandHIV/AIDSforexamplearealltreatedwith51ofdrugs.Butthatcanmeanalotofpillstotake.Itwouldbe52ifdrugcompaniescombinedallthemedicinesintoasinglepilltakenjustonceaday.Nowtwocompaniessaytheyhavedonethatforpeoplejust53treatmentforHIVthevirusthatcausesAIDS.ThecompaniesareBristol-MyersSquibbandGileadSciences.Theyhave54asinglepillthatcombinesthreedrugscurrentlyonthemarket.Bristol-MyersSquibbsellsoneofthem55thenameofSustiva.Gileadcombinedthe56EmtrivaandVireadintoasinglepillintwothousandfour.Combiningdrugsinvolvesmorethan57issues.Italsoinvolvesissuesofcompetition58thedrugsaremadebydifferentcompanies.Thenewonce-dailypillistheresultof59isdescribedasthefirstjointventureagreementofitskindinthetreatmentofHIV.InJanuarytheNewEnglandJournalofMedicinepublishedastudyofthenewpill.Researcherscomparedits60tothatofthewidelyusedcombinationofSustivaandCombivir.Combivir61twodrugsAZTand3TC.TheresearcherssaythatafteroneyearoftreatmentthenewpillsuppressedHIVlevelsinmorepatientsandwith62sideeffects.Gileadpaidforthestudy.ProfessorJoelGallantattheJohnsHopkinsSchoolofMedicineinBaltimoreMarylandledtheresearch.HeisapaidadvisertoGileadandBristol-MeyersSquibbaswellasthemakerofCombivirGlaxoSmithKline.GlaxoSmithKlinereacted63thefindingsbysayingthatasinglestudyisoflimitedvalue.ItsaystheeffectivenessofCombivirhasbeenshownineachofmorethanfiftystudies.Thepriceofthenewonce-dailypillhasnotbeenannounced.ButGileadandBristol-MyersSquibbsaytheywillprovideitatreducedcosttodevelopingcountries.TheyplaninthenextfewmonthstoasktheUnitedStatesFoodandDrugAdministrationto64thenewpill.Therearelimitstowhocouldtakeitbecauseofthedifferentdrugsitcontains.Forexample65womenaretoldnottotakeSustivabecauseoftheriskofbirthdisorders.ExpertssaymorethanfortymillionpeoplearoundtheworldarelivingwithHIV.
Once-dailyPillCouldSimplifyHIVTreatmentBristol-MyersMyersSquibbandGileadScienceshavecombinedmanyHIVdrugsintoasinglepill.Sometimesthebestmedicineismorethanonekindofmedicine.MalariatuberculosisandHIV/AIDSforexamplearealltreatedwith51ofdrugs.Butthatcanmeanalotofpillstotake.Itwouldbe52ifdrugcompaniescombinedallthemedicinesintoasinglepilltakenjustonceaday.Nowtwocompaniessaytheyhavedonethatforpeoplejust53treatmentforHIVthevirusthatcausesAIDS.ThecompaniesareBristol-MyersSquibbandGileadSciences.Theyhave54asinglepillthatcombinesthreedrugscurrentlyonthemarket.Bristol-MyersSquibbsellsoneofthem55thenameofSustiva.Gileadcombinedthe56EmtrivaandVireadintoasinglepillintwothousandfour.Combiningdrugsinvolvesmorethan57issues.Italsoinvolvesissuesofcompetition58thedrugsaremadebydifferentcompanies.Thenewonce-dailypillistheresultof59isdescribedasthefirstjointventureagreementofitskindinthetreatmentofHIV.InJanuarytheNewEnglandJournalofMedicinepublishedastudyofthenewpill.Researcherscomparedits60tothatofthewidelyusedcombinationofSustivaandCombivir.Combivir61twodrugsAZTand3TC.TheresearcherssaythatafteroneyearoftreatmentthenewpillsuppressedHIVlevelsinmorepatientsandwith62sideeffects.Gileadpaidforthestudy.ProfessorJoelGallantattheJohnsHopkinsSchoolofMedicineinBaltimoreMarylandledtheresearch.HeisapaidadvisertoGileadandBristol-MeyersSquibbaswellasthemakerofCombivirGlaxoSmithKline.GlaxoSmithKlinereacted63thefindingsbysayingthatasinglestudyisoflimitedvalue.ItsaystheeffectivenessofCombivirhasbeenshownineachofmorethanfiftystudies.Thepriceofthenewonce-dailypillhasnotbeenannounced.ButGileadandBristol-MyersSquibbsaytheywillprovideitatreducedcosttodevelopingcountries.TheyplaninthenextfewmonthstoasktheUnitedStatesFoodandDrugAdministrationto64thenewpill.Therearelimitstowhocouldtakeitbecauseofthedifferentdrugsitcontains.Forexample65womenaretoldnottotakeSustivabecauseoftheriskofbirthdisorders.ExpertssaymorethanfortymillionpeoplearoundtheworldarelivingwithHIV.
