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Mother Nature Shows Her Strength Tornadoes(龙卷风)and heavy thunderstorms moved across the Great L...
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TheGreatestMysteryOfWhales Thewhaleisawarm-bloodedair-breathinganimalgivingbirthtoitsyoungalivesuckingthem--andlikeallmammalsoriginatedonland．Therearemany frontflippers鳍状肢usedforsteeringandstabilityaretracesoffeet． __________.51ofthis．ItsImmensestrengthis__________.52intothegreatbodyofthebigwhalesandinfactmostofawhale’sbodyisonegiganticmuscle．Thebluewhale’spullingstrengthhasbeenestimated__________.53400horsepower．Onespecimenwasreportedtohavetowed拖awhaling vesselforsevenhoursatthe__________.54ofeightknot节. Anangrywhalewill__________.55AfamousexampleofthiswasthefateofWhalerEssex__________.56wassunkoffthecoastofSouthAmericaearlyinthelastcentury．Morerecentlysteelshipshave__________.57theirplatesbuckled使弯曲inthesameway．Spermwhales抹香鲸wereknowntoseizetheold-timewhaleboatsintheirjawsandcrushThem. Thegreatest__________.58ofwhalesistheirdivingability．ThespermwhaledivestotheBottomforhis__________.59foodtheoctopus章鱼．InthatsearchheisknowntogoasfarDownas3200feetwherethe．__________.60is1400poundstoasquareinch．Doingsohe Will__________.61underwaterlongasonehour．Twospecialskillsareinvolvedinthisstoringupenough__________.62allwhalesareair—breathedandtoleratingthegreatchangeinpressure．Justhowhedoesitscientistshavenot__________.63．Itisbelievedthatsomeoftheoxygenisstoredinaspecial__________.64ofbloodvesselsratherthanjustheldinthelungs．Anditisbelievedthataspecialkindofoilinhisheadissomesortofcompensatingmechanismthat__________.65adjuststheinternalpressureofhisbody．Butsinceyoucan’tbringalivewhaleintothelaboratoryforstudynooneknowsjusthowthesethingswork．
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TheGreatestMysteryOfWhales Thewhaleisawarm-bloodedair-breathinganimalgivingbirthtoitsyoungalivesuckingthem--andlikeallmammalsoriginatedonland．Therearemany frontflippers鳍状肢usedforsteeringandstabilityaretracesoffeet． __________.51ofthis．ItsImmensestrengthis__________.52intothegreatbodyofthebigwhalesandinfactmostofawhale’sbodyisonegiganticmuscle．Thebluewhale’spullingstrengthhasbeenestimated__________.53400horsepower．Onespecimenwasreportedtohavetowed拖awhaling vesselforsevenhoursatthe__________.54ofeightknot节. Anangrywhalewill__________.55AfamousexampleofthiswasthefateofWhalerEssex__________.56wassunkoffthecoastofSouthAmericaearlyinthelastcentury．Morerecentlysteelshipshave__________.57theirplatesbuckled使弯曲inthesameway．Spermwhales抹香鲸wereknowntoseizetheold-timewhaleboatsintheirjawsandcrushThem. Thegreatest__________.58ofwhalesistheirdivingability．ThespermwhaledivestotheBottomforhis__________.59foodtheoctopus章鱼．InthatsearchheisknowntogoasfarDownas3200feetwherethe．__________.60is1400poundstoasquareinch．Doingsohe Will__________.61underwaterlongasonehour．Twospecialskillsareinvolvedinthisstoringupenough__________.62allwhalesareair—breathedandtoleratingthegreatchangeinpressure．Justhowhedoesitscientistshavenot__________.63．Itisbelievedthatsomeoftheoxygenisstoredinaspecial__________.64ofbloodvesselsratherthanjustheldinthelungs．Anditisbelievedthataspecialkindofoilinhisheadissomesortofcompensatingmechanismthat__________.65adjuststheinternalpressureofhisbody．Butsinceyoucan’tbringalivewhaleintothelaboratoryforstudynooneknowsjusthowthesethingswork．
MotherNatureShowsHerStrength Tornadoes龙卷风andheavythunderstormsmovedacrosstheGreatLakesandintoTrumbullCountyonSaturdayevening．Thestormsweredramaticanddangerous． GeorgeSnyderwasdrivingthefiretruckdownRoute88whenhefirstnoticedthatafunnel漏斗状的cloudwasbehindhim．Istoppedthetruckandwatchedthefunnelcloud．Itwasabout100feetoffthegroundandIsawitgoupanddownforawhile．Itwasmovingtoward BradleyRoadandthensuddenlyitdisappeared．Snydersaid． Snyderonlysawoneofthefunnelcloudsthatpassedthroughnortheastern0hioonSaturday．InTrumbullCountyatornadoturnedtreesontotheirsides．Sometreesfellontohousesandcars．Othertreesfellintotelephoneandelectricalwiresastheywentdown． AmandaSymcheckwashavingapartywhenthestormbegan．Iknewsomethingwaswronghesaid．