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U. S. to Start $3.2 Billion Child Health Study in January A. study that will cost $3.2 billion and ...
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{{*HTML*}}LungCancer??1.Thedeathrateduetocancerofthelungshasincreasedmorethan800percentinmalesandhasmorethandoubledinfemalesduringthelast25years.Itisconsiderablyhigherinurbanandindustrialareasthaninruraldistricts.Therearemanypossiblecausesbutitisstillcontroversialwhicharemostblameworthy.Thosefactorswhichhavebeenmentionedmostfrequentlyarethepresenceofforeignparticlesandotherirritantsintheairsmokeparticlessmogexhaustfumesandthesmokingofcigarettesandcigars.??2.Numerousstudieshavedemonstratedastrikingcorrelationbetweenthedeathratefromlungcancerandsmokinghabits.Amongheavysmokers—21to30cigarettesperday—themortalityratefromlungcancerisnearly17timestheratefromnonsmokers.Itisexpectedthedeathrateamongwomenwillincreaseasthepresenthighrateofsmokingamongwomenhasitseffect.??3.SometimescasesoflungcancerarediscoveredatthetimeanX-rayistakenforthepurposeofdetectingtuberculosis.ToooftenhoweveracurrentemphasisuponthedangerofexposuretoradiationfromX-raymachinescanfrightenpeopleawayfromroutinechestX-raysandthuspreventanearlydiagnosisoflungcancer.Earlydetectionisabsolutelyessentialifanypossibilityofcureistobemaintained.ModernX-raymachinesincompetenthandsposesuchslightdangeratleasttothoseover40yearsofagethatthiswouldbemuchmorethanoffsetbytheadvantagesofdiscoveringatumorwhileitissmallenoughtobecompletelyremoved.??4.Acommonformoflungcancerisbronchogeniccarcinomaso-calledbecausethemalignancyoriginatesinabronchus.Thetumormaygrowuntilthebronchusisblockedcuttingoffthesupplyofairtothatlung.Thelungthencollapsesandthesecretionstrappedinthelungspacesbecomeinfectedwitharesultingpneumoniaortheformationofalungabscess.Suchalungcancercanalsospreadtocausesecondarygrowthsinthelymphnodesofthechestandneckaswellasinthebrainandotherpartsofthebody.Theonlytreatmentthatoffersapossibilityofcurebeforesecondarygrowthshavehadtimetoformistoremovethelungcompletely.Thisoperationiscalledpneumonectomy.??5.Malignanttumorsofthestomachthebreasttheprostateglandandotherorgansmayspreadtothelungscausingsecondarygrowths.{{*HTML*}}A.CommonSecondaryLungCancers??B.TheAdvantagesBroughtaboutbyRoutineChestCheckup??C.RelationshipBetweenMortalityRatefromLungCancerandSmokingHabits??D.OperableandInoperableLungCancers??E.TheIncreasingDeathRatefromLungCancerandPossibleCauses??F.AnOrdinaryTypeofLungCancer??Paragraph1______
{{*HTML*}}ScreenTest??1.EveryyearmillionsofwomenarescreenedwithX-raystopickupsignsofbreastcancer.Ifthishappensearlyenoughthediseasecanoftenbetreatedsuccessfully.Accordingtoasurveypublishedlastyear21countrieshavescreeningprogrammes.NineofthemincludingAustraliaCanadatheUSandSpainscreenwomenunder50.??2.Butthemedicalbenefitsofscreeningtheseyoungerwomenarecontroversialpartlybecausetheradiationbringsasmallriskofinducingcancer.AlsoyoungerwomenmustbegivenhigherdosesofX-raysbecausetheirbreasttissueisdenser.??3.ResearchersatthePolytechnicUniversityofValenciaanalysedtheeffectofscreeningmorethan160000womenat11localclinics.Afterestimatingthewomen’scumulativedoseofradiationtheyusedtwomodelstocalculatethenumberofextracancersthiswouldcause.??4.ThemathematicalmodelrecommendedbyBritain’sNationalRadiologicalProtectionBoardNRPBpredictedthatthescreeningprogrammewouldcause36cancersper100000women18ofthemfatal.ThemodelpreferredbytheUNScientificCommitteeontheEffectsofAtomicRadiationledtoalowerfigureof20cancers.??5.Theresearchersarguethatthelevelofradiation-inducedcancersisnotverysignificantcomparedtothefarlargernumberofcancersthatarediscoveredandtreated.TheValenciaprogrammetheysaydetectsbetween300and450casesofbreastcancerinevery100000womenscreened.??6.Buttheypointoutthattheriskofwomencontractingcancerfromradiationcouldbereducedbybetween40and80percentifscreeningbeganat50insteadof45becausetheywouldbeexposedtolessradiation.Theresultsoftheirstudytheysuggestcouldhelpoptimisethetechniqueforbreastcancerscreening.??7.Thereisatrade-offbetweenthediagnosticbenefitsofbreastscreeninganditsrisksadmitsMichaelClarkoftheNRPB.Buthewarnsthatthestudyshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.Onthebasisofthecurrentdataforevery1.0cancerssuccessfullydetectedandpreventedthereisariskofcausingonelaterinlife.That’swhyradiationexposureshouldbeminimisedinanyscreeningprogramme./{{*HTML*}}A.becostly??B.harmful??C.savealife??D.stillopentodebate??E.reducetheriskofradiationtriggeringacancer??F.reducedtotheminimum??Earlydiscoveryofbreastcancermay______
{{*HTML*}}NappingtoaHealthierHeart???1.Researcherssaytheyhavedevelopedasimpletestthatcantellifapersonwithheartdiseaseislikelytosufferaheartattack.Thetestmeasureslevelsofaproteinintheblood.Theresearcherssaypeoplewithhighlevelsofthisproteinareathighriskofheartattackheartfailureorstroke.??2.KirstenBibbins-DomingooftheUniversityofCaliforniainSanFranciscoledtheteam.Foraboutfouryearstheystudiedalmostonethousandpatientswithheartdisease.TheresearcherstestedtheheartdiseasepatientsforaproteincalledNT-proBNP.Patientswiththehighestlevelswerenearlyeighttimesmorelikelythanthosewiththelowestlevelstohaveaheartattackheartfailureorstroke.??3.Theresearcherssaythepresenceofhighlevelsoftheproteininthebloodshowsthattheheartmuscleisunderpressureinsomeway.Thestudyinvolvedmostlymensotheresearcherscouldnotsayforsurethattheresultsarealsotrueforwomen.TheysaythepatientswiththehighestlevelsofNT-proBNPwereolderandhadotherproblemslikediabetesorhighbloodpressure.??4.Otherresearcherssaymorestudiesareneededtoconfirmifknowingtheproteinlevelsofaheartpatientshouldaffectthatperson’streatment.Theyalsowouldliketoknowifmoreaggressivetreatmentcouldreducethepatient’schanceofaheartattackorstroke.ThestudyappearedintheJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociation.??5.Couldalittlesleepduringthemiddleofthedayreducetheriskofaheartattack?AnunrelatedstudyearlierthismonthintheArchivesofInternalMedicinesuggeststhattheanswermaybeyes.IncountriesliketheUnitedStatesafternoonnapsaremostlyforchildren.ButtheyarecommonforadultsinMediterraneancountries.Andthesecountriesgenerallyhavelowerratesofheartdisease.SoscientistsintheUnitedStatesandGreecewonderedifnapscouldplayapart.Twenty-threethousandhealthyadultstookpartinthestudybyHarvardUniversityandtheUniversityofAthens.Thosewhotookthirty-minutenapsthreetimesaweekhadathirty-sevenpercentlowerriskofdeathfromheartproblemsthanpeoplewhodidnottakenaps.??6.Theresearcherssaynappingmayimprovehearthealthbyreducingstress.Theysaytheresearchsuggeststhatnapsareespeciallygoodforworkingmen.Buttheysaynotenoughfemalesubjectsdiedduringthestudytojudgethebenefitsforwomen.{{*HTML*}}A.EffectsofNappinginFemalesStillUncertain??B.OlderMalesHaveHigherLevelsofNT-proBNP??C.DevelopmentofaSimplebutImportantTest??D.EvidenceofPositiveRelationshipBetweenNappingandHeartDisease??E.HowtoControltheLevelsofNT-proBNP??F.EffectsofNT-proBNPonHeartDisease??Paragraph2______
{{*HTML*}}ChinaSeeksDonorstoNarrowBoneMarrowGap??1.Chinahaslaunchedacampaigntorecruitmorebonemarrowdonorsamidashortageoffundsaswellasofsiblingdonorswhocouldhelpthegrowingnumberofpatientsinneedoflife-savingtransplantsstatemediareportedonMonday.??2.TheChineseRedCrossbeganthenationalcampaignovertheweekendtofinddonorsforsome4millionpatientssufferingfromleukaemiathalassaemiaandotherblooddiseasesandawaitingbonemarrowtransplantstheofficialChinaDailysaid.EveryyearChinahas40000newleukaemiapatientsmostofthemunder35and50percentofthemchildrenthenewspapersaid.OtherreportshavelinkedChina’sgrowingchildhoodleukaemiatosolventsandbuildingmaterialsusedininteriordecoration.??3.WithatinypoolofbonemarrowdonorsweakenedbytheabsenceofsiblingdonorsformostchildrenbecauseofChina’sone-childpolicydoctorsrelyondonorsfromTaiwantosavemanyyoungleukaemiapatientstheBeijingEveningNewssaidlastweekend.Taiwanwithapopulationof22millionhas210000registereddonorscomparedwithfewerthan30000donorsamongmainlandChina’s1.3billionpeoplethenewspapersaid.??4.Yetthelackofregistereddonorsmayreflectalackoffundingfortestingandrecordingdataonpotentialdonorsratherthanalackofvolunteersthenewspapersaid.Chinaneedsapoolofatleast100000donorsbuttestingthemwouldcostmorethan50millionyuanitsaid.??5.TheHongKongMarrowMatchFoundationsaidithashelpedahandful?ofpatientsinBeijingShanghaiandothercities.ThenumberofrequestsisincreasingfrommainlandChinaincludingdirectcallstothecharityfromdesperatepatientsorrelativessaidthefoundation’sdonorcoordinatorMarvenChin.Butthecostofextractingbonemarrowfromoneofthefoundation’s40000registereddonorsandflyingitbycourierhastobebornebythepatientsandmanyofthemhavetobeaidedfinanciallyChinsaid.Somesolventsandbuildingmaterialsareconsidered______.