In1860AndrewJohnsonoftenriskedhislifebytellingcrowdsofpeoplethatsecessionfromtheUnionwouldbeharmful.
Swallowsnestinbarnsshedschunneysandothersecludedplaces.
DoubleEffectTheSupremeCourt’sdecisionsonphysician-assistedsuicidecarryimportantimplicationsforhowmedicineseekstorelievedyingpatientsofpainandsuffering.AlthoughitruledthatthereisnoconstitutionalrighttophysicianassistedsuicidetheCourtineffectsupportedthemedicalprincipleofdoubleeffectacenturies-oldmoralprincipleholdingthatanactionhavingtwoeffects—agoodonethatisintendedandaharmfulonethatisforeseen—ispermissibleiftheactorintendsonlythegoodeffect.Doctorshaveusedthatprincipleinrecentyearstojustifyusinghighdosesofmorphinetocontrolterminallyillpatients’paineventhoughincreasingdosageswilleventuallykillthepatient.NancyDublerdirectorofMontefioreMedicalCentercontendsthattheprinciplewillshielddoctorswhountilnowhaveveryverystronglyinsistedthattheycouldnotgivepatientssufficientmediationtocontroltheirpainifthatmighthastendeath.GeorgeAnnaschairofthehealthlawdepartmentatBostonUniversitymaintainsthataslongasadoctorprescribesadrugforalegitimatemedicalpurposethedoctorhasdonenothingillegalevenifthepatientusesthedrugtohastendeath.It’slikesurgeryhesays.Wedon’tcallthosedeathshomicidesbecausethedoctorsdidn’tintendtokilltheirpatientsalthoughtheyriskedtheirdeath.Ifyou’reaphysicianyoucanriskyourpatient’ssuicideaslongasyoudon’tintendtheirsuicide.Onanotherlevelmanyinthemedicalcommunityacknowledgethattheassisted-suicidedebatehasbeenfueledinpartbythedespairofpatientsforwhommodernmedicinehasprolongedthephysicalagonyofdying.JustthreeweeksbeforetheCourt’srulingonphysician-assistedsuicidetheNationalAcademyofScienceNASreleasedatwo-volumereportApproachingDeath:ImprovingCareattheEndofLife.Itidentifiestheunder-treatmentofpainandtheaggressiveuseofineffectualandforcedmedicalproceduresthatmayprolongandevendishonortheperiodofdyingasthetwinproblemsofend-of-lifecare.TheprofessionistakingstepstorequireyoungdoctorstotraininhospicestotestknowledgeofaggressivepainmanagementtherapiestodevelopaMedicarebillingcodeforhospital-basedcareandtodevelopnewstandardsforassessingandtreatingpainattheendoflife.Annassayslawyerscanplayakeyroleininsistingthatthesewell-meaningmedicalinitiativestranslateintobettercare.Largenumbersofphysiciansseemunconcernedwiththepaintheirpatientsareneedlesslyandpredictablysufferingtotheextentthatitconstitutessystematicpatientabuse.Hesaysmedicallicensingboardsmustmakeitclear..thatpainfuldeathsarepresumptivelyonesthatareincompetentlymanagedandshouldresultinlicensesuspension./Fromthefirstthreeparagraphswelearnthat______
Once-dailyPillCouldSimplifyHIVTreatmentBristol-MyersMyersSquibbandGileadScienceshavecombinedmanyHIVdrugsintoasinglepill.Sometimesthebestmedicineismorethanonekindofmedicine.MalariatuberculosisandHIV/AIDSforexamplearealltreatedwith51ofdrugs.Butthatcanmeanalotofpillstotake.Itwouldbe52ifdrugcompaniescombinedallthemedicinesintoasinglepilltakenjustonceaday.Nowtwocompaniessaytheyhavedonethatforpeoplejust53treatmentforHIVthevirusthatcausesAIDS.ThecompaniesareBristol-MyersSquibbandGileadSciences.Theyhave54asinglepillthatcombinesthreedrugscurrentlyonthemarket.Bristol-MyersSquibbsellsoneofthem55thenameofSustiva.Gileadcombinedthe56EmtrivaandVireadintoasinglepillintwothousandfour.Combiningdrugsinvolvesmorethan57issues.Italsoinvolvesissuesofcompetition58thedrugsaremadebydifferentcompanies.Thenewonce-dailypillistheresultof59isdescribedasthefirstjointventureagreementofitskindinthetreatmentofHIV.InJanuarytheNewEnglandJournalofMedicinepublishedastudyofthenewpill.Researcherscomparedits60tothatofthewidelyusedcombinationofSustivaandCombivir.Combivir61twodrugsAZTand3TC.TheresearcherssaythatafteroneyearoftreatmentthenewpillsuppressedHIVlevelsinmorepatientsandwith62sideeffects.Gileadpaidforthestudy.ProfessorJoelGallantattheJohnsHopkinsSchoolofMedicineinBaltimoreMarylandledtheresearch.HeisapaidadvisertoGileadandBristol-MeyersSquibbaswellasthemakerofCombivirGlaxoSmithKline.GlaxoSmithKlinereacted63thefindingsbysayingthatasinglestudyisoflimitedvalue.ItsaystheeffectivenessofCombivirhasbeenshownineachofmorethanfiftystudies.Thepriceofthenewonce-dailypillhasnotbeenannounced.ButGileadandBristol-MyersSquibbsaytheywillprovideitatreducedcosttodevelopingcountries.TheyplaninthenextfewmonthstoasktheUnitedStatesFoodandDrugAdministrationto64thenewpill.Therearelimitstowhocouldtakeitbecauseofthedifferentdrugsitcontains.Forexample65womenaretoldnottotakeSustivabecauseoftheriskofbirthdisorders.ExpertssaymorethanfortymillionpeoplearoundtheworldarelivingwithHIV.
EgyptfelledbyFamineEvenancientEgypt’smightypyramidbuilderswerepowerlessinthefaceofthefaminethathelpedbringdowntheircivilizationaround2180BCNowevidencegleanedfrommuddepositedbytheRiverNilesuggeststhatashiftinclimatethousandsofkilometerstothesouthwasultimatelytoblame-andthesameorworsecouldhappentoday.TheancientEgyptiansdependedontheNile’sannualfloodstoirrigatetheircrops.ButanychangeinclimatethatpushedtheAfricanmonsoonssouthwardsoutofEthiopiawouldhavebeendiminishedthesefloods.DwindlingrainsintheEthiopianhighlandswouldhavemeantfewerplantstostablisethesoil.WhenraindidfallitwouldhavewashedlargeamountsofsoilintotheBlueNileandintoEgyptalongwithsedimentfromtheWhiteNile.TheBlueNilemudhasadifferentisotopesignaturefromthatoftheWhiteNile.SobyanalyzingisotopedifferencesinmuddepositedintheNileDeltaMichaelKromofLeedsUniversityworkedoutwhatproportionofsedimentcamefromeachbranchoftheriver.KromreasonsthatduringperiodsofdroughttheamountoftheBlueNilemudintheriverwouldberelativelyhigh.Hefoundthatoneoftheseperiodsfrom4500to4200yearsagoimmediatelypredatesthefalloftheEgypt’sOldKingdom.TheweakenedwaterswouldhavebeencatastrophicfortheEgyptians.Changesthataffectfoodsupplydon’thavetobeverylargetohavearippleeffectinsocietiessaysBillRyanoftheLamontDohertyEarthObservatoryinNewYork.SimilareventstodaycouldbeevenmoredevastatingsaysteammemberDanielStanleyageoarchaeologistfromtheSmithsonianInstitutioninWashingtonD.C.anythinghumansdotoshifttheclimatebeltswouldhaveanevenworseeffectalongtheNilesystemtodaybecausethepopulationshaveincreaseddramatically./AccordingtoKromEgypt’sOldKingdomfell______.
Ifwoolissubmergedinhotwaterittendstoshrink.
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