Isawtheskygogreenandpink粉红色．Thenitsoundedlikeatrainrushingtowardthehouse．Istartedcryingandtoldeveryonetogotothebasementfor protection． Thetornadocauseda10tofdamagetocarsandhousesinthearea．Itwilltakealongtimeandmuchmoneytorepaireverything．Therewasalsoseriouswaterdamagefromthethunderstorms．Theheavyrainsandhighwindcausedthepowertogooutinmanyhomes． Thestormscausedseriousfloodinginareasneartheriver．MorethanfourinchesofrainfellinpartsofTrumbullCounty．Theriverwassohighthatthewaterranintostreetsandhouses．ManystreetshadtobeclosedtoCarsandtrucksbecauseofthehighwater．ThismadeitdifficultforfiretruckspoliceCarsandotherrescuevehiclestohelppeoplewhowereintrouble．Manypeoplewholiveneartheriverhadtoleavetheirhomesfortheirownsafety．Somepeoplereportedfivefeetofwaterintheirhomes．Localandstateofficialsopenedemergencysheltersforthepeoplewhowereevacuated撤走．’TheRedCrossservedmealstothem． ThiswasareallyintensestormsaidSnyder．Peoplewereafraid．MotherNaturecanbefierce．Wewereluckythistime．Noonewaskilled Powersupplysystemwasnotdamagedduringthestorm．
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第三篇TheScienceoftheFuture Untilrecentlythescienceofthefuturewassupposedtobeelectronicsandartificialintelligence．TodayitseemsmoreandmorelikelythatthenextgreatbreakthroughsintechnologywillbebroughtthroughacombinationOfthosetwoscienceswithorganicchemistryandgeneticengineering．Thiscombinationisthescienceofbiotechnology． Organicchemistryenablesustoproducemarveloussynthetic合成的materials．Howeveritisstilldifficulttomanufactureanythingthathasthecapacityofwooltoconserveheatandalsotoabsorbmoisture．Nothingthatwehavebeenabletoproducesofarcomesanywherenearthecombinationofstrength．1ightnessandflexibilitythatwefindinthebodiesofordinaryinsects． Nevertheless．scientistsinthelaboratoryhavealreadysucceededingrowingamaterialthathasmanyofthecharacteristicsofhumanskin．Thenextstepmaywellbebiotechheartsandeyeswhichcanreplacediseasedorgansinhumanbeings．Thesewillnotberejectedbythebodyasisthecasewithorgansfromhumans． Theapplicationofbiotechnologytoenergyproductionseemsevenmorepromising．In1996thefamousscience．fictionwriterArthurC．Clarkemanyofwhosepreviouspredictionshavecometruesaidthatwemaysoonbeabletodevelopremarkablycheapandrenewablesourcesofenergy．Someofthesepowersourceswillbebiological．Clarkeandothershavewarnedusrepeatedlythatsoonerorlaterwewillhavetogiveupourdependenceonnon-renewablepowersources．Coaloilandgasareindeedconvenient．Howeverusingthemalsomeanscreatingdangerouslyhighlevelsofpollution．Itwillbeimpossibletomeetthegrowingdemandfor energywithoutincreasingthatpollutiontocatastrophic灾难性的levelsunlesswedeveloppowersourcesthatarebothcheaperandcleaner． Itisattemptingtothinkthatbiotechnologyorsomeotherscienceofthefuturecansolveourproblems．Beforewesurrendertothattemptationweshouldremembernuclearpower．Onlyafewgenerationsagoitseemedtopromiselimitlesscheapandsafeenergy．Todaythosepromises1ieburiedinaconcretegraveinaplacecalledChernobylintheUkraine．Biotechnologyisunlikely．howevertobreakitspromisesinquitethesameorsuchadangerousway． Accordingtothe．passageitmaysoonbepossible
第一篇TechnologyTransferinGermany Whenitcomestotranslatingbasicresearchintoindustrialsuccess．fewnationscanmatch Germany．Sincethe1940s．thenation’svastindustrialbasehasbeenfedwithaconstantstreamofnewideasandexpertisefromscience．AndthoughGermanprosperity繁荣hasfaltered衰退overthepastdecadebecauseofthehugecostofunifyingeastandwestaswellastheglobaleconomicdeclineitstillhasanenviable令人羡慕的recordforturningideasintoprofit． MuchofthereasonforthatsuccessistheFraunhoferSocietyanetworkofresearchinstitutesthatexistssolelytosolveindustrialproblemsandcreatesought．aftertechnologies．ButtodaytheFraunhoferinstituteshavecompetition．Universitiesaretakinganeverlargerroleintechnologytransferandtechnologyparksarespringingupallover．Theseeffortsarebeingcomplementedbythefederalprogrammesforpumpingmoneyintostart-upcompanies． Suchastrategymaysoundlikearecipeforeconomicsuccess．butitisnotwithoutitscritics．Thesepeopleworrythatfavouringappliedresearchwillmeanneglectingbasicscienceeventuallystarvingindustryoffleshideas．