{{*HTML*}}ManyBenefitfromCancerOrganization??1.Doyouknowachildwhosurvivedleukemia?Doyouhaveamothersisterorauntwhosebreastcancerwasfoundearlythankstoamammogram?Doyouhaveafriendorcoworkerwhoquitsmokingtoreducetheirriskoflungcancer?EachoftheseindividualsbenefitedfromtheAmericanCancerSociety’sresearchprogram.??2.EachdayscientistssupportedbytheAmericanCancerSocietyworktofindbreakthroughsthatwilltakeusonestepclosertoacure.TheAmericanCancerSocietyhaslongrecognizedthatresearchholdstheultimateanswerstothepreventiondiagnosisandtreatmentofcancer.??3.AsthelargestsourceofnonprofitcancerresearchfundsintheUnitedStatestheAmericanCancerSocietydevotesover$100millioneachyeartoresearch.Since1946they’veinvestedmorethan?$2.4billioninresearch.Theinvestmenthaspaidrichdividends:In1946onlyoneinfourcancerpatientswasalivefiveyearsafterdiagnosis;today60percentlivelongerthanfiveyears.??4.InvestigatorsandhealthprofessionalsinuniversitiesresearchinstitutesandhospitalsthroughoutthecountryreceivegrantsfromtheAmericanCancerSociety.Ofthemorethan1300newapplicationsreceivedeachyearonly11percentcanbefunded.IftheAmericanCancerSocietyhadmoremoneyavailableforresearchfundingnearly200moreapplicationsconsideredoutstandingcouldbefundedeachyear.??5.YoucanhelpfundmoreoftheseapplicationsbyparticipatingintheAmericanCancerSocietyRelayforLifeateameventtofightcancer.Morefundingmeansmorecancerbreakthroughsandmorelivesbeingsaved.TolearnmorecallDonnaHoodchairwiththeNeoshoRelayforLifeoftheAmericanCancerSocietyat451-4880.Manyoutstandingapplicationsareturneddowneachyearfor______.
{{*HTML*}}ScreenTest??1.EveryyearmillionsofwomenarescreenedwithX-raystopickupsignsofbreastcancer.Ifthishappensearlyenoughthediseasecanoftenbetreatedsuccessfully.Accordingtoasurveypublishedlastyear21countrieshavescreeningprogrammes.NineofthemincludingAustraliaCanadatheUSandSpainscreenwomenunder50.??2.Butthemedicalbenefitsofscreeningtheseyoungerwomenarecontroversialpartlybecausetheradiationbringsasmallriskofinducingcancer.AlsoyoungerwomenmustbegivenhigherdosesofX-raysbecausetheirbreasttissueisdenser.??3.ResearchersatthePolytechnicUniversityofValenciaanalysedtheeffectofscreeningmorethan160000womenat11localclinics.Afterestimatingthewomen’scumulativedoseofradiationtheyusedtwomodelstocalculatethenumberofextracancersthiswouldcause.??4.ThemathematicalmodelrecommendedbyBritain’sNationalRadiologicalProtectionBoardNRPBpredictedthatthescreeningprogrammewouldcause36cancersper100000women18ofthemfatal.ThemodelpreferredbytheUNScientificCommitteeontheEffectsofAtomicRadiationledtoalowerfigureof20cancers.??5.Theresearchersarguethatthelevelofradiation-inducedcancersisnotverysignificantcomparedtothefarlargernumberofcancersthatarediscoveredandtreated.TheValenciaprogrammetheysaydetectsbetween300and450casesofbreastcancerinevery100000womenscreened.??6.Buttheypointoutthattheriskofwomencontractingcancerfromradiationcouldbereducedbybetween40and80percentifscreeningbeganat50insteadof45becausetheywouldbeexposedtolessradiation.Theresultsoftheirstudytheysuggestcouldhelpoptimisethetechniqueforbreastcancerscreening.??7.Thereisatrade-offbetweenthediagnosticbenefitsofbreastscreeninganditsrisksadmitsMichaelClarkoftheNRPB.Buthewarnsthatthestudyshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.Onthebasisofthecurrentdataforevery1.0cancerssuccessfullydetectedandpreventedthereisariskofcausingonelaterinlife.That’swhyradiationexposureshouldbeminimisedinanyscreeningprogramme./{{*HTML*}}A.HarmScreeningMayDotoaYoungerWoman??B.InvestigatingtheEffectofScreening??C.EffectsPredictedbyTwoDifferentModels??D.SmallRiskofInducingCancersfromRadiation??E.TreatmentofCancers??F.FactorsThatTriggerCancers??Paragraph2______
{{*HTML*}}ThePaperChase??1.RunningahouseisalotlikerunningabusinesssaysStephanieDentonaprofessionalorganizerbasedinCincinnatiOhiowhospecializesinbothresidentialandcommercialpaperworkandrecordkeeping.TogetasuccessfulgriponorganizingdocumentsbillsandothermaterialsDentonsuggeststhefollowingtips:??2.Createaspaceinwhichyoucanalwaysdoyourpaperwork.Thisisperhapsthemostimportantelementofasuccessfulsystem.Ifyoucan’tdevoteanentiredesktothetaskatleastinvestinarollingfilecarttostoreactivepaperworkandatwo-drawerfilecabinetforfamilyrecords.Storetherollingfilecartwhereveritismostconvenientandcomfortabletodoyourworkwhetherthatisthekitchenofficeorfamilyroom.??3.Whenindoubtthrowitout.Thefirststepforimplementingaworkablefilingsystemistoeliminatepaperyoudon’tusedon’tneedorthatyoucouldeasilyaccessagainelsewhere.Throwoutduplicatestatementsoldcatalogsandallofthecouponsmailingsorofferingsyou’llneverhaveanopportunitytouseorevenread.??4.Setasidetwodaysamonthtopaybills.Ifamonthlyduedatedoesn’tfitintoyourcyclecallupthecreditorandsuggestamoreconvenientdate.Keeptwomanilafoldersatthefrontofyoursystemforcurrentbills—onetocorrespondwitheachbill-payingday—andfileallincomingbills.Keepalistinthefrontofeachfolderofwhatneedstobepaidincasetheinvoiceneverarrivesorgetsmisplaced.??5.Thinkofyourfilingsystemnotasarigidtoolbutasalivingbreathingsystemthatcanaccommodateyourchangingneeds.Agoodfilingsystemisbothmentallyandphysicallyflexible.Everyone’sneedsaredifferentsaysDentonbutwhendevisingafilingsystemaskyourself:WherewouldIlookforthis?CreatemainheadingsforyourfilingsystemsuchasInvestments{{*HTML*}}A.theyareuseless??B.inpaperchase??C.thatitiseasilyreached??D.thatdifferentpeoplehavedifferentrequirements??E.theyarenotcomfortable??F.ininvestingincoupons??StephanieDentonisexpert______.
