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在5件产品中有3件一等品和2件二等品从中任取2件以为概率的事件是
恰有1件一等品
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至多有一件一等品
都不是一等品
有20个零件其中有16个一等品4个二等品.若从20个零件中任取3个则至少有1个是一等品的不同取法有多
在5件产品中有3件一等品和2件二等品从中任取2件那么以为概率的事件是
都不是一等品
恰有一件一等品
至少有一件一等品
至多有一件一等品
在5件产品中有3件一等品和2件二等品从中任取2件以为概率的事件是
都不是一等品
恰有1件一等品
至少有1件一等品
至多有1件一等品
在10件产品中有3件一等品4件二等品3件三等品从这10件产品中任取3件求I.取出的3件产品中一等品件
9件产品中有4件一等品3件二等品2件三等品现在要从中抽出4件产品来检查至少有两件一等品的抽取方法是
设50件商品中有15件一等品其余为二等品.现从中随机选购2件则所购2件商品中恰有一件一等品的概率为_
某种产品有一等品二等品次品三个等级其中一等品和二等品都是正品.现有6件该产品从中随机抽取2件来进行检
在5件产品中有3件一等品和2件二等品从中任取2件那么以为概率的事件是
都不是一等品
恰有一件一等品
至少有一件一等品
至多一件一等品
已知10件产品中有4件一等品从中任取2件则至少有1件一等品的概率为
在5件产品中有3件一等品和2件二等品从中任取2件以为概率的事件是
恰有1件一等品
至少有一件一等品
至多有一件一等品
都不是一等品
在5件产品中有3件一等品和2件二等品从中任取2件以为概率的事件是
恰有1件一等品
至少有一件一等品
至多有一件一等品
都不是一等品
在10件产品中有3件一等品4件二等品3件三等品.从这10件产品中任取3件求1取出的3件产品中一等品件
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在10件产品中有3件一等品4件二等品3件三等品.从这10件产品中任取3件求Ⅰ取出的3件产品中一等品件
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9件产品中有4件一等品3件二等品2件三等品现在要从中抽出4件产品来检查至少有两件一等品的种数是
已知某50件商品中有15件一等品其余为二等品现从中随机选购2件若表示所购2件中的一等品的件数则.用分
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Text3 TheUS$3-millionFundamentalphysicsprizeisindeedaninterestingexperimentasAlexanderPolyakovsaidwhenheacceptedthisyear’sawardinMarch.Anditisfarfromtheonlyoneofitstype.AsaNewsFeaturearticleinNaturediscussesastringoflucrativeawardsforresearchershavejoinedtheNobelPrizesinrecentyears.ManyliketheFundamentalPhysicsPrizearefundedfromthetelephone-number-sizedbankaccountsofInternetentrepreneurs.Thesebenefactorshavesucceededintheirchosenfieldstheysayandtheywanttousetheirwealthtodrawattentiontothosewhohavesucceededinscience. What’snottolikeQuitealotaccordingtoahandfulofscientistsquotedintheNewsFeature.YoucannotbuyclassastheoldsayinggoesandtheseupstartentrepreneurscannotbuytheirprizestheprestigeoftheNobels.Thenewawardsareanexerciseinself-promotionforthosebehindthemsayscientists.Theycoulddistorttheachievement-basedsystemofpeer-review-ledresearch.Theycouldcementthestatusquoofpeer-reviewedresearch.Theydonotfundpeer-reviewedresearch.Theyperpetuatethemythofthelonegenius. Thegoalsoftheprize-giversseemasscatteredasthecriticism.Somewanttoshockotherstodrawpeopleintoscienceortobetterrewardthosewhohavemadetheircareersinresearch. AsNaturehaspointedoutbeforetherearesomelegitimateconcernsabouthowscienceprizes—bothnewandold—aredistributed.TheBreakthroughPrizeinLifeScienceslaunchedthisyeartakesanunrepresentativeviewofwhatthelifesciencesinclude.ButtheNobelFoundation’slimitofthreerecipientsperprizeeachofwhommuststillbelivinghaslongbeenoutgrownbythecollaborativenatureofmodernresearch—aswillbedemonstratedbytheinevitablerowoverwhoisignoredwhenitcomestoacknowledgingthediscoveryoftheHiggsboson.TheNobelswereofcoursethemselvessetupbyaveryrichindividualwhohaddecidedwhathewantedtodowithhisownmoney.Timeratherthanintentionhasgiventhemlegitimacy. Asmuchassomescientistsmaycomplainaboutthenewawardstwothingsseemclear.Firstmostresearcherswouldacceptsuchaprizeiftheywereofferedone.SeconditissurelyagoodthingthatthemoneyandattentioncometoscienceratherthangoelsewhereItisfairtocriticizeandquestionthemechanism—thatisthecultureofresearchafterall—butitistheprize-givers’moneytodowithastheyplease.Itiswisetotakesuchgiftswithgratitudeandgrace.AccordingtoParagraph4whichofthefollowingistrueoftheNobels
Film TowardsAveburyacollectionoflongmostlystillshortsoftheWilshirelandscapeevokesatraditionofEnglishlandscapepaintingstrectchingfromSammuelPalmertoPaulNash. InthecaseofHamishFultonyoucan’thelpfeelingthattheScottishartisthassimplyfoundawayofmakinghisloveofwalkingpay.AtypicalworksuchasSevenDaysconsistsofasinglebeautifulblack–andwhitephotographtakenonLandArtasshowninthiswellselectedbutrelativelymodestlyscaledexhibitionwasn’taboutimposingonthelandscapemoreakindoflandscape–orientedlightconceptualartcreatedpassingthrough.Ithaditsorigininthegreatoutdoorsbuttheresultswereasgallery–boundasthepaintingsofTumerandConstable. A. Originatesfromalongwalkthattheartisttook B. Illustrateakindoflandscape-orientedlightconceptualart C. RemindspeopleoftheEnglishlandscapepaintingtradition D. RepresentstheeleganceoftheBritishlandart E. DepictstheordinarysideoftheBritishlandart F. EmbodiesaromanticescapeintotheScottishoutdoor G. Containsimagesfromdifferentpartsofthesamephotograph TowardsAvebury
Text4 TheHeartoftheMatterthejust-releasedreportbytheAmericanAcademyofArtsandSciencesAAASdeservespraiseforaffirmingtheimportanceofthehumanitiesandsocialsciencestotheprosperityandsecurityofliberaldemocracyinAmerica.Regrettablyhoweverthereport’sfailuretoaddressthetruenatureofthecrisisfacingliberaleducationmaycausemoreharmthangood. In2010leadingcongressionalDemocratsandRepublicanssentletterstotheAAASaskingthatitidentifyactionsthatcouldbetakenbyfederalstateandlocalgovernmentsuniversitiesfoundationseducatorsindividualbenefactorsandotherstomaintainnationalexcellenceinhumanitiesandsocialscientificscholarshipandeducation.InresponsetheAmericanAcademyformedtheCommissionontheHumanitiesandSocialSciences.Amongthecommission’s51membersaretop-tier-universitypresidentsscholarslawyersjudgesandbusinessexecutivesaswellasprominentfiguresfromdiplomacyfilmmakingmusicandjournalism. Thegoalsidentifiedinthereportaregenerallyadmirable.Becauserepresentativegovernmentpresupposesaninformedcitizenrythereportsupportsfullliteracy;stressesthestudyofhistoryandgovernmentparticularlyAmericanhistoryandAmericangovernment;andencouragestheuseofnewdigitaltechnologies.Toencourageinnovationandcompetitionthereportcallsforincreasedinvestmentinresearchthecraftingofcoherentcurriculathatimprovestudents’abilitytosolveproblemsandcommunicateeffectivelyinthe21stcenturyincreasedfundingforteachersandtheencouragementofscholarstobringtheirlearningtobearonthegreatchallengesoftheday.Thereportalsoadvocatesgreaterstudyofforeignlanguagesinternationalaffairsandtheexpansionofstudyabroadprograms. Unfortunatelydespite2yearsinthemakingTheHeartoftheMatternevergetstotheheartofthematter:theilliberalnatureofliberaleducationatourleadingcollegesanduniversities.ThecommissionignoresthatforseveraldecadesAmerica’scollegesanduniversitieshaveproducedgraduateswhodon’tknowthecontentandcharacterofliberaleducationandarethusdeprivedofitsbenefits.Sadlythespiritofinquiryonceathomeoncampushasbeenreplacedbytheuseofthehumanitiesandsocialsciencesasvehiclesforpublicizingprogressiveorleft-liberalpropaganda. Todayprofessorsroutinelytreattheprogressiveinterpretationofhistoryandprogressivepublicpolicyasthepropersubjectofstudywhileportrayingconservativeorclassicalliberalideas—suchasfreemarketsorself-reliance—asfallingoutsidetheboundariesofroutineandsometimeslegitimateintellectualinvestigation. TheAAASdisplaysgreatenthusiasmforliberaleducation.YetitsreportmaywellsetbackreformbyobscuringthedepthandbreadthofthechallengethatCongressaskedittoilluminate.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext
Text1 InordertochangelivesforthebetterandreducedependencyGeorgeOsbomeChancelloroftheExchequerintroducedtheupfrontworksearchscheme.OnlyifthejoblessarriveatthejobcentrewithaCVregisterforonlinejobsearchandstartlookingforworkwilltheybeeligibleforbenefit-andthentheyshouldreportweeklyratherthanfortnightly.Whatcouldbemorereasonable Moreapparentreasonablenessfollowed.Therewillnowbeaseven-daywaitforthejobseeker’sallowance.Thosefirstfewdaysshouldbespentlookingforworknotlookingtosignon.heclaimed.We’redoingthesethingsbecauseweknowtheyhelppeoplesayoffbenefitsandhelpthoseonbenefitsgetintoworkfasterHelpReallyOnfirsthearingthiswasthesociallyconcernedchancellortryingtochangelivesforthebettercompletewithreformstoanobviouslyindulgentsystemthatdemandstoolittleeffortfromthenewlyunemployedtofindworkandsubsideslaziness.Whatmotivatedhimweweretounderstandwashiszealforfundamentalfairness-protectingthetaxpayercontrollingspendingandensuringthatonlythemostdeservingclaimantsreceivedtheirbenefits. Losingajobishurting:youdon’tskipdowntothejobcentrewithasonginyourheartdelightedattheprospectofdoublingyourincomefromthegenerousstate.Itisfinanciallyterrifyingpsychologicallyembarrassingandyouknowthatsupportisminimalandextraordinarilyhardtoget.Youarenownotwanted;yousupportisminimalandextraordinarilyhardtoget.Youarenownotwanted;youarenowexcludedfromtheworkenvironmentthatofferspurposeandstructureinyourlife.Worsethecrucialincometofeedyourselfandyourfamilyandpaythebillshasdisappeared.Askanyonenewlyunemployedwhattheywantandtheanswerisalways:ajob. ButinOsbornelandyourfirstinstinctistofallintodependency-permanentdependencyifyoucangetit-supportedbyastateonlytooreadytoindulgeyourfalsehood.Itisasthough20yearsofever-tougherreformsofthejobsearchandbenefitadministrationsystemneverhappened.TheprincipleofBritishwelfareisnolongerthatyoucaninsureyourselfagainsttheriskofunemploymentandreceiveunconditionalpaymentsifthedisasterhappens.Eventheveryphrase‘jobseeker’sallowance’-inventedin1996-isaboutredefiningtheunemployedasajobseekerwhohadnomandatoryrighttoabenefitheorshehasearnedthroughmakingnationalinsurancecontributions.Insteadtheclaimantreceivesatime-limitedallowanceconditionalonactivelyseekingajob;noentitlementandnoinsuranceat￡71.70aweekoneoftheleastgenerousintheEU.AccordingtoParagraph3beingunemployedmakesonefeel
Asmanypeoplehitmiddleagetheyoftenstarttonoticethattheirmemoryandmentalclarityarenotwhattheyusedtobe.Wesuddenlycan’tremember1weputthekeysjustamomentagooranoldacquaintance’snameorthenameofanoldbandweusedtolove.Asthebrain2werefertotheseoccurrencesasseniormoments.3seeminglyinnocentthislossofmentalfocuscanpotentiallyhaveaan4impactonourprofessionalsocialandpersonal5. Neuroscientistsexpertswhostudythenervoussystemareincreasinglyshowingthatthere’sactuallyalotthatcanbedone.It6outthatthebrainneedsexerciseinmuchthesamewayourmusclesdoandtherightmental7cansignificantlyimproveourbasiccognitive8.Thinkingisessentiallya9ofmakingconnectionsinthebrain.Toacertainextentourabilityto10inmakingtheconnectionsthatdriveintelligenceisinherited.11becausetheseconnectionsaremadethrougheffortandpracticescientistsbelievethatintelligencecanexpandandfluctuate12mentaleffort. NowanewWeb-basedcompanyhastakenitastep13anddevelopedthefirstbraintrainingprogramdesignedtoactuallyhelppeopleimproveandregaintheirmental14. TheWeb-basedprogram15youtosystematicallyimproveyourmemoryandattentionskills.Theprogramkeeps16ofyourprogressandprovidesdetailedfeedback17yourperformanceandimprovement.Mostimportantlyit18modifiesandenhancesthegamesyouplayto19onthestrengthsyouaredeveloping--muchlikean20exerciseroutinerequiresyoutoincreaseresistanceandvaryyourmuscleuse.
Text4 Whenthegovernmenttalksaboutinfrastructurecontributingtotheeconomythefocusisusuallyonroadsrailwaysbroadbandandenergy.Housingisseldommentioned. WhyisthatTosomeextentthehousingsectormustshouldertheblame.Wehavenotbeengoodatcommunicatingtherealvaluethathousingcancontributetoeconomicgrowth.Thenthereisthescaleofthetypicalhousingproject.Itishardtoshoveforattentionamongmultibillion-poundinfrastructureprojectsoitisinevitablethattheattentionisfocusedelsewhere.Butperhapsthemostsignificantreasonisthattheissuehasalwaysbeensopoliticallycharged. Neverthelesstheaffordablehousingsituationisdesperate.Waitinglistsincreaseallthetimeandwearesimplynotbuildingenoughnewhomes. Thecomprehensivespendingreviewoffersanopportunityforthegovernmenttohelprectifythis.Itneedstoputhistoricalprejudicestoonesideandtakesomestepstoaddressoururgenthousingneed. Therearesomeindicationsthatitispreparingtodojustthat.ThecommunitiesministerDonFosterhashintedthatGeorgeOsborneChancelloroftheExchequermayintroducemoreflexibilitytothecurrentcapontheamountthatlocalauthoritiescanborrowagainsttheirhousingstockdebt.Evidenceshowsthat60000extranewhomescouldbebuiltoverthenextfiveyearsifthecapwereliftedincreasingGDPby0.6%. Ministersshouldalsolookatcreatinggreatercertaintyintherentalenvironmentwhichwouldhaveasignificantimpactontheabilityofregisteredproviderstofundnewdevelopmentsfromrevenues. Butitisnotjustdowntothegovernment.Whilethesemeasureswouldbewelcomeintheshorttermwemustfaceuptothefactthattheexisting￡4.5bnprogrammeofgrantstofundnewaffordablehousingsettoexpirein2015isunlikelytobeextendedbeyondthen.TheLabourpartyhasrecentlyannouncedthatitwillretainalargepartofthecoalition’sspendingplansifreturnstopower.Thehousingsectorneedstoacceptthatweareveryunlikelytoeverreturntoeraoflarge-scalepublicgrants.Weneedtoadjusttothischangingclimate.Theauthorbelievesthatafter2015thegovernmentmay______.
Asmanypeoplehitmiddleagetheyoftenstarttonoticethattheirmemoryandmentalclarityarenotwhattheyusedtobe.Wesuddenlycan’tremember1weputthekeysjustamomentagooranoldacquaintance’snameorthenameofanoldbandweusedtolove.Asthebrain2werefertotheseoccurrencesasseniormoments.3seeminglyinnocentthislossofmentalfocuscanpotentiallyhaveaan4impactonourprofessionalsocialandpersonal5. Neuroscientistsexpertswhostudythenervoussystemareincreasinglyshowingthatthere’sactuallyalotthatcanbedone.It6outthatthebrainneedsexerciseinmuchthesamewayourmusclesdoandtherightmental7cansignificantlyimproveourbasiccognitive8.Thinkingisessentiallya9ofmakingconnectionsinthebrain.Toacertainextentourabilityto10inmakingtheconnectionsthatdriveintelligenceisinherited.11becausetheseconnectionsaremadethrougheffortandpracticescientistsbelievethatintelligencecanexpandandfluctuate12mentaleffort. NowanewWeb-basedcompanyhastakenitastep13anddevelopedthefirstbraintrainingprogramdesignedtoactuallyhelppeopleimproveandregaintheirmental14. TheWeb-basedprogram15youtosystematicallyimproveyourmemoryandattentionskills.Theprogramkeeps16ofyourprogressandprovidesdetailedfeedback17yourperformanceandimprovement.Mostimportantlyit18modifiesandenhancesthegamesyouplayto19onthestrengthsyouaredeveloping--muchlikean20exerciseroutinerequiresyoutoincreaseresistanceandvaryyourmuscleuse.