Ifeveryscientiststartsthinkinglikeanentrepreneur企业家theargumentgoesthenthetraditionalprinciplesofuniversityresearchbeingcuriosity．drivenfleeandwidelyavailablewillSuffer．Othersclaimthatmanyoftheprogrammestopromotetechnologytransferareawasteofmoneybecausehalfthesmallbusinessesthatarepromotedareboundtogobankruptwithinafewyears． Ⅵmilethisdebatecontinues．newideasflowatasteadyratefromGermany’sresearchnetworkswhichbearfamousnamessuchasHelmholtzMaxPlanckandLeibniz．YetitisthefourthnetworktheFraunhoferSocietythatplaysthegreatestroleintechnologytransfer． Foundedin1949theFraunhoferSocietyisnowEurope’slargestorganisationforappliedtechnologyandhas59institutesemploying12000people．Itcontinuestogrow．LastyearitSwalloweduptheHeinrichHertzInstituteforCommunicationTechnologyinBerlin．TodaythereareevenFraunhofersintheUSandAsia． TheFraunhoferSocietyisthelargestorganisationforappliedtechnologyin
TheGreatestMysteryOfWhales Thewhaleisawarm-bloodedair-breathinganimalgivingbirthtoitsyoungalivesuckingthem--andlikeallmammalsoriginatedonland．Therearemany frontflippers鳍状肢usedforsteeringandstabilityaretracesoffeet． __________.51ofthis．ItsImmensestrengthis__________.52intothegreatbodyofthebigwhalesandinfactmostofawhale’sbodyisonegiganticmuscle．Thebluewhale’spullingstrengthhasbeenestimated__________.53400horsepower．Onespecimenwasreportedtohavetowed拖awhaling vesselforsevenhoursatthe__________.54ofeightknot节. Anangrywhalewill__________.55AfamousexampleofthiswasthefateofWhalerEssex__________.56wassunkoffthecoastofSouthAmericaearlyinthelastcentury．Morerecentlysteelshipshave__________.57theirplatesbuckled使弯曲inthesameway．Spermwhales抹香鲸wereknowntoseizetheold-timewhaleboatsintheirjawsandcrushThem. Thegreatest__________.58ofwhalesistheirdivingability．ThespermwhaledivestotheBottomforhis__________.59foodtheoctopus章鱼．InthatsearchheisknowntogoasfarDownas3200feetwherethe．__________.60is1400poundstoasquareinch．Doingsohe Will__________.61underwaterlongasonehour．Twospecialskillsareinvolvedinthisstoringupenough__________.62allwhalesareair—breathedandtoleratingthegreatchangeinpressure．Justhowhedoesitscientistshavenot__________.63．Itisbelievedthatsomeoftheoxygenisstoredinaspecial__________.64ofbloodvesselsratherthanjustheldinthelungs．Anditisbelievedthataspecialkindofoilinhisheadissomesortofcompensatingmechanismthat__________.65adjuststheinternalpressureofhisbody．Butsinceyoucan’tbringalivewhaleintothelaboratoryforstudynooneknowsjusthowthesethingswork．
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RadiocarbonDating Nowadaysscientistscananswermanyquestionsaboutthepastthroughatechniquecalledradiocarbon放射性碳orcarbon-14dating.Onekeytounderstandinghowandbysomethinghappenedistodiscoverwhenithappened. Radiocarbondatingwasdevelopedinthelate1940sbyphysicistWillardF.LibbyatheUniversityofChicago.Anatomofordinarycarboncalledcarbon-12hassixprotons质子andsixneutrons中子initsnucleus原子核.Carbon-14orC-14isaradioactiveunstableformofcarbonthathastwoextraneutrons.Itreturnstoamorestableformofcarbonthroughaprocesscalleddecay衰减.Thisprocessinvolvesthelossofheextraneutronsandenergyfromthenucleus. InLibby’sradiocarbondatingtechniquetheweakradioactiveemissions放射fromthisdecayprocessarecountedbyinstrumentssuchasaradiationdetectorandcounter.ThedecayrateisusedtodeterminetheproportionofC-14atomsinthesamplebeingdated. Carbon-14isproducedintheEarth’satmospherewhennitrogen氮-14orN-14interactswithcosmicrays宇宙射线.ScientistsbelievesincetheEarthwasformedthemountofnitrogenintheatmospherehasremainedconstant.ConsequentlyC-14formationisthoughttooccurataconstantrate.NowtheratioofC-14toothercarbontomsintheatmosphereisknown.Mostscientistsagreethatthisratioisusefulfordatingitemsbacktoatleast50000years. AlllifeonEarthismadeoforganicmolecules分子thatcontaincarbonatomscomingfromtheatmosphere.SoalllivingthingshaveaboutthesameratioofC-14atomstoothercarbonatomsintheirtissues组织.Onceanorganism有机体diesitstopstakingincarboninanyformandtheC-14alreadypresentbeginstodecay.OvertimetheamountofC-14inthematerialdecreasesandtheratioofC-14toothercarbonatomsgoesdown.IntermsofradiocarbondatingthefewerC-14atomsinasampletheolderthatsampleis. Radarisusedtodeterminethecharacteristicsofradiocarbon.