{{*HTML*}}NappingtoaHealthierHeart???1.Researcherssaytheyhavedevelopedasimpletestthatcantellifapersonwithheartdiseaseislikelytosufferaheartattack.Thetestmeasureslevelsofaproteinintheblood.Theresearcherssaypeoplewithhighlevelsofthisproteinareathighriskofheartattackheartfailureorstroke.??2.KirstenBibbins-DomingooftheUniversityofCaliforniainSanFranciscoledtheteam.Foraboutfouryearstheystudiedalmostonethousandpatientswithheartdisease.TheresearcherstestedtheheartdiseasepatientsforaproteincalledNT-proBNP.Patientswiththehighestlevelswerenearlyeighttimesmorelikelythanthosewiththelowestlevelstohaveaheartattackheartfailureorstroke.??3.Theresearcherssaythepresenceofhighlevelsoftheproteininthebloodshowsthattheheartmuscleisunderpressureinsomeway.Thestudyinvolvedmostlymensotheresearcherscouldnotsayforsurethattheresultsarealsotrueforwomen.TheysaythepatientswiththehighestlevelsofNT-proBNPwereolderandhadotherproblemslikediabetesorhighbloodpressure.??4.Otherresearcherssaymorestudiesareneededtoconfirmifknowingtheproteinlevelsofaheartpatientshouldaffectthatperson’streatment.Theyalsowouldliketoknowifmoreaggressivetreatmentcouldreducethepatient’schanceofaheartattackorstroke.ThestudyappearedintheJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociation.??5.Couldalittlesleepduringthemiddleofthedayreducetheriskofaheartattack?AnunrelatedstudyearlierthismonthintheArchivesofInternalMedicinesuggeststhattheanswermaybeyes.IncountriesliketheUnitedStatesafternoonnapsaremostlyforchildren.ButtheyarecommonforadultsinMediterraneancountries.Andthesecountriesgenerallyhavelowerratesofheartdisease.SoscientistsintheUnitedStatesandGreecewonderedifnapscouldplayapart.Twenty-threethousandhealthyadultstookpartinthestudybyHarvardUniversityandtheUniversityofAthens.Thosewhotookthirty-minutenapsthreetimesaweekhadathirty-sevenpercentlowerriskofdeathfromheartproblemsthanpeoplewhodidnottakenaps.??6.Theresearcherssaynappingmayimprovehearthealthbyreducingstress.Theysaytheresearchsuggeststhatnapsareespeciallygoodforworkingmen.Buttheysaynotenoughfemalesubjectsdiedduringthestudytojudgethebenefitsforwomen.Peoplewhotakeregularafternoonnaps______.
{{*HTML*}}ScreenTest??1.EveryyearmillionsofwomenarescreenedwithX-raystopickupsignsofbreastcancer.Ifthishappensearlyenoughthediseasecanoftenbetreatedsuccessfully.Accordingtoasurveypublishedlastyear21countrieshavescreeningprogrammes.NineofthemincludingAustraliaCanadatheUSandSpainscreenwomenunder50.??2.Butthemedicalbenefitsofscreeningtheseyoungerwomenarecontroversialpartlybecausetheradiationbringsasmallriskofinducingcancer.AlsoyoungerwomenmustbegivenhigherdosesofX-raysbecausetheirbreasttissueisdenser.??3.ResearchersatthePolytechnicUniversityofValenciaanalysedtheeffectofscreeningmorethan160000womenat11localclinics.Afterestimatingthewomen’scumulativedoseofradiationtheyusedtwomodelstocalculatethenumberofextracancersthiswouldcause.??4.ThemathematicalmodelrecommendedbyBritain’sNationalRadiologicalProtectionBoardNRPBpredictedthatthescreeningprogrammewouldcause36cancersper100000women18ofthemfatal.ThemodelpreferredbytheUNScientificCommitteeontheEffectsofAtomicRadiationledtoalowerfigureof20cancers.??5.Theresearchersarguethatthelevelofradiation-inducedcancersisnotverysignificantcomparedtothefarlargernumberofcancersthatarediscoveredandtreated.TheValenciaprogrammetheysaydetectsbetween300and450casesofbreastcancerinevery100000womenscreened.??6.Buttheypointoutthattheriskofwomencontractingcancerfromradiationcouldbereducedbybetween40and80percentifscreeningbeganat50insteadof45becausetheywouldbeexposedtolessradiation.Theresultsoftheirstudytheysuggestcouldhelpoptimisethetechniqueforbreastcancerscreening.??7.Thereisatrade-offbetweenthediagnosticbenefitsofbreastscreeninganditsrisksadmitsMichaelClarkoftheNRPB.Buthewarnsthatthestudyshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.Onthebasisofthecurrentdataforevery1.0cancerssuccessfullydetectedandpreventedthereisariskofcausingonelaterinlife.That’swhyradiationexposureshouldbeminimisedinanyscreeningprogramme./Paragraph4______
{{*HTML*}}ChinaSeeksDonorstoNarrowBoneMarrowGap??1.Chinahaslaunchedacampaigntorecruitmorebonemarrowdonorsamidashortageoffundsaswellasofsiblingdonorswhocouldhelpthegrowingnumberofpatientsinneedoflife-savingtransplantsstatemediareportedonMonday.??2.TheChineseRedCrossbeganthenationalcampaignovertheweekendtofinddonorsforsome4millionpatientssufferingfromleukaemiathalassaemiaandotherblooddiseasesandawaitingbonemarrowtransplantstheofficialChinaDailysaid.EveryyearChinahas40000newleukaemiapatientsmostofthemunder35and50percentofthemchildrenthenewspapersaid.OtherreportshavelinkedChina’sgrowingchildhoodleukaemiatosolventsandbuildingmaterialsusedininteriordecoration.??3.WithatinypoolofbonemarrowdonorsweakenedbytheabsenceofsiblingdonorsformostchildrenbecauseofChina’sone-childpolicydoctorsrelyondonorsfromTaiwantosavemanyyoungleukaemiapatientstheBeijingEveningNewssaidlastweekend.Taiwanwithapopulationof22millionhas210000registereddonorscomparedwithfewerthan30000donorsamongmainlandChina’s1.3billionpeoplethenewspapersaid.??4.Yetthelackofregistereddonorsmayreflectalackoffundingfortestingandrecordingdataonpotentialdonorsratherthanalackofvolunteersthenewspapersaid.Chinaneedsapoolofatleast100000donorsbuttestingthemwouldcostmorethan50millionyuanitsaid.??5.TheHongKongMarrowMatchFoundationsaidithashelpedahandful?ofpatientsinBeijingShanghaiandothercities.ThenumberofrequestsisincreasingfrommainlandChinaincludingdirectcallstothecharityfromdesperatepatientsorrelativessaidthefoundation’sdonorcoordinatorMarvenChin.Butthecostofextractingbonemarrowfromoneofthefoundation’s40000registereddonorsandflyingitbycourierhastobebornebythepatientsandmanyofthemhavetobeaidedfinanciallyChinsaid.{{*HTML*}}A.UrgentNeedforBothDonorsandFunds??B.ShortageofDonors??C.DesperateLeukaemiaPatients??D.SeriousnessoftheCurrentSituation??E.ShortageofFunds??F.ComparisonBetweenMainlandandHongKongandTaiwan??Paragraph2______
{{*HTML*}}USSignsGlobalTobaccoTreaty??1.TheUnitedStateshastakenthefirststeptowardapprovingaglobaltobaccotreatythatpromisestohelpcontrolthedeadlyeffectsoftobaccousethroughouttheworld.HealthandHumanServicesSecretaryTommyThompsonsignedtheFrameworkConventiononTobaccoControlFCTCthisweekattheUnitedNations.TheSenatemuststillapprovethetreatybeforetheUScanimplementitsprovisions.??2.TheFCTCwasdevelopedbytheWorldHealthOrganizationandapprovedbymembersoftheWorldHealthAssemblyincludingtheUnitedStateslastyear.Countriesthatratifyitwouldberequiredtoenactstricttobaccocontrolpolicies.??3.Forinstancecigarettessoldinthosecountrieswouldhavetohavehealthwarningsonatleast30%ofthefrontandbackofeverypack.Thetreatycallsforhighertobaccotaxesrestrictionsonsmokinginpublicplacesandmorepromotionoftobaccopreventionandcessationprograms.ItalsorequiresbansontobaccoadvertisingthoughtherearesomeexceptionsforcountriesliketheUnitedStateswheretheConstitutionprohibitssuchanoutrightban.??4.Theimpactofthetreatycouldbehuge.TheWorldHealthOrganizationestimatesthattobaccousekillsnearly5millionpeopleworldwideeveryyear.IntheUSaloneabout440000peopledieeachyearfromtobacco-relatedillnesses;aboutone-thirdofallcancersintheUSarecausedbytobaccouse.IfcurrenttrendscontinueWHOestimatesby2025tobaccowillkill10millionpeopleeachyear.??5.Thetreatymustberatifiedbyatleast40countriesbeforeitcantakeeffect.Sofar109countrieshavesigneditand12haveratifiedit.{{*HTML*}}A.haveratifiedit??B.approvingit??C.implementitsprovisions??D.restrictsmokinginpublicplaces??E.causedbytobaccouse??F.includinghighertobaccotaxes??SigningtheFCTCisonlythefirststeptoward______.