[A]Somearchaeologicalsiteshavealwaysbeeneasilyobservable—forexampletheParthenoninAthensGreece;thepyramidsofGizainEgypt;andthemegalithsofStonehengeinsouthernEngland.Butthesesitesareexceptionstothenorm.Mostarchaeologicalsiteshavebeenlocatedbymeansofcarefulsearchingwhilemanyothershavebeendiscoveredbyaccident.OlduvaiGorgefellintoitsdeepvalleyin1911.ThousandsofAztecartifactscametolightduringthediggingoftheMexicoCitysubwayinthe1970s. [B]InanothercaseAmericanarchaeologistsRenemillionandGeorgeCowgillspentyearssystematicallymappingtheentirecityofTeotihuacaninthevalleyofMexiconearwhatisnowMexicoCity.atitspeakaroundAD600thiscitywasoneofthelargesthumansettlementsintheword.Theresearchersmappednotonlythecity’svastandornateceremonialareasbutalsohundredsofsimplerapartmentcomplexeswherecommonpeoplelived. [C]HowdoarchaeologistsknowwheretofindwhattheyarelookingforwhenthereisnothingvisibleonthesurfaceofthegroundTypicallytheysurveyandsamplemaketestexcavationsonlargeareasofterraintodeterminewhereexcavationwillyieldusefulinformation.Surveysandtestsampleshavealsobecomeimportantforunderstandingthelargerlandscapesthatcontainarchaeologicalsites. [D]Surveyscancoverasinglelargesettlementorentirelandscapes.InonecasemanyresearchersworkingaroundtheancientMayacityofCopánHondurashavelocatedhundredsofsmallruralvillageandindividualdwellingsbyusingaerialphotographsandbymakingsurveysonfoot.TheresultingsettlementmapsshowhowthedistributionanddensityoftheruralpopulationaroundthecitychangeddramaticallybetweenAD500and850whenCopáncollapsed. [E]Tofindtheirsitesarchaeologiststodayrelyheavilyonsystematicsurveymethodsandavarietyofhigh-technologytoolsandtechniques.Airbornetechnologiessuchasdifferenttypesofradarandphotographicequipmentcarriedbyairplanesorspacecraftallowarchaeologiststolearnaboutwhatliesbeneaththegroundwithoutdigging.Aerialsurveyslocategeneralareasofinterestorlargerburiedfeaturessuchasancientbuildingsorfields. [F]Mostarchaeologicalsiteshoweverarediscoveredbyarchaeologistswhohavesetouttolookforthem.Suchsearchescantakeyears.BritisharchaeologistHowardCarterknewthatthetomboftheEgyptianpharaohTutankhamenexistedfrominformationfoundinothersites.CartersiftedthroughrubbleintheValleyoftheKingforsevenyearsbeforehelocatedthetombin1922.Inthelate1800sBritisharchaeologistSirArthurEyancombedantiquedealers’storesinAthensGreece.HewassearchingforthingengravedsealsattributedtotheancientMycenaeanculturethatdominatedGreecefromthe1400sto1200sBC.Evas’sinterpretationsofthoseengravingseventuallyledthemtofindtheMinoanpalaceatKnossosontheislandofCretein1900. [G]Groundsurveysallowarchaeologiststopinpointtheplaceswheredigswillbesuccessful.Mostgroundsurveysinvolvealotofwalkinglookingforsurfacecluessuchassmallfragmentsofpottery.Theyoftenincludeacertainamountsofdiggingtotestforburiedmaterialsatselectedpointsacrossalandscape.Archaeologistsalsomaylocateburiedremainsbyusingsuchtechnologiesasgroundradarmagnetic-fieldrecordingandmetaldetector.Archaeologistscommonlyusecomputerstomapsitesandthelandscapesaroundsites.Twoandthree-dimensionalmapsarehelpfultoolsinplanningexcavationsillustratinghowsiteslookandpresentingtheresultsofarchaeologicalresearch. 41→A→42→E→43→44→45 44
Text2 Allaroundtheworldlawyersgeneratemorehostilitythanthemembersofanyotherprofession---withthepossibleexceptionofjournalism.ButtherearefewplaceswhereclientshavemoregroundsforcomplaintthanAmerica. DuringthedecadebeforetheeconomiccrisisspendingonlegalservicesinAmericagrewtwiceasfastasinflation.Thebestlawyersmadeskyscrapers-fullofmoneytemptingevermorestudentstopileintolawschools.Butmostlawgraduatesnevergetabig-firmjob.Manyoftheminsteadbecomethekindofnuisance-lawsuitfilerthatmakesthetortsystemacostlynightmare. Therearemanyreasonsforthis.Oneistheexcessivecostsofalegaleducation.ThereisjustonepathforalawyerinmostAmericanstates:afour-yearundergraduatedegreeatoneof200lawschoolsauthorizedbytheAmericanBarAssociationandanexpensivepreparationforthebarexam.Thisleavestoday’saveragelaw-schoolgraduatewith$100000ofdebtontopofundergraduatedebts.Law-schooldebtmeansthattheyhavetoworkfearsomelyhard. Reformingthesystemwouldhelpbothlawyersandtheircustomers.Sensibleideashavebeenaroundforalongtimebutthestate-levelbodiesthatgoverntheprofessionhavebeentooconservativetoimplementthem.Oneideaistoallowpeopletostudylawasanundergraduatedegree.Anotheristoletstudentssitforthebarafteronlytwoyearsoflawschool.Ifthebarexamistrulyasternenoughtestforawould-belawyerthosewhocansititearliershouldbeallowedtodoso.Studentswhodonotneedtheextratrainingcouldcuttheirdebtmountainbyathird. Theotherreasonwhycostsaresohighistherestrictiveguild-likeownershipstructureofthebusiness.ExceptintheDistrictofColumbianon-lawyersmaynotownanyshareofalawfirm.Thiskeepsfeeshighandinnovationslow.Thereispressureforchangefromwithintheprofessionbutopponentsofchangeamongtheregulatorsinsistthatkeepingoutsidersoutofalawfirmisolateslawyersfromthepressuretomakemoneyratherthanserveclientsethically. Infactallowingnon-lawyerstoownsharesinlawfirmswouldreducecostsandimproveservicestocustomersbyencouraginglawfirmstousetechnologyandtoemployprofessionalmanagerstofocusonimprovingfirms’efficiency.AfterallothercountriessuchasAustraliaandBritainhavestartedliberalizingtheirlegalprofessions.Americashouldfollow.Hindrancetothereformofthelegalsystemoriginatesfrom
[A]Somearchaeologicalsiteshavealwaysbeeneasilyobservable—forexampletheParthenoninAthensGreece;thepyramidsofGizainEgypt;andthemegalithsofStonehengeinsouthernEngland.Butthesesitesareexceptionstothenorm.Mostarchaeologicalsiteshavebeenlocatedbymeansofcarefulsearchingwhilemanyothershavebeendiscoveredbyaccident.OlduvaiGorgefellintoitsdeepvalleyin1911.ThousandsofAztecartifactscametolightduringthediggingoftheMexicoCitysubwayinthe1970s. [B]InanothercaseAmericanarchaeologistsRenemillionandGeorgeCowgillspentyearssystematicallymappingtheentirecityofTeotihuacaninthevalleyofMexiconearwhatisnowMexicoCity.atitspeakaroundAD600thiscitywasoneofthelargesthumansettlementsintheword.Theresearchersmappednotonlythecity’svastandornateceremonialareasbutalsohundredsofsimplerapartmentcomplexeswherecommonpeoplelived. [C]HowdoarchaeologistsknowwheretofindwhattheyarelookingforwhenthereisnothingvisibleonthesurfaceofthegroundTypicallytheysurveyandsamplemaketestexcavationsonlargeareasofterraintodeterminewhereexcavationwillyieldusefulinformation.Surveysandtestsampleshavealsobecomeimportantforunderstandingthelargerlandscapesthatcontainarchaeologicalsites. [D]Surveyscancoverasinglelargesettlementorentirelandscapes.InonecasemanyresearchersworkingaroundtheancientMayacityofCopánHondurashavelocatedhundredsofsmallruralvillageandindividualdwellingsbyusingaerialphotographsandbymakingsurveysonfoot.TheresultingsettlementmapsshowhowthedistributionanddensityoftheruralpopulationaroundthecitychangeddramaticallybetweenAD500and850whenCopáncollapsed. [E]Tofindtheirsitesarchaeologiststodayrelyheavilyonsystematicsurveymethodsandavarietyofhigh-technologytoolsandtechniques.Airbornetechnologiessuchasdifferenttypesofradarandphotographicequipmentcarriedbyairplanesorspacecraftallowarchaeologiststolearnaboutwhatliesbeneaththegroundwithoutdigging.Aerialsurveyslocategeneralareasofinterestorlargerburiedfeaturessuchasancientbuildingsorfields. [F]Mostarchaeologicalsiteshoweverarediscoveredbyarchaeologistswhohavesetouttolookforthem.Suchsearchescantakeyears.BritisharchaeologistHowardCarterknewthatthetomboftheEgyptianpharaohTutankhamenexistedfrominformationfoundinothersites.CartersiftedthroughrubbleintheValleyoftheKingforsevenyearsbeforehelocatedthetombin1922.Inthelate1800sBritisharchaeologistSirArthurEyancombedantiquedealers’storesinAthensGreece.HewassearchingforthingengravedsealsattributedtotheancientMycenaeanculturethatdominatedGreecefromthe1400sto1200sBC.Evas’sinterpretationsofthoseengravingseventuallyledthemtofindtheMinoanpalaceatKnossosontheislandofCretein1900. [G]Groundsurveysallowarchaeologiststopinpointtheplaceswheredigswillbesuccessful.Mostgroundsurveysinvolvealotofwalkinglookingforsurfacecluessuchassmallfragmentsofpottery.Theyoftenincludeacertainamountsofdiggingtotestforburiedmaterialsatselectedpointsacrossalandscape.Archaeologistsalsomaylocateburiedremainsbyusingsuchtechnologiesasgroundradarmagnetic-fieldrecordingandmetaldetector.Archaeologistscommonlyusecomputerstomapsitesandthelandscapesaroundsites.Twoandthree-dimensionalmapsarehelpfultoolsinplanningexcavationsillustratinghowsiteslookandpresentingtheresultsofarchaeologicalresearch. 41→A→42→E→43→44→45 42
Musicmeansdifferentthingstodifferentpeopleandsometimesevendifferentthingstothesamepersonatdifferentmomentsofhislife.Itmightbepoeticphilosophicalsensualormathematicalbutinanycaseitmustinmyviewhavesomethingtodowiththesoulofthehumanbeing.Henceitismetaphysical;butthemeansofexpressionispurelyandexclusivelyphysical:sound.Ibelieveitispreciselythispermanentcoexistenceofmetaphysicalmessagethroughphysicalmeansthatisthestrengthofmusic.46Itisalsothereasonwhywhenwetrytodescribemusicwithwordsallwecandoisarticulateourreactionstoitandnotgraspmusicitself. Beethoven’simportanceinmusichasbeenprincipallydefinedbytherevolutionarynatureofhiscompositions.Hefreedmusicfromhithertoprevailingconventionsofharmonyandstructure.SometimesIfeelinhislateworksawilltobreakallsignsofcontinuity.Themusicisabruptandseeminglydisconnectedasinthelastpianosonata.Inmusicalexpressionhedidnotfeelrestrainedbytheweightofconvention.47ByallaccountshewasafreethinkingpersonandacourageousoneandIfindcourageanessentialqualityfortheunderstandingletalonetheperformanceofhisworks. ThiscourageousattitudeinfactbecomesarequirementfortheperformersofBeethoven’smusic.Hiscompositionsdemandtheperformertoshowcourageforexampleintheuseofdynamics.48Beethoven’shabitofincreasingthevolumewithanextremeintensityandthenabruptlyfollowingitwithasuddensoftpassagewasonlyrarelyusedbycomposersbeforehim. Beethovenwasadeeplypoliticalmaninthebroadestsenseoftheword.Hewasnotinterestedindailypoliticsbutconcernedwithquestionsofmoralbehaviorandthelargerquestionsofrightandwrongaffectingtheentiresociety.49Especiallysignificantwashisviewoffreedomwhichforhimwasassociatedwiththerightsandresponsibilitiesoftheindividual:headvocatedfreedomofthoughtandofpersonalexpression. Beethoven’smusictendstomovefromchaostoorderasiforderwereanimperativeofhumanexistence.Forhimorderdoesnotresultfromforgettingorignoringthedisordersthatplagueourexistence;orderisanecessarydevelopmentanimprovementthatmayleadtotheGreekidealofspiritualelevation.ItisnotbychancethattheFuneralMarchisnotthelastmovementoftheEroicaSymphonybutthesecondsothatsufferingdoesnothavethelastword.50OnecouldinterpretmuchoftheworkofBeethovenbysayingthatsufferingisinevitablebutthecouragetofightitrenderslifeworthliving.
Musicmeansdifferentthingstodifferentpeopleandsometimesevendifferentthingstothesamepersonatdifferentmomentsofhislife.Itmightbepoeticphilosophicalsensualormathematicalbutinanycaseitmustinmyviewhavesomethingtodowiththesoulofthehumanbeing.Henceitismetaphysical;butthemeansofexpressionispurelyandexclusivelyphysical:sound.Ibelieveitispreciselythispermanentcoexistenceofmetaphysicalmessagethroughphysicalmeansthatisthestrengthofmusic.46Itisalsothereasonwhywhenwetrytodescribemusicwithwordsallwecandoisarticulateourreactionstoitandnotgraspmusicitself. Beethoven’simportanceinmusichasbeenprincipallydefinedbytherevolutionarynatureofhiscompositions.Hefreedmusicfromhithertoprevailingconventionsofharmonyandstructure.SometimesIfeelinhislateworksawilltobreakallsignsofcontinuity.Themusicisabruptandseeminglydisconnectedasinthelastpianosonata.Inmusicalexpressionhedidnotfeelrestrainedbytheweightofconvention.47ByallaccountshewasafreethinkingpersonandacourageousoneandIfindcourageanessentialqualityfortheunderstandingletalonetheperformanceofhisworks. ThiscourageousattitudeinfactbecomesarequirementfortheperformersofBeethoven’smusic.Hiscompositionsdemandtheperformertoshowcourageforexampleintheuseofdynamics.48Beethoven’shabitofincreasingthevolumewithanextremeintensityandthenabruptlyfollowingitwithasuddensoftpassagewasonlyrarelyusedbycomposersbeforehim. Beethovenwasadeeplypoliticalmaninthebroadestsenseoftheword.Hewasnotinterestedindailypoliticsbutconcernedwithquestionsofmoralbehaviorandthelargerquestionsofrightandwrongaffectingtheentiresociety.49Especiallysignificantwashisviewoffreedomwhichforhimwasassociatedwiththerightsandresponsibilitiesoftheindividual:headvocatedfreedomofthoughtandofpersonalexpression. Beethoven’smusictendstomovefromchaostoorderasiforderwereanimperativeofhumanexistence.Forhimorderdoesnotresultfromforgettingorignoringthedisordersthatplagueourexistence;orderisanecessarydevelopmentanimprovementthatmayleadtotheGreekidealofspiritualelevation.ItisnotbychancethattheFuneralMarchisnotthelastmovementoftheEroicaSymphonybutthesecondsothatsufferingdoesnothavethelastword.50OnecouldinterpretmuchoftheworkofBeethovenbysayingthatsufferingisinevitablebutthecouragetofightitrenderslifeworthliving.