RadiocarbonDating Nowadaysscientistscananswermanyquestionsaboutthepastthroughatechniquecalledradiocarbon放射性碳orcarbon-14dating.Onekeytounderstandinghowandbysomethinghappenedistodiscoverwhenithappened. Radiocarbondatingwasdevelopedinthelate1940sbyphysicistWillardF.LibbyatheUniversityofChicago.Anatomofordinarycarboncalledcarbon-12hassixprotons质子andsixneutrons中子initsnucleus原子核.Carbon-14orC-14isaradioactiveunstableformofcarbonthathastwoextraneutrons.Itreturnstoamorestableformofcarbonthroughaprocesscalleddecay衰减.Thisprocessinvolvesthelossofheextraneutronsandenergyfromthenucleus. InLibby’sradiocarbondatingtechniquetheweakradioactiveemissions放射fromthisdecayprocessarecountedbyinstrumentssuchasaradiationdetectorandcounter.ThedecayrateisusedtodeterminetheproportionofC-14atomsinthesamplebeingdated. Carbon-14isproducedintheEarth’satmospherewhennitrogen氮-14orN-14interactswithcosmicrays宇宙射线.ScientistsbelievesincetheEarthwasformedthemountofnitrogenintheatmospherehasremainedconstant.ConsequentlyC-14formationisthoughttooccurataconstantrate.NowtheratioofC-14toothercarbontomsintheatmosphereisknown.Mostscientistsagreethatthisratioisusefulfordatingitemsbacktoatleast50000years. AlllifeonEarthismadeoforganicmolecules分子thatcontaincarbonatomscomingfromtheatmosphere.SoalllivingthingshaveaboutthesameratioofC-14atomstoothercarbonatomsintheirtissues组织.Onceanorganism有机体diesitstopstakingincarboninanyformandtheC-14alreadypresentbeginstodecay.OvertimetheamountofC-14inthematerialdecreasesandtheratioofC-14toothercarbonatomsgoesdown.IntermsofradiocarbondatingthefewerC-14atomsinasampletheolderthatsampleis. Theradiocarbondatingtechniqueisonlyabout40yearsold
TheGreatestMysteryOfWhales Thewhaleisawarm-bloodedair-breathinganimalgivingbirthtoitsyoungalivesuckingthem--andlikeallmammalsoriginatedonland．Therearemany frontflippers鳍状肢usedforsteeringandstabilityaretracesoffeet． __________.51ofthis．ItsImmensestrengthis__________.52intothegreatbodyofthebigwhalesandinfactmostofawhale’sbodyisonegiganticmuscle．Thebluewhale’spullingstrengthhasbeenestimated__________.53400horsepower．Onespecimenwasreportedtohavetowed拖awhaling vesselforsevenhoursatthe__________.54ofeightknot节. Anangrywhalewill__________.55AfamousexampleofthiswasthefateofWhalerEssex__________.56wassunkoffthecoastofSouthAmericaearlyinthelastcentury．Morerecentlysteelshipshave__________.57theirplatesbuckled使弯曲inthesameway．Spermwhales抹香鲸wereknowntoseizetheold-timewhaleboatsintheirjawsandcrushThem. Thegreatest__________.58ofwhalesistheirdivingability．ThespermwhaledivestotheBottomforhis__________.59foodtheoctopus章鱼．InthatsearchheisknowntogoasfarDownas3200feetwherethe．__________.60is1400poundstoasquareinch．Doingsohe Will__________.61underwaterlongasonehour．Twospecialskillsareinvolvedinthisstoringupenough__________.62allwhalesareair—breathedandtoleratingthegreatchangeinpressure．Justhowhedoesitscientistshavenot__________.63．Itisbelievedthatsomeoftheoxygenisstoredinaspecial__________.64ofbloodvesselsratherthanjustheldinthelungs．Anditisbelievedthataspecialkindofoilinhisheadissomesortofcompensatingmechanismthat__________.65adjuststheinternalpressureofhisbody．Butsinceyoucan’tbringalivewhaleintothelaboratoryforstudynooneknowsjusthowthesethingswork．
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第一篇TechnologyTransferinGermany Whenitcomestotranslatingbasicresearchintoindustrialsuccess．fewnationscanmatch Germany．Sincethe1940s．thenation’svastindustrialbasehasbeenfedwithaconstantstreamofnewideasandexpertisefromscience．AndthoughGermanprosperity繁荣hasfaltered衰退overthepastdecadebecauseofthehugecostofunifyingeastandwestaswellastheglobaleconomicdeclineitstillhasanenviable令人羡慕的recordforturningideasintoprofit． MuchofthereasonforthatsuccessistheFraunhoferSocietyanetworkofresearchinstitutesthatexistssolelytosolveindustrialproblemsandcreatesought．aftertechnologies．ButtodaytheFraunhoferinstituteshavecompetition．Universitiesaretakinganeverlargerroleintechnologytransferandtechnologyparksarespringingupallover．Theseeffortsarebeingcomplementedbythefederalprogrammesforpumpingmoneyintostart-upcompanies． Suchastrategymaysoundlikearecipeforeconomicsuccess．butitisnotwithoutitscritics．Thesepeopleworrythatfavouringappliedresearchwillmeanneglectingbasicscienceeventuallystarvingindustryoffleshideas．Ifeveryscientiststartsthinkinglikeanentrepreneur企业家theargumentgoesthenthetraditionalprinciplesofuniversityresearchbeingcuriosity．drivenfleeandwidelyavailablewillSuffer．Othersclaimthatmanyoftheprogrammestopromotetechnologytransferareawasteofmoneybecausehalfthesmallbusinessesthatarepromotedareboundtogobankruptwithinafewyears． Ⅵmilethisdebatecontinues．newideasflowatasteadyratefromGermany’sresearchnetworkswhichbearfamousnamessuchasHelmholtzMaxPlanckandLeibniz．YetitisthefourthnetworktheFraunhoferSocietythatplaysthegreatestroleintechnologytransfer． Foundedin1949theFraunhoferSocietyisnowEurope’slargestorganisationforappliedtechnologyandhas59institutesemploying12000people．Itcontinuestogrow．LastyearitSwalloweduptheHeinrichHertzInstituteforCommunicationTechnologyinBerlin．TodaythereareevenFraunhofersintheUSandAsia． Thewordexpertise’’inline3couldbebestreplacedby