{{*HTML*}}PregnantWomen?WarnedAboutACEInhibitor??SomeofthemostcommonlyusedmedicinesforhighbloodpressurearedrugscalledACEinhibitors.Doctorshavegiventhesedrugstopatientsfortwenty-fiveyears.AgovernmentstudyintheUnitedStatesfoundthattheusealmostdoubledbetween1995and2000.??DoctorshaveknownforyearsthatwomenshouldnottakeACEinhibitorsduringthelastsixmonthsofpregnancy.Themedicinecaninjurethebaby.ACEinhibitorsthoughhavebeenconsideredsafewhentakenduringthefirstthreemonths.Butanewstudyhasfoundthatwomenwhotakethesedrugsearlyintheirpregnancystillincreasetheriskofbirthdisorders.Thestudyshowsthatcomparedtootherstheirbabieswerealmostthreetimesaslikelytobebornwithmajorproblems.Theseincludedproblemswiththeformationofthebrainandnervoussystemandholesintheheart.??Theresearcherssaytheyfoundnoincreasedriskinwomenwhotookotherbloodpressuremedicinesduringthefirstthreemonths.ResearchersatVanderbiltUniversityinTennesseeandBostonUniversitydidthestudy.TheNewEnglandJournalofMedicinepublishedtheresults.Theresearchersstudiedtherecordsofalmostthirtythousandbirthsbetween1985and2000.TwohundredninebabieswereborntowomenwhotookACEinhibitorsduringthefirstthreemonthsoftheirpregnancies.Eighteenofthebabiesoralmostninepercenthadmajordisorders.??ACEinhibitorsareoftengiventopatientswithdiabetes.Butdiabetesduringpregnancycanresultinbirthdefects.Sothestudydidnotincludeanywomenknowntobediabetic.ACEinhibitorssuppressaproteincalledangiotensin-convertingenzymeorACE.Thisenzymeproducesachemicalinthebodythatmakesbloodpassagesnarrow.Thedrugsincreasetheflowofbloodsopressureisreduced.??Newdrugsaretestedonpregnantanimalstoseeiftheymightcausebirthdefectsinhumans.Butexpertssaythesetestsarenotalwaysdependable.TheUnitedStatesFoodandDrugAdministrationhelpedpayforthestudy.TheF.D.A.sayswomenwhomightbecomepregnantshouldtalkwiththeirdoctoraboutotherwaystotreathighbloodpressure.{{*HTML*}}A.EffectsofACEandACEInhibitors??B.WideUseofACEInhibitors??C.HowtoDealwithHighBloodPressureinPregnantWomen??D.DamagetoPregnantWomen’sFutureBabies??E.SuggestionsonStoppingtheUseofACEInhibitors??F.RelativeSafetyforWomenDuringtheFirstThreeMonthsofPregnancies??Paragraph2______
{{*HTML*}}PregnantWomen?WarnedAboutACEInhibitor??SomeofthemostcommonlyusedmedicinesforhighbloodpressurearedrugscalledACEinhibitors.Doctorshavegiventhesedrugstopatientsfortwenty-fiveyears.AgovernmentstudyintheUnitedStatesfoundthattheusealmostdoubledbetween1995and2000.??DoctorshaveknownforyearsthatwomenshouldnottakeACEinhibitorsduringthelastsixmonthsofpregnancy.Themedicinecaninjurethebaby.ACEinhibitorsthoughhavebeenconsideredsafewhentakenduringthefirstthreemonths.Butanewstudyhasfoundthatwomenwhotakethesedrugsearlyintheirpregnancystillincreasetheriskofbirthdisorders.Thestudyshowsthatcomparedtootherstheirbabieswerealmostthreetimesaslikelytobebornwithmajorproblems.Theseincludedproblemswiththeformationofthebrainandnervoussystemandholesintheheart.??Theresearcherssaytheyfoundnoincreasedriskinwomenwhotookotherbloodpressuremedicinesduringthefirstthreemonths.ResearchersatVanderbiltUniversityinTennesseeandBostonUniversitydidthestudy.TheNewEnglandJournalofMedicinepublishedtheresults.Theresearchersstudiedtherecordsofalmostthirtythousandbirthsbetween1985and2000.TwohundredninebabieswereborntowomenwhotookACEinhibitorsduringthefirstthreemonthsoftheirpregnancies.Eighteenofthebabiesoralmostninepercenthadmajordisorders.??ACEinhibitorsareoftengiventopatientswithdiabetes.Butdiabetesduringpregnancycanresultinbirthdefects.Sothestudydidnotincludeanywomenknowntobediabetic.ACEinhibitorssuppressaproteincalledangiotensin-convertingenzymeorACE.Thisenzymeproducesachemicalinthebodythatmakesbloodpassagesnarrow.Thedrugsincreasetheflowofbloodsopressureisreduced.??Newdrugsaretestedonpregnantanimalstoseeiftheymightcausebirthdefectsinhumans.Butexpertssaythesetestsarenotalwaysdependable.TheUnitedStatesFoodandDrugAdministrationhelpedpayforthestudy.TheF.D.A.sayswomenwhomightbecomepregnantshouldtalkwiththeirdoctoraboutotherwaystotreathighbloodpressure.{{*HTML*}}A.thatmaycauseourbloodvesselstobecomemoreandmorenarrow??B.forpregnantwomentotakeduringtheirlastsixmonthsofpregnancies??C.thattheirlikelihoodtosuffermajorproblemsistwotimeshigherthanotherbabies??D.withtheirdoctorsabouthowtotreattheirproblems??E.becausediabetesduringpregnancymaysometimesleadtobirthdefects??F.thoughtheirmotherstookACEinhibitorsduringtheirfirstthreemonthsofpregnancies??FDAsuggeststhatpregnantwomenwithhighbloodpressureshouldconsult______.
{{*HTML*}}PregnantWomen?WarnedAboutACEInhibitor??SomeofthemostcommonlyusedmedicinesforhighbloodpressurearedrugscalledACEinhibitors.Doctorshavegiventhesedrugstopatientsfortwenty-fiveyears.AgovernmentstudyintheUnitedStatesfoundthattheusealmostdoubledbetween1995and2000.??DoctorshaveknownforyearsthatwomenshouldnottakeACEinhibitorsduringthelastsixmonthsofpregnancy.Themedicinecaninjurethebaby.ACEinhibitorsthoughhavebeenconsideredsafewhentakenduringthefirstthreemonths.Butanewstudyhasfoundthatwomenwhotakethesedrugsearlyintheirpregnancystillincreasetheriskofbirthdisorders.Thestudyshowsthatcomparedtootherstheirbabieswerealmostthreetimesaslikelytobebornwithmajorproblems.Theseincludedproblemswiththeformationofthebrainandnervoussystemandholesintheheart.??Theresearcherssaytheyfoundnoincreasedriskinwomenwhotookotherbloodpressuremedicinesduringthefirstthreemonths.ResearchersatVanderbiltUniversityinTennesseeandBostonUniversitydidthestudy.TheNewEnglandJournalofMedicinepublishedtheresults.Theresearchersstudiedtherecordsofalmostthirtythousandbirthsbetween1985and2000.TwohundredninebabieswereborntowomenwhotookACEinhibitorsduringthefirstthreemonthsoftheirpregnancies.Eighteenofthebabiesoralmostninepercenthadmajordisorders.??ACEinhibitorsareoftengiventopatientswithdiabetes.Butdiabetesduringpregnancycanresultinbirthdefects.Sothestudydidnotincludeanywomenknowntobediabetic.ACEinhibitorssuppressaproteincalledangiotensin-convertingenzymeorACE.Thisenzymeproducesachemicalinthebodythatmakesbloodpassagesnarrow.Thedrugsincreasetheflowofbloodsopressureisreduced.??Newdrugsaretestedonpregnantanimalstoseeiftheymightcausebirthdefectsinhumans.Butexpertssaythesetestsarenotalwaysdependable.TheUnitedStatesFoodandDrugAdministrationhelpedpayforthestudy.TheF.D.A.sayswomenwhomightbecomepregnantshouldtalkwiththeirdoctoraboutotherwaystotreathighbloodpressure.Paragraph4______
{{*HTML*}}NappingtoaHealthierHeart???1.Researcherssaytheyhavedevelopedasimpletestthatcantellifapersonwithheartdiseaseislikelytosufferaheartattack.Thetestmeasureslevelsofaproteinintheblood.Theresearcherssaypeoplewithhighlevelsofthisproteinareathighriskofheartattackheartfailureorstroke.??2.KirstenBibbins-DomingooftheUniversityofCaliforniainSanFranciscoledtheteam.Foraboutfouryearstheystudiedalmostonethousandpatientswithheartdisease.TheresearcherstestedtheheartdiseasepatientsforaproteincalledNT-proBNP.Patientswiththehighestlevelswerenearlyeighttimesmorelikelythanthosewiththelowestlevelstohaveaheartattackheartfailureorstroke.??3.Theresearcherssaythepresenceofhighlevelsoftheproteininthebloodshowsthattheheartmuscleisunderpressureinsomeway.Thestudyinvolvedmostlymensotheresearcherscouldnotsayforsurethattheresultsarealsotrueforwomen.TheysaythepatientswiththehighestlevelsofNT-proBNPwereolderandhadotherproblemslikediabetesorhighbloodpressure.??4.Otherresearcherssaymorestudiesareneededtoconfirmifknowingtheproteinlevelsofaheartpatientshouldaffectthatperson’streatment.Theyalsowouldliketoknowifmoreaggressivetreatmentcouldreducethepatient’schanceofaheartattackorstroke.ThestudyappearedintheJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociation.??5.Couldalittlesleepduringthemiddleofthedayreducetheriskofaheartattack?AnunrelatedstudyearlierthismonthintheArchivesofInternalMedicinesuggeststhattheanswermaybeyes.IncountriesliketheUnitedStatesafternoonnapsaremostlyforchildren.ButtheyarecommonforadultsinMediterraneancountries.Andthesecountriesgenerallyhavelowerratesofheartdisease.SoscientistsintheUnitedStatesandGreecewonderedifnapscouldplayapart.Twenty-threethousandhealthyadultstookpartinthestudybyHarvardUniversityandtheUniversityofAthens.Thosewhotookthirty-minutenapsthreetimesaweekhadathirty-sevenpercentlowerriskofdeathfromheartproblemsthanpeoplewhodidnottakenaps.??6.Theresearcherssaynappingmayimprovehearthealthbyreducingstress.Theysaytheresearchsuggeststhatnapsareespeciallygoodforworkingmen.Buttheysaynotenoughfemalesubjectsdiedduringthestudytojudgethebenefitsforwomen.{{*HTML*}}A.wherefewerpeoplediefromheartproblem??B.whethertheyhavetheriskofheartattackheartfailureorstroke??C.wouldprobablyhavelowerratesofheartdisease??D.howtotestaperson’sNT-proBNPlevelinthebloodbyhimself??E.hisheartmusclewouldbeunderpressureinsomeway??F.thatnappingisofgreatbenefittowomentoo??AccordingtosomeresearchersbymeasuringthelevelsofNT-proBNPinthebloodpeoplemayknow______.