Text4 TheHeartoftheMatterthejust-releasedreportbytheAmericanAcademyofArtsandSciencesAAASdeservespraiseforaffirmingtheimportanceofthehumanitiesandsocialsciencestotheprosperityandsecurityofliberaldemocracyinAmerica.Regrettablyhoweverthereport’sfailuretoaddressthetruenatureofthecrisisfacingliberaleducationmaycausemoreharmthangood. In2010leadingcongressionalDemocratsandRepublicanssentletterstotheAAASaskingthatitidentifyactionsthatcouldbetakenbyfederalstateandlocalgovernmentsuniversitiesfoundationseducatorsindividualbenefactorsandotherstomaintainnationalexcellenceinhumanitiesandsocialscientificscholarshipandeducation.InresponsetheAmericanAcademyformedtheCommissionontheHumanitiesandSocialSciences.Amongthecommission’s51membersaretop-tier-universitypresidentsscholarslawyersjudgesandbusinessexecutivesaswellasprominentfiguresfromdiplomacyfilmmakingmusicandjournalism. Thegoalsidentifiedinthereportaregenerallyadmirable.Becauserepresentativegovernmentpresupposesaninformedcitizenrythereportsupportsfullliteracy;stressesthestudyofhistoryandgovernmentparticularlyAmericanhistoryandAmericangovernment;andencouragestheuseofnewdigitaltechnologies.Toencourageinnovationandcompetitionthereportcallsforincreasedinvestmentinresearchthecraftingofcoherentcurriculathatimprovestudents’abilitytosolveproblemsandcommunicateeffectivelyinthe21stcenturyincreasedfundingforteachersandtheencouragementofscholarstobringtheirlearningtobearonthegreatchallengesoftheday.Thereportalsoadvocatesgreaterstudyofforeignlanguagesinternationalaffairsandtheexpansionofstudyabroadprograms. Unfortunatelydespite2yearsinthemakingTheHeartoftheMatternevergetstotheheartofthematter:theilliberalnatureofliberaleducationatourleadingcollegesanduniversities.ThecommissionignoresthatforseveraldecadesAmerica’scollegesanduniversitieshaveproducedgraduateswhodon’tknowthecontentandcharacterofliberaleducationandarethusdeprivedofitsbenefits.Sadlythespiritofinquiryonceathomeoncampushasbeenreplacedbytheuseofthehumanitiesandsocialsciencesasvehiclesforpublicizingprogressiveorleft-liberalpropaganda. Todayprofessorsroutinelytreattheprogressiveinterpretationofhistoryandprogressivepublicpolicyasthepropersubjectofstudywhileportrayingconservativeorclassicalliberalideas—suchasfreemarketsorself-reliance—asfallingoutsidetheboundariesofroutineandsometimeslegitimateintellectualinvestigation. TheAAASdisplaysgreatenthusiasmforliberaleducation.YetitsreportmaywellsetbackreformbyobscuringthedepthandbreadthofthechallengethatCongressaskedittoilluminate.AccordingtoParagraph3thereportsuggests
Asmanypeoplehitmiddleagetheyoftenstarttonoticethattheirmemoryandmentalclarityarenotwhattheyusedtobe.Wesuddenlycan’tremember1weputthekeysjustamomentagooranoldacquaintance’snameorthenameofanoldbandweusedtolove.Asthebrain2werefertotheseoccurrencesasseniormoments.3seeminglyinnocentthislossofmentalfocuscanpotentiallyhaveaan4impactonourprofessionalsocialandpersonal5. Neuroscientistsexpertswhostudythenervoussystemareincreasinglyshowingthatthere’sactuallyalotthatcanbedone.It6outthatthebrainneedsexerciseinmuchthesamewayourmusclesdoandtherightmental7cansignificantlyimproveourbasiccognitive8.Thinkingisessentiallya9ofmakingconnectionsinthebrain.Toacertainextentourabilityto10inmakingtheconnectionsthatdriveintelligenceisinherited.11becausetheseconnectionsaremadethrougheffortandpracticescientistsbelievethatintelligencecanexpandandfluctuate12mentaleffort. NowanewWeb-basedcompanyhastakenitastep13anddevelopedthefirstbraintrainingprogramdesignedtoactuallyhelppeopleimproveandregaintheirmental14. TheWeb-basedprogram15youtosystematicallyimproveyourmemoryandattentionskills.Theprogramkeeps16ofyourprogressandprovidesdetailedfeedback17yourperformanceandimprovement.Mostimportantlyit18modifiesandenhancesthegamesyouplayto19onthestrengthsyouaredeveloping--muchlikean20exerciseroutinerequiresyoutoincreaseresistanceandvaryyourmuscleuse.
Directions: Writeyouressaybasedonthefollowingchart.Inyouressayyoushould 1.interpretthechartand 2.giveyourcomments. Youshouldwriteabout150wordsontheANSWERSHEET.15points
Asmanypeoplehitmiddleagetheyoftenstarttonoticethattheirmemoryandmentalclarityarenotwhattheyusedtobe.Wesuddenlycan’tremember1weputthekeysjustamomentagooranoldacquaintance’snameorthenameofanoldbandweusedtolove.Asthebrain2werefertotheseoccurrencesasseniormoments.3seeminglyinnocentthislossofmentalfocuscanpotentiallyhaveaan4impactonourprofessionalsocialandpersonal5. Neuroscientistsexpertswhostudythenervoussystemareincreasinglyshowingthatthere’sactuallyalotthatcanbedone.It6outthatthebrainneedsexerciseinmuchthesamewayourmusclesdoandtherightmental7cansignificantlyimproveourbasiccognitive8.Thinkingisessentiallya9ofmakingconnectionsinthebrain.Toacertainextentourabilityto10inmakingtheconnectionsthatdriveintelligenceisinherited.11becausetheseconnectionsaremadethrougheffortandpracticescientistsbelievethatintelligencecanexpandandfluctuate12mentaleffort. NowanewWeb-basedcompanyhastakenitastep13anddevelopedthefirstbraintrainingprogramdesignedtoactuallyhelppeopleimproveandregaintheirmental14. TheWeb-basedprogram15youtosystematicallyimproveyourmemoryandattentionskills.Theprogramkeeps16ofyourprogressandprovidesdetailedfeedback17yourperformanceandimprovement.Mostimportantlyit18modifiesandenhancesthegamesyouplayto19onthestrengthsyouaredeveloping--muchlikean20exerciseroutinerequiresyoutoincreaseresistanceandvaryyourmuscleuse.
Film TowardsAveburyacollectionoflongmostlystillshortsoftheWilshirelandscapeevokesatraditionofEnglishlandscapepaintingstrectchingfromSammuelPalmertoPaulNash. InthecaseofHamishFultonyoucan’thelpfeelingthattheScottishartisthassimplyfoundawayofmakinghisloveofwalkingpay.AtypicalworksuchasSevenDaysconsistsofasinglebeautifulblack–andwhitephotographtakenonLandArtasshowninthiswellselectedbutrelativelymodestlyscaledexhibitionwasn’taboutimposingonthelandscapemoreakindoflandscape–orientedlightconceptualartcreatedpassingthrough.Ithaditsorigininthegreatoutdoorsbuttheresultswereasgallery–boundasthepaintingsofTumerandConstable. A. Originatesfromalongwalkthattheartisttook B. Illustrateakindoflandscape-orientedlightconceptualart C. RemindspeopleoftheEnglishlandscapepaintingtradition D. RepresentstheeleganceoftheBritishlandart E. DepictstheordinarysideoftheBritishlandart F. EmbodiesaromanticescapeintotheScottishoutdoor G. Containsimagesfromdifferentpartsofthesamephotograph OlafStreetStud
Text2 Allaroundtheworldlawyersgeneratemorehostilitythanthemembersofanyotherprofession---withthepossibleexceptionofjournalism.ButtherearefewplaceswhereclientshavemoregroundsforcomplaintthanAmerica. DuringthedecadebeforetheeconomiccrisisspendingonlegalservicesinAmericagrewtwiceasfastasinflation.Thebestlawyersmadeskyscrapers-fullofmoneytemptingevermorestudentstopileintolawschools.Butmostlawgraduatesnevergetabig-firmjob.Manyoftheminsteadbecomethekindofnuisance-lawsuitfilerthatmakesthetortsystemacostlynightmare. Therearemanyreasonsforthis.Oneistheexcessivecostsofalegaleducation.ThereisjustonepathforalawyerinmostAmericanstates:afour-yearundergraduatedegreeatoneof200lawschoolsauthorizedbytheAmericanBarAssociationandanexpensivepreparationforthebarexam.Thisleavestoday’saveragelaw-schoolgraduatewith$100000ofdebtontopofundergraduatedebts.Law-schooldebtmeansthattheyhavetoworkfearsomelyhard. Reformingthesystemwouldhelpbothlawyersandtheircustomers.Sensibleideashavebeenaroundforalongtimebutthestate-levelbodiesthatgoverntheprofessionhavebeentooconservativetoimplementthem.Oneideaistoallowpeopletostudylawasanundergraduatedegree.Anotheristoletstudentssitforthebarafteronlytwoyearsoflawschool.Ifthebarexamistrulyasternenoughtestforawould-belawyerthosewhocansititearliershouldbeallowedtodoso.Studentswhodonotneedtheextratrainingcouldcuttheirdebtmountainbyathird. Theotherreasonwhycostsaresohighistherestrictiveguild-likeownershipstructureofthebusiness.ExceptintheDistrictofColumbianon-lawyersmaynotownanyshareofalawfirm.Thiskeepsfeeshighandinnovationslow.Thereispressureforchangefromwithintheprofessionbutopponentsofchangeamongtheregulatorsinsistthatkeepingoutsidersoutofalawfirmisolateslawyersfromthepressuretomakemoneyratherthanserveclientsethically. Infactallowingnon-lawyerstoownsharesinlawfirmswouldreducecostsandimproveservicestocustomersbyencouraginglawfirmstousetechnologyandtoemployprofessionalmanagerstofocusonimprovingfirms’efficiency.AfterallothercountriessuchasAustraliaandBritainhavestartedliberalizingtheirlegalprofessions.Americashouldfollow.Inthistexttheauthormainlydiscusses
Asmanypeoplehitmiddleagetheyoftenstarttonoticethattheirmemoryandmentalclarityarenotwhattheyusedtobe.Wesuddenlycan’tremember1weputthekeysjustamomentagooranoldacquaintance’snameorthenameofanoldbandweusedtolove.Asthebrain2werefertotheseoccurrencesasseniormoments.3seeminglyinnocentthislossofmentalfocuscanpotentiallyhaveaan4impactonourprofessionalsocialandpersonal5. Neuroscientistsexpertswhostudythenervoussystemareincreasinglyshowingthatthere’sactuallyalotthatcanbedone.It6outthatthebrainneedsexerciseinmuchthesamewayourmusclesdoandtherightmental7cansignificantlyimproveourbasiccognitive8.Thinkingisessentiallya9ofmakingconnectionsinthebrain.Toacertainextentourabilityto10inmakingtheconnectionsthatdriveintelligenceisinherited.11becausetheseconnectionsaremadethrougheffortandpracticescientistsbelievethatintelligencecanexpandandfluctuate12mentaleffort. NowanewWeb-basedcompanyhastakenitastep13anddevelopedthefirstbraintrainingprogramdesignedtoactuallyhelppeopleimproveandregaintheirmental14. TheWeb-basedprogram15youtosystematicallyimproveyourmemoryandattentionskills.Theprogramkeeps16ofyourprogressandprovidesdetailedfeedback17yourperformanceandimprovement.Mostimportantlyit18modifiesandenhancesthegamesyouplayto19onthestrengthsyouaredeveloping--muchlikean20exerciseroutinerequiresyoutoincreaseresistanceandvaryyourmuscleuse.