MotherNatureShowsHerStrength Tornadoes龙卷风andheavythunderstormsmovedacrosstheGreatLakesandintoTrumbullCountyonSaturdayevening．Thestormsweredramaticanddangerous． GeorgeSnyderwasdrivingthefiretruckdownRoute88whenhefirstnoticedthatafunnel漏斗状的cloudwasbehindhim．Istoppedthetruckandwatchedthefunnelcloud．Itwasabout100feetoffthegroundandIsawitgoupanddownforawhile．Itwasmovingtoward BradleyRoadandthensuddenlyitdisappeared．Snydersaid． Snyderonlysawoneofthefunnelcloudsthatpassedthroughnortheastern0hioonSaturday．InTrumbullCountyatornadoturnedtreesontotheirsides．Sometreesfellontohousesandcars．Othertreesfellintotelephoneandelectricalwiresastheywentdown． AmandaSymcheckwashavingapartywhenthestormbegan．Iknewsomethingwaswronghesaid．Isawtheskygogreenandpink粉红色．Thenitsoundedlikeatrainrushingtowardthehouse．Istartedcryingandtoldeveryonetogotothebasementfor protection． Thetornadocauseda10tofdamagetocarsandhousesinthearea．Itwilltakealongtimeandmuchmoneytorepaireverything．Therewasalsoseriouswaterdamagefromthethunderstorms．Theheavyrainsandhighwindcausedthepowertogooutinmanyhomes． Thestormscausedseriousfloodinginareasneartheriver．MorethanfourinchesofrainfellinpartsofTrumbullCounty．Theriverwassohighthatthewaterranintostreetsandhouses．ManystreetshadtobeclosedtoCarsandtrucksbecauseofthehighwater．ThismadeitdifficultforfiretruckspoliceCarsandotherrescuevehiclestohelppeoplewhowereintrouble．Manypeoplewholiveneartheriverhadtoleavetheirhomesfortheirownsafety．Somepeoplereportedfivefeetofwaterintheirhomes．Localandstateofficialsopenedemergencysheltersforthepeoplewhowereevacuated撤走．’TheRedCrossservedmealstothem． ThiswasareallyintensestormsaidSnyder．Peoplewereafraid．MotherNaturecanbefierce．Wewereluckythistime．Noonewaskilled Rescuevehicleshadahardtimegettingtopeople．
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TheGreatestMysteryOfWhales Thewhaleisawarm-bloodedair-breathinganimalgivingbirthtoitsyoungalivesuckingthem--andlikeallmammalsoriginatedonland．Therearemany frontflippers鳍状肢usedforsteeringandstabilityaretracesoffeet． __________.51ofthis．ItsImmensestrengthis__________.52intothegreatbodyofthebigwhalesandinfactmostofawhale’sbodyisonegiganticmuscle．Thebluewhale’spullingstrengthhasbeenestimated__________.53400horsepower．Onespecimenwasreportedtohavetowed拖awhaling vesselforsevenhoursatthe__________.54ofeightknot节. Anangrywhalewill__________.55AfamousexampleofthiswasthefateofWhalerEssex__________.56wassunkoffthecoastofSouthAmericaearlyinthelastcentury．Morerecentlysteelshipshave__________.57theirplatesbuckled使弯曲inthesameway．Spermwhales抹香鲸wereknowntoseizetheold-timewhaleboatsintheirjawsandcrushThem. Thegreatest__________.58ofwhalesistheirdivingability．ThespermwhaledivestotheBottomforhis__________.59foodtheoctopus章鱼．InthatsearchheisknowntogoasfarDownas3200feetwherethe．__________.60is1400poundstoasquareinch．Doingsohe Will__________.61underwaterlongasonehour．Twospecialskillsareinvolvedinthisstoringupenough__________.62allwhalesareair—breathedandtoleratingthegreatchangeinpressure．Justhowhedoesitscientistshavenot__________.63．Itisbelievedthatsomeoftheoxygenisstoredinaspecial__________.64ofbloodvesselsratherthanjustheldinthelungs．Anditisbelievedthataspecialkindofoilinhisheadissomesortofcompensatingmechanismthat__________.65adjuststheinternalpressureofhisbody．Butsinceyoucan’tbringalivewhaleintothelaboratoryforstudynooneknowsjusthowthesethingswork．
第三篇TheScienceoftheFuture Untilrecentlythescienceofthefuturewassupposedtobeelectronicsandartificialintelligence．TodayitseemsmoreandmorelikelythatthenextgreatbreakthroughsintechnologywillbebroughtthroughacombinationOfthosetwoscienceswithorganicchemistryandgeneticengineering．Thiscombinationisthescienceofbiotechnology． Organicchemistryenablesustoproducemarveloussynthetic合成的materials．Howeveritisstilldifficulttomanufactureanythingthathasthecapacityofwooltoconserveheatandalsotoabsorbmoisture．Nothingthatwehavebeenabletoproducesofarcomesanywherenearthecombinationofstrength．1ightnessandflexibilitythatwefindinthebodiesofordinaryinsects． Nevertheless．scientistsinthelaboratoryhavealreadysucceededingrowingamaterialthathasmanyofthecharacteristicsofhumanskin．Thenextstepmaywellbebiotechheartsandeyeswhichcanreplacediseasedorgansinhumanbeings．Thesewillnotberejectedbythebodyasisthecasewithorgansfromhumans． Theapplicationofbiotechnologytoenergyproductionseemsevenmorepromising．In1996thefamousscience．fictionwriterArthurC．Clarkemanyofwhosepreviouspredictionshavecometruesaidthatwemaysoonbeabletodevelopremarkablycheapandrenewablesourcesofenergy．Someofthesepowersourceswillbebiological．Clarkeandothershavewarnedusrepeatedlythatsoonerorlaterwewillhavetogiveupourdependenceonnon-renewablepowersources．Coaloilandgasareindeedconvenient．Howeverusingthemalsomeanscreatingdangerouslyhighlevelsofpollution．Itwillbeimpossibletomeetthegrowingdemandfor energywithoutincreasingthatpollutiontocatastrophic灾难性的levelsunlesswedeveloppowersourcesthatarebothcheaperandcleaner． Itisattemptingtothinkthatbiotechnologyorsomeotherscienceofthefuturecansolveourproblems．Beforewesurrendertothattemptationweshouldremembernuclearpower．Onlyafewgenerationsagoitseemedtopromiselimitlesscheapandsafeenergy．Todaythosepromises1ieburiedinaconcretegraveinaplacecalledChernobylintheUkraine．Biotechnologyisunlikely．howevertobreakitspromisesinquitethesameorsuchadangerousway． Whatdowelearnfromthelastparagraph?