{{*HTML*}}ManyBenefitfromCancerOrganization??1.Doyouknowachildwhosurvivedleukemia?Doyouhaveamothersisterorauntwhosebreastcancerwasfoundearlythankstoamammogram?Doyouhaveafriendorcoworkerwhoquitsmokingtoreducetheirriskoflungcancer?EachoftheseindividualsbenefitedfromtheAmericanCancerSociety’sresearchprogram.??2.EachdayscientistssupportedbytheAmericanCancerSocietyworktofindbreakthroughsthatwilltakeusonestepclosertoacure.TheAmericanCancerSocietyhaslongrecognizedthatresearchholdstheultimateanswerstothepreventiondiagnosisandtreatmentofcancer.??3.AsthelargestsourceofnonprofitcancerresearchfundsintheUnitedStatestheAmericanCancerSocietydevotesover$100millioneachyeartoresearch.Since1946they’veinvestedmorethan?$2.4billioninresearch.Theinvestmenthaspaidrichdividends:In1946onlyoneinfourcancerpatientswasalivefiveyearsafterdiagnosis;today60percentlivelongerthanfiveyears.??4.InvestigatorsandhealthprofessionalsinuniversitiesresearchinstitutesandhospitalsthroughoutthecountryreceivegrantsfromtheAmericanCancerSociety.Ofthemorethan1300newapplicationsreceivedeachyearonly11percentcanbefunded.IftheAmericanCancerSocietyhadmoremoneyavailableforresearchfundingnearly200moreapplicationsconsideredoutstandingcouldbefundedeachyear.??5.YoucanhelpfundmoreoftheseapplicationsbyparticipatingintheAmericanCancerSocietyRelayforLifeateameventtofightcancer.Morefundingmeansmorecancerbreakthroughsandmorelivesbeingsaved.TolearnmorecallDonnaHoodchairwiththeNeoshoRelayforLifeoftheAmericanCancerSocietyat451-4880.{{*HTML*}}A.WhatCouldBeDonewithMoreMoney??B.EstablishmentoftheAmericanCancerSociety??C.SignificanceofFundedResearch??D.OtherSourcesofFundingforCancerResearch??E.BenefitsAchievedThroughInvestment??F.HowYouCanOfferHelp??Paragraph2______
{{*HTML*}}ThePaperChase??1.RunningahouseisalotlikerunningabusinesssaysStephanieDentonaprofessionalorganizerbasedinCincinnatiOhiowhospecializesinbothresidentialandcommercialpaperworkandrecordkeeping.TogetasuccessfulgriponorganizingdocumentsbillsandothermaterialsDentonsuggeststhefollowingtips:??2.Createaspaceinwhichyoucanalwaysdoyourpaperwork.Thisisperhapsthemostimportantelementofasuccessfulsystem.Ifyoucan’tdevoteanentiredesktothetaskatleastinvestinarollingfilecarttostoreactivepaperworkandatwo-drawerfilecabinetforfamilyrecords.Storetherollingfilecartwhereveritismostconvenientandcomfortabletodoyourworkwhetherthatisthekitchenofficeorfamilyroom.??3.Whenindoubtthrowitout.Thefirststepforimplementingaworkablefilingsystemistoeliminatepaperyoudon’tusedon’tneedorthatyoucouldeasilyaccessagainelsewhere.Throwoutduplicatestatementsoldcatalogsandallofthecouponsmailingsorofferingsyou’llneverhaveanopportunitytouseorevenread.??4.Setasidetwodaysamonthtopaybills.Ifamonthlyduedatedoesn’tfitintoyourcyclecallupthecreditorandsuggestamoreconvenientdate.Keeptwomanilafoldersatthefrontofyoursystemforcurrentbills—onetocorrespondwitheachbill-payingday—andfileallincomingbills.Keepalistinthefrontofeachfolderofwhatneedstobepaidincasetheinvoiceneverarrivesorgetsmisplaced.??5.Thinkofyourfilingsystemnotasarigidtoolbutasalivingbreathingsystemthatcanaccommodateyourchangingneeds.Agoodfilingsystemisbothmentallyandphysicallyflexible.Everyone’sneedsaredifferentsaysDentonbutwhendevisingafilingsystemaskyourself:WherewouldIlookforthis?CreatemainheadingsforyourfilingsystemsuchasInvestmentsParagraph4______
{{*HTML*}}ThePaperChase??1.RunningahouseisalotlikerunningabusinesssaysStephanieDentonaprofessionalorganizerbasedinCincinnatiOhiowhospecializesinbothresidentialandcommercialpaperworkandrecordkeeping.TogetasuccessfulgriponorganizingdocumentsbillsandothermaterialsDentonsuggeststhefollowingtips:??2.Createaspaceinwhichyoucanalwaysdoyourpaperwork.Thisisperhapsthemostimportantelementofasuccessfulsystem.Ifyoucan’tdevoteanentiredesktothetaskatleastinvestinarollingfilecarttostoreactivepaperworkandatwo-drawerfilecabinetforfamilyrecords.Storetherollingfilecartwhereveritismostconvenientandcomfortabletodoyourworkwhetherthatisthekitchenofficeorfamilyroom.??3.Whenindoubtthrowitout.Thefirststepforimplementingaworkablefilingsystemistoeliminatepaperyoudon’tusedon’tneedorthatyoucouldeasilyaccessagainelsewhere.Throwoutduplicatestatementsoldcatalogsandallofthecouponsmailingsorofferingsyou’llneverhaveanopportunitytouseorevenread.??4.Setasidetwodaysamonthtopaybills.Ifamonthlyduedatedoesn’tfitintoyourcyclecallupthecreditorandsuggestamoreconvenientdate.Keeptwomanilafoldersatthefrontofyoursystemforcurrentbills—onetocorrespondwitheachbill-payingday—andfileallincomingbills.Keepalistinthefrontofeachfolderofwhatneedstobepaidincasetheinvoiceneverarrivesorgetsmisplaced.??5.Thinkofyourfilingsystemnotasarigidtoolbutasalivingbreathingsystemthatcanaccommodateyourchangingneeds.Agoodfilingsystemisbothmentallyandphysicallyflexible.Everyone’sneedsaredifferentsaysDentonbutwhendevisingafilingsystemaskyourself:WherewouldIlookforthis?CreatemainheadingsforyourfilingsystemsuchasInvestments{{*HTML*}}A.FindaPlacetoWorkon??B.ImplementingaWorkableFilingSystem??C.WhatIsaGoodFilingSystem??D.HowtoInvestinaRollingFileCart??E.GetRidofUnimportantThings??F.DealingwithBills??Paragraph2______
{{*HTML*}}ChinaSeeksDonorstoNarrowBoneMarrowGap??1.Chinahaslaunchedacampaigntorecruitmorebonemarrowdonorsamidashortageoffundsaswellasofsiblingdonorswhocouldhelpthegrowingnumberofpatientsinneedoflife-savingtransplantsstatemediareportedonMonday.??2.TheChineseRedCrossbeganthenationalcampaignovertheweekendtofinddonorsforsome4millionpatientssufferingfromleukaemiathalassaemiaandotherblooddiseasesandawaitingbonemarrowtransplantstheofficialChinaDailysaid.EveryyearChinahas40000newleukaemiapatientsmostofthemunder35and50percentofthemchildrenthenewspapersaid.OtherreportshavelinkedChina’sgrowingchildhoodleukaemiatosolventsandbuildingmaterialsusedininteriordecoration.??3.WithatinypoolofbonemarrowdonorsweakenedbytheabsenceofsiblingdonorsformostchildrenbecauseofChina’sone-childpolicydoctorsrelyondonorsfromTaiwantosavemanyyoungleukaemiapatientstheBeijingEveningNewssaidlastweekend.Taiwanwithapopulationof22millionhas210000registereddonorscomparedwithfewerthan30000donorsamongmainlandChina’s1.3billionpeoplethenewspapersaid.??4.Yetthelackofregistereddonorsmayreflectalackoffundingfortestingandrecordingdataonpotentialdonorsratherthanalackofvolunteersthenewspapersaid.Chinaneedsapoolofatleast100000donorsbuttestingthemwouldcostmorethan50millionyuanitsaid.??5.TheHongKongMarrowMatchFoundationsaidithashelpedahandful?ofpatientsinBeijingShanghaiandothercities.ThenumberofrequestsisincreasingfrommainlandChinaincludingdirectcallstothecharityfromdesperatepatientsorrelativessaidthefoundation’sdonorcoordinatorMarvenChin.Butthecostofextractingbonemarrowfromoneofthefoundation’s40000registereddonorsandflyingitbycourierhastobebornebythepatientsandmanyofthemhavetobeaidedfinanciallyChinsaid.{{*HTML*}}A.aboutonepercentofthetotalpopulation??B.toberesponsibleforchildhoodleukaemia??C.anurgentandtoughtasktobeaccomplished??D.lessthanonethirdoftheminimum??E.anexpensivecosttobepaid??F.toaffordthecostofbonemarrowtransplantation??Itseemsthatmanyoftherecipientsarenotrichenough______.