Mostpeoplewoulddefineoptimismasendlesslyhappywithaglassthat’sperpetuallyhalffall.Butthat’sexactlythekindoffalsecheerfulnessthatpositivepsychologistswouldn’trecommend.Healthyoptimistsmeansbeingintouchwithreality.saysTalBen-ShaharaHarvardprofessorAccordingtoBen-Shaharrealisticoptimistsarethesewhomakethebestofthingsthathappenbutnotthosewhobelieveeverythinghappensforthebest. Ben-Shaharusesthreeoptimisticexercisers.Whenhefeelsdown-sayaftergivingabadlecture-hegrantshimselfpermissiontobehuman.HeremindshimselfthatmoteverylecturecanbeaNobelwinner;somewillbelesseffectivethanothers.NextisreconstructionHeanalyzestheweaklectureleaninglessonsforthefutureaboutwhatworksandwhatdoesn’t.Finallythereisperspectivewhichinvolvesacknowledgingthatinthegroundschemeoflifeonelecturereallydoesn’tmatter.
Text4 TheHeartoftheMatterthejust-releasedreportbytheAmericanAcademyofArtsandSciencesAAASdeservespraiseforaffirmingtheimportanceofthehumanitiesandsocialsciencestotheprosperityandsecurityofliberaldemocracyinAmerica.Regrettablyhoweverthereport’sfailuretoaddressthetruenatureofthecrisisfacingliberaleducationmaycausemoreharmthangood. In2010leadingcongressionalDemocratsandRepublicanssentletterstotheAAASaskingthatitidentifyactionsthatcouldbetakenbyfederalstateandlocalgovernmentsuniversitiesfoundationseducatorsindividualbenefactorsandotherstomaintainnationalexcellenceinhumanitiesandsocialscientificscholarshipandeducation.InresponsetheAmericanAcademyformedtheCommissionontheHumanitiesandSocialSciences.Amongthecommission’s51membersaretop-tier-universitypresidentsscholarslawyersjudgesandbusinessexecutivesaswellasprominentfiguresfromdiplomacyfilmmakingmusicandjournalism. Thegoalsidentifiedinthereportaregenerallyadmirable.Becauserepresentativegovernmentpresupposesaninformedcitizenrythereportsupportsfullliteracy;stressesthestudyofhistoryandgovernmentparticularlyAmericanhistoryandAmericangovernment;andencouragestheuseofnewdigitaltechnologies.Toencourageinnovationandcompetitionthereportcallsforincreasedinvestmentinresearchthecraftingofcoherentcurriculathatimprovestudents’abilitytosolveproblemsandcommunicateeffectivelyinthe21stcenturyincreasedfundingforteachersandtheencouragementofscholarstobringtheirlearningtobearonthegreatchallengesoftheday.Thereportalsoadvocatesgreaterstudyofforeignlanguagesinternationalaffairsandtheexpansionofstudyabroadprograms. Unfortunatelydespite2yearsinthemakingTheHeartoftheMatternevergetstotheheartofthematter:theilliberalnatureofliberaleducationatourleadingcollegesanduniversities.ThecommissionignoresthatforseveraldecadesAmerica’scollegesanduniversitieshaveproducedgraduateswhodon’tknowthecontentandcharacterofliberaleducationandarethusdeprivedofitsbenefits.Sadlythespiritofinquiryonceathomeoncampushasbeenreplacedbytheuseofthehumanitiesandsocialsciencesasvehiclesforpublicizingprogressiveorleft-liberalpropaganda. Todayprofessorsroutinelytreattheprogressiveinterpretationofhistoryandprogressivepublicpolicyasthepropersubjectofstudywhileportrayingconservativeorclassicalliberalideas—suchasfreemarketsorself-reliance—asfallingoutsidetheboundariesofroutineandsometimeslegitimateintellectualinvestigation. TheAAASdisplaysgreatenthusiasmforliberaleducation.YetitsreportmaywellsetbackreformbyobscuringthedepthandbreadthofthechallengethatCongressaskedittoilluminate.AccordingtoParagraph1whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardtheAAAS’sreport
Asmanypeoplehitmiddleagetheyoftenstarttonoticethattheirmemoryandmentalclarityarenotwhattheyusedtobe.Wesuddenlycan’tremember1weputthekeysjustamomentagooranoldacquaintance’snameorthenameofanoldbandweusedtolove.Asthebrain2werefertotheseoccurrencesasseniormoments.3seeminglyinnocentthislossofmentalfocuscanpotentiallyhaveaan4impactonourprofessionalsocialandpersonal5. Neuroscientistsexpertswhostudythenervoussystemareincreasinglyshowingthatthere’sactuallyalotthatcanbedone.It6outthatthebrainneedsexerciseinmuchthesamewayourmusclesdoandtherightmental7cansignificantlyimproveourbasiccognitive8.Thinkingisessentiallya9ofmakingconnectionsinthebrain.Toacertainextentourabilityto10inmakingtheconnectionsthatdriveintelligenceisinherited.11becausetheseconnectionsaremadethrougheffortandpracticescientistsbelievethatintelligencecanexpandandfluctuate12mentaleffort. NowanewWeb-basedcompanyhastakenitastep13anddevelopedthefirstbraintrainingprogramdesignedtoactuallyhelppeopleimproveandregaintheirmental14. TheWeb-basedprogram15youtosystematicallyimproveyourmemoryandattentionskills.Theprogramkeeps16ofyourprogressandprovidesdetailedfeedback17yourperformanceandimprovement.Mostimportantlyit18modifiesandenhancesthegamesyouplayto19onthestrengthsyouaredeveloping--muchlikean20exerciseroutinerequiresyoutoincreaseresistanceandvaryyourmuscleuse.