第一篇TechnologyTransferinGermany Whenitcomestotranslatingbasicresearchintoindustrialsuccess．fewnationscanmatch Germany．Sincethe1940s．thenation’svastindustrialbasehasbeenfedwithaconstantstreamofnewideasandexpertisefromscience．AndthoughGermanprosperity繁荣hasfaltered衰退overthepastdecadebecauseofthehugecostofunifyingeastandwestaswellastheglobaleconomicdeclineitstillhasanenviable令人羡慕的recordforturningideasintoprofit． MuchofthereasonforthatsuccessistheFraunhoferSocietyanetworkofresearchinstitutesthatexistssolelytosolveindustrialproblemsandcreatesought．aftertechnologies．ButtodaytheFraunhoferinstituteshavecompetition．Universitiesaretakinganeverlargerroleintechnologytransferandtechnologyparksarespringingupallover．Theseeffortsarebeingcomplementedbythefederalprogrammesforpumpingmoneyintostart-upcompanies． Suchastrategymaysoundlikearecipeforeconomicsuccess．butitisnotwithoutitscritics．Thesepeopleworrythatfavouringappliedresearchwillmeanneglectingbasicscienceeventuallystarvingindustryoffleshideas．Ifeveryscientiststartsthinkinglikeanentrepreneur企业家theargumentgoesthenthetraditionalprinciplesofuniversityresearchbeingcuriosity．drivenfleeandwidelyavailablewillSuffer．Othersclaimthatmanyoftheprogrammestopromotetechnologytransferareawasteofmoneybecausehalfthesmallbusinessesthatarepromotedareboundtogobankruptwithinafewyears． Ⅵmilethisdebatecontinues．newideasflowatasteadyratefromGermany’sresearchnetworkswhichbearfamousnamessuchasHelmholtzMaxPlanckandLeibniz．YetitisthefourthnetworktheFraunhoferSocietythatplaysthegreatestroleintechnologytransfer． Foundedin1949theFraunhoferSocietyisnowEurope’slargestorganisationforappliedtechnologyandhas59institutesemploying12000people．Itcontinuestogrow．LastyearitSwalloweduptheHeinrichHertzInstituteforCommunicationTechnologyinBerlin．TodaythereareevenFraunhofersintheUSandAsia． WhatfactorcanbeattributedtoGermanprosperity?
MotherNatureShowsHerStrength Tornadoes龙卷风andheavythunderstormsmovedacrosstheGreatLakesandintoTrumbullCountyonSaturdayevening．Thestormsweredramaticanddangerous． GeorgeSnyderwasdrivingthefiretruckdownRoute88whenhefirstnoticedthatafunnel漏斗状的cloudwasbehindhim．Istoppedthetruckandwatchedthefunnelcloud．Itwasabout100feetoffthegroundandIsawitgoupanddownforawhile．Itwasmovingtoward BradleyRoadandthensuddenlyitdisappeared．Snydersaid． Snyderonlysawoneofthefunnelcloudsthatpassedthroughnortheastern0hioonSaturday．InTrumbullCountyatornadoturnedtreesontotheirsides．Sometreesfellontohousesandcars．Othertreesfellintotelephoneandelectricalwiresastheywentdown． AmandaSymcheckwashavingapartywhenthestormbegan．Iknewsomethingwaswronghesaid．Isawtheskygogreenandpink粉红色．Thenitsoundedlikeatrainrushingtowardthehouse．Istartedcryingandtoldeveryonetogotothebasementfor protection． Thetornadocauseda10tofdamagetocarsandhousesinthearea．Itwilltakealongtimeandmuchmoneytorepaireverything．Therewasalsoseriouswaterdamagefromthethunderstorms．Theheavyrainsandhighwindcausedthepowertogooutinmanyhomes． Thestormscausedseriousfloodinginareasneartheriver．MorethanfourinchesofrainfellinpartsofTrumbullCounty．Theriverwassohighthatthewaterranintostreetsandhouses．ManystreetshadtobeclosedtoCarsandtrucksbecauseofthehighwater．ThismadeitdifficultforfiretruckspoliceCarsandotherrescuevehiclestohelppeoplewhowereintrouble．Manypeoplewholiveneartheriverhadtoleavetheirhomesfortheirownsafety．Somepeoplereportedfivefeetofwaterintheirhomes．Localandstateofficialsopenedemergencysheltersforthepeoplewhowereevacuated撤走．’TheRedCrossservedmealstothem． ThiswasareallyintensestormsaidSnyder．Peoplewereafraid．MotherNaturecanbefierce．Wewereluckythistime．Noonewaskilled GeorgeSnyderwasafirefighter．
ThereisalwaysexcitementattheOlympicGameswhenanathlete{{U}}breaks{{/U}}arecord.
TheGreatestMysteryOfWhales Thewhaleisawarm-bloodedair-breathinganimalgivingbirthtoitsyoungalivesuckingthem--andlikeallmammalsoriginatedonland．Therearemany frontflippers鳍状肢usedforsteeringandstabilityaretracesoffeet． __________.51ofthis．ItsImmensestrengthis__________.52intothegreatbodyofthebigwhalesandinfactmostofawhale’sbodyisonegiganticmuscle．Thebluewhale’spullingstrengthhasbeenestimated__________.53400horsepower．Onespecimenwasreportedtohavetowed拖awhaling vesselforsevenhoursatthe__________.54ofeightknot节. Anangrywhalewill__________.55AfamousexampleofthiswasthefateofWhalerEssex__________.56wassunkoffthecoastofSouthAmericaearlyinthelastcentury．Morerecentlysteelshipshave__________.57theirplatesbuckled使弯曲inthesameway．Spermwhales抹香鲸wereknowntoseizetheold-timewhaleboatsintheirjawsandcrushThem. Thegreatest__________.58ofwhalesistheirdivingability．ThespermwhaledivestotheBottomforhis__________.59foodtheoctopus章鱼．InthatsearchheisknowntogoasfarDownas3200feetwherethe．__________.60is1400poundstoasquareinch．Doingsohe Will__________.61underwaterlongasonehour．Twospecialskillsareinvolvedinthisstoringupenough__________.62allwhalesareair—breathedandtoleratingthegreatchangeinpressure．Justhowhedoesitscientistshavenot__________.63．Itisbelievedthatsomeoftheoxygenisstoredinaspecial__________.64ofbloodvesselsratherthanjustheldinthelungs．Anditisbelievedthataspecialkindofoilinhisheadissomesortofcompensatingmechanismthat__________.65adjuststheinternalpressureofhisbody．Butsinceyoucan’tbringalivewhaleintothelaboratoryforstudynooneknowsjusthowthesethingswork．
第二篇SuperconductorCeramic陶瓷 Anundergroundrevolutionbeginsthiswinter．withtheflip轻击ofaswitch30000homesinonepartofDetroitwillsoonbecomethefirstinthecountrytoreceiveelectricitytransmittedbyice．coldhigh．performancecables．OtherAmericancitiesareexpectedtofollowDetroit’sexampleintheyearsahead．whichcouldconserveenormousamountsofpower． ThenewelectricalcablesattheFrisbiepowerstationinDetroitarerevolutionarybecausetheyaremadeofsuperconductors．Asuperconductorisamaterialthattransmitselectricitywithlittleornoresistance．Resistanceisthedegreetowhichasubstanceresistselectriccurrent．Allcommonelectricalconductorshaveacertainamountofelectricalresistance．Theyconvertatleastsomeoftheelectricalenergypassingthroughthemintowasteheat．Superconductorsdon’t?Nooneunderstandshowsuperconductivityworks．Itjustdoes． Makingsuperconductorsisn’teasy．Asuperconductormaterialhastobecooledtoanextremelylowtemperatureto10seitsresistance．Thefirstsuperconductorsmademorethan50yearsagohadtobecooledto-263degreesCelsiusbeforetheylosttheirresistance．Newersuperconductingmaterials10setheirresistanceat-143degreesCelsius． ThesuperconductorscableinstalledattheFrisbiestationismadeofaceramicmaterialthatcontainscopper．oxygen．bismuth铋strontium锶．andcalcium钙．Aceramicisahard．strongcompoundmadefromclayorminerals．Thesuperconductingceramichasbeenfashionedintoatapethatiswrappedlengthwisearoundalongtubefilledwithliquidnitrogen．Liquidnitrogenissupercoldandlowersthetemperatureoftheceramictapetothepointwhereitconveyselectricitywithzeroresistance． TheUnitedStateslosesanenormousamountofelectricityeachyeartoresistance．Becausecooledsuperconductorshavenoresistance．theywastemuchlesspower．0thercitiesarewatchingtheFrisbieexperimentinthehopethattheymightswitchtosuperconductingcableandconservepower．too． Comparedtocommonelectricalconductorssuperconductors
Thegreatchangeofthecity{{U}}astonished{{/U}}allthevisitors.
第二篇SuperconductorCeramic陶瓷 Anundergroundrevolutionbeginsthiswinter．withtheflip轻击ofaswitch30000homesinonepartofDetroitwillsoonbecomethefirstinthecountrytoreceiveelectricitytransmittedbyice．coldhigh．performancecables．OtherAmericancitiesareexpectedtofollowDetroit’sexampleintheyearsahead．whichcouldconserveenormousamountsofpower． ThenewelectricalcablesattheFrisbiepowerstationinDetroitarerevolutionarybecausetheyaremadeofsuperconductors．Asuperconductorisamaterialthattransmitselectricitywithlittleornoresistance．Resistanceisthedegreetowhichasubstanceresistselectriccurrent．Allcommonelectricalconductorshaveacertainamountofelectricalresistance．Theyconvertatleastsomeoftheelectricalenergypassingthroughthemintowasteheat．Superconductorsdon’t?Nooneunderstandshowsuperconductivityworks．Itjustdoes． Makingsuperconductorsisn’teasy．Asuperconductormaterialhastobecooledtoanextremelylowtemperatureto10seitsresistance．Thefirstsuperconductorsmademorethan50yearsagohadtobecooledto-263degreesCelsiusbeforetheylosttheirresistance．Newersuperconductingmaterials10setheirresistanceat-143degreesCelsius． ThesuperconductorscableinstalledattheFrisbiestationismadeofaceramicmaterialthatcontainscopper．oxygen．bismuth铋strontium锶．andcalcium钙．Aceramicisahard．strongcompoundmadefromclayorminerals．Thesuperconductingceramichasbeenfashionedintoatapethatiswrappedlengthwisearoundalongtubefilledwithliquidnitrogen．Liquidnitrogenissupercoldandlowersthetemperatureoftheceramictapetothepointwhereitconveyselectricitywithzeroresistance． TheUnitedStateslosesanenormousamountofelectricityeachyeartoresistance．Becausecooledsuperconductorshavenoresistance．theywastemuchlesspower．0thercitiesarewatchingtheFrisbieexperimentinthehopethattheymightswitchtosuperconductingcableandconservepower．too． Whatelementenablestheceramictapetoloweritstemperature?