{{*HTML*}}PregnantWomen?WarnedAboutACEInhibitor??SomeofthemostcommonlyusedmedicinesforhighbloodpressurearedrugscalledACEinhibitors.Doctorshavegiventhesedrugstopatientsfortwenty-fiveyears.AgovernmentstudyintheUnitedStatesfoundthattheusealmostdoubledbetween1995and2000.??DoctorshaveknownforyearsthatwomenshouldnottakeACEinhibitorsduringthelastsixmonthsofpregnancy.Themedicinecaninjurethebaby.ACEinhibitorsthoughhavebeenconsideredsafewhentakenduringthefirstthreemonths.Butanewstudyhasfoundthatwomenwhotakethesedrugsearlyintheirpregnancystillincreasetheriskofbirthdisorders.Thestudyshowsthatcomparedtootherstheirbabieswerealmostthreetimesaslikelytobebornwithmajorproblems.Theseincludedproblemswiththeformationofthebrainandnervoussystemandholesintheheart.??Theresearcherssaytheyfoundnoincreasedriskinwomenwhotookotherbloodpressuremedicinesduringthefirstthreemonths.ResearchersatVanderbiltUniversityinTennesseeandBostonUniversitydidthestudy.TheNewEnglandJournalofMedicinepublishedtheresults.Theresearchersstudiedtherecordsofalmostthirtythousandbirthsbetween1985and2000.TwohundredninebabieswereborntowomenwhotookACEinhibitorsduringthefirstthreemonthsoftheirpregnancies.Eighteenofthebabiesoralmostninepercenthadmajordisorders.??ACEinhibitorsareoftengiventopatientswithdiabetes.Butdiabetesduringpregnancycanresultinbirthdefects.Sothestudydidnotincludeanywomenknowntobediabetic.ACEinhibitorssuppressaproteincalledangiotensin-convertingenzymeorACE.Thisenzymeproducesachemicalinthebodythatmakesbloodpassagesnarrow.Thedrugsincreasetheflowofbloodsopressureisreduced.??Newdrugsaretestedonpregnantanimalstoseeiftheymightcausebirthdefectsinhumans.Butexpertssaythesetestsarenotalwaysdependable.TheUnitedStatesFoodandDrugAdministrationhelpedpayforthestudy.TheF.D.A.sayswomenwhomightbecomepregnantshouldtalkwiththeirdoctoraboutotherwaystotreathighbloodpressure.Evidenceshowedonlyasmallpercentageofbabiessufferedmajordisorders______.
{{*HTML*}}USSignsGlobalTobaccoTreaty??1.TheUnitedStateshastakenthefirststeptowardapprovingaglobaltobaccotreatythatpromisestohelpcontrolthedeadlyeffectsoftobaccousethroughouttheworld.HealthandHumanServicesSecretaryTommyThompsonsignedtheFrameworkConventiononTobaccoControlFCTCthisweekattheUnitedNations.TheSenatemuststillapprovethetreatybeforetheUScanimplementitsprovisions.??2.TheFCTCwasdevelopedbytheWorldHealthOrganizationandapprovedbymembersoftheWorldHealthAssemblyincludingtheUnitedStateslastyear.Countriesthatratifyitwouldberequiredtoenactstricttobaccocontrolpolicies.??3.Forinstancecigarettessoldinthosecountrieswouldhavetohavehealthwarningsonatleast30%ofthefrontandbackofeverypack.Thetreatycallsforhighertobaccotaxesrestrictionsonsmokinginpublicplacesandmorepromotionoftobaccopreventionandcessationprograms.ItalsorequiresbansontobaccoadvertisingthoughtherearesomeexceptionsforcountriesliketheUnitedStateswheretheConstitutionprohibitssuchanoutrightban.??4.Theimpactofthetreatycouldbehuge.TheWorldHealthOrganizationestimatesthattobaccousekillsnearly5millionpeopleworldwideeveryyear.IntheUSaloneabout440000peopledieeachyearfromtobacco-relatedillnesses;aboutone-thirdofallcancersintheUSarecausedbytobaccouse.IfcurrenttrendscontinueWHOestimatesby2025tobaccowillkill10millionpeopleeachyear.??5.Thetreatymustberatifiedbyatleast40countriesbeforeitcantakeeffect.Sofar109countrieshavesigneditand12haveratifiedit.ItishopedthattheFCTCwillgreatlyhelptoreducedeaths______.
{{*HTML*}}LungCancer??1.Thedeathrateduetocancerofthelungshasincreasedmorethan800percentinmalesandhasmorethandoubledinfemalesduringthelast25years.Itisconsiderablyhigherinurbanandindustrialareasthaninruraldistricts.Therearemanypossiblecausesbutitisstillcontroversialwhicharemostblameworthy.Thosefactorswhichhavebeenmentionedmostfrequentlyarethepresenceofforeignparticlesandotherirritantsintheairsmokeparticlessmogexhaustfumesandthesmokingofcigarettesandcigars.??2.Numerousstudieshavedemonstratedastrikingcorrelationbetweenthedeathratefromlungcancerandsmokinghabits.Amongheavysmokers—21to30cigarettesperday—themortalityratefromlungcancerisnearly17timestheratefromnonsmokers.Itisexpectedthedeathrateamongwomenwillincreaseasthepresenthighrateofsmokingamongwomenhasitseffect.??3.SometimescasesoflungcancerarediscoveredatthetimeanX-rayistakenforthepurposeofdetectingtuberculosis.ToooftenhoweveracurrentemphasisuponthedangerofexposuretoradiationfromX-raymachinescanfrightenpeopleawayfromroutinechestX-raysandthuspreventanearlydiagnosisoflungcancer.Earlydetectionisabsolutelyessentialifanypossibilityofcureistobemaintained.ModernX-raymachinesincompetenthandsposesuchslightdangeratleasttothoseover40yearsofagethatthiswouldbemuchmorethanoffsetbytheadvantagesofdiscoveringatumorwhileitissmallenoughtobecompletelyremoved.??4.Acommonformoflungcancerisbronchogeniccarcinomaso-calledbecausethemalignancyoriginatesinabronchus.Thetumormaygrowuntilthebronchusisblockedcuttingoffthesupplyofairtothatlung.Thelungthencollapsesandthesecretionstrappedinthelungspacesbecomeinfectedwitharesultingpneumoniaortheformationofalungabscess.Suchalungcancercanalsospreadtocausesecondarygrowthsinthelymphnodesofthechestandneckaswellasinthebrainandotherpartsofthebody.Theonlytreatmentthatoffersapossibilityofcurebeforesecondarygrowthshavehadtimetoformistoremovethelungcompletely.Thisoperationiscalledpneumonectomy.??5.Malignanttumorsofthestomachthebreasttheprostateglandandotherorgansmayspreadtothelungscausingsecondarygrowths.Peoplearestillnotsure______.