Text3 TheUS$3-millionFundamentalphysicsprizeisindeedaninterestingexperimentasAlexanderPolyakovsaidwhenheacceptedthisyear’sawardinMarch.Anditisfarfromtheonlyoneofitstype.AsaNewsFeaturearticleinNaturediscussesastringoflucrativeawardsforresearchershavejoinedtheNobelPrizesinrecentyears.ManyliketheFundamentalPhysicsPrizearefundedfromthetelephone-number-sizedbankaccountsofInternetentrepreneurs.Thesebenefactorshavesucceededintheirchosenfieldstheysayandtheywanttousetheirwealthtodrawattentiontothosewhohavesucceededinscience. What’snottolikeQuitealotaccordingtoahandfulofscientistsquotedintheNewsFeature.YoucannotbuyclassastheoldsayinggoesandtheseupstartentrepreneurscannotbuytheirprizestheprestigeoftheNobels.Thenewawardsareanexerciseinself-promotionforthosebehindthemsayscientists.Theycoulddistorttheachievement-basedsystemofpeer-review-ledresearch.Theycouldcementthestatusquoofpeer-reviewedresearch.Theydonotfundpeer-reviewedresearch.Theyperpetuatethemythofthelonegenius. Thegoalsoftheprize-giversseemasscatteredasthecriticism.Somewanttoshockotherstodrawpeopleintoscienceortobetterrewardthosewhohavemadetheircareersinresearch. AsNaturehaspointedoutbeforetherearesomelegitimateconcernsabouthowscienceprizes—bothnewandold—aredistributed.TheBreakthroughPrizeinLifeScienceslaunchedthisyeartakesanunrepresentativeviewofwhatthelifesciencesinclude.ButtheNobelFoundation’slimitofthreerecipientsperprizeeachofwhommuststillbelivinghaslongbeenoutgrownbythecollaborativenatureofmodernresearch—aswillbedemonstratedbytheinevitablerowoverwhoisignoredwhenitcomestoacknowledgingthediscoveryoftheHiggsboson.TheNobelswereofcoursethemselvessetupbyaveryrichindividualwhohaddecidedwhathewantedtodowithhisownmoney.Timeratherthanintentionhasgiventhemlegitimacy. Asmuchassomescientistsmaycomplainaboutthenewawardstwothingsseemclear.Firstmostresearcherswouldacceptsuchaprizeiftheywereofferedone.SeconditissurelyagoodthingthatthemoneyandattentioncometoscienceratherthangoelsewhereItisfairtocriticizeandquestionthemechanism—thatisthecultureofresearchafterall—butitistheprize-givers’moneytodowithastheyplease.Itiswisetotakesuchgiftswithgratitudeandgrace.Thecriticsthinkthatthenewawardswillmostbenefit
Text2 Allaroundtheworldlawyersgeneratemorehostilitythanthemembersofanyotherprofession---withthepossibleexceptionofjournalism.ButtherearefewplaceswhereclientshavemoregroundsforcomplaintthanAmerica. DuringthedecadebeforetheeconomiccrisisspendingonlegalservicesinAmericagrewtwiceasfastasinflation.Thebestlawyersmadeskyscrapers-fullofmoneytemptingevermorestudentstopileintolawschools.Butmostlawgraduatesnevergetabig-firmjob.Manyoftheminsteadbecomethekindofnuisance-lawsuitfilerthatmakesthetortsystemacostlynightmare. Therearemanyreasonsforthis.Oneistheexcessivecostsofalegaleducation.ThereisjustonepathforalawyerinmostAmericanstates:afour-yearundergraduatedegreeatoneof200lawschoolsauthorizedbytheAmericanBarAssociationandanexpensivepreparationforthebarexam.Thisleavestoday’saveragelaw-schoolgraduatewith$100000ofdebtontopofundergraduatedebts.Law-schooldebtmeansthattheyhavetoworkfearsomelyhard. Reformingthesystemwouldhelpbothlawyersandtheircustomers.Sensibleideashavebeenaroundforalongtimebutthestate-levelbodiesthatgoverntheprofessionhavebeentooconservativetoimplementthem.Oneideaistoallowpeopletostudylawasanundergraduatedegree.Anotheristoletstudentssitforthebarafteronlytwoyearsoflawschool.Ifthebarexamistrulyasternenoughtestforawould-belawyerthosewhocansititearliershouldbeallowedtodoso.Studentswhodonotneedtheextratrainingcouldcuttheirdebtmountainbyathird. Theotherreasonwhycostsaresohighistherestrictiveguild-likeownershipstructureofthebusiness.ExceptintheDistrictofColumbianon-lawyersmaynotownanyshareofalawfirm.Thiskeepsfeeshighandinnovationslow.Thereispressureforchangefromwithintheprofessionbutopponentsofchangeamongtheregulatorsinsistthatkeepingoutsidersoutofalawfirmisolateslawyersfromthepressuretomakemoneyratherthanserveclientsethically. Infactallowingnon-lawyerstoownsharesinlawfirmswouldreducecostsandimproveservicestocustomersbyencouraginglawfirmstousetechnologyandtoemployprofessionalmanagerstofocusonimprovingfirms’efficiency.AfterallothercountriessuchasAustraliaandBritainhavestartedliberalizingtheirlegalprofessions.Americashouldfollow.Alotofstudentstakeuplawastheirprofessiondueto
Asmanypeoplehitmiddleagetheyoftenstarttonoticethattheirmemoryandmentalclarityarenotwhattheyusedtobe.Wesuddenlycan’tremember1weputthekeysjustamomentagooranoldacquaintance’snameorthenameofanoldbandweusedtolove.Asthebrain2werefertotheseoccurrencesasseniormoments.3seeminglyinnocentthislossofmentalfocuscanpotentiallyhaveaan4impactonourprofessionalsocialandpersonal5. Neuroscientistsexpertswhostudythenervoussystemareincreasinglyshowingthatthere’sactuallyalotthatcanbedone.It6outthatthebrainneedsexerciseinmuchthesamewayourmusclesdoandtherightmental7cansignificantlyimproveourbasiccognitive8.Thinkingisessentiallya9ofmakingconnectionsinthebrain.Toacertainextentourabilityto10inmakingtheconnectionsthatdriveintelligenceisinherited.11becausetheseconnectionsaremadethrougheffortandpracticescientistsbelievethatintelligencecanexpandandfluctuate12mentaleffort. NowanewWeb-basedcompanyhastakenitastep13anddevelopedthefirstbraintrainingprogramdesignedtoactuallyhelppeopleimproveandregaintheirmental14. TheWeb-basedprogram15youtosystematicallyimproveyourmemoryandattentionskills.Theprogramkeeps16ofyourprogressandprovidesdetailedfeedback17yourperformanceandimprovement.Mostimportantlyit18modifiesandenhancesthegamesyouplayto19onthestrengthsyouaredeveloping--muchlikean20exerciseroutinerequiresyoutoincreaseresistanceandvaryyourmuscleuse.