TheGreatestMysteryOfWhales Thewhaleisawarm-bloodedair-breathinganimalgivingbirthtoitsyoungalivesuckingthem--andlikeallmammalsoriginatedonland．Therearemany frontflippers鳍状肢usedforsteeringandstabilityaretracesoffeet． __________.51ofthis．ItsImmensestrengthis__________.52intothegreatbodyofthebigwhalesandinfactmostofawhale’sbodyisonegiganticmuscle．Thebluewhale’spullingstrengthhasbeenestimated__________.53400horsepower．Onespecimenwasreportedtohavetowed拖awhaling vesselforsevenhoursatthe__________.54ofeightknot节. Anangrywhalewill__________.55AfamousexampleofthiswasthefateofWhalerEssex__________.56wassunkoffthecoastofSouthAmericaearlyinthelastcentury．Morerecentlysteelshipshave__________.57theirplatesbuckled使弯曲inthesameway．Spermwhales抹香鲸wereknowntoseizetheold-timewhaleboatsintheirjawsandcrushThem. Thegreatest__________.58ofwhalesistheirdivingability．ThespermwhaledivestotheBottomforhis__________.59foodtheoctopus章鱼．InthatsearchheisknowntogoasfarDownas3200feetwherethe．__________.60is1400poundstoasquareinch．Doingsohe Will__________.61underwaterlongasonehour．Twospecialskillsareinvolvedinthisstoringupenough__________.62allwhalesareair—breathedandtoleratingthegreatchangeinpressure．Justhowhedoesitscientistshavenot__________.63．Itisbelievedthatsomeoftheoxygenisstoredinaspecial__________.64ofbloodvesselsratherthanjustheldinthelungs．Anditisbelievedthataspecialkindofoilinhisheadissomesortofcompensatingmechanismthat__________.65adjuststheinternalpressureofhisbody．Butsinceyoucan’tbringalivewhaleintothelaboratoryforstudynooneknowsjusthowthesethingswork．
第三篇TheScienceoftheFuture Untilrecentlythescienceofthefuturewassupposedtobeelectronicsandartificialintelligence．TodayitseemsmoreandmorelikelythatthenextgreatbreakthroughsintechnologywillbebroughtthroughacombinationOfthosetwoscienceswithorganicchemistryandgeneticengineering．Thiscombinationisthescienceofbiotechnology． Organicchemistryenablesustoproducemarveloussynthetic合成的materials．Howeveritisstilldifficulttomanufactureanythingthathasthecapacityofwooltoconserveheatandalsotoabsorbmoisture．Nothingthatwehavebeenabletoproducesofarcomesanywherenearthecombinationofstrength．1ightnessandflexibilitythatwefindinthebodiesofordinaryinsects． Nevertheless．scientistsinthelaboratoryhavealreadysucceededingrowingamaterialthathasmanyofthecharacteristicsofhumanskin．Thenextstepmaywellbebiotechheartsandeyeswhichcanreplacediseasedorgansinhumanbeings．Thesewillnotberejectedbythebodyasisthecasewithorgansfromhumans． Theapplicationofbiotechnologytoenergyproductionseemsevenmorepromising．In1996thefamousscience．fictionwriterArthurC．Clarkemanyofwhosepreviouspredictionshavecometruesaidthatwemaysoonbeabletodevelopremarkablycheapandrenewablesourcesofenergy．Someofthesepowersourceswillbebiological．Clarkeandothershavewarnedusrepeatedlythatsoonerorlaterwewillhavetogiveupourdependenceonnon-renewablepowersources．Coaloilandgasareindeedconvenient．Howeverusingthemalsomeanscreatingdangerouslyhighlevelsofpollution．Itwillbeimpossibletomeetthegrowingdemandfor energywithoutincreasingthatpollutiontocatastrophic灾难性的levelsunlesswedeveloppowersourcesthatarebothcheaperandcleaner． Itisattemptingtothinkthatbiotechnologyorsomeotherscienceofthefuturecansolveourproblems．Beforewesurrendertothattemptationweshouldremembernuclearpower．Onlyafewgenerationsagoitseemedtopromiselimitlesscheapandsafeenergy．Todaythosepromises1ieburiedinaconcretegraveinaplacecalledChernobylintheUkraine．Biotechnologyisunlikely．howevertobreakitspromisesinquitethesameorsuchadangerousway． Accordingtothepassagethescienceofthefutureislikelytobe
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