{{*HTML*}}LungCancer??1.Thedeathrateduetocancerofthelungshasincreasedmorethan800percentinmalesandhasmorethandoubledinfemalesduringthelast25years.Itisconsiderablyhigherinurbanandindustrialareasthaninruraldistricts.Therearemanypossiblecausesbutitisstillcontroversialwhicharemostblameworthy.Thosefactorswhichhavebeenmentionedmostfrequentlyarethepresenceofforeignparticlesandotherirritantsintheairsmokeparticlessmogexhaustfumesandthesmokingofcigarettesandcigars.??2.Numerousstudieshavedemonstratedastrikingcorrelationbetweenthedeathratefromlungcancerandsmokinghabits.Amongheavysmokers—21to30cigarettesperday—themortalityratefromlungcancerisnearly17timestheratefromnonsmokers.Itisexpectedthedeathrateamongwomenwillincreaseasthepresenthighrateofsmokingamongwomenhasitseffect.??3.SometimescasesoflungcancerarediscoveredatthetimeanX-rayistakenforthepurposeofdetectingtuberculosis.ToooftenhoweveracurrentemphasisuponthedangerofexposuretoradiationfromX-raymachinescanfrightenpeopleawayfromroutinechestX-raysandthuspreventanearlydiagnosisoflungcancer.Earlydetectionisabsolutelyessentialifanypossibilityofcureistobemaintained.ModernX-raymachinesincompetenthandsposesuchslightdangeratleasttothoseover40yearsofagethatthiswouldbemuchmorethanoffsetbytheadvantagesofdiscoveringatumorwhileitissmallenoughtobecompletelyremoved.??4.Acommonformoflungcancerisbronchogeniccarcinomaso-calledbecausethemalignancyoriginatesinabronchus.Thetumormaygrowuntilthebronchusisblockedcuttingoffthesupplyofairtothatlung.Thelungthencollapsesandthesecretionstrappedinthelungspacesbecomeinfectedwitharesultingpneumoniaortheformationofalungabscess.Suchalungcancercanalsospreadtocausesecondarygrowthsinthelymphnodesofthechestandneckaswellasinthebrainandotherpartsofthebody.Theonlytreatmentthatoffersapossibilityofcurebeforesecondarygrowthshavehadtimetoformistoremovethelungcompletely.Thisoperationiscalledpneumonectomy.??5.Malignanttumorsofthestomachthebreasttheprostateglandandotherorgansmayspreadtothelungscausingsecondarygrowths.Paragraph3______
{{*HTML*}}LungCancer??1.Thedeathrateduetocancerofthelungshasincreasedmorethan800percentinmalesandhasmorethandoubledinfemalesduringthelast25years.Itisconsiderablyhigherinurbanandindustrialareasthaninruraldistricts.Therearemanypossiblecausesbutitisstillcontroversialwhicharemostblameworthy.Thosefactorswhichhavebeenmentionedmostfrequentlyarethepresenceofforeignparticlesandotherirritantsintheairsmokeparticlessmogexhaustfumesandthesmokingofcigarettesandcigars.??2.Numerousstudieshavedemonstratedastrikingcorrelationbetweenthedeathratefromlungcancerandsmokinghabits.Amongheavysmokers—21to30cigarettesperday—themortalityratefromlungcancerisnearly17timestheratefromnonsmokers.Itisexpectedthedeathrateamongwomenwillincreaseasthepresenthighrateofsmokingamongwomenhasitseffect.??3.SometimescasesoflungcancerarediscoveredatthetimeanX-rayistakenforthepurposeofdetectingtuberculosis.ToooftenhoweveracurrentemphasisuponthedangerofexposuretoradiationfromX-raymachinescanfrightenpeopleawayfromroutinechestX-raysandthuspreventanearlydiagnosisoflungcancer.Earlydetectionisabsolutelyessentialifanypossibilityofcureistobemaintained.ModernX-raymachinesincompetenthandsposesuchslightdangeratleasttothoseover40yearsofagethatthiswouldbemuchmorethanoffsetbytheadvantagesofdiscoveringatumorwhileitissmallenoughtobecompletelyremoved.??4.Acommonformoflungcancerisbronchogeniccarcinomaso-calledbecausethemalignancyoriginatesinabronchus.Thetumormaygrowuntilthebronchusisblockedcuttingoffthesupplyofairtothatlung.Thelungthencollapsesandthesecretionstrappedinthelungspacesbecomeinfectedwitharesultingpneumoniaortheformationofalungabscess.Suchalungcancercanalsospreadtocausesecondarygrowthsinthelymphnodesofthechestandneckaswellasinthebrainandotherpartsofthebody.Theonlytreatmentthatoffersapossibilityofcurebeforesecondarygrowthshavehadtimetoformistoremovethelungcompletely.Thisoperationiscalledpneumonectomy.??5.Malignanttumorsofthestomachthebreasttheprostateglandandotherorgansmayspreadtothelungscausingsecondarygrowths.{{*HTML*}}A.beforethecancercellsspreadelsewhere??B.themorechancesofdyingofX-rayradiationhewillhave??C.whatismostresponsibleforlungcancer??D.assomepeopleimagine??E.themorechancesofgettinglungcancerhewillhave??F.whichformoflungcancerisacommonone??RoutineX-raychestexaminationisnotsodangerous______.
{{*HTML*}}NappingtoaHealthierHeart???1.Researcherssaytheyhavedevelopedasimpletestthatcantellifapersonwithheartdiseaseislikelytosufferaheartattack.Thetestmeasureslevelsofaproteinintheblood.Theresearcherssaypeoplewithhighlevelsofthisproteinareathighriskofheartattackheartfailureorstroke.??2.KirstenBibbins-DomingooftheUniversityofCaliforniainSanFranciscoledtheteam.Foraboutfouryearstheystudiedalmostonethousandpatientswithheartdisease.TheresearcherstestedtheheartdiseasepatientsforaproteincalledNT-proBNP.Patientswiththehighestlevelswerenearlyeighttimesmorelikelythanthosewiththelowestlevelstohaveaheartattackheartfailureorstroke.??3.Theresearcherssaythepresenceofhighlevelsoftheproteininthebloodshowsthattheheartmuscleisunderpressureinsomeway.Thestudyinvolvedmostlymensotheresearcherscouldnotsayforsurethattheresultsarealsotrueforwomen.TheysaythepatientswiththehighestlevelsofNT-proBNPwereolderandhadotherproblemslikediabetesorhighbloodpressure.??4.Otherresearcherssaymorestudiesareneededtoconfirmifknowingtheproteinlevelsofaheartpatientshouldaffectthatperson’streatment.Theyalsowouldliketoknowifmoreaggressivetreatmentcouldreducethepatient’schanceofaheartattackorstroke.ThestudyappearedintheJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociation.??5.Couldalittlesleepduringthemiddleofthedayreducetheriskofaheartattack?AnunrelatedstudyearlierthismonthintheArchivesofInternalMedicinesuggeststhattheanswermaybeyes.IncountriesliketheUnitedStatesafternoonnapsaremostlyforchildren.ButtheyarecommonforadultsinMediterraneancountries.Andthesecountriesgenerallyhavelowerratesofheartdisease.SoscientistsintheUnitedStatesandGreecewonderedifnapscouldplayapart.Twenty-threethousandhealthyadultstookpartinthestudybyHarvardUniversityandtheUniversityofAthens.Thosewhotookthirty-minutenapsthreetimesaweekhadathirty-sevenpercentlowerriskofdeathfromheartproblemsthanpeoplewhodidnottakenaps.??6.Theresearcherssaynappingmayimprovehearthealthbyreducingstress.Theysaytheresearchsuggeststhatnapsareespeciallygoodforworkingmen.Buttheysaynotenoughfemalesubjectsdiedduringthestudytojudgethebenefitsforwomen.Paragraph5______
{{*HTML*}}ScreenTest??1.EveryyearmillionsofwomenarescreenedwithX-raystopickupsignsofbreastcancer.Ifthishappensearlyenoughthediseasecanoftenbetreatedsuccessfully.Accordingtoasurveypublishedlastyear21countrieshavescreeningprogrammes.NineofthemincludingAustraliaCanadatheUSandSpainscreenwomenunder50.??2.Butthemedicalbenefitsofscreeningtheseyoungerwomenarecontroversialpartlybecausetheradiationbringsasmallriskofinducingcancer.AlsoyoungerwomenmustbegivenhigherdosesofX-raysbecausetheirbreasttissueisdenser.??3.ResearchersatthePolytechnicUniversityofValenciaanalysedtheeffectofscreeningmorethan160000womenat11localclinics.Afterestimatingthewomen’scumulativedoseofradiationtheyusedtwomodelstocalculatethenumberofextracancersthiswouldcause.??4.ThemathematicalmodelrecommendedbyBritain’sNationalRadiologicalProtectionBoardNRPBpredictedthatthescreeningprogrammewouldcause36cancersper100000women18ofthemfatal.ThemodelpreferredbytheUNScientificCommitteeontheEffectsofAtomicRadiationledtoalowerfigureof20cancers.??5.Theresearchersarguethatthelevelofradiation-inducedcancersisnotverysignificantcomparedtothefarlargernumberofcancersthatarediscoveredandtreated.TheValenciaprogrammetheysaydetectsbetween300and450casesofbreastcancerinevery100000womenscreened.??6.Buttheypointoutthattheriskofwomencontractingcancerfromradiationcouldbereducedbybetween40and80percentifscreeningbeganat50insteadof45becausetheywouldbeexposedtolessradiation.Theresultsoftheirstudytheysuggestcouldhelpoptimisethetechniqueforbreastcancerscreening.??7.Thereisatrade-offbetweenthediagnosticbenefitsofbreastscreeninganditsrisksadmitsMichaelClarkoftheNRPB.Buthewarnsthatthestudyshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.Onthebasisofthecurrentdataforevery1.0cancerssuccessfullydetectedandpreventedthereisariskofcausingonelaterinlife.That’swhyradiationexposureshouldbeminimisedinanyscreeningprogramme./Delayingtheageatwhichscreeningstartsmay______.