Text1 InordertochangelivesforthebetterandreducedependencyGeorgeOsbomeChancelloroftheExchequerintroducedtheupfrontworksearchscheme.OnlyifthejoblessarriveatthejobcentrewithaCVregisterforonlinejobsearchandstartlookingforworkwilltheybeeligibleforbenefit-andthentheyshouldreportweeklyratherthanfortnightly.Whatcouldbemorereasonable Moreapparentreasonablenessfollowed.Therewillnowbeaseven-daywaitforthejobseeker’sallowance.Thosefirstfewdaysshouldbespentlookingforworknotlookingtosignon.heclaimed.We’redoingthesethingsbecauseweknowtheyhelppeoplesayoffbenefitsandhelpthoseonbenefitsgetintoworkfasterHelpReallyOnfirsthearingthiswasthesociallyconcernedchancellortryingtochangelivesforthebettercompletewithreformstoanobviouslyindulgentsystemthatdemandstoolittleeffortfromthenewlyunemployedtofindworkandsubsideslaziness.Whatmotivatedhimweweretounderstandwashiszealforfundamentalfairness-protectingthetaxpayercontrollingspendingandensuringthatonlythemostdeservingclaimantsreceivedtheirbenefits. Losingajobishurting:youdon’tskipdowntothejobcentrewithasonginyourheartdelightedattheprospectofdoublingyourincomefromthegenerousstate.Itisfinanciallyterrifyingpsychologicallyembarrassingandyouknowthatsupportisminimalandextraordinarilyhardtoget.Youarenownotwanted;yousupportisminimalandextraordinarilyhardtoget.Youarenownotwanted;youarenowexcludedfromtheworkenvironmentthatofferspurposeandstructureinyourlife.Worsethecrucialincometofeedyourselfandyourfamilyandpaythebillshasdisappeared.Askanyonenewlyunemployedwhattheywantandtheanswerisalways:ajob. ButinOsbornelandyourfirstinstinctistofallintodependency-permanentdependencyifyoucangetit-supportedbyastateonlytooreadytoindulgeyourfalsehood.Itisasthough20yearsofever-tougherreformsofthejobsearchandbenefitadministrationsystemneverhappened.TheprincipleofBritishwelfareisnolongerthatyoucaninsureyourselfagainsttheriskofunemploymentandreceiveunconditionalpaymentsifthedisasterhappens.Eventheveryphrase‘jobseeker’sallowance’-inventedin1996-isaboutredefiningtheunemployedasajobseekerwhohadnomandatoryrighttoabenefitheorshehasearnedthroughmakingnationalinsurancecontributions.Insteadtheclaimantreceivesatime-limitedallowanceconditionalonactivelyseekingajob;noentitlementandnoinsuranceat￡71.70aweekoneoftheleastgenerousintheEU.ThephrasetosignonLine3Para.2mostprobablymeans
Asmanypeoplehitmiddleagetheyoftenstarttonoticethattheirmemoryandmentalclarityarenotwhattheyusedtobe.Wesuddenlycan’tremember1weputthekeysjustamomentagooranoldacquaintance’snameorthenameofanoldbandweusedtolove.Asthebrain2werefertotheseoccurrencesasseniormoments.3seeminglyinnocentthislossofmentalfocuscanpotentiallyhaveaan4impactonourprofessionalsocialandpersonal5. Neuroscientistsexpertswhostudythenervoussystemareincreasinglyshowingthatthere’sactuallyalotthatcanbedone.It6outthatthebrainneedsexerciseinmuchthesamewayourmusclesdoandtherightmental7cansignificantlyimproveourbasiccognitive8.Thinkingisessentiallya9ofmakingconnectionsinthebrain.Toacertainextentourabilityto10inmakingtheconnectionsthatdriveintelligenceisinherited.11becausetheseconnectionsaremadethrougheffortandpracticescientistsbelievethatintelligencecanexpandandfluctuate12mentaleffort. NowanewWeb-basedcompanyhastakenitastep13anddevelopedthefirstbraintrainingprogramdesignedtoactuallyhelppeopleimproveandregaintheirmental14. TheWeb-basedprogram15youtosystematicallyimproveyourmemoryandattentionskills.Theprogramkeeps16ofyourprogressandprovidesdetailedfeedback17yourperformanceandimprovement.Mostimportantlyit18modifiesandenhancesthegamesyouplayto19onthestrengthsyouaredeveloping--muchlikean20exerciseroutinerequiresyoutoincreaseresistanceandvaryyourmuscleuse.
Musicmeansdifferentthingstodifferentpeopleandsometimesevendifferentthingstothesamepersonatdifferentmomentsofhislife.Itmightbepoeticphilosophicalsensualormathematicalbutinanycaseitmustinmyviewhavesomethingtodowiththesoulofthehumanbeing.Henceitismetaphysical;butthemeansofexpressionispurelyandexclusivelyphysical:sound.Ibelieveitispreciselythispermanentcoexistenceofmetaphysicalmessagethroughphysicalmeansthatisthestrengthofmusic.46Itisalsothereasonwhywhenwetrytodescribemusicwithwordsallwecandoisarticulateourreactionstoitandnotgraspmusicitself. Beethoven’simportanceinmusichasbeenprincipallydefinedbytherevolutionarynatureofhiscompositions.Hefreedmusicfromhithertoprevailingconventionsofharmonyandstructure.SometimesIfeelinhislateworksawilltobreakallsignsofcontinuity.Themusicisabruptandseeminglydisconnectedasinthelastpianosonata.Inmusicalexpressionhedidnotfeelrestrainedbytheweightofconvention.47ByallaccountshewasafreethinkingpersonandacourageousoneandIfindcourageanessentialqualityfortheunderstandingletalonetheperformanceofhisworks. ThiscourageousattitudeinfactbecomesarequirementfortheperformersofBeethoven’smusic.Hiscompositionsdemandtheperformertoshowcourageforexampleintheuseofdynamics.48Beethoven’shabitofincreasingthevolumewithanextremeintensityandthenabruptlyfollowingitwithasuddensoftpassagewasonlyrarelyusedbycomposersbeforehim. Beethovenwasadeeplypoliticalmaninthebroadestsenseoftheword.Hewasnotinterestedindailypoliticsbutconcernedwithquestionsofmoralbehaviorandthelargerquestionsofrightandwrongaffectingtheentiresociety.49Especiallysignificantwashisviewoffreedomwhichforhimwasassociatedwiththerightsandresponsibilitiesoftheindividual:headvocatedfreedomofthoughtandofpersonalexpression. Beethoven’smusictendstomovefromchaostoorderasiforderwereanimperativeofhumanexistence.Forhimorderdoesnotresultfromforgettingorignoringthedisordersthatplagueourexistence;orderisanecessarydevelopmentanimprovementthatmayleadtotheGreekidealofspiritualelevation.ItisnotbychancethattheFuneralMarchisnotthelastmovementoftheEroicaSymphonybutthesecondsothatsufferingdoesnothavethelastword.50OnecouldinterpretmuchoftheworkofBeethovenbysayingthatsufferingisinevitablebutthecouragetofightitrenderslifeworthliving.
Asmanypeoplehitmiddleagetheyoftenstarttonoticethattheirmemoryandmentalclarityarenotwhattheyusedtobe.Wesuddenlycan’tremember1weputthekeysjustamomentagooranoldacquaintance’snameorthenameofanoldbandweusedtolove.Asthebrain2werefertotheseoccurrencesasseniormoments.3seeminglyinnocentthislossofmentalfocuscanpotentiallyhaveaan4impactonourprofessionalsocialandpersonal5. Neuroscientistsexpertswhostudythenervoussystemareincreasinglyshowingthatthere’sactuallyalotthatcanbedone.It6outthatthebrainneedsexerciseinmuchthesamewayourmusclesdoandtherightmental7cansignificantlyimproveourbasiccognitive8.Thinkingisessentiallya9ofmakingconnectionsinthebrain.Toacertainextentourabilityto10inmakingtheconnectionsthatdriveintelligenceisinherited.11becausetheseconnectionsaremadethrougheffortandpracticescientistsbelievethatintelligencecanexpandandfluctuate12mentaleffort. NowanewWeb-basedcompanyhastakenitastep13anddevelopedthefirstbraintrainingprogramdesignedtoactuallyhelppeopleimproveandregaintheirmental14. TheWeb-basedprogram15youtosystematicallyimproveyourmemoryandattentionskills.Theprogramkeeps16ofyourprogressandprovidesdetailedfeedback17yourperformanceandimprovement.Mostimportantlyit18modifiesandenhancesthegamesyouplayto19onthestrengthsyouaredeveloping--muchlikean20exerciseroutinerequiresyoutoincreaseresistanceandvaryyourmuscleuse.
Asmanypeoplehitmiddleagetheyoftenstarttonoticethattheirmemoryandmentalclarityarenotwhattheyusedtobe.Wesuddenlycan’tremember1weputthekeysjustamomentagooranoldacquaintance’snameorthenameofanoldbandweusedtolove.Asthebrain2werefertotheseoccurrencesasseniormoments.3seeminglyinnocentthislossofmentalfocuscanpotentiallyhaveaan4impactonourprofessionalsocialandpersonal5. Neuroscientistsexpertswhostudythenervoussystemareincreasinglyshowingthatthere’sactuallyalotthatcanbedone.It6outthatthebrainneedsexerciseinmuchthesamewayourmusclesdoandtherightmental7cansignificantlyimproveourbasiccognitive8.Thinkingisessentiallya9ofmakingconnectionsinthebrain.Toacertainextentourabilityto10inmakingtheconnectionsthatdriveintelligenceisinherited.11becausetheseconnectionsaremadethrougheffortandpracticescientistsbelievethatintelligencecanexpandandfluctuate12mentaleffort. NowanewWeb-basedcompanyhastakenitastep13anddevelopedthefirstbraintrainingprogramdesignedtoactuallyhelppeopleimproveandregaintheirmental14. TheWeb-basedprogram15youtosystematicallyimproveyourmemoryandattentionskills.Theprogramkeeps16ofyourprogressandprovidesdetailedfeedback17yourperformanceandimprovement.Mostimportantlyit18modifiesandenhancesthegamesyouplayto19onthestrengthsyouaredeveloping--muchlikean20exerciseroutinerequiresyoutoincreaseresistanceandvaryyourmuscleuse.
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