{{*HTML*}}ManyBenefitfromCancerOrganization??1.Doyouknowachildwhosurvivedleukemia?Doyouhaveamothersisterorauntwhosebreastcancerwasfoundearlythankstoamammogram?Doyouhaveafriendorcoworkerwhoquitsmokingtoreducetheirriskoflungcancer?EachoftheseindividualsbenefitedfromtheAmericanCancerSociety’sresearchprogram.??2.EachdayscientistssupportedbytheAmericanCancerSocietyworktofindbreakthroughsthatwilltakeusonestepclosertoacure.TheAmericanCancerSocietyhaslongrecognizedthatresearchholdstheultimateanswerstothepreventiondiagnosisandtreatmentofcancer.??3.AsthelargestsourceofnonprofitcancerresearchfundsintheUnitedStatestheAmericanCancerSocietydevotesover$100millioneachyeartoresearch.Since1946they’veinvestedmorethan?$2.4billioninresearch.Theinvestmenthaspaidrichdividends:In1946onlyoneinfourcancerpatientswasalivefiveyearsafterdiagnosis;today60percentlivelongerthanfiveyears.??4.InvestigatorsandhealthprofessionalsinuniversitiesresearchinstitutesandhospitalsthroughoutthecountryreceivegrantsfromtheAmericanCancerSociety.Ofthemorethan1300newapplicationsreceivedeachyearonly11percentcanbefunded.IftheAmericanCancerSocietyhadmoremoneyavailableforresearchfundingnearly200moreapplicationsconsideredoutstandingcouldbefundedeachyear.??5.YoucanhelpfundmoreoftheseapplicationsbyparticipatingintheAmericanCancerSocietyRelayforLifeateameventtofightcancer.Morefundingmeansmorecancerbreakthroughsandmorelivesbeingsaved.TolearnmorecallDonnaHoodchairwiththeNeoshoRelayforLifeoftheAmericanCancerSocietyat451-4880.{{*HTML*}}A.lackoffunding??B.manycancerpatients??C.morelivesbeingsaved??D.morethanfiveyears??E.theultimateanswers??F.morefunding??TheAmericanCancerSociety’sresearchprogramhasbenefited______.
{{*HTML*}}ThePaperChase??1.RunningahouseisalotlikerunningabusinesssaysStephanieDentonaprofessionalorganizerbasedinCincinnatiOhiowhospecializesinbothresidentialandcommercialpaperworkandrecordkeeping.TogetasuccessfulgriponorganizingdocumentsbillsandothermaterialsDentonsuggeststhefollowingtips:??2.Createaspaceinwhichyoucanalwaysdoyourpaperwork.Thisisperhapsthemostimportantelementofasuccessfulsystem.Ifyoucan’tdevoteanentiredesktothetaskatleastinvestinarollingfilecarttostoreactivepaperworkandatwo-drawerfilecabinetforfamilyrecords.Storetherollingfilecartwhereveritismostconvenientandcomfortabletodoyourworkwhetherthatisthekitchenofficeorfamilyroom.??3.Whenindoubtthrowitout.Thefirststepforimplementingaworkablefilingsystemistoeliminatepaperyoudon’tusedon’tneedorthatyoucouldeasilyaccessagainelsewhere.Throwoutduplicatestatementsoldcatalogsandallofthecouponsmailingsorofferingsyou’llneverhaveanopportunitytouseorevenread.??4.Setasidetwodaysamonthtopaybills.Ifamonthlyduedatedoesn’tfitintoyourcyclecallupthecreditorandsuggestamoreconvenientdate.Keeptwomanilafoldersatthefrontofyoursystemforcurrentbills—onetocorrespondwitheachbill-payingday—andfileallincomingbills.Keepalistinthefrontofeachfolderofwhatneedstobepaidincasetheinvoiceneverarrivesorgetsmisplaced.??5.Thinkofyourfilingsystemnotasarigidtoolbutasalivingbreathingsystemthatcanaccommodateyourchangingneeds.Agoodfilingsystemisbothmentallyandphysicallyflexible.Everyone’sneedsaredifferentsaysDentonbutwhendevisingafilingsystemaskyourself:WherewouldIlookforthis?CreatemainheadingsforyourfilingsystemsuchasInvestmentsCouponsshouldbethrownawaybecause______.
{{*HTML*}}ManyBenefitfromCancerOrganization??1.Doyouknowachildwhosurvivedleukemia?Doyouhaveamothersisterorauntwhosebreastcancerwasfoundearlythankstoamammogram?Doyouhaveafriendorcoworkerwhoquitsmokingtoreducetheirriskoflungcancer?EachoftheseindividualsbenefitedfromtheAmericanCancerSociety’sresearchprogram.??2.EachdayscientistssupportedbytheAmericanCancerSocietyworktofindbreakthroughsthatwilltakeusonestepclosertoacure.TheAmericanCancerSocietyhaslongrecognizedthatresearchholdstheultimateanswerstothepreventiondiagnosisandtreatmentofcancer.??3.AsthelargestsourceofnonprofitcancerresearchfundsintheUnitedStatestheAmericanCancerSocietydevotesover$100millioneachyeartoresearch.Since1946they’veinvestedmorethan?$2.4billioninresearch.Theinvestmenthaspaidrichdividends:In1946onlyoneinfourcancerpatientswasalivefiveyearsafterdiagnosis;today60percentlivelongerthanfiveyears.??4.InvestigatorsandhealthprofessionalsinuniversitiesresearchinstitutesandhospitalsthroughoutthecountryreceivegrantsfromtheAmericanCancerSociety.Ofthemorethan1300newapplicationsreceivedeachyearonly11percentcanbefunded.IftheAmericanCancerSocietyhadmoremoneyavailableforresearchfundingnearly200moreapplicationsconsideredoutstandingcouldbefundedeachyear.??5.YoucanhelpfundmoreoftheseapplicationsbyparticipatingintheAmericanCancerSocietyRelayforLifeateameventtofightcancer.Morefundingmeansmorecancerbreakthroughsandmorelivesbeingsaved.TolearnmorecallDonnaHoodchairwiththeNeoshoRelayforLifeoftheAmericanCancerSocietyat451-4880.Paragraph4______
{{*HTML*}}ChinaSeeksDonorstoNarrowBoneMarrowGap??1.Chinahaslaunchedacampaigntorecruitmorebonemarrowdonorsamidashortageoffundsaswellasofsiblingdonorswhocouldhelpthegrowingnumberofpatientsinneedoflife-savingtransplantsstatemediareportedonMonday.??2.TheChineseRedCrossbeganthenationalcampaignovertheweekendtofinddonorsforsome4millionpatientssufferingfromleukaemiathalassaemiaandotherblooddiseasesandawaitingbonemarrowtransplantstheofficialChinaDailysaid.EveryyearChinahas40000newleukaemiapatientsmostofthemunder35and50percentofthemchildrenthenewspapersaid.OtherreportshavelinkedChina’sgrowingchildhoodleukaemiatosolventsandbuildingmaterialsusedininteriordecoration.??3.WithatinypoolofbonemarrowdonorsweakenedbytheabsenceofsiblingdonorsformostchildrenbecauseofChina’sone-childpolicydoctorsrelyondonorsfromTaiwantosavemanyyoungleukaemiapatientstheBeijingEveningNewssaidlastweekend.Taiwanwithapopulationof22millionhas210000registereddonorscomparedwithfewerthan30000donorsamongmainlandChina’s1.3billionpeoplethenewspapersaid.??4.Yetthelackofregistereddonorsmayreflectalackoffundingfortestingandrecordingdataonpotentialdonorsratherthanalackofvolunteersthenewspapersaid.Chinaneedsapoolofatleast100000donorsbuttestingthemwouldcostmorethan50millionyuanitsaid.??5.TheHongKongMarrowMatchFoundationsaidithashelpedahandful?ofpatientsinBeijingShanghaiandothercities.ThenumberofrequestsisincreasingfrommainlandChinaincludingdirectcallstothecharityfromdesperatepatientsorrelativessaidthefoundation’sdonorcoordinatorMarvenChin.Butthecostofextractingbonemarrowfromoneofthefoundation’s40000registereddonorsandflyingitbycourierhastobebornebythepatientsandmanyofthemhavetobeaidedfinanciallyChinsaid.Paragraph